36. Dove 37 4

aqmif;yg;u¾

aZmfrdk;vl

a':at;at;cdik f rS aemufususeaf ew,fv‹kd qd&k yg vdrrhf ,f/ usrwd‹k Eikd if x H ufqrsm;pGm qif;&JwhJ tmz&duEdik if rH sm;wGiyf if udw k mpepfusio hf ;kH r_ukd tawmfyif v_y±f mS ;aqmif±u G f vmaewmudk awG‹ae&ygw,f? udkwmpepfudk wdkif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;rSm t aumifxnfazmfvyk af qmifaecsed f usrwd‹k u tckxd a&a&&m&mr±dS ao;ovdk b,fvrkd sK;d pwifrvJ qdk wmuvnf;jy\emwckyg? trsK;d orD;rsm;uae+yD; ud, k pf m;ðywifjy r_[m trsK;d orD;b0rsm;pGmtwGuf txl;ta&;}u;D ovdk rjzpfraevkyf &r,fhudpPwck jzpfw,fqdkwmudk vnf; rdrt d aeeJ‹ avhvmoH;k oyfrd ygw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDu b,frmS rSe;f r odao;wJt h csed f trsK;d orD;a&;udpP awGuakd jymae&jcif;u apmw,fv‹kd xifaumif;xifEikd &f ayr,fh wu,f uawmh aemufawmifusae+yrD ‹kd p vd‹k &wJo h al wGu pwif+yD; ajym=u/

'DvrSm csK;d vif;jymtrsK;d orD;pmapmifuae+yD; trsKd;orD; rsm;eJ‹ ywfoufaewJh udw k mpepf ta=umif; wifjycsiw f ,fv‹kd ajym vmwma=umifh udw k mpepfe‹J ywf ouf+yD; aumif;Edk;&m&mawGudk vdu k v f ±H mS azGzwf±y_ gw,f? jrefrm trsm;pkrmS udw k mpepfukd r&if;ES;D ao;wJt h csed f wcsKŒd ae&mawGrmS u udw k mpepfukd zsuo f rd ;f awmhr,f qd+k yD; ajymqdak e=uyg+yD? *vdb k ,f a&pD;a=umif;xJrmS usrwd‹k rjzpfr aevdu k yf g&r,fu h pd aP wG ±Sad ewwf ygw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS trsK;d orD;rsm; ygvDrefeJ‹ tjcm;udk,fpm;ðyyg& r,fah e&mrsm;rSm tcsK;d tpm;wck txd owfrSwfay;+yD; yg0ifvm atmif tqifq h ifv h yk af qmifay;zd‹k jrefrmhtodkif;t0ef;rSm tawmf av;udk aemufus+yD; usefaeyg w,f? aemufuswmrS tifrwefukd

34

Untitled-1.pmd

34

3/29/2006, 4:03 PM

qd=k u/ wwfEikd o f avmuf usio fh ;kH =u&ifjzifh tavhtusiahf umif;w ckukd OD;wnfae+yrD ‹kd aumif;onf[k rSwcf sucf sEikd yf gw,f? 'Dvv kd y_ ±f mS ; aqmif±u G w f t hJ cgrmS vnf; usrwd‹k vdk trsK;d orD;tzJ‹G awGrmS yd+k yD;wm 0ef±w dS ,fv‹kd cH,x l m;wmrd‹k udw k m pepfawGe‹J ywfouf+y;D a&;om;azmf jyxm;wmawGxu J ae+yD; IDEA eJ‹ qG'D ifEikd if H pawmh[rk ;f wuUov kd u f yl;wJaG &;om;xm;wJh udw k mpepft a=umif; vdktyfr,fhtydkif;rsm;udk òciH o Hk ;kH oyf+y;D a&;om;wifjyvdu k yf g w,f? udw k mpepf&hJ tESpo f m&eJ‹vkd tyfcsurf sm;udk od±edS m;vnfrnf qdyk gu udw k mpepftay: pOf;pm; onfOh ;D acgi;f wckyv kd mrnft h wGuf 0rf;omp&m[k rdrcd , H x l m;ygonf? udw k mpepf ,ae@EdkifiH tawmfrsm; rsm;u ygvrD efawGxrJ mS trsK;d o rD;rsm; 16 7mckid Ef e_ ;f [m ae&m,l xm;=u+yjD zpfygw,f? r=umao;cif uyJ &0rf'gEikd if u H trsK;d orD;rsm;&Jh ygvrD efrmS ud, k pf m;ðyyg0ifr[ _ mqdk &if 48 '\r 8 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f xd wd;k wufcw hJ ma=umifh urBmrSm eHygwf wpfajy;aewJh qD'G if ( 45 '\r 3 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ) udpk cH sed cf sK;d cJ+h yjD zpfygw,f? (&0rf'g[m qif;&J+yD; jynfwiG ;f ppf vlowfyaGJ wG=um;uae+yD; trsK;d orD;rsm; ud, k pf m;ðyr_[m zG‹H òz;d +y;D Edik f iHrsm;xufawmif r,HEk ikd af vmuf atmifukd wd;k jri‡ +hf y;D uGmjcm;vmae wm pdw0f ifpm;p&m aumif;wmrd‹k usrwd‹k vkd Edik if t H wGuf bmawGrsm; twk,pl &mawG ±Sad evJqw kd mudk aemiftvsO;f oif&h if ajymjycsiyf g

12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 'Dvt kd jrifbufu 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 csn;f uyfr,fq&kd ifawmh 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 udw k mpepf[mqd&k if 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 ESp±f n S v f rsm;ujzpfaewhJ 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 yHpk o H w G o f iG ;f cHxm;&r_ 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 t[ef‹ twm;awGtwGuf 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 av#maf =u;wcktjzpfe‹J 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 trsK;d orD;awGukd 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 a±G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufwhJ 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 udpaP wGrmS jznfq h nf;ay;wJh 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 oabmomjzpf+y;D trsK;d om; 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 rsm;udk cJjG cm;zdEydS w f m 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 r[kwyf gb;l vd‹k ajymEdik rf ,f 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 12345678901234567 xifygw,f? 12345678901234567 w,f)'g[mbmudjk yoaeovJqkd &if Edik if aH &;qdik &f m a±G;cs,rf u _ w kd m pepfrmS a,mufsm;&,f rde;f r&,f qd+k y;D cJjG cm;xm;wJh tajctaewck twGuaf wmh tvSnt hf ajymif;w ckjzpfw,fv‹kd ajym&if &Edik yf gw,f? bmjzpfv@kd 'Dvakd jymvJq&dk ifawmh tjcm;Edik if aH wGu ygvrD efawGrmS trsK;d orD;ud, k pf m;ðyr_u tifrwef rS enf;aeao;wJt h csed jf zpfaeao; vd@k jzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh trsK;d orD; awG Edik if aH &;ZmwfcakH y: yg0ifru _ enf;aeygao;w,f? 'ga=umifrh ‹kd Edik f iHa&;eJ@qikd w f ahJ e&mrsK;d awGrmS trsK;d orD;eJ‹trsK;d om; r#r#ww tcsK;d t

pm;nDwn l rD # yg0ifvmzd@k vdak eyg w,f? 'Dawmh xda&mufwehJ nf;em awG csrw S zf ‹kd vlawGu ydrk akd wmif; qdv k mwmrsK;d awGvnf; ±Sv d mae yg+yD? udw k mpepfuawmh 'Dawmif; qdrk a_ wGxu J enf;emwckv@kd ajym &if&Edik yf gw,f? trsK;d orD;awGt wGuf udw k mpepfukd odatmif rdwf qufay;jcif;[m wu,fawmh wd wdususe‹J bmvky&f r,fqw kd mudk vkyaf y;vdu k w f myg? 'Duw kd mpepf [m ydrk +kd y;D xda&mufwhJ enf;wenf; tjzpfe@J vltrsm;u vufcx H m;=u ygw,f? 'Dpepfuo kd ;kH w,fq&kd if t rsK;d orD;awG&hJ ud, k pf m;ðyr_u yd+k yD; xdxad &mufa&mufe@J yg0ifvmEdik f w,fvdk‹ ar#mfvifh&wma=umifh vnf; 'Dpepf[m ydrk +kd yD; ckid cf t hH m; aumif;wJhpepfwckvnf;jzpfaeyg ao;w,f? wòydief ufwnf;rSmyJ 'D udw k mpepfrmS ar;p&mar;cGe;f awG ±Sad eovdk wcsKŒd awGuvnf; 'Dpepf eJ@ ywfouf+y;D twdu k t f cHvyk w f m awG±ydS gw,f?udw k mqdw k mbmrsm; ygv?J udw k mpepfua&m b,fvdk enf;emawGe@J trsK;d orD;awG Edik if H a&;rSmyg0ifvmr_udk tm;ay;vkyf aqmifrmS rd‹k vJ ponfjzifah yg?h wck owdxm;zd@k u udw k mpepf yHpk aH wG wckeJ@wck rwlbl;qdkwmyg? t u,fIrsm; 'Dpepfu Edik if w H Edik if &H hJ a±G;aumufwifajr‡mufry_ pkH rH mS tHh 0if*iG u f s rjzpfb;l qd&k ifawmif 'g [m jzpfawmifjh zpfcv J ‹kd ajym&if &Edik f ygw,f? udw k mqdw k mbmrsm;ygvJ ud k w mpepf & J h aemuf uG,rf mS wu,f±adS ewJt h ESpo f m

35

Untitled-1.pmd

35

3/29/2006, 4:03 PM

&u Edik if aH &;eJ@qikd w f hJ vkyif ef;pOf awGrmS trsK;d orD;awGukd yg0ifvm atmif odr;f oGi;f pkaqmif;zd@k e@J trsK;d orD;awG[m Edik if aH &;b0xJrmS t oH;k cscpH uf±yk v f rkd sK;d jzpfraezd@k uykd g aocsmatmif ðyvkyaf y;&rSmjzpfyg w,f? Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG&hJ csrw S f xm;wJh yHpk t H csK;d tpm;t&yJjzpfjzpf Oya'u jyXmef;xm;wmrsK;d yJjzpfjzpf 'grrS [kwv f nf; zJ‹G pnf;yHt k ajccHO ya'rSm jyXmef;xm;wmrsK;d awG[m trsK;d orD;awGtwGuf a±G;aumuf yJq G ikd &f m udw k mpepfukd yHak zmfxm; wmrsK;d awG ±Sw d wfygw,f? ygwu D kd ud, k pf m;ðy+yD; 0ifòydiw f t hJ rsK;d orD; awGtwGuaf wmh 'Duw kd mpepfu xde;f nda‡ y;xm;wJh oabmjzpf+yD; udk,fpm;ðyvGwfawmf udk,fpm; vS,t f jzpfe@J yg0ifz@kd &m ae&mcsrw S f ay;wmrsK;d vd‹k vnf; ajymEdik yf gw,f? wcsKŒd Edik if aH wGrmS qd&k if ae&yfa'o/ vlrsK;d / bmompum;eJ‹ ud;k uG,w f hJ bmomawGay: rlwnf+y;D udw k mp epfu tusK;d oufa&mufapwmrsK;d awG±ydS gw,f? bmyJajymajym Edik if H a&;pepfwikd ;f rSmuawmh e,fajrawG ay: tajccH+y;D awmh a±G;cs,x f m;wJh ud, k pf m;vS,q f w kd m±Sad tmif vkyf aqmif&wmrsK;d uawmh±pdS +rJyg? t ckuawmh trsKd;orD;awGeJ‹ ywf ouf+yD;ajymrSmrd‹k 'Duw kd mpepfu trsKd;orD;awG a±G;cs,fr_udpPrSm b,fvdktusKd;oufa&mufw,f qdw k mudk =unh&f atmifyg? udkwmpepf&Jh &nf±G,f csuu f awmh tcsK;d tpm;t&udk t rsK;d orD;awG[m tenf;qH;k 30 &m

cdik Ef e_ ;f 'grrS [kwv f nf; 40 &mcdik f E_e;f yg0ifz‹kd qdx k m;ygw,f? trsK;d o rD;awGtwGuf udw k mpepfuawmh bmudo k wfrw S af y;ovJq&kd if t rsK;d orD;ta&twGuf tcsK;d tpm; wck[m Edik if aH &;eJ‹qikd w f hJ trnfpm &if;wifoiG ;f r_wikd ;f rSm yg0ifz‹kd vku d kd vdt k yfygw,f? udw k mpepf[m t rsK;d orD;ud, k pf m;vS,yf g0ifz‹kd q+kd y;D 'D pkaqmif;a&;udpu P ykd J ajymaewmr [kwyf gb;l ? 'Dpak qmif;a&;vkyw f m awGukd xdr;f csKyfxm;wJh vlawGt ay:rSmvnf; trsm;}u;D rlwnfaeyg w,f? udw k mpepf&hJ aemufu, G f u wu,ft h ESpo f m&t&uawmh EdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:rSm trsKd;orD; awG ydkrdk+yD;ygvmatmif vlopfpk aqmif;a&;vkyw f mjzpfovdk Edik if H a&;b0awGxrJ mS vnf; 'Dyg0ifvm wJh trsK;d orD;awG txD;usef jzpfr aezd‹k awGukd aocsmatmif ðyvkyf ay;&r,fqw kd o hJ abmygy?J t&if wke;f u trsK;d orD; wa,mufpESpf a,mufptwGuf ae&mcsev f yS af y; xm;wmrsK;d u wu,fph Of;pm;csuf r[kwo f vdk rvkyrf jzpfv‹kd vkyaf e& wJo h abm(ra&&mr_) oufa&muf aeygw,f? 'ga=umifh udw k mpepf&hJ &nf±, G cf surf mS uawmh tenf;qH;k trsK;d orD;awG 20-30 'grrS [kwf 40 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jzpfjzpf trsK;d om;/ t rsKd;orD; w0ufpDygvmEdkifwJh w u,fph pfreS w f hJ a,mufsm;rde;f r rcJG jcm;wJu h , kd pf m;ðyrlukd aocsma&&m atmif ðyvkyaf y;&rSm jzpfygw,f? tjzpf o abmqd k + yD ; emrnf & ±H k avmuf vkyv f ‹kd r&bl;qdw k o hJ abm yg? wcsKdŒEdkifiH (tenf;pk) rSmus

awmh udw k mpepfukd Edik if aH &;avm uxJrmS trsK;d orD;awG t[ef@t wm;r±Syd J yg0ifvmEdik w f t hJ xd c% ,m,Dðyvkyx f m;wmjzpfygw,f? 'g ayr,fv h ‹kd trsm;pkEikd if aH wGuawmh 'Dpepfut kd oH;k ðywJah e&mrSm tcsed f wdwu d suse‹J tcsed u f u kd u f ef‹owf xm;wmrsKd;awG r±Sdjyefygbl;? o abmuawmh vdo k avmuftcsed f udk ,lomG ;r,fo h abmygy?J trsK;d orD;awG&hJ ud, k pf m; ðyyg0ifru _ enf;aewJt h cg trsK;d o rD;awG&hJ jy\emwifjyr_uvnf; enf;aewmu jzpfpOfwckyg? 'g a=umifrh ‹kd 'Djy\emawGukd trsK;d o rD;ud, k pf m;vS,Of ;D a& ydrk sm;vmwJh tcgrmS trsK;d orD;awG awG‹óucH pH m; &wJjh y\emawG wifjyvmatmif udw k mpepfuvkyaf qmifay;r,fv‹kd ,H=k unf=uygw,f? txl;ojzifh vl OD;a&&Jh 50 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f [m trsK;d orD; awGjzpfvmwJh tcsed u f p+y;D awmh 'D pOf;pm;csuu f pwifw,fv‹kd ajym &if&ygw,f? qdv k w kd muawmh t rsK;d orD;OD;a&vnf; rsm;vm+yDr‹kd ol wd‹k uu kd , kd pf m;ðyzd‹k ydv k v kd m+yv D ‹kd t csujf yvdu k w f mygy/J Oyrmtm;jzifh awmh a±G;aumufyq GJ ikd &f m Oya'jy Xmef;r_rmS trsK;d orD;ud, k pf m;vS,f avmif; 40 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f yg0if&r,fqkd wJh jyXmef;r_rsK;d awGayg?h (trsK;d orD; OD;a&ud, k pf m;ðyr_[m bmudjk yovJ qd&k ifawmh trsK;d om;rsm;u rsm; rsm;yg+y;D trsK;d orD;u enf;enf;ydyk g 0ifciG &hf vmw,fqw kd hJ oabmjzpf ygw,f) Edik if aH &;eJ@qikd w f hJ ae&mXm ewdik ;f rSm trsK;d orD;awG&hJ ud, k pf m; ðyr_enf;aeao;wma=umifh jyXmef;

36

Untitled-1.pmd

36

3/29/2006, 4:03 PM

vdu k w f OhJ ya'u trsK;d orD;awG t enf;qH;k yg0ifvmEdik rf ,ft h ajct aeudk &nfreS ;f xm;wmrsK;d ayg?h wcsKŒd udw k mpepfusjyef awmhvnf; trsK;d om;trsK;d orD; r# r#wwyg0ifEdkifatmif zefwD;ay; xm;wmrsK;d ±Sw d wfygw,f? qdv k kd wmuawmh b,ftyk pf u k rS yd+k yD; awmh ud, k pf m;ðyygaevd‹k r&bl;qdk wmygy?J 'DrmS bmudq k v kd o kd vJqkd &if b,ftyk pf u k rS 60 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f xufrrsm;&ovdk 40 &mcdkifE_ef; xufvnf; renf;&bl;qdw k mygy?J bmyJajymajym 50 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f pD yg 0ifwhJ udw k myHpk u H awmh tkypf k 2 ck vH;k twGuf r#wpGm yg0ifEikd w f hJ t ajctaeygy?J udw k mpepfe@J pyfvsO;f vd‹k ESpq f wd;k udw k mrlukd usio hf ;kH r_ &nf ±G,cf suu f awmh a±G;aumufyrJG mS trsK;d orD;awG b,fa±G‹b,fr# (t csK;d tpm;eJ‹) a±G;aumufyrGJ mS yg0if vmEdik w f hJ trnfpm&if; wifoiG ;f ±Hk oufoufr[kwfawmhygbl;? [dk atmufajcpm&if;rSm a±G;aumufcH &zd@k tcGit hf vrf;enf;aewmawG udv k nf; wcgwnf; umuG,af y; xm;&mvnf; a&mufygw,f? tm *siw f eD m;/ aumhpwm&DumeJ‹ b,f v*s, D efw‹kd rmS qd&k if ESpq f wd;k udk wm jyXmef;xm;wJhpepfudk vkyf aqmifxm;wJh Edik if aH wGjzpfygw,f? tm;enf;csuf • trsK;d orD;awGukd trsK;d om;awG xuf ydk+yD;OD;pm;ay;vkduf+yDqdku wnf;u vlwikd ;f wef;wlnrD # yg0if vmEdik zf @kd ukd qef@usiaf eygw,f? • udw k mpepf[m 'Dru dk a&pDe‹J qef‹

usiaf eygw,f? bmjzpfv‹kd vnf;qdk awmh rJay;olawGu b,fol‹udk wifajrm‡ ufr,fqw kd mrudk qH;k jzwf oifw h mrd‹k yg? •Edik if aH &;orm;awG a±G;cs,cf &H r_rmS a±G;cs,cf v H u kd &f wJv h al wG[m ol wd‹k &hJ t&nftcsi;f a=umifh r[kwyf J vdiaf y:udrk w l nf+y;D a±G;cs,cf &H r_rsK;d jzpfaewma=umifh t&nftcsi;f yd±k dS wJo h al wGusawmh ab;udw k eG ;f yd‹k o vdjk zpfaeygw,f? • trsKd;orD; tawmfrsm;rsm;u awmh rde;f rjzpfaewmwckwnf;eJ@ awmh a±G;cs,cf v H jkd cif; r±S=d uygb;l ? • udw k mpepfukd jyXmef;vdu k rf [ _ m ygwx D rJ mS roifjh rwfra_ wGujkd zpfay: apygw,f? tm;omcsuf • udw k mpepf[m trsK;d orD;awGukd cJjG cm;qufqw H m r[kwyf gb;l ? 'g [m bmudjk yovJq&kd if Edik if aH &; xdik cf w kH ckuae+y;D trsK;d orD;awG t csKd;tpm;wckt& r#r#wwyg0if vmEdik zf ‹kd twGuf jzpfaewJt h [ef@ twm;awGukd ajczsuaf y;vdu k w f m vnf;jzpfygw,f? • udw k mpepf[m Edik if aH &;vkyw f t hJ cgrSm trsKd;orD;awG pkaygif;vkyf aqmifru _ kd jzpfay:ap+y;D olw‹kd awG&hJ awG@óucH pH m;ae&wJh aomuawGukd vnf; tenf;eJ‹trsm;qdo k vdk ajy aysmufapygw,f? • trsK;d orD;rsm;[m Edik if o H m;w a,muftaeeJ‹ nDwn l rD #yg0ifrt _ cGit hf a&;±Sad e&ygr,f? • trsK;d orD;awG&hJ tawG‹tóuaH wG [m Edik if aH &;b0xJrmS vdt k yfaeyg w,f?

• a±G;aumufyq GJ w kd u hJ pd [ P m jynf ol‹toHrsm;udk wifjyzd‹k jzpf+y;D ynm a&;rSmb,favmuf awmfygw,f wwfygw,fqw kd mudk oGm;òyid af e& r,fh ae&mr[kwyf gb;l ? •trsK;d orD;rsm;[m trsK;d om;rsm; vdk t&nftcsi;f jynfph o kH rl sm;jzpf =uygw,f? od‹k aomfvnf;yJ trsK;d om;awG }u;D pd;k cs,v f , S af ewJh Edik if H a&;pepf}uD;xJrSm t&nftcsif; jynfrh w DS hJ trsK;d orD;rsm;[m ae&m ay;rcH&wmuawmh xH;k pHygy/J w enf;tm;jzifh trsK;d orD;awGtqifh av#mch aH e&ygw,f? • trSew f u,fuawmh Edik if aH &;yg wDawGuae+yD; b,fob l ,f0gukd a±G;cs,zf ‹kd qw kd mudk xde;f csKyfxm; wmjzpf+yD; rJay;olawGuae b,f olb,f0gukd a±G;w,fq+kd y;D pOf;pm; qHk;jzwfay;wm r[kwfygbl;? 'g a=umifrh ‹kd udw k mpepf[m rJay;ol awG&hJ tcGit hf a&;udk csK;d azmuf&m ra&mufb;l vd‹k ajymEdik yf gw,f? • udw k mpepfukd pwiftoufoiG ;f wJhtcsdefrSm jy\emav;awG ±Sd aumif;±SEd ikd af yr,fh 'g[m tcdu k t f wef@upd rP sK;d jzpfygw,f? wef;wlnrD #rq l ikd &f m t,ltq ESpf &yf • a,bl,stm;jzifah wmh trsK;d o rD;awGtwGuf udw k mpepf[mqd&k if wef;wlnDr#rlqdkwJh t,ltqw &yfuae+y;D aemuftjcm;wckuakd ±GŒ oGm;wJh wifjyr_yjJ zpfygw,f? wef; wlnrD #r&_ hJ acgi;f rrmyJ vdu k af vsm wwfwhJ t,ltqw&yfu bmvJ qd&k if ‘wef;wlnrD #rt _ cGit hf vrf;’ qdkwJht,ltq 'grSr[kwfvnf;

37

Untitled-1.pmd

37

3/29/2006, 4:03 PM

‘tòyid t f qdik f jzpfxeG ;f onfw h ef;wl nDr#r_’udk jzpfxGef;apwm jzpfyg w,f? yxrt,ltquawmh t wm;tqD;jzpfaewJh yHpk aH wGukd z,f ±Sm;ay;vdu k w f hJ udprP sK;d (trsK;d orD; awGudk rJay;cGifhay;vdkufwmrsKd;) awGukd jynfph v kH akH vmuf+yv D ‹kd ,lq =uwmvnf; ±Sw d wfygw,f? usef wJt h ydik ;f taeeJ‹uawmh trsK;d orD; wOD;csi;f pD&hJ oabmeJ‹yq J ikd w f ,f vd‹k qydk gw,f? • 'kw, d t,ltq&Jh wef;wlnrD #r_ oabmxm;uawmh 'Dvrkd [kwyf g bl;? bD*si;f yvyfzu kd v f ‹kd ac:wJh t rsK;d orD;nDvmcHrmS trsK;d orD;a&; wufºuo G al wG zdtm;ay;r_wrsK;d u awmh qufpyfra_ wGvyk w f mrsK;d eJ‹ taxmuftyHq h ikd &f mudpaP wG vkyf jcif;[m ydrk w kd ;kd wufra_ wGukd &vm apwmjzpfw,fv‹kd qdjk yefygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifah wmh ‘wef;wlnrD # r_&vm'f’ jzpfygw,f? xyf+yD; t xGe@f wufwhJ tjiif;yGm;r_uawmh t&if u t[ef ‹ twm;awG u d k z,f±mS ;ay;vdu k w f meJ‹ wu,fh ppf rSew f hJ tcGit hf vrf;qdw k m[m r±Sd aebl;qdw k u hJ pd yP g? bmjzpfv‹kd vnf; qdak wmh trsK;d orD;awGtay:rSm r jrif&wJh t[ef‹twm; Oyg'ef tpJG tvrf;awG[mqd&k ifvnf; trsK;d orD;awG Edik if aH &;b0xJrmS =oZm tm%moufa&mufr(_ yg0ifz‹kd )awG udk wenf;wzHek ‹J twm;tqD;jzpf aeao;vd‹k jzpfygw,f? udw k meJ‹ t jcm;aomenf;awG[m trsK;d orD; awG yg0ifvmatmif vkyaf qmif xm;wJh enf;vrf;aumif;awG[m wef;wlnrD #r&_ vm'faumif;awGukd

jzpfay:apygw,f? t&ifwkef;u wef;wlnrD #r_ vkyaf qmifra_ wGukd enf;vrf;wcktaeeJ‹ vkyaf qmif ay;vdu k ±f ekH ‹J uawmh wef;wlnrD #r_ udk &nfreS ;f csuw f cktaeeJ‹ a&muf±dS rSmr[kwyf gb;l ? 'guvnf; tawG‹ tóuaH wGay: rlwnf+y;D ajymqdjk iif; csux f w k &f jcif;jzpfygw,f? wu,f vd‹k rsm; twm;tqD;awGu ±Sad eOD; rSmqd&k ifawmh tpm;xd;k vkyaf qmif csuaf wGukd enf;vrf;wcktjzpf cs rSw+f yD;awmh wef;wlnrD #r&_ vm'f awGqD a&mufatmifukd vkyaf qmif ay;&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvt kd jrifbuf u csn;f uyfr,fq&kd ifawmh udw k m pepf[mqd&k if ESp±f n S v f rsm;u jzpf aewhJ yHkpHoGwfoGif;cHxm;&r_ t [ef ‹ twm;awG t wG u f av#mf a=u;wcktjzpfe‹J trsK;d orD;awGukd a±G;aumufwifajr‡mufwu hJ pd aP wG rSmjznfq h nf;ay;wJo h abmomjzpf+y;D trsK;d om;rsm;udk cJjG cm;zdEydS w f mr [kwfygbl;vdk‹ ajymEdkifr,fxifyg w,f? udw k mpepf tvkyjf zpfrjzpf udw k mtvkyjf zpfrjzpfqkd wmuawmh Edik if w H ckcsi;f pDe‹J yJ qdik f r,fxifygw,f? trsK;d orD;awG yg 0ifaewm&,f/ udw k m&Jjh yXmef;csuf trsK;d tpm;awG qufE, G yf wfouf aer_ b,favmuftvkyjf zpfae+yD vd‹k ajymzd‹k uawmh cufaeygao; w,f? bmjzpfv‹kd vq J akd wmhuw kd m pepfudk taumiftxnfazmf&m rSm vdv k v kd m;vm;eJ‹vyk af ewmrsK;d u b,ftajctaerSm ±Sad ew,f qdw k m ajym&cufaeao;ygw,f? 'Dpepfukd toH;k ðyaewJh udpaP wGukd

aoaocsmcsmeJ‹ t&nftcsi;f jynfh rSaD tmif u|r;f u|r;f usiu f sief @J avh vmqef;ppfz‹kd vykd gw,f? rsm;aom tm;jzifah wmhvnf; a±G;aumufyGJ twGuf wifjyr_ypkH aH wGrmS u a,m ufsm;&,f rde;f r&,fq+kd yD;awmh Edik f iHa&;ygwaD wGuae+yD; tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;wm r±Sad o;ygb;l ? udk wmpepftvkyfjzpfrjzpf avhvm qef;ppfwu hJ pd rP mS vnf; rjrif&wJh aemufqufwGJ jy\emrsK;d awGjzpf wJh (Oyg'eftpJt G vrf;awGa=umifh jzpf&wJh cGjJ cm;zdEySd rf a_ wG) ±Sad eao; w,fqw kd mudk eufeufeeJ J odz@kd vkd ygw,f? udw k mpepfukd toH;k ðyzd‹k &m Edik if w H um&Jh t}uðH yaxmufcH csuaf wG&,f wjcm;Edik if aH wG&hJ v_@H aqmfcsuaf wG[mqd&k ifvnf; ydrk kd ta&;ygvmaeygw,f? udw k mpepf [m trsKd;orD;awG EdkifiHom;w a,muftjzpf óuHae&wJh twm; tqD;awG tcuftcJawGudk t ukefvHk; ysufjy,fapwmawmh r [kwyf gb;l ? aemuf+y;D 'Duw kd mpepf [m [d;k txufr;kd ay:uusvmwJh udprP [kwo f vdk atmufajcuae +yD; trsK;d orD;awG yg0ifvyk af qmif csuaf wGe‹J trsK;d orD;tzJ‹G tpnf; awG&hJ wufwufºuºG ueG ‹J yg0ifra_ wG a=umifq h w kd mudv k nf; odxm;zd‹k t a&;}u;D ygw,f?Õ (IDEA ESihf Stockholm University wdk‹rS yl;wJGa&;om;ðypkxm;aom Global Database of Quotas for women

udk jrefrmhtrsK;d orD;or*~rS a':at;at;cdkifrS aumufE_wfI wifjyygonf?)

38

Untitled-1.pmd

38

3/29/2006, 4:03 PM

qdik &f m oabmxm;rsm;ESihf zuf' &,fz‹GJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' yxrrl =urf;/ CRPP 53 ESpaf jrmufjynf axmifpak e‹txdr;f trSwf wdik ;f &if; om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;. jynfaxmif pkoabmw&m;rsm;pmtky/f CRPP . jrefrmEdik if v H rl sK;d pkjy\emESihf t em*wfjynfaxmifpt k a&;wd‹k tygt 0if tjcm;ta&;}uD;onfh oabm xm;rsm;jzpf=uonf? xdkESD;aESmzvS,fyJG}uD;rS 1995 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D 12 &uf ae‹wGif tem*wfzuf'&,fjynf axmifpk zJ‹G pnf;yHq k ikd &f m tajccHrl rsm;tjzpf (1) tcsKyt f csmtm%m/ (2) wef;wla&;/ (3) ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef; cGifh/ (4) zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkrl rsm;/ (5) vlenf;pkrsm;.tcGit hf a&; (6) 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;/ tajccH vl‹tcGifhta&;ESifh usm;rqdkif&m wef;wlnrD #r/_ (7) bmoma&;udk t ajcrcHaomEdik if H (8) ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a& pDpepf ponft h ajccHrl 8 &yfcsrw S f EdkifcJh+yD; wufa&mufvm=uaom jynfol‹v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f rsm;/ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zJ‹G tpnf;toD; oD;wd‹k rS acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ trsK;d orD; tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;/ vli,ftzJ‹G tpnf;rsm;/ vlxk tajcðy vlrt _ zJ‹G tpnf;rsm;rS ud, k f pm;vS,rf sm; pkpak ygi;f 106 OD; o abmwlvufrSwfa&; xdk;cJh=uyg onf? qufvufI tajccHrl 8 csuftay:tajccH+yD; zuf'&,fzJG‹ pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH rl=urf;a&;qJaG &;vkyf ief;pOftm; qufvuftaumift xnfazmfoGm;&ef NCUB, NDF,

UNLD-LA, KNPP, SDU, WLB ESihf

vli,ftzJ‹G tpnf;rsm;udk wm0ef ay;tyfc=hJ u&m zuf'&,fz‹GJpnf;tkyf csKyyf t kH ajccHOya' rl=urf;a&;qJaG &; qdik &f m ndE‡ i_d ;f r_aumfrwD (Federal Constitution Drafting and Coor -dination Committee FCDCC) udk

zJ‹G pnf;Edik cf o hJ nf?TaumfrwDonf 2005 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvt wGi;f zJ‹G pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' yxrrl =urf;xGuaf y:vmap&ef tajccHrl 8 csut f ay:tajccHI a&;qJ&G rnfjzpf +y;D Ed0k ifbm/ 'DZifbmESihf 2006 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D rsm;twGi;f oufqikd &f m wyfaygi;f pktzJ‹G tpnf;rsm;xH wif jyt}u^H m%frsm;&,lum 2006 ck ESp/f rwfvtwGi;f zJ‹G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'qdik &f m ES;D aESmyJw G &yf ac:,loGm;&ef wm0ef±Sdygonf? FCDCC . vkyfief;aqmif±Gufr_ rsm;udk tpDtpOfrsm;csrw S cf o hJ nfh twdik ;f pepfwus aqmif±u G Ef ikd cf hJ aomfvnf; tajccHrl 8 csuyf g eH ygwf 6 tcsujf zpfonfh 'Dru kd a&pD tcGit hf a&;/ tajccHv‹l tcGit hf a&; ESihf usm;rqdik &f m wef;wlnrD #r[ _ l onfh tcsuEf iS yhf gwo f ufIrl aqG; aEG;jiif;ckpH &mpOf;pm;csurf sm;/ ar; cGe;f rsm; xGuaf y:vmcJo h nf? Tt ajccHrEl iS yhf gwo f ufIvnf; trsK;d o rD;rsm;tzJ‹G csKyf (jrefrmEdik if )H . o abmxm;&yfwnfcsupf mwrf;wGif qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S o f nfh tqifw h ikd ;f Y trsK;d orD;rsm; tenf;qH;k 30 &m cdik Ef e_ ;f yg0ifatmifvyk af qmif&ef zJ‹G pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya't& tmrcH& rnf[lonfh tjrifoabmxm; rsm;ygonfh oabmxm;&yfwnf

csuf pmwrf;wapmif xkwfjyefcJh onf? trsK;d orD;rsm;tzJ‹G csKyf (jref rmEdik if )H . FCDCC od‹k t}uðH ycsuf rsm;udk FCDCC rS aumfrwDtwGi;f raqG;aEG;&ao;aom t}uHðycsuf rsm;[lI Edik if aH &;tzJ‹G tpnf;toD; oD;wd‹k uzkd w d af c:+yD; xdik ;f e,fpyfEiS hf tdE, dN wd‹k wiG ðf yvkycf ahJ om t}uH ^m%frsm;&,lonfh tóudE;DS aESmz vS,yf rGJ sm;wGif xnfo h iG ;f aqG;aEG; apcJ&h m xdu k o hJ ‹kd aqG;aEG;jcif;cHpk &m tajctaersm; ay:xGuv f mcJjh cif; jzpfonf? rl=urf;a&;qJo G nfah umfr wDtwGif;wGifvnf; rwluJGjym; onfh oabmxm;tjrifrsm; xGuf ay:ae+yD; vmrnfh{+yDvtwGif; usi;f yrnfh ES;D aESmzvS,yf w GJ iG f rnf uJo h ‹kd q;kH jzwfcsuu f srnfqo kd nfrmS pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m tajctaew&yf jzpfaeygonf? TudpEP iS yhf gwo f ufI t rsK;d orD;rsm;tzJ‹G csKyf (jrefrmEdik if )H rS obmywdtzJ‹G 0ifwOD;ESihf awG‹qkH ar;jref;cJ&h m ‘jrefrmEdik if rH mS vGecf w hJ hJ ESpaf ygi;f 50 ausmf 60 eD;yg;u pcJw h hJ wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; Edik if aH &;wef;wlr_ wdu k yf aGJ wmif ckcsed t f xd rajyvnf ao;vd‹k qufwu kd af e&wmbJ? t rsK;d orD;rsm; Edik if aH &;wef;wlr_ wdu k f yJu G tckrpS wmqdak wmh Culture Shock jzpfoGm;=uwJhoabmyg? ajymqdak qG;aEG; jiif;cHzk efrsm;vmwJh tcg wjznf;jznf;eJ‹ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG/ Edik if aH &;orm;awGt aeeJ‹ trsK;d orD;rsm; Edik if aH &;wef;wl r_e‹J ygwo f uf+y;D aoG;ylyel ‹J rpOf;pm;bJ acgi;f at;at;eJ‹pOf;pm;Edik v f mrSmyg’ [kajym=um;cJyh gonf?Õ

40

Untitled-1.pmd

40

3/29/2006, 4:03 PM