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vd@k q&kd ygr,f? 'DtuJjzwftcsuf tay: rSew f ,f/ rSm;w,frajymvdk yg? tkycf sKyaf &;qdik &f m tawG@tóuH ±Sw d hJ pma&;q&mjzpfv@kd olajymwm rSerf mS aygv h @kd qckd &hJ if yk*v ~ u d "dXmef jzpfomG ;vdrrhf ,f? 'Dvykd gb?J olbmbJajym ajym igvufc, H =kH unfwmu 'gyJ vd@k “ usm;usm;rD;,yf ” vkyaf e&if vnf; twWaem twWed jzpfaeyg vdrrhf ,f? rSeu f efwahJ umufcsu/f t uJjJ zwfcsu&f zd@k twGuq f &kd if "rR"d XmefuswhJ csO;f uyfr_ vdt k yfygvrd hf r,f? "rR"Xd mefuswhJ csO;f uyfrq _ kd wm yk*Kd~ vpf /JG qENprJG ygbJ yuwdjzpf wnfaewJh tajctae/ tcsut f vufawGuae aumufcsufpGJ,l jcif;vd@k jrefrmh"avhx;kH wrf;Oya' e,fy,fu rde;f rwa,muf&hJ tcGihf ta&; tqift h ajctaeudk tuJ jzwf&mrSm jrefrmh"avhx;kH wrf;Oy a'u vufcx H m;wJh trsK;d orD;qdik f &m tcGit hf a&;awG bm±Sv d /J tJ'hD tcGit hf a&;awG[m a,mufsm;/ rde;f rwef;wl±rdS e_ @J b,favmufa0;vJ qdw k moH;k oyf+yD; aumufcsuq f rJG S omv#if tjypfa'gouif;wJh oH;k oyfcsuf &Edkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ xifyg w,f? "avhxHk;wrf; Oya'qdk wm oufqikd &f m vl@tzG@J tpnf; twGi;f vdu k ef musio hf ;kH =uwJh vlr_ a&;qdik &f m pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf; jzpfyg w,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;qdw k mudk t qifhqifh ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzmvdkuf&if aemufq;kH rSm rdom;pkqw kd hJ ti,f qH;k vl@tpktzG@J ukd awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f? wenf;ajym&&if rdom;pkqdkwm

"avhx;kH wrf; Oy a'qdkwm vl@tzGJ@tpnf; twGi;f u trsm;&Ju h , kd u f sihf w&m;ozG,f vufcHvmcJh wJh pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;uae jzpfvmw,fqdkwJh tqdkeJ@ qef@usiu f v JG w JG t hJ oGi±f adS e wJhtwGuf a,mufsm;w a,mufu rde;f rwOD;xuf yd, k cl iG ±hf w dS hJ "avhx;kH wrf;udk aoaocsmcsmavhvmydkif; ppf=unfhzdk@vdkwJhtjyif 'Drl [m trsK;d orD;/ trsK;d om; wef;wlnrD #r_ ±_axmift h & vnf; a0zefaxmufjyoifh wJh tcsujf zpfw,fv@kd jrifyg w,f?

vl‹tzG@J tpnf;&Jh tajccH,el pfjzpfyg w,f? rdom;pk&hJ obm0ud=k unfh &ifvnf; yGm;pnf;r_ukd awG@&ygvrd hf r,f? qdv k w kd mu vlreS &f if (, ae@tcsdefxd) trdtzESpfOD;aygif; zuf aygufzGm;vm&ygw,f? arG; zGm;vmwJh uav;t±G,fa&muf vm+yD; qef@usizf ufvid ef @J aygi;f zufwt hJ cg rdom;pkwck jzpfay:vm

ygw,f? tJ'rD o d m;pku wzef vl om;uav;rsm;udk arG;xkwaf y;=u jyefygw,f? 'DjzpfpOfuae aumuf csuq f , JG &l if vlom;wa,muf&hJ b0udk ESpyf ikd ;f cGjJ rifEikd yf gw,f? yx rtydik ;f u olarG;zGm;vmwJh rdom;pk twGi;f ub0 (tdraf xmifrðyrDb 0) jzpf+yD;/ aemufwydik ;f u topf yGm;pnf;vmwJh rdom;pkb0 (tdrf axmifðy+yD;b0) jzpfygw,f? 'gh a=umifrh @kd jrefrmh"avhx;kH wrf; Oy a'e,fy,frSm &±SdaewJh rdef;rw a,muf&JhtcGifhta&;udk csOf;uyf avhvmwJt h cg vl‹tzG@J tpnf;&Jh t ajccH,lepfjzpfwJh rdom;pkb0t wGi;f rSm rde;f rwa,muf&hJ tcGit hf a&;awGu bmawGvJqdkwmudk avhvm&if tajccHusvrd rhf ,fv@kd ,lqygw,f? 'Dvkd avhvm&mrSm vnf; tdraf xmifrðyrDb0eJ@ tdrf axmifðy+yD;b0qd+k yD; ESpyf ikd ;f cGaJ vh vm&if ydrk ±kd iS ;f vif;vG,u f v l rd rhf ,f vd@k xifygw,f? tdraf xmifrðyrDtydik ;f jrefrmh"avhx;kH wrf; Oy a'rSm rdbtarG qufcHxdkufwJh om;orD; 6 rsK;d eJ@ rdbtarG rcHxu kd f wJh om;orD; 6 rsK;d qd+k yD; pkpak ygi;f om;orD; 12 rsK;d owfrw S x f m;wm udkawG@&ygw,f? tarGcHxdkufwJh om;orD; 6 rsK;d rSm ud, k w f ikd af rG; xkwv f u kd w f t hJ cg tarGqufccH iG ±hf dS ygw,f? aoqH;k oGm;wJt h arG±iS rf mS 'Dom;orD; 2 rsK;d [m rdbESpyf g;vH;k uG,v f eG o f mG ;wJt h cg tarGqufcH ydik cf iG hf ±Scd iG ±hf ydS gw,f? aoqH;k oGm;wJh tcg tarG±iS rf mS 'Dom;orD; 4 rsK;d (aumufIarG;wJo h m;/ r,m;ygvif

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ygom;/ tajr‡mifr,m;om;/ u|e/f u|erf eJ@ &wJo h m;) rSm tarGqufcH cGi±hf v dS mygw,f? wifjywJh jrefrm"avhx;kH wrf;Oya'u owfrSwfxm;wJh om;orD;awG&hJ rdbtarGqufccH iG hf udk avhvm=unf&h if ta±SŒwdik ;f rSm ±Sw d hJ "avhx;kH wrf;Oya' tawmf rsm;rsm;rSmawG@&wJh vdiftay:rl wnf+yD; tarGqufccH iG u hf kd owf rSww f yhJ pkH H (Oyrm - w±kwv f rl sK;d rSm rdbawG om;a,mufsm;om quf cHciG ±hf )dS rsK;d r[kwb f J om;orD;&Jh t ðytr_ ¡Oyrm - om;orD;&if;jzpf aomfvnf; rdbudk &efolozG,f qufqw H o hJ m;orD; (oGmEkw)W [m tarGqufrcHxu kd af om om;orD; 6 rsK;d xJwiG yf g0if¢eJ@ om;orD;&Jh t qifh ¡Oyrm- tarGco H m;tjzpf arG; pm;wJo h m;/ aumufarG;pm;wJo h m; wd@k rmS tarGqufcx H u kd w f hJ om;o rD; 6 rsK;d wGiyf g0ifaomfvnf; olw yg;I&wJo h m; ('dEu M ) 0,fI&wJh om; (oa[mÊk) xrif;iwfrw G I f rScD v kd mwJo h m; (qmwbwW) wd@k rmS tarGrqufcx H u kd w f o hJ m; 6 rsK;d wGiyf g¢ wd@k tay: rlwnfaeygwmudk awG@&ygw,f? qd&k &if jrefrmh"avh xHk;pHt& tarGqufvufcHcGifht a&;rSm vdiu f jJG ym;r_tay: tajcr wnfxm;bJ om;orD;&Jh tqift h ajctaeeJ@ tðytrltay: tajcðy xm;wJt h wGuf a,mufsm;/ rde;f r t cGit hf a&;wef;wl±zdS @kd twGuf tae txm;±Sad ew,fv@kd qd&k ygr,f? tarGqufccH iG hf tcGit hf a&;rSm wef;wl±w dS ,fq&kd if aemuf wqifw h uf+yD; tarGc+JG yD; tarGcJG

jref r mh " avh x H k ; wrf;Oya'rSm oabmwlnD csurf ay;Edik w f hJ trsK;d orD;&Jh toufukd 20 vd@k owfrw S f xm;ayr,fh a,mufsm;av; &J h t ouf u d k owf r S w f r xm;ygb;l ? vdt k yfwu hJ m, pGr;f tif wenf;ajym&&if vl ysKdabmf0if&efomvdkw,f vdk@qdkygw,f? 'Dtcsuft ay: wcsKdŒolrsm;u jrefrmh "avhx;kH wrf;Oya'rSm±Sw d hJ trsKd ; orD ; eJ @ trsKd ; om; =um;rSm tcGit hf &;rnDr#r_ wcktjzpf axmufjy=uyg w,f? 'Dae&mrSm touf 20 rjynfh&if rdboabm nDcsuf,l&r,fqdkwmudk zsuo f rd ;f vdu k w f hJ t"dym` ,f uawmh roufa&mufwm udak wG@&ygw,f? a0wJh yHpk u H kd qufavhvmzd@k vdyk g w,f? bma=umifv h q J akd wmh tarG yHu k kd cGjJ cm;ydik ;f a0&mrSm usio hf ;kH wJh enf;vrf;awGuvnf; rnDr#whJ t ajctaeawG jzpfay:vmEdkifwm a=umifjh zpfygw,f? nDtpfuakd rmif ESrtwGif; tarGyHkcGJa0jcif;eJ@ pyf vsO;f vd@k a±S;"rRowfusr;f rsm;&Jh t qdu k akd vhvm=unf&h if uif;0efrif; }uD;OD;aumif;&Jh oHk;q,fajcmuf

apmifwJG tarGrc_ ef; "rRowfusr;f }u;D tcef; 8 rSm om;tcsi;f csi;f wd@k tarGcGJa&;eJ@ywfoufwJh a±S;"rR owfrsm;&Jh tqdrk sm;udk jyxm;yg w,f? tJ't D qdrk sm;udk avhvmwJh tcg om;}u;D orD;}u;D rsm; (=o&o r[kw)f [m rdbwm0efrsm;udk nD i,fErS i,fxuf ydI k ,l&v#if t arGyakH 0pkrmS omvGe&f ±S&d r,f? armif ESri,fxufyI kd rdbwm0efrsm;udk armifErS i,ftnDtr#xrf;aqmif &v#if tarGOpPmudk tnDtr# cGaJ 0 &r,fqdkwJhtcsufrSm a,bk,s tm;jzifh wlnw D mudk awG@&ygw,f? 'gah =umifh "rRowfrsm;rSm jyxm;wJh tarGyu kH kd cGaJ 0&mrSm vdu k f emwJh owfrw S cf suaf wG[mvnf; armifErS awGtqifh (t}u;D ti,fp onf) eJ@ rdbwm0efukd uset f i,f rsm;xufy, kd /l r,lqw kd hJ tajct aeESpcf t k ay: wnfxm;wmawGukd awG@&ygw,f? vdiu f jJG ym;r_tay: tajcðyrxm;ygb;l ? pD&ifx;kH rsm;udk avhvmwJt h cg 1897 ckEpS rf mS qH;k jzwfcw hJ hJ “rydek @J ra±$rpd &D ifx;kH -1” rSm om;orD;tm;vH;k udk omwlnrD # tarGay;wJh qH;k jzwfcsuf (rl) udk cs rSwcf w hJ mawG@&ygw,f? qd&k &if , ae@umvrSm jrefrm"avhx;kH wrf;O ya't& armifErS twGi;f rdb&Jh t arGuckd aJG 0&mrSm a,mufsm;rde;f r rcGJ jcm;bJ tm;vH;k tnD tr#caJG 0r_ukd usio hf ;kH ygw,f? 'gayr,fh =o&o eJ@ywfoufwJh c|if;csufawmh±Sdyg w,f? =o&o[m tarG&hJ av;yHk wyHu k kd &cGi±hf ydS gw,f? t&yfpum;rSm om;}uD; =o&ovd@k oH;k avh±w dS t hJ wGuf =o&

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ovd@k qv kd u kd &f if a,mufsm;eJ@om qdik w f hJ toH;k tE_e;f tjzpf vlrsm;pk u em;vnfxm;=uygw,f? jrefrm "avhx;kH wrf;Oya'u vufcx H m; wJh =o&o&Jt h "dym` ,f[m t&yfxJ rSm em;vnfvufcx H m;wJo h abm rsK;d r[kwyf gb;l ? “ uwf0ek @J armif qiftr_ 2” rSm =o&o[la=umif; ,Hrk mS ;oHo,jzpf&efr±Sad y? umv =umanmif;aomf tdraf xmifwck wGif zcif. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifEdkifaom a=umifh owfrw S x f m;onfh rdbt arGtESp&f ±Sad omom;[lI txl; t"dym` ,f oufa&mufvmonf? xdek nf;wl=umaomf (trd0wW&m; udk ausyeG pf mG xrf;aqmifaom) o rD;tm;vnf; om;uJo h @kd yif tcGihf ta&;ay;I =o&o[k ac:qdkay onf? 'gah =umifrh @kd jrefrmh"avh xH;k wrf;Oya'o&Jh tcGit hf a&; ESpf ckjzpfwhJ tarG&hJ av;yHw k yH&k cGiehf @J rdbwOD;aoqH;k wJt h cg userf b d xH rS =o&o&Jh tarGa0pkukd awmif;cH cGihf (=o&orStyjzpfaom om;o rD;rsm;onf rdbESpyf g;vH;k uG,v f eG f oGm;rStarGcaJG 0cGi&hf ) udk vdiu f jJG ym; r_eJ@ rqufpyfxm;bl;vdk@ qdk&yg r,f? w&m;0if orD;&if;jzpf+yD; t ouf 18 ESpjf ynfch sed rf mS nDtpfukd armifEx S rJ mS t}u;D qH;k jzpfwt hJ jyif tar&Jw h m0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk ulnD aqmif±u G Ef ikd pf rG ;f ±S&d if =o&ot&m ud&k ±S+d yD; txufuqdw k hJ tcGit hf a&;ESpcf u k kd &±Srd mS jzpfygw,f? tdraf xmifðy+yD;tydik ;f a,mufsm;eJ@red ;f raygi;f zuf

vd@k trd af xmifwck&,fv@kd xlaxmif vdkufwmeJ@ wOD;eJ@wOD;=um;rSm wm0efe@J tcGit hf a&;awG ±Sv d myg w,f? jrefrmh"avhrmS ajymavh±=dS u wJh vif0wfig;yg;/ r,m;0wfig;yg; qdw k mawG[m wm0efyikd ;f udk !$e;f xm;ovdk wzufrmS vnf; vifao &if usefypPnf; r,m;ydkifw,fqdk wmrsK;d [m tcGit hf a&;ydik ;f udk &nf !$e;f ygw,f? tJ't D cGit hf a&;awG wm0efawG[m vifr,m;tjzpf aygi;f oif;jcif; w&m;0ifjzpf/ rjzpfqkd wJt h ay: rlwnf+yD; jzpfwnfvm wmjzpfygw,f? w&m;0ifr0ifqdk wm oufqikd &f m "avhx;kH wrf;t& owfrw S jf yXmef;xm;wJh tcsuaf wG eJ@uu kd n f w D hJ xdr;f jrm;vufxyfr_ jzpfrjzpfqw kd hJ tcsut f ay: rlwnf ygw,f? qdkvdkwmu vufxyf xdr;f jrm;r_ w&m;0if rjzpfc&hJ if qdik f a&;qdik cf iG hf (ypPn;f qdik &f m/ vly*k Kd~ vf qdik &f m) tcGit hf a&;awG jzpfvmrSm r[kwyf gb;l ? 'gah =umifrh @kd trd af xmif ðy+yD;tydik ;f trsK;d orD;wa,muf&hJ tcGit hf a&;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ avhvm r_ukd vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;r_tydik ;f u pwifz@kd vv kd mygw,f? tcGit hf a&; ydik ;f ud=k unf&h ifvnf; tdraf xmifrmS jzpfwnfvmcJhwJh tusKd;pD;yGm; (ypPn;f ) eJ@ oufqikd w f t hJ cGit hf a&; eJ@ tdraf xmifwckrmS vdu k ef m&r,f vd@k owfrw S x f m;wJh pnf;urf;csuf wckcu k kd wzufzufu csK;d azmuf wJhtcg tjcm;wzufrSm jzpfay: vmwJh vly*k Kd~ vq f ikd &f m tcGit hf a&; (Oyrm - c&pf,mef"avhx;kH wrf; u wvifwr,m;pepfuo kd m cGiðhf y

w,f? tJ'pD nf;urf;udk wzufu csK;d azmuf&if tjcm;wzufrmS vif r,m;uGm±Si;f cGihf jzpfvmygw,f) qd+k y;D awG@&ygw,f? 'gah =umifrh @kd tdrf axmifðy+yD;tydkif; trsKd;orD;w a,muf&hJ tcGit hf a&;udk (1) vuf xyfxrd ;f jrm;jcif;tydik ;f / (2) ypPn;f qdik &f mtydik ;f / (3) vifr,m;uGm ±Si;f jcif;tydik ;f qd+k y;D avhvmv#if ydrk kd ±Si;f vif;vG,u f o l mG ;r,fv@kd ,lq ygw,f? vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;jcif; rEkus,"f rRusr;f rSm urBm vlO;D wd@k puQK±lye oH0gjzpf=u&mrS arxHrk 0SD =J ujcif;udk ynmtjrif±o dS l wd@k u uJ&h jhJ ypfwif=uojzifh vlorl odatmif zHk;uG,f=uonfudk t a=umif;ðy+y;D a,mufsm;eJ@red ;f rvifr ,m;tjzpf aygi;f oif;aexdik jf cif;udk tdraf xmifðyw,fv@kd ac:qdo k ;kH E_e;f vmcJah =umif; azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tJ'v D kd a,mufsm;ESirhf ed ;f r jrif=u/ awG @ =u/ arxk e f r S D 0 J = uonf u d k aemufyikd ;f rSm vl}u;D rdbwd@k u }u;D =uyfuyG u f +J y;D tdraf xmifcsay;onfh tavhtxod@k ajymif;a±$Œjzpfvmyg w,fv@kd csŒJ awG;,lqEkid yf gw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ vufxyf xdr;f jrm;w,fqw kd m tcsp0f wˆKpm a&;q&mwa,mufa&;ovdk vuf uav;ESpzf uf xyfvu kd w f mqdw k hJ wdrw f rd o f abmr[kwyf gb;l ? tifr weford af rG@E;l nH+h y;D ta&;}u;D wJh vl r_a&;udpjP zpfwt hJ wGuf vl@tzG@J t pnf;wdik ;f rSm vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;jcif; eJ@pyfvsO;f wJh pnf;rsO;f / pnf;urf; awGudk owfrSwfxm;=uygw,f? jrefrmh"avhx;kH wrf;Oya'rSmvnf;

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vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;&mrSm w&m;0if t=uifvifr,m;jzpfz@kd twGuf vdk tyfwt hJ csuaf wGtjzpf (1) a,mufsm;onf tdraf xmifðy &eftwGuf use;f rmoefprG ;f &rnf? (2) rde;f ronf rkq;kd r od@k r[kwf w ckvyf/ wvifuGmr[kwfv#if t ouf 20 jynf&h rnf? touf 20 rjynfah o;v#if rdb od@k r[kwf tkyf xde;f ol. oabmwlncD suf &±S&d rnf? (3) t=uifvifr,m;tjzpf tdrf axmifðy&ef&nf±G,fI ESpfOD;o abmwlncD suq f ENukd vGwv f yfpmG ay;&rnf? (4) ESpOf ;D pvH;k aygoyG o f rl jzpfap&? (5) rde;f rrSm rjywfpaJ om w&m;0if vifa,mufsm; r±Sad p&? (6) txift±Sm; xdrf;jrm;vuf xyfr_ wpHw k &m rðyvkycf yhJ gu vif r,m;tjzpf vlod±Sif=um;aygif; oif;aexdik rf ±_ &dS rnfv@kd owfrw S f xm;ygw,f? txufuwifjycJw h hJ t csuaf wGrmS um,uH±iS &f hJ oabm wlnDcsuf[m ta&;}uD;qHk; t csujf zpfygw,f? owd@k om;owd@k o rD;wd@k &q hJ ENtav#muf vGwv f yfpmG oabmwlnrD r_ ±Scd yhJ gv#if vufxyf xdr;f jrm;r_onf w&m;Oya'ESihf rnD onft h jyif wnf+rcJ ikd rf mr_vnf; r±Sd ygbl;? Oya'ynm±Sif a'gufwm at;armifu ol&hJ Burmese Buddhist Law pmtkyr f mS owd@k om;eJ@ owd@k orD;eJ@ywfoufv@kd ajymif;vJ wdk;wufvmwJhacwf oHk;acwf±Sd w,fvdk@ qdkxm;ygw,f? yxr acwfu rdboabmtwdik ;f orD;

u vdu k ef m&wJh acwfjzpfygw,f? yHak cwfaESmif;rSm ðypkcw hJ hJ ‘0g±"k rR owf’t& a,mufsm;ESihf rde;f r t =uifvifr,m;tjzpf a&muf±zdS @kd rd bu xdr;f jrm;ay;&ygw,f? rdb oabmrwl&if om;orD;wusw d f yif arG;zGm;vmvnf; orD;udk rdbu jyefodrf;cGifh±Sdw,fvdk@ qdkxm;yg w,f? 'kw, d acwfuawmh rdb tpDtpOfukd orD;rSjiif;qefvv kd #if jiif;qefEikd w f ahJ cwfjzpfygw,f? uke;f abmifacwfrmS ðypkcw hJ hJ ‘rEkus,f "rRowf’t& rdbu vufxyf xdr;f jrm;ay;pm;+y;D aomfvnf; orD; u r=unfjzLI umr ray;tyfrD rd bxHjyefvmv#if orD;±Sirf b d uo rD;udk a,mufsm;av;xHo@kd oH;k }urd f wdik w f ikd f jyefy@kd ay;&ygw,f? oH;k }urd f wdik w f ikd jf iif;qefaev#if xdr;f jrm; jcif;u ysufw,f? wwd,acwf awmh orD;ESpo f ufoEl iS hf rdbuay; pm;&wJah cwfjzpfygw,f? ,ae@acwftcg[m w wd,acwftcg jzpfygw,f? ud, k f ESpo f ufou l kd ud, k o hf abmeJ@ ud, k f a±G;cs,fEdkifcGifhudk jrefrmh"avhxHk; wrf;Oya'u trsK;d orD;/ trsK;d om; ESpOf ;D pvH;k udk ay;xm;ygw,f? 'gt h jyif jrefrmh"avhx;kH wrf;Oya't& vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;r_ukd bmoma&; eJ@ rqufpyfwt hJ wGuf vGyv f yfru _ kd yd+k y;D us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ usio hf ;kH Edik f wJh taetxm;±Sad eygw,f? 'Dt csuu f kd tjcm;"avhx;kH wrf;Oya' awGe@J ,SOx f ;kd =unf&h if ydrk jkd rifom vmygw,f? Oyrm - rGwpf vif " avhx;kH wrf;Oya'rSmvnf; jrefrmh"

avhx;kH wrf;Oya'vdb k J w&m;0if t=uifvifr,m;jzpfz@kd tcrf;tem; rvd/k owd@k om;eJ@ owd@k orD;&Jo h abmwlncD suw f iG o f m t"dut ajccHaomfvnf; ESpOf ;D pvH;k onf t pPvefbmom0if jzpf&r,fqdkwJh uef@owfcsu±f adS eygw,f? jrefrmh"avhxHk;wrf;Oy a'rSmawmh tJ'v D u kd ef@owfcsurf ±SdwJhtwGuf bmomjcm;eJ@vuf xyfvnf; w&m;r0if ysufjy,f w,fv@kd r±Syd gb;l ? qd&k &if jrefrmh" avhx;kH wrf;e,fy,frmS vufxyf xdr;f jrm;jcif;eJ@ywfoufv@kd trsK;d orD;awG[m udk,fh&JhqENoabm xm;tavsmuf aqmif±u G Ef ikd cf iG hf udk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ &xm;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh oabmwl nDcsuaf y;wJh trsK;d orD;[m wck vyf/ wvifumG / rkq;kd rr[kw&f if touf 20 jynfzh @kd awmhvykd gw,f? jrefrmh"avhxHk;wrf;Oy a'rSm oabmwlncD surf ay;Edik w f hJ trsK;d orD;&Jt h oufukd 20 vd@k owf rSwx f m;ayr,fh a,mufsm;av;&Jt h oufukd owfrw S rf xm;ygb;l ? vdk tyfwhJ um,pGr;f tif wenf;ajym& &if vlysKad bmf0if&efomvdw k ,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? 'Dtcsut f ay: wcsKŒd ol rsm;u jrefrmh"avhx;kH wrf;Oya' rSm±Sw d hJ trsK;d orD;eJ@ trsK;d om;=um; rSm tcGit hf a&;rnDr#rw _ cktjzpf axmufjy=uygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm touf 20 r jynfh&if rdboabmnDcsuf ,l& r,fqw kd mudk zsuo f rd ;f vdu k w f t hJ "dym` ,fuawmh roufa&mufwm udak wG@&ygw,f?

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pD&ifx;kH wckrmS “ trsK;d orD;onf t±G,af &muf+yD;oljzpf ap/ t±G,rf a&mufao;oljzpfap ‚if;[email protected]@usif+yD; rdb rsm;u xdr;f jrm;vufxyfray;pm; Edik af y” vd@k xH;k zG@J xm;ygw,f? rdb&Jh oabmwlnDr_qdk&mrSmvnf; t xift±Sm; ajymqdEk ikd jf cif;udo k mr u “t"dym` ,foufa&mufonfh o abmwl n D r _ ” rsKd ; vnf ; yg0if y g w,f? t"dym` ,foufa&mufwhJ o abmwl n D r _ q d k w mud k avh v m =unfw h t hJ cg a,mufsm;ESirhf ed ;f rwd@k xGuaf jy;+y;D twlaygi;f oif;aexdik f wmudk rdef;raqGrsKd;rsm;u uef@ uGujf cif;r±Sw d m w±Gmwnf;rSmyif vifr,m;tjzpf aexdik =f uonfukd rdbrsm;odaomfvnf; jyefvnfr od r f ; yd k u f c J h w m rd e f ; uav;w a,mufonf cspo f El iS x hf u G af jy;+y;D aemuf rdbtdrrf mS cspo f el @J twl aexdkifpm;aomufzl;wm rdef;u av;eJ@a,mufsm;av; xGuaf jy;+y;D aemuf rde;f uav;udk vl}u;D pH&k mESihf jyeftyf&mrSm vufrcHEikd af =umif; wpHw k &mrajymcJw h m pwJh tðytrl wckcsi;f udk t"dym` ,foufa&muf wJh oabmwlnrD j_ zpfw,fv@kd qH;k jzwfxm;wmudk pD&ifx;kH rSmawG@&yg w,f? 'gah =umifrh @kd touf 20 r jynfah o;&if rdb&Jh oabmnDr&_ ±Sd r,fqw kd t hJ csu[ f m [dELN "avhx;kH wrf;rSmvdk rdboabmwckwnf; omjzpf+y;D om;orD;u jiif;y,fciG hf r±Sw d hJ taetxm;rsK;d r[kww f mudk awG@&ygw,f? rdb&Jh oabmwlnD r_rmS t"dym` ,foufa&mufwhJ o

abmwlncD suv f nf; yg0ifaewJh t aetxm;[mvnf; rdb&Jo h abm wlnrD u _ kd &,l&mrSm ydrk u kd s,jf yef@whJ tajctaeudk a&mufvmapyg w,f? wifjycJhwJhtcsufawGt& touf 20 rjynfah o;&if rdbtkyf xde;f ol oabmwln&D r,fqw kd m wpHw k &maom twdik ;f twmtxd v_yo f mvnf;om±Sw d ,fv@kd qdEk ikd f ygw,f? 'gayr,fh a,mufsm;av; toufudkawmh uef@owfxm; wm r±Sv d @kd a,mufsm;eJ@red ;f reJ@ qdck hJ wJhtcsufrSm wef;wlrjzpfbl;vdk@ ajymqdEk ikd yf gw,f? a,mufsm;av; toufe@J pyfvsO;f wJh pD&ifx;kH awGukd avhvmwJt h cg pOf;pm;zG,f tcsuf udk awG@vm&ygw,f? vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;Edik w f hJ a,mufsm;av;toufe@J pyfvsO;f vd@k yxrqH;k qH;k jzwfcw hJ hJ armif+ird ;f eJ@ rjrift h r_ rSm xdr;f jrm;vufxyfEikd f &eftwGuf a,mufsm;av;onf vdk tyfaomum,pGr;f tm;ESihf jynfph kH &efomvdw k ,fv@kd qH;k jzwfcyhJ gw,f? 1925 ckEpS rf mS qH;k jzwfcw hJ hJ rat; pdeef @J armifvrS if;wd@k tr_rmS a,m ufsm;av;touf 16 ESpaf usmv f #if xdr;f jrm;r_ðyEdik w f ,fv@kd toufukd twdtus owfrw S q f ;kH jzwfjyefyg w,f? a,mufsm;av;toufe@J pyf vsO;f wJh pD&ifx;kH ESpcf [ k m uGv J aJG eyg w,f? 1928 ckEpS rf mS qH;k jzwfchJ wJh armifoed ;f armife@J rapmtr_rmS armifodef;armifu rat;pdefeJ@ armifvrS if;tr_ukd ud;k um;+y;D ole@J rapm&=upOfu olonf touf 16 ESpo f m±SI d jrefrmh"avhx;kH wrf;

Oya't& w&m;0iftwnfjzpf onfh vifr,m;tjzpfo@kd ra&muf vd@k xkacsygw,f? rlv±H;k u armif ode;f armif.xkacscsu[ f mta=umif; jcif;t&mt&vnf;aumif;/ Oya' t&vnf;aumif; rcdik rf mvd@k azmfjy +yD; armifoed ;f armifukd t±_;H ay;cJyh g w,f? rlv±H;k tqH;k tjzwfukd armif ode;f armifu rauseyfv@kd t,lc&H m w&m;v$waf wmfu ‘armif+ird ;f csr;f ESihf rjrif’h pD&ifx;kH udk jyefvnfvu kd f em+y;D w&m;0ifxrd ;f jrm;&eftwGuf a,mufsm;av;touf uef@owf csufr±Sd/ vlysKdabmf0if&efom vdk w,fv@kd qH;k jzwf+yD; tJ'pD &D ifx;kH [m ,ae@txd wnf+raJ eygw,f? a,mufsm;av;touf eJ@pyfvsO;f vd@k qH;k jzwfcw hJ hJ pD&ifx;kH tqufqufu jrefrmhv‹l tzG@J t pnf;rSm 'Dupd u P kd nDr#r±_ a_ xmifw h ck xJucsO;f uyfv@kd rjzpfEikd b f ;l qdw k m udk azmfjyEdik yf gw,f? tpOftvm tm;jzifh a,mufsm;eJ@red ;f rudk ql; eJ@zuftjzpf jrefrmhv@l tzG@J pnf;u rSw, f yl gw,f? rEkus,"f rRowfrmS i,f±, G o f cl si;f rSm;rd=uv#if a,m ufsm;av;rdbu jiif;qefciG rhf ±Sv d @kd azmfjyxm;wmawG@&ygw,f? aemif wcsed rf mS jrefrmhv@l tzG@J tpnf;u vufcw H hJ yHpk aH wGajymif;vJomG ;&if awmh rajymwwfyg? 'Dae@umvrSm awmh 'Dupd u P kd nDr#r±_ a_ xmifo h uf oufEiS hf csO;f uyfv#if jrefrmhv@l t zGJ@tpnf;u vufcHEdkifwJhtajzeJ@ uGmvSr;f zG,±f w dS ,fv@kd xifygw,f? w&m;0ifxrd ;f jrm;jcif; jzpf zd@k vt kd yfwt hJ csuaf wGxu J aemuf xyfaxmufjya0zefwu hJ pd u P rde;f r

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rSm w&m;0ifvifr±S&d vd@k qdak omf vnf; a,mufsm;rSm w&m;0ifr ,m;r±S&d vd@k uef@owfcsuf r±Sv d @kd trsK;d orD;awGtaeeJ@ wcsed rf mS w &m;0if a,mufsm;wa,mufwnf; xm;wJph epf usio hf ;kH aecsed rf mS a,m ufsm;awGu wcsed x f rJ mS r,m;t rsm;,lwJhpepfudk usifhoHk;cGifh&ae w,fv@kd axmufjyygw,f? "rRowf usr;f rSm r,m;trsm;,lwmudk ydwf yifxm;wm rawG@&ayr,fh r,m;r ±Sdygvdk@ajymqdk+yD; olwyg;orD;udk xdr;f jrm;+yD;aemufrS r,m;±Sw d ,f vd@k ay:aygucf &hJ if ol&o hJ m;orD; w a,mufjzpfap/ ESpaf ,mufjzpfap a,muQropfuakd y;+y;D rS (od@k r[kw)f om;orD;r±Sv d #if ol@u, kd o f l a,m uQrtopfuakd y;+y;D rS r,m;topf udk &cGifh±Sdw,fvdk@ jyXmef;xm;yg w,f? rEkus,"f rRopf 'Gg'orwGJ tcef; 43 rSmvnf; ‘pGe@f &maom r,m;ig;a,muf[lonfrSm t =uifvifr,m; aygi;f azmf=uI ±Spf ESpq f ,fEpS af jrmufwikd af tmif orD; om; rarG;rjrifaom rde;f ròrHonf vnf;wyg;/ orD;±Spaf ,muf/ q,f ESpw f ikd af rG;I om;a,mufsm; rarG; Edik af om rde;f ronfvnf;wyg;/ El em/ A&if*seD m 0uf±;l empGaJ om rde;f r onfvnf;wyg;/ trsKd;.tusifh udpk eG @f aom rde;f ronfvnf;wyg;/ rdrv d iftvdu k kd qENrr#aom rde;f r onfvnf;wyg;/ Tig;yg;aomrde;f rwdk@udk vifwdk@pGef@&m.[k qdko wnf;? pGe@f &monf[&l mY OpPmtm; vHk;udkray;rlI pGef@apjcif;r[kwf/ vifonfr,m;wyg;aeaomfaeap?’ vd@k azmfjyxm;wmawGukd awG@yg

w,f? qdk&&if "rRowfrsm;u rde;f rtrsm;,lwmudk ydwrf xm;ay r,fah ESmifóu;d rJo h abmawmhr[kwf ygb;l ? 1990 ckEpS rf mS rE aW v;±H;k xdik f A[dw k &m;±H;k u qH;k jzwfcw hJ hJ t ,lcrH w _ ckrmS a,mufsm;wOD;onf rde;f rwa,mufxuf yd, k o l nfh " avhx;kH wrf;rSm jrefrmEdik if rH mS ESpf aygi;f rsm;pGmuwnf;u±Scd o hJ nfjzpf &m ,ckacwf pD&ifx;kH rsm;uvnf; xd"k avhx;kH wrf;udk twnfðyxm; =u+yD;jzpfayonfv@kd qH;k jzwfxm; ygw,f? "rRowft& b,fvykd if c|wcf si;f csu±f w dS ,fv@kd qq kd kd jrefrmh "avhx;kH wrf;Oya'rSm a,mufsm; u rde;f rwa,mufxufy, kd El ikd w f Jh tr_ tcdkiftrm±Sdaewmuawmh aocsmwJt h csuf jzpfaeygw,f? w bufrmS jyef=unf&h if rde;f ronf w &m;0ifvifa,mufsm; r±Sad p&vd@k qkd xm;wJ h t wG u f vif ± S d r d e f ; rw a,muf[m tjcm;a,mufsm;w a,mufe@J vufxyf&if jypfrq _ ikd &f m Oya'yk'rf 494 t& tjypfay;cH& r,f? rde;f rvnf; viftrsm;,lciG ±hf dS w,fv@kd awmh apm'urwufvykd g? 'gayr,fh rnDrr#jzpfae w,fqw kd muawmh jiif;vd@k r&wJh tcsujf zpfygw,f? aemuf+y;D a,m ufsm;taeeJ@r,m;wa,mufxuf yd, k v l @kd&wJh tcsu[ f mvnf; jrefrmh "avhx;kH wrf;Oya'&Jh yuwdtajc taersm;eJ@ o[ZmwrjzpfwJhrl vd@k bjJ rifygw,f? bmha=umifv h q J kd awmh jrefrmh"avhx;kH wrf;Oya'rSm 'Dr±l adS eayr,fh vufawG@vrl b _ 0

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(1) i,fvifi,fr,m;jzpf=uwJh tdrf axmifzufrsm; tdraf xmifrðyrSu D wnf;uydik v f mcJ+h yD; tdraf xmifðy &mwGifygvmwJh ypPnf;udk yg&if; ypPn;f vd@k ac:+yD; ypPn;f ygvmolu oHk;yHkESpfyHk/ ol@&Jhtdrfaxmifzufu oH;k yHw k yHk tusK;d cHpm;cGi±hf ydS gw,f? (2) tdraf xmifusz;l olrsm;txuf tdrfaxmifrSmydkifcJh+yD; tdrfaxmif opfðy&mod@k ygvmaom ypPn;f udk txufygypPnf;vdk@ac:+yD; tdrf axmif}u;D csi;f xdr;f jrm;v#iw f OD;&Jh txufygypPn;f rSm wOD;u tusK;d cH pm;cGirhf ±Syd g? tdraf xmif}uD;ESihf t ysKv d yl sKd jzpfv#if tdraf xmif}u;D &Jh t xufygypPn;f udk yg&if;ypPn;f [k o abmxm;+y;D ypPn;f cGaJ 0&ygw,f? (3) tdrfaxmifðy+yD; ZeD;armifESH wOD;OD; tarGqufc&H ±Sw d yhJ pPn;f udk tarG&vufxyfymG ;vd@k ac:+y;D tarG &olu oH;k yHEk pS yf kH ol@&t hJ rd af xmif zufu oH;k yHw k yHk tusK;d cHpm;cGi±hf ydS g w,f? (4) xdr;f jrm;pOfu xdr;f jrm;olEpS f OD;tm; [email protected];bGm;om; csi;f rdwaf qGrsm;ujzpfap ay;onfh ypPn;f udk cef;0ifypPn;f vd@k ac:+y;D vif eJ@r,m; tnDtr#&±Syd gw,f? (5) vifr,m; 'dk;wlabmifbuf ±SmazG&±Sw d yhJ pPn;f udk ESpyf gpykH pPn;f vd@k ac:+yD; vifr,m;tnDtr# t usK;d cHpm;cGi±hf ydS gw,f? (6) ZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D teuf wOD;OD; .óud;yrf;r_jzifh &wJyh pPn;f udk om refvufxyfyGm;ypPnf;vdk@ ac:yg w,f? pD;onfah & qnfonfu h ef oif;yrm pD;yGm;±Smolu±Sm+yD; tdrf axmif xde;f odr;fonfo h u l xde;f

odr;f rS pkaqmif;rdrnfjzpfonft h wGuf axmufyrhH cDS o kd abmrxm;/ ESpOf ;D óu;d yrf;&±So d nfh ESpyf gpEkH iS rhf jcm; vifEiS rhf ,m;tnDtr# tusK;d cHpm; cGi±hf ydS gw,f? txufrSm wifjycJhwJh ypPn;f trsK;d tpm;tvdu k f tusK;d cH pm;cGi[ fh m ‘t+yD;tjywf&±Sw d hJ t usK;d cHpm;cGi’hf jzpfwt hJ wGuf jrefrm Ak'b < mom vifr,m;[m armifEHS ydkifypPnf;udk twlydkifqdkifolrsm; (Tenants-in-common) jzpfvmyg w,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ vifr,m;ESpf a,mufyikd yf pPn;f rS rdrt d usK;d cHpm; cGiu hf kd ðyvd&k mðyEdik yf gw,f? ypPn;f cef;eJ@ywfoufv@kd jrefrmhtrsK;d orD;awG&xm;wJh t cGit hf a&;udk tjcm;"avh xH;k wrf; rsm;rSm±Sw d hJ ypPn;f cef;qdik &f m trsK;d orD;&JhtcGifhta&;awGeJ@ ,SOfxdk; =unf&h if jrefrmhtrsK;d orD;awG&hJ t qifhtajctaeudk ydkjrifomvm ygw,f? [dELN "avhx;kH wrf;Oya' t& r,m;jzpfol[m vifa,m ufsm;touf±v dS su±f pdS Of tdrw f iG f aexdik cf iG ehf @J au|;arG;apmifah ±Smufr_ cH,cl iG rhf t S y vifa,mufsm;&Jyh pPn;f tay:rSm tcGit hf a&; wpHw k &mr±Sd ygb;l ? vifa,mufsm; aoqH;k oGm; wJh tcg om;a,mufsm;av;usecf hJ &if tdrrf mS aecGiehf @J au|;arG;apmifh a±Smufc, H cl iG rhf t S y tjcm;cHpm;cGihf r±Sad y? tpPvmrfOya't& vif u r,m;udk r[m&f tjzpfay;vdu k f wJyh pPn;f eJ@ vifu r,m;udk rnf onht f csed t f cgrqdk rdryd ikd yf pPn;f w pHw k &mudk [Dbmac: ay;urf;jcif;

tjzpfay;vdu k w f hJ ypPn;f rSty vif ydik yf pPn;f rSm r,m;ESirhf oufqikd yf g? c&pf,mefOya't& vifyikd yf pPn;f r ,m;rydik o f vdk r,m;ykid yf pPn;f vif rydik yf g? wOD;tarG&wJh ypPn;f jzpfap óud;yrf;&±SdwJh ypPnf;jzpfap tJ'D ypPn;f udk tJ'v D o l m ydik yf gw,f? c&pf,mefOya'e,fy,f u rde;f rawG tdraf xmifxed ;f odr;f r_upd u P kd us,u f s,af vmifavmif atmfaejcif;rSm ypPn;f cef;qdik &f m owfrw S cf su[ f m ta=umif;wck taeeJ@ yg0ifaeygvrd rhf ,f? jrefrmh "avhx;kH wrf;Oya'uawmh omref vufxufyGm;ypPnf;eJ@qdkifwJh t usK;d cHpm;cGiu hf =kd unf&h if c&pf,mef Oya'eJ@ tJ't D csurf mS tajccHawG; yH/k ac:yH/k vkyyf /kH udik yf Hk vH;k 0jcm;em; aewmudk awG@&ygw,f? txuf rSm wifjycJw h hJ tcsuaf wGukd =unfh &if jrefrm"avhx;kH wrf;Oya't& ypPnf;qdkif&mrSm trsKd;orD;awG &±Sw d hJ tcGit hf a&;awG[m redru hf s bl;vd@k ajym&ygvrd rfh ,f? atmufjrefrmjynf w &m;a&;Xmeaumfr±Sif emrnf}u;D ±H;k u 1883 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv 3 &uf ae@rmS qH;k jzwfcw hJ hJ udv k aS tmife@J rat;tr_rmS ‘Ak'b < momw&m;Oy a't& a,mufsm;ESirhf ed ;f r wef;wl tcGit hf a&;±So d nf’vd@k rSwcf sucf s xm;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? òciH akH jym wJo h abmqd&k if tJ'rD w S cf su[ f m rrSm;bl;vd@k qd&k ygr,f? tao;pdwf &ifawmh a,mufsm;eJ@ wef;wltcGihf ta&;±Sdw,fqdkwm tºuGif;rJho abmawmh r[kww f mudk awG@&yg w,f? jrefrm"avhx;kH wrf;Oya't

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& twly;l aygi;f aexdik pf OfrmS t+yD; tjywf&±Sw d hJ tusK;d cHpm;cGiu hf kd rdrd oabmtavsmuf pDrcH ef@cEJG ikd o f vdk tdraf xmifbufwOD; uG,v f eG f wJhtcg uG,fvGefol&Jh ydkifqdkifcGifh tm;vHk;udk usef&pfolu tarG qufcH&±Sdwmrdk@ 'DESpfydkif;rSmawmh trsK;d orD;awGtaeeJ@ epfemr_r±Sd bl;vd@k jrifygw,f? 'gayr,fh vifr ,m;uGm±Si;f vd@k ypPn;f cGaJ 0wJt h cg rSmawmh uGm±Si;f wJyh pkH t H ay: rlwnf +y;D a,musmf ;ESirhf ed ;f rt=um; wef; wltcGit hf a&;r±Sb d ;l vd@k ajymEdik rf ,fh tcsut f vufav;tcsKŒd udk awG‹±dS vm&ygw,f? jrefrmh"avhx;kH wrf; Oy a't& vifr,m;cef; jywfpEJ ikd w f hJ t"duta=umif;&if; 3 rsK;d ±Syd gw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh (1) ESpOf ;D oabm wlumG ±Si;f jcif;/ (2) vifjzpfo&l [ef; ðyjcif;/ (3) tdrfaxmifa&;jypfr_ a=umifh uGm±Si;f jcif;wd@k jzpfygw,f? tdrfaxmifa&; jypfr_udk omreftrd af xmifa&;jypfre_ @J }uD; av;wJh tdraf xmifa&;jypfrq _ +kd y;D cGJ jcm;xm;ygw,f? omreftrd af xmif a&;jypfrt _ jzpf &ufpufr/_ vifa,m ufsm;&Jah zmufjyefr/_ 'kw, d r,m; ,lr/_ pGe@f ypfr/_ vnfqnfrq _ w kd hJ 5 rsK;d udk owfrw S x f m;ygw,f? }uD; av;wJh tdraf xmifa&;jypfrt _ jzpf r ,m;&Jt h rd af xmifa&;azmufjyefre_ @J }uD;av;wJ&h ufpufrq _ w kd hJ 2 rsK;d udk owfrw S yf gw,f? jrefrm"avhx;kH wrf;t& tdraf xmifðyjcif;[m wOD;ESiw hf OD; uwdyÉdnmOfðyjcif;jzpfv@kd ESpOf ;D o abmwl&if tcsed rf a±G;uGm±Si;f Edik yf g

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onfh 'kvb † &[ef;ðyjcif;eJ@awmh r oufqikd yf g? 1897 ckEpS rf mS ay:xGuf vmwJh ryGeJ @J armifjrwfompD&ifx;kH rSm‘vlwa,muf &[ef;ðyv#if vl tjzpfEiS hf ‚if;ydik q f ikd cf ahJ omypPn;f &yfrsm;Y ydik x f u kd cf iG w hf pHw k &m r±Sd awmh’[k jyqdkxm;ygw,f? 'g a=umifrh @kd vifa,mufsm; &[ef;0wf oGm;&if vifa,mufsm;&JhtusKd;cH pm;cGit hf m;vH;k [m rde;f rqD a&muf oGm;ygw,f? vifr,m;uGm±Si;f &mrSm ESpOf ;D oabmwl&if tcsed rf a±G; uGm ±Si;f vd@k &ayr,fh wbufowfumG ±Si;f jcif;uawmh tdraf xmifbufw OD;OD;u tdraf xmifa&;jypfrv _ @kd owf rSwfxm;wJhtcsufwckckudk usL; vGerf S ay:ayguv f mygw,f? tdrf axmifa&;jypfra_ =umifh uGm±Si;f &m rSm omreftdrfaxmifa&;jypfr_ a=umifh uGm±Si;f jcif;jzpf&if ESpOf ;D o abmwlumG ±Si;f wJt h cg ypPn;f cGaJ 0 wJh tcsKd;tpm;twdkif; cGJa0&yg w,f? vifi,f/ r,m;i,f od@k r [kwf tdraf xmif}uD;eJ@ tysKd od@k r [kwf vlysK/d vifr,m;wd@k }uD;av; wJh tdraf xmifa&;jypfra_ =umifh uGm ±Si;f jywfpv J #if usL;vGeo f rl mS yg&if;/ vufxufymG ;/ cef;0ife@J ESpyf g;0if ypPn;f wd@k wiG f ol@&yhJ ikd q f ikd cf iG t hf m; vH;k qH;k ±H;_ cH&ygr,f? txufrmS wifjyxm;wJh vifr,m;uGm±Si;f wJt h cg ypPn;f cGJ a0jcif;ud=k unf&h if }u;D av;wJh tdrf axmifa&;ypfru _ vGv J @kd useu f mG ±Si;f r_awGrmS t+y;D tydik &f ±Sw d hJ tcsK;d us tusK;d cHpm;cGihf rqH;k ±H;_ wmudk awG@ &ygw,f? }uD;av;wJh tdraf xmif

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jypfrr_ mS awmh usL;vGeo f u l rdr&d hJ t cGit hf a&;udk qH;k ±_;H cH&wm awG@&yg w,f? qdck w hJ t hJ csuaf wGukd a,bk ,so;kH oyf&if trsK;d orD;eJ@ trsK;d om;=um; tcGit hf a&; ruGmjcm;bl; vd@k xif&ayr,fh tdraf xmifa&;jypf r_uakd oaocsmcsmoH;k oyf+y;D ypPn;f cGaJ 0a&;eJ@qufpyf&if a,mufsm;eJ@ rde;f r=um; rnDr#rt _ csKŒd udk awG@vm &ygw,f? tdrfaxmifa&;jypfr_rsm; rSm pGe@f ypfrq _ w kd hJ tcsuw f ckyg0ifyg w,f? pGe@f ypfrq _ w kd m vifu r,m; udjk zpfap/ r,m;u vifujkd zpfap axmufyahH y;urf;qufo, G jf cif; r ðywmudk qdv k ykd gw,f? jrefrmEdik if H vifr,m;uGm±Si;f a&; tufOya' yk'rf 3(9) rSm ‘pGe@f y,fjcif;qdo k nf rSm pGe@f y,fonf[k pGypf o JG . l qEN ESiq hf ef@usiI f ypfcmG oGm;jcif;udk qdk vdo k nf?’vd@k t"dyg` ,zf @JG qx kd m;yg w,f? 'DvdkpGef@ypfxm;r_tay: rl wnf+y;D vifr,m;uGm±Si;f vdrk e_ @J w &m;pGEJ ikd yf gw,f? w&m;pGq J Ekd ikd zf @kd t wGupf eG @f ypfwu hJ mvowfrw S cf suf awmh±ydS gw,f? pGe@f ypfumveJ@ ywf oufv@kd rEkus,"f rRowfrmS ‘vif ur,m;udk pGe@f ypfxm;+yD; 3 ESpf ywfv;kH [if;oD;[if;±Gu/f xif;w acsmif;r# raxmufyHhv#ifaomf vnf;aumif;/ r,m;u vifupkd eG @f ypfxm;+yD; wESpyf wfv;kH [if;oD; [if ; ±G u f / xif ; wacsmif ; r# r axmufyHhv#ifaomfvnf;aumif; vifr,m;uGm±Si;f ydik cf iG ±hf w dS ,f” vd@k azmfjyxm;ygw,f? pGe@f ypfwu hJ mv awGrmS r,m;u vifupkd eG @f ypfc&hJ if 1 ESpjf ynfw h meJ@ vifzufu uGm±Si;f

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rmh"avhx;kH wrf;e,fy,fu rde;f rw a,muf&hJ tdraf xmifrðyrDtydik ;f / tdraf xmifðy+y;D tydik ;f / tcGit hf a&; awG tusK;d cHpm;cGiahf wGukd csKy+f y;D oH;k oyf&if tedrq fh ;kH ajymwmuawmh tjcm;tjcm;aom "avhx;kH wrf; rsm;rSm trsK;d orD;rsm;&±Sad ewJh t cGit hf a&;awGxuf rsm;pGmom,m w,fvdk@awmh ajzEdkifygvdrfhr,f? tm;vHk; qifvHk;acsmr[kwfao; wmuawmh wifjyaqG;aEG;cJjh refrm "avhx;kH wrf;Oya'&Jh a,mufsm;eJ@ rde;f r=um;rnDr#wrhJ t l csKŒd t& xif ±Sm;ygw,f? 'gah =umifrh @kd jrefrmh"avh xH;k wrf;e,fy,fu rde;f r[m E_id ;f ,SOcf sut f & tjcm;aom "avhx;kH wrf;e,fy,fu rdef;rawGxuf vGwv f yfr/_ nDr#r_ tcGit hf a&;awG ydrk &kd ±Sw d ,fv@kd aumufcsucf s&if r ,kwrf vGef jzpfygvrd rhf ,f?Õ 2004ckEpS /f rwfv (14) &uf? tifzm;/ r%dy&l jynfe,f? pmud;k (1) jref r m"avh x H k ; wrf ; Oya' OD;jrpdef ( w&m;±H;k csKyfa±SŒae) (e0rt}urd yf EkH ydS jf cif;) (2) jrefrmEdik if H tdraf xmifcef; Oya' rsm; (OD;barmf B.A Honours. B.L) oHtrSw}f u;D (t+ird ;f pm;)/ jynfo@l w&m;ol}uD;tzG@J tzG@J 0if (t+ird ;f pm;) (3) Women and law in Burma, Luis Southalan.( This Thesis psper is not yet published)

(jrefrmEdkifiHa±SŒaersm;aumifpDrS xkwaf 0onfh tajccHOya'a&;&m pmapmif NO.23 December 2005 rS jyefvnfaf zmfjyxm;onf?

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