Written Report-lab Apparatus.docx

EQUIPMENT FOR MEASURING MASS

a. Triple Beam Balance

b. Platform Beam Balance

PURPOSE/FUNCTION OF THE EQUIPMENT/GLASS WARE It allows the user to accurately gauge the mass of an object in grams which works by balancing the object whose mass is being measured against the counterweights. It can provide higher accuracy and has an error margin of only 0.05 gm.

It is used for accurate and rapid weighing up to 2kg when used with supplementary masses.

TECHNICAL DATA ON ACCURACY AND PRECISION

SAFETY AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITS

GUIDELINES ON UTILIZATION AND UPKEEP

Has spring-loaded zeroadjust compensator to ensure correct zero. It includes precision hollow ground steel selfaligning bearings, and an end-reading device eliminates secondary beam oscillations. It is capable of measuring the mass of an object to a precision of at least one tenth of a gram.

Carry the balance with both hands and keep it horizontal. Do not place anything hot directly on the balance pan. Never pour chemicals directly on the balance pan. Place balance on a level, sturdy surface.

With the pan empty, move the three sliders on the three beams to their leftmost positions, so that the balance reads zero. If the indicator on the far right is not aligned with the fixed mark, then calibrate the balance by turning the set screw on the left under the pan. Once the balance has been calibrated, place the object to be measured on the pan.

The balance has center indicating sliding masses to weigh up to 210gm, spring loaded zero adjust compensator and magnetic damping. Stainless steel pans are 150 mm diameter. cap.2kg x 0.1gm. The set of supplementary masses are 1 Kg, 500g, 200g, 100gm, and 50gm.

Carry the balance with both hands and keep it horizontal. Do not place anything hot directly on the balance pan. Never pour chemicals directly on the balance pan. Place balance on a level, sturdy surface.

Make sure the balance is zeroed before measuring the mass of an object. The balance is zeroed if the pointer is at zero when there is nothing on either of the pans.

c. Analytical/Digital Balance

EQUIPMENT FOR MEASURING VOLUME

a. Graduated cylinder

b. Beaker

Repeatability standard of 0.0001g

PURPOSE/FUNCTION OF THE EQUIPMENT/GLASS WARE It is used to accurately measure the volume of a liquid.

Holds solid and liquid that will not release gases when reacted or are unlike to spatter if stirred or heated.

Carry the balance with both hands and keep it horizontal. Do not place anything hot directly on the balance pan. Never pour chemicals directly on the balance pan. Place balance on a level, sturdy surface.

Make sure balance is zeroed (reads zero) before beginning. You can do this with the “zero” function.

TECHNICAL DATA ON ACCURACY AND PRECISION

SAFETY AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITS

GUIDELINES ON UTILIZATION AND UPKEEP

Typical capacities of graduated cylinders are from 10 mL to 1000 mL. They have heavy markings at 10, 20, 30, etc. milliliters. There are smaller markings in between the larger units called graduations.

Make sure that the rate of transferring another liquid to the graduated cylinder is as slow as possible. Avoid working too closely to the cylinder to avoid inhaling poisonous fumes. Always wear safety glasses in case it breaks or spills.

It is made up of Borosilicate Glass and has capacity volume of 400 ml. Pyrex is suitable for use from -192°C to +500°C.

Should only be used to hold volume based on its capacity. With pouring spout and extra-large marking spot. Beakers with 250 Ml through 4000 mL beakers have double graduated metric scales. They range in size from one millimeter to multiliter.

Place the graduated cylinder on a flat surface and view the height of the liquid in the cylinder with your eyes directly level with the liquid. The liquid will tend to curve downward. This curve is called the meniscus. Always read the measurement at the bottom of the meniscus. When pouring liquid into the beaker; pour slowly to avoid splashing the liquid. Use the measuring lines on the beaker to approximate the volume of liquid in the beaker. Center the beaker on a burner or over an open flame to heat the liquid, if necessary; don't fill the beaker more than 1/3 when heating and always use safety tongs when

c. Burette with clamp

It is used to dispense known amounts of a liquid reagent in laboratory experiments.

The volume markings (also called graduations) on a burette start at zero on top, and increase going down. A standard size laboratory burette can deliver up to 50.00 milliliters (mL) of liquid.

It should have an adequate burette clamp or stand to hold the burette while working with both hands. Verify that the stopcock is closed before filling it, especially if using a corrosive chemical.

d. Erlenmeyer flask

It is ideally for heating and analyzing solutions and is used to hold and mix chemicals. The small neck is to facilitate mixing without spilling.

This borosilicate glass, Pyrex™ has a singlesize plug-seal cap and 29mm neck opening. Has capacity volume of 2000 ml, non-sterile and has a closure material Polypropylene.

Allow the flasks and content to cool to 55 degrees C or lower before securing the cap. The recommended sterilization temperature is 121°C at 15 psig, up to 60 minutes. The flasks may “implode” due to rapid exhaust setting (sudden change in temperature and pressure). For best results, use a slow exhaust cycle on the sterilizer.

handling a hot beaker. Pour liquid out of the beaker by using the spout in the lip around the top of the beaker. Wash it quickly after using to avoid hardening of particles or residues. To fill a burette, close the stopcock at the bottom and use a funnel. Before titrating, condition the burette with titrant solution and check that the burette is flowing freely. To condition a piece of glassware, rinse it so that all surfaces are coated with solution, then drain. Conditioning two or three times will insure that the concentration of titrant is not changed by a stray drop of water. Check the tip of the burette for an air bubble. Loosen the cap so it is barely engaged and sterilize according to the lab protocol. Tightening caps on hot flasks will lead to distortion of the flask as the contents cool down. The caps should be removed from the flasks and sterilized in autoclave bags. As with glassware, cover the necks and tops of the flasks with aluminum foil. The foil should be crimped tightly

e. Volumetric flask

It is used for preparation of solutions.

f.

It is used with laboratory centrifuges for volumetric analysis of separable sample.

Centrifuge tube

the These Class A the volumetric flasks have been manufactured to Class A tolerances as established by ASTM E694 for volumetric ware, ASTM E-542 for calibration of volumetric ware and ASTM E-288 for volumetric flasks. It can hold a capacity volume of 100 ml.

It can withstand centrifugation of 16,000 RCF in a fully supported rotor with room temperature water and is stable from -80°C to +121°C (-112°F to +250°F). Corning™ Falcon™ 50mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes are

Any grease or dirt on the flask will potentially contaminate the sample and cause the meniscus to form poorly. This will give rise to a small error in the reading of the volume. Different solvents form a different shaped meniscus in the neck of the flask which may affect the volume. The operation should be carried out as close to 20°C as possible as the flasks are calibrated for use at that temperature.

The ample storage (ambient temperature to 80°C). Dark blue graduations in 5mL increments White writing area resists solvents Resistant to alcohols and mild organic solvents (not recommended for

enough so it does not fall off during autoclaving. A small piece of autoclave indicator tape should be used to secure the foil to the flask, and to indicate that the flask has been exposed to steam. The flask should be scrupulously cleaned and dried. If any solute adheres to the neck it should be rinsed into the flask with the solvent. More solvent is cautiously added until the bulb is around 3/4 full. The flask is then swirled but not shaken to dissolve the solid or disperse the liquid completely. If there is still some undissolved solid a sonic bath can be used to hasten the dissolution. Care should be taken not to splash any of the solution above the volume mark. The stopper is then placed in the top of the flask and the flask is inverted several times to homogenize the solution. It should be clean, dry, and free from cracks or deformities. Make sure that the tubes used for centrifugation are compatible with the sample and the rotation speed (low, high, or ultra). It should be capped tightly and it is extremely

g. Thistle tube

h. Beaker

It allow chemists to add material through a semi-permeable membrane or specially designed stopper like Erlenmeyer and other flasks, so that new materials can be introduced to other compositions. It is useful for adding chemical solutions to a reaction vessel and minimizes the risk of a reaction occurring too quickly and bubbling over. Holds solid and liquid that will not release gases when reacted or are unlike to spatter if stirred or heated.

ideal for cell centrifugation; pelleting; separation by density gradients.

extraction procedures). The centrifuge tubes should not be filled more than three-fourths of their maximum fill level

Made up of Polypropylene plastic; chemical resistant, unbreakable, safe steam autoclavable at 121ºC (250ºF) having the following dimensions: 27mm (1¹/₁₆") I.D. top with a 41mm (1⅝") O.D. flare 6.4mm (¹/₄") stem is 254mm (10") long.

Thistle tubes do not have ground glass joints. Its semipermeable membrane allows water to pass through it, but not sucrose.

It is made up of Borosilicate Glass and has capacity volume of 400 ml. Pyrex is suitable for use from -192°C to +500°C.

Should only be used to hold volume based on its capacity. With pouring spout and extra-large marking spot. Beakers with 250 Ml through 4000 mL beakers have double graduated metric scales. They range in size from one millimeter to multiliter.

important to balance the tubes opposite to each other. Failure to do so may lead to incomplete separation and, in extreme cases, can cause dispersion of the tube contents in the housing of the centrifuge. It should be checked for any spills or leaks before and after placing in the centrifuge. Liquids are poured in the bulb section and then are allowed to freely flow in the flask. The thistle tube should be compatible with the flask and should be cleaned quickly after use. Let it dry and store it to lengthen and maintain its function.

When pouring liquid into the beaker; pour slowly to avoid splashing the liquid. Use the measuring lines on the beaker to approximate the volume of liquid in the beaker. Center the beaker on a burner or over an open flame to heat the liquid, if necessary; don't fill the beaker more than 1/3 when heating and always

use safety tongs when handling a hot beaker. Pour liquid out of the beaker by using the spout in the lip around the top of the beaker. Wash it quickly after using to avoid hardening of particles or residues. EQUIPMENT FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE

a. Glass thermometer (mercury and/or alcohol)

EQUIPMENT FOR STORAGE/TRANSFER/CARRIAGE OF REAGENTS

PURPOSE/FUNCTION TECHNICAL DATA ON OF THE ACCURACY AND EQUIPMENT/GLASS PRECISION WARE It is used to measure The liquid is contained temperature. in a thin-walled glass bulb. The bulb is made relatively larger than its bore to contain more of the liquid, so as to improve sensitivity. The narrow bore of the capillary tube is uniform. The round glass stem around the capillary tube is made thick. It acts as a magnifying glass. The range is limited by the freezing and boiling points of liquid in which for mercury thermometer: 39 to 357°C and for alcohol-in-glass thermometer: -115 to 78°C

PURPOSE/FUNCTION OF THE

SAFETY AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITS

GUIDELINES ON UTILIZATION AND UPKEEP

Clean a thermometer before and after use with cool soapy water. Or, it can be disinfected with an alcohol swab or cotton ball dipped in alcohol. Never use hot water, bleach or household cleaners on your thermometer. Do not put it away without washing it first. Keep it in a safe, cool place and out of reach of children. Glass thermometers should be stored in their plastic container.

Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (°C). The thermometer bulb is not resting on the bottom of the container. In reading the temperature, the eyes should be level with the liquid in the thermometer.

TECHNICAL DATA ON ACCURACY AND PRECISION

SAFTEY AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITS

GUIDELINES ON UTILIZATION AND UP-KEEP

EQUIPMENT/GLASS WARE a. Dropping pipette/Pasteur pipette/Medicine dropper

It is used to transport a measured volume of liquid.

They commonly come in 1, 2, 3, and 5 ml which comes with a specific drop size of 10, 20, 25, 35, and 50 µl.

Always store your pipettes upright. Leaving them flat on the bench, especially with liquid in the tip, could cause the liquid to enter the shaft and piston area of the pipette and result in corrosion.

b. Volumetric pipette with aspirator

It is used in measuring a precise volumes of liquids. The aspirator is used to sunction air and fluids.

Volumetric pipets are accurate because the long neck decreases the error in measuring volume of the meniscus. They are only designed to measure one specific volume and commonly come in sizes 5 mL, 10 mL, 25 mL, and 50 mL. The accuracy of a volumetric pipets is commonly taken to be ± 0.01 mL. (i.e. a 25 mL pipette delivers 25.00 mL, while a 20 mL pipette delivers 20.00 mL

Volumetric pipets come in a variety of sizes which usually range from 1 ml up to 100 ml. Volumetric pipette cannot be used to measure accurately liquid amounts less than their specified capacity.

When using a pipette, push the plunger down to the first stop and hold, then insert the tip into the liquid at a vertical or 20-degree angle. Slowly release the plunger so the liquid goes into the tip without a sign of bubbles. First, rinse the pipet two or three times with the liquid you wish to transfer. Do this by drawing a small amount of liquid into the pipet, turning the pipet horizontally and rotating it so that the liquid contacts the entire inside surface of the pipet. Let the liquid drain into a waste container. Second, squeeze the bulb and place it over the end of the pipet. The pipet should not be forced into the hole in the pipet bulb. A satisfactory seal can be made if the two are pushed up against each other. Make sure to use your dominant hand to hold the pipet. Third, place the end of

the pipet well below the surface of the liquid to be transferred and gently release the bulb. Liquid should be drawn up into the pipet. Allow the liquid to rise above the inscribed line on the pipet. Fourth, remove the bulb from the pipet and cover the opening with your right index finger. Fifth, remove the pipet from the liquid and wipe any droplets off the side of the pipet. Sixth, gently release the seal with your finger and allow the liquid to drain until the liquid level reaches the inscribed mark. This is most easily accomplished by releasing the pressure of your finger and rotating the pipet between your fingers. Seventh, touch the pipet to the surface of the liquid or side of the container to remove any partial drops still clinging to the pipet. Lastly, place the tip of the pipet into the receiving vessel and remove your finger to allow the liquid to drain. Touch

c. Automatic pipette

An automated pipetting system is generally a device that performs programmed transfers of liquid between preselected groups of containers.

It has automatic tip recognition and wide range of dispensed volumes. It has a large legible LCD display with continuously adjustable. It can dispense from 1 - 100% of tip volume.

Check the pipette at the beginning of working day for dust and dirt on the outside. If needed, wipe with 70% ethanol. Check the tips recommended for this pipette. To ensure accuracy, use only high-quality tips made from contamination-free polypropylene.

the pipet once to the side of the vessel. There will be a small amount of liquid in the tip. Most pipets are calibrated to account for this liquid. First, set the volume of the liquid to be collected. Second, attach the disposable tip. Apply light pressure to insert the pipette into the tip. There is no need for force as it may damage the pipette. Third, press the control button down to the first stop and emerge the tip into the liquid. Fourth, draw up the sample by pressing the control button down. Then withdraw the tip and move to the second stop. Press again the control button to dispense the sample. Lastly, discard the disposable tip into a garbage bin by pressing the ejector button.

d. Viscosity pipette

e. Test tube with rack and holder

f.

Reagent bottle

These are similar to air displacement pipettes, but are less commonly used and are used to avoid contamination and for volatile or viscous substances at small volumes, such as DNA. The major difference is that the disposable tip is a microsyringe (plastic), composed of a plunger that directly displaces the liquid. It is used to hold upright multiple test tubes at the same time when working with different solutions simultaneously and to transport test tubes easily and safely.

30uL pipettes are available in bags of 1,000 & 50 uL pipettes are available in bags of 500. Exact volume pipettes range in size from 20uL to 400 uL.

When using pipette, first, never use your mouth in drawing liquid inside it. Second, never let the liquid and/or solution drawn up in bulb. Lastly, do not insert the pipette in the hole of the bulb.

Make sure that the pipette is working well. Use reverse pipetting and position it vertically. Only place the tipoff the pipette at the tip of the liquid. Lift the pipette and make sure that no liquid is dripping out.

Test tube with rack and holder is effective. However, when you don’t know the arrangement and order of the test tube in the rack, there’s a possibility of having a mismanagement and misjudge of the sample.

Can only hold limited amount of test tubes with certain sizes.

When heating test tube, a test tube holder will be used for more safety of the person. However, do not make the holder too tightly for it can break the test tube. For racks, it holds multiple test tube at the same time for faster and more practical and is not time consuming in getting the test tube one by one

It is designed to safely hold chemical liquids or powder form for a long period of time and to be stored in cabinets and shelves, avoid contamination of reagents from one to another.

Bottles typically come in two colors: clear and amber. Clear bottles are ideal for displaying items and amber bottles protect the contents from light. Sizes range from 30 ml (1 ounce) up to 20000 ml (about 5 gallons) and the larger ones may be used to store preserved biological specimens in the lab.

Standard size can hold 1000mL with a rubber stopper of 29/32 and height of 213mm. Holds one kind of chemical to the entirety of its use.

Place only one kind of chemical. Close the lid properly. Do not displace frequently with chemicals inside.

g. Spatula

Utilized for scrapping, transferring and applying powder and paste like chemicals or treatments.

large spatula for larger bottles Carries small amount is about 30.5cm. While flat of powdered residue. spatula end 3.1 cm, wide spoon end 3.7 cm and can hold 5mL.

Hold the equipment on the flat side. Scoop powdered elements with the right proportion

h. Funnel

Transport liquid or fine grained substance into the container. Useful tool for filtration.

Has metric equivalents of 28mL with 1L ounce.

Place it upright inside the storage. Pour right amount of fluid depending to the funnel’s size

PURPOSE/FUNCTION OF THE EQUIPMENT/GLASS WARE Connecting tube serves as a passage way of distillate from Distilling flask to Condenser or from Condenser to Receiving Flask.

TECHNICAL DATA ON ACCURACY AND PRECISION

MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT WITH INDIVIDUAL FUNCTIONS

a. Connecting tubes

The rubber tubing should have a smaller inside diameter (ID) than the outside diameter (OD) of the glass tubing. The amber colored rubber tubing has an ID of 3⁄16 inch, which is about 5 mm. The red tubing on the Bunsen burners has an ID of 1⁄4 inch, which is about 6.4 mm.

Always protect oneself from unexpected chemical splashes. Pressure may build in the funnel during mixing, therefore chemicals may violently be expelled from the funnel.

SAFETY AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITS

GUIDELINES ON UTILIZATION AND UPKEEP

Tubes are designed to Should fit perfectly with specific equipment only connecting apparatus. and are limited to different sizes. Different connecting tube shapes are used for different purposes. Should always be kept in a stable place.

b. Stirring rod with rubber policeman

Stirring rod is used to Typical rods have sizes manually stir the of 8 inches long and 5 in solution, assist in diameter. pouring the liquid, transfer single drop of a solution, mix chemicals and liquid to ensure that proper reaction between chemicals will be done. Rubber policeman is used to remove precipitate.

Determine whether the holes are the correct sizes for materials, never force the glass into place. Always use a resistant glove while holding the material with towel. And position the glass material close to the insertion point.

Use rubber policeman that fits the rod Transfer residues using the rubberized side. Always decontaminate the equipment and let it dry before storing in the cabinet.

c. Distilling flask

Used to separate Distillation procedures mixtures with different are done to separate the boiling point. liquids that have difference in the boiling point for atleast 50 degrees Farenheit. It is a must to check the temperature while heating it slowly to effectively separate the liquids It is used in distillation It usually has long and to cool hot liquids circular glass tube. or vapors. Inside the tube is a smaller tube. Gases that are hot goes into the inside smaller tube while the cold one passes one the outside tube. This makes sure that tube is always filled with water making cooling quicker. It is used in a distillation Borosilicate glass with set-up and in side tubes. Limbs connecting to the lower closed by hollow ground

Don’t allow the flask to distill liquids to dryness. And make sure that connection joints in the flask are secured so that no vapors escape.

Cover the top hole while distilling Heat source should come from the bottom but not with direct heating.

d. Condenser

e. Adapter

Should be used with a Place water-in tube at the continuous water supply. bottom hole, while the water out tube at the tope hole. Should always be kept in its box along with its distilling set. Should be perfectly fit with the apparatus connected to it.

It should be soaked Always read the Material immediately after use to Safety Data Sheets of the eliminate the danger of cleaning solutions being

f.

Retort

g. Separatory funnel

end of the condenser in key stoppers which, and serves to direct the when rotated open or distilled liquid into the seal the sides tubes. receiving flask.

caking of residues. Or, if grease is involved, a preliminary, short rinse with an organic solvent may be necessary.

employed. Connect thickwalled hosing at the vacuum adapter to a trap, then to the vacuum source (water aspirator or vacuum pump).

It is used for distillation of substances that are placed inside and subjected to heat

The simple form of retort, used in some laboratories, is a glass or metal bulb having a long, curved spout through which the distillate may pass to enter a receiving vessel.

Wash it as quickly as possible after use to avoid hardly removing the residue. Brushes with wooden or plastic handles are recommended as they will not scratch or otherwise abrade its surface. The two phases and the mixture to be separated in solution are added through the top with the stopcock at the bottom closed. The funnel is then closed and shaken gently by inverting the funnel multiple times; if the two solutions are mixed together too vigorously emulsions will form. The funnel is then inverted and the tap carefully opened to release excess vapor pressure. The separating funnel is set aside to allow for the complete separation of the phases. The top and the bottom tap are then opened and the lower phase is released by gravitation. The top must be opened

It used to separate immiscible liquids.

The retort resembles an exaggerated teardrop with the middle bent at almost a 90-degree angle. The bulb portion contains a liquid or chemical solution, which is heated to the point of condensation. A separating funnel takes the shape of a cone with a hemispherical end. It has a stopper at the top and stopcock (tap), at the bottom. Separating funnels used in laboratories are typically made from borosilicate glass and their stopcocks are made from glass or PTFE. Typical sizes are between 30 mL and 3 L

The largest risk when using a separatory funnel is that of pressure buildup. Pressure accumulates during mixing if a gas evolving reaction or physical change occurs.

h. Filtration flask

It is used for The attached side neck vacuum filtration or allows for a vacuum pull, distillation. which can help you achieve faster results than traditional, gravitybased filtration. Also, it is made from borosilicate glass type 3.3, they were designed to have maximal thermal resistance.

i.

It is used to hold small amounts of chemicals during heating at high temperatures. The lid covers the bowl so nothing escapes, or to keep oxygen out of the reaction. On the other hand, crucible tongs are pincers usually made of steel. They are used to take crucibles out of fire and to move crucibles from a furnace to another location.

Crucible with cover and tong

Type I crucible is nickel with capacities of 100 mL and 250 mL and Type II is platinum with capacity of 20 mL.

while releasing the lower phase to allow pressure equalization between the inside of the funnel and the atmosphere. When the bottom layer has been removed, the stopcock is closed and the upper layer is poured out through the top into another container. Inspect glassware for Avoid filtering charcoal flaws such as cracks, solutions on a frit unless scratches, deep scoring using a thick Celite pad. and etching marks before using vacuum apparatus. Assemble the vacuum apparatus so as to avoid strain. Heavy apparatus should be supported from below as well as by the neck. Wear eye and face protection when handling vacuum or pressure apparatus. Type I are crucibles and Never "scrub" a crucible covers which shall be and render it useless for made from 99.4% nickel, safely containing spun and hardened. chemicals.For light Type II are crucibles and cleaning, use potassium covers which shall be bisulphate instead of the made from 99.9% fused potassium platinum plus iridium, with bicarbonate. the iridium content of not more than 0.4%. The crucibles have a standard shape with a flat base to give a firm and stable resting surface. Covers are flat, sunken in the center, and shall have an extension to serve as a handle. Crucible need to

j.

Mortar and pestle

It is used to crush, The mortar and pestle grind, and mix solid can withstand substances temperatures of 1050 degrees centigrade up to 1350 degrees centigrade.

k. Evaporating dish

It is used for the evaporation of solids and supernatant fluids, and sometimes to their melting point.

l.

It is used as a surface to Has a size of 65 MM evaporate a liquid, to and 1.8 to 2 MM thick. hold solids while being weighed, or as a cover for a beaker. Also, to prevent dust or other particles entering the beaker.

Watch glass

Its thickness can range from 0.5mm to 300mm and it provides for good light transmission of 92%. It has a capacity volume of 525mL.

guard against damp, when handling light to take light put, it is forbidden to shock. Before use must be in the hot oven drying equipment or stove, let the temperature gradually rise to 500 ℃. Never use a mortar and pestle for simultaneously mixing different substances.

Using an evaporating dish, it is strongly recommended to set its heating/cooling rate not to exceed 200°C/hour. Refractory qualities include a fusion point of 1670°C and a softening point of 1400°C. Evacuated Temperature Limit is 1300°C. I They are very good at implementing in lowtemperatures and have an operating span of −57 to 135 °C (−71 to 275 °F); it can also resist UV light degradation

Soak in hot soapy water. Extreme cleaning might include a follow up with hot sulfuric acid, several washes with dilute bicarbonate, repeated rinses with water till pH of 7, one last rinse with DI water, and bake at 110 degrees C for half an hour. Avoid brushes and cleaning pads which could abrade the glass or damage the coating. If using a chromic acid cleaning solution minimize contact of the solution with the coating.

Always wash it immediately after use and never soak for long periods in strong alkaline solutions as it will damage the glass.

m. Bunsen burner with rubber tubing

It serves as the primary heat source, with the rubber tube, the gas is carried to the burner from the gas tap on the laboratory bench.

Having a height of 145mm with base diameter of 80mm. For the gas consumption is107.5 litres per hour and heat output is 3900 btu per hour

Bunsen burner should only be use when there's at least 12 inches of overhead clearance. It cannot sustain a larger flame than can be fueled through its gas port, cannot generate a hotter flame than its fuel gas can support, cannot function within a vacuum.

Make sure that the gas pipes have no leaks , and that the burner cylinder is not clogged.

n. Alcohol lamp

It is used to produce an open flame.

It can be made from brass, glass, stainless steel or aluminum. Their flame is limited to approximately two inches (5 centimeters) in height, with a comparatively lower temperature than the gas flame of the Bunsen burner.

Adjust the fiber wick so it protrudes about 3/8” from the top of the metal cap. Fill the lamp with a suitable fuel: denatured or ethyl alcohol. Use the lamp only in an upright position.

o. Clay triangle

It is used to support a crucible being heated by a Bunsen burner or other heat source

The wires with ceramic or cartlinite tubing, allows a clay triangle to support heatproof crucible container while providing heat.

Find a safe, wellventilated area to operate the lamp and conduct your experiment. Remove combustible materials from the work area. Inspect the lamp before each use to make sure there are no cracks, chips or defects in the glass body. Do not use any fuel other than denatured ethyl alcohol or isopropyl rubbing alcohol. The uniform clay tubes support the crucible and the galvanized iron wire resists rusting.

Place the clay triangle on the iron ring and situate the Bunsen burner underneath it. Put the crucible on the clay triangle. Now you are ready to heat the crucible.

p. Wire gauze

It is placed on the  support ring that is attached to the retort stand between the Bunsen burner and the glassware to support the beakers, flasks or other glassware during heating

Since the welded wire is Wire mesh is prone to manufactured and is rust when it gets wet. welded in facilities, the risk of having a missing particular bar will be reduced.

The glassware has to be flat-bottomed to stay on the wire gauze. The corners of the wire gauze are turned inward to help prevent fraying.

q. Tripod

It is used to support or hold the flasks and beakers during experiments.

The legs of the tripod Suitable for laboratories can be removed and with less open space adjusted depending on the preference of the user.

There are several kinds of tripod with different designs. The most common used are triangular and circular tripods. The positioning of the three legs away from the vertical center allows the tripod better leverage for resisting lateral forces.

r.

Iron stand with iron clamps are for holding pieces of glassware in place. An iron clamp is a laboratory equipment used to hold things and is place in an iron stand to elevate other equipment.

The rod itself, to which clamps may be attached with bases, is typically 400-600 mm high in total and sufficient for most experiment to fit within the fume hoods and glove boxes.

The heavy base keeps the stand stable, and the vertical metal rod allows for easy height adjustment of the iron ring/clamp. The bases always have a swirling hole of 10 mm x 1.5 mm in order to twist the rod into. The height can be adjusted by moving the attached point of the stand and the test tube.

Iron stand with ring and clamp

The base is heavy so that the centre of gravity is lowered, thus increasing stability. Always carry with two hands to avoid falling.

s. Clamp holder

It is used in conjunction Grips rods up to 0.75 in. with several other lab (19mm) diameter pieces to hold a container of any given substance during an experiment that often involves heating the substance.

Apply clamping pressure at right angles otherwise slippage may result and check that screws are working properly. If it can only grip about 19mm, do not anymore place equipment larger than it can hold to avoid breakage.

t.

They are used to grab small things like solid chemicals that are broken into chunks, so they can be safely handled and added to containers.

It can be sterilized by Eto/gamma radiation, has rockwell hardness (HRC): 40-45 and can be Autoclavable up to 135°C.

Cork is used to keep air out of flasks and test tubes to prevent contamination and evaporation as well and is also a good insulator and conducts heat very poorly which makes it a good material to line clamps that are used to support test tubes and flasks that need to be heated. Also, its compressibility allows the 4 fingers of the clamp to be tightened to secure the glassware without risk of breaking

Cork borer set consists of sequentially numbered, nested tubes that start at 4.5mm (3/16") O.D. and gradually increase in size. For rimless glass test tube Size Dia (mm) 8.00±0.2

Prohibit both personnel from grasping the equipment at the same time. Do not clean it with bare hands when used to grab reagents to avoid contamination. After using it, decontaminate it properly and let it dry using cloth before storing to the cabinet. Discard a stopper if a hole is irregular or does not fit the inserted tube snugly, if it is cracked, or if it leaks. Corks should have been previously softened by rolling and kneading. When using cork borer in insertion of glass tubes make sure to use the appropriate one to avoid breakage and injury.

Forceps

u. Cork and cork borer

Make sure that the locking screws move freely and are not distorted. When you attach the clamp holder to the support stand, tighten the screw firmly and ensure that the open ‘slot’ to be used for the clamp is pointing upwards. Always make sure to clean any spills with clean dry cloth and store it in a cabinet. Apply just force in using it especially when transferring small chunks of chemicals to avoid falling.

The borer should be carefully cleaned to remove all the dirt and residues, an occasional acid bath with 2N nitric acid or chromic acid solution is needed. Cork made of hardened rubber should be ideally used especially in corrosive gases. Use only a sharp borer one size smaller than that which will just slip over the tube to be inserted. Holes should be bored by slicing through the stopper, twisting with moderate

it. Coke borers is for boring holes in rubber stoppers.

v. Test tube brush

w. Plastic wash bottle

It is used for cleaning test tubes and narrow mouth laboratory glassware, such as beakers and flasks. Some like FDA grade brushes is resistant to acid and other corrosive chemicals, including aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons and ketones. It is used to rinse solids from other equipment when trying to conserve the solid—for instance, from the inside of a test tube. dispense the inner liquid in a fine washing stream like solvents, weak acids, reagents, deionized water and various other liquids around the laboratory.

Test tube brushes come in sizes varying from 10 mm - 2,000 mm in length and 3 mm 200 mm in diameter.

Forcing a large brush into a small test tube will often break the tube. Some brushes can be easily worn out when inappropriately used. Do not use cleaning brushes that are so worn that the spine hits the glass in which serious scratches may result.

The maximum working temperature of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) wash bottles is 80°C and can remain flexible down to -76°C.

Not recommended for long-term use with acetone. The volume that it can contain depends on the sizes of the equipment but this scientific capitol product cannot exceed nor be lower than their stated working temperature for it may result to melting or reagents may not be rinsed and may be distorted. Not autoclavable.

forward pressure, grasping the stopper only with the fingers, and keeping the hand away from the back of the stopper. Keep the index finger of the drilling hand against the barrel of the borer and close to the stopper to stop the borer when it breaks through. Preferably, drill only part way through and then finish by drilling from the opposite side.. A full set of brushes must be at hand, to fit large and small test tubes, burets, funnels, graduates, and various sizes of flasks and bottles. Motor driven revolving brushes are valuable when a large number of tubes or bottles are processed.

Never place it in direct contact with a flame or onto a hotplate surface. Avoid using abrasive cleaners or scouring pads which can result in surfaces becoming scratched. A low or nonalkaline detergent is suitable for cleaning in some cases also it can be neutral detergent.

a. Image/ Illustration of the equipment/ glassware b. Purpose or function of the equipment/ glassware c. Technical data on accuracy and precision (if applicable) ( available data on different product catalogs of companies that produce laboratory glass wares and materials such as pyrex) d. Safety and functional limits (such as maximum temperature that can be withstood, type of chemicals that can be stored) e. Guidelines for utilization and up-keep WRITTEN OUTPUT FOR ACTIVITY 1 a. Computerized output on a short bond paper b. Arial, Font size 11 c. Narrow Margins (0.5 inch on all sides) d. Front page should include the following data a. Activity number and activity title b. Group number c. Name of group members (arranged alphabetically) d. Date of submission e. Name of instructor e. Tabular format 1st column: Name and image of the equipment/ glassware 2nd column: Purpose or function of the equipment/ glassware 3rd column: Technical data on accuracy and precision (if applicable) (suggestion: use product catalogs) 4th column: Safety and functional limits (suggestion: use product catalogs) 5th column: Guidelines on utilization and up-keep ORAL PRESENTATION FOR ACTIVITY 1 a. All groups should prepare a powerpoint presentation based on their written output b. All groups will deliver their presentations by Saturday (January 19, 2018) c. Each group should follow basic principles of powerpoint-making. The powerpoint presentation should not exceed 10 minutes.