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China

22 Oct 1862 - 10 Nov 1872 War Ensign

1903 - 12 Feb 1912 Civil Ensign

10 Nov 1872 - 1890

10 Oct 1911 Revolt flag

1890 - 12 Feb 1912; 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917

12 Feb 1912 - 22 Dec 1915; 22 Mar 1916 - 1 Jul 1917; 12 Jul 1917 - 8 Oct 1928

22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916

8 Oct 1928 - 1 Oct 1949

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Adopted 1 Oct 1949

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Map of China China Military Regions Map Capital: Beijing (Nanjing 1928-37, 1946-49; Hankow 1937-1938; Chungking 1939-1946)

Hear National Anthem "Yiyonggjun Jinxingqu" (The March of the Volunteers) Adopted 27 Sep 1949 Japanese Occupation Map Currency: Yuan (CNY)

De facto ex-National Anthem "The East Is Red" (1960's - 1978)

Constitution (4 Dec 1982)

Civil War Map (1946-1949)

Ethnolinguistic Map of China

National Holiday: 1 Oct (1949) Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic

Population: 1,321,851,888 (2007)

Ethnic groups: Han (Chinese) 91.53%, Chuang (Zhuang) 1.30%, Manchu 0.86%, Hui 0.79%, Miao (Hmong) 0.72%, Uygur 0.68%, Exports: $974 billion (2006) GDP: $10 trillion (2006) Tuchia 0.65%, Yi 0.62%, Mongol 0.47%, Tibetan 0.44%, Puyi (Buyi) Imports: $777 billion (2006) 0.24%, Tung (Dong) 0.24%, Yao 0.21%, Korean 0.15%, Pai 0.15%, Hani 0.12%, Kazakh 0.10%, Tai 0.09%, other 0.54% (2000) Religions: Non-religious 42.1%, Daoist (Taoist) and Total Armed Forces: 2,250,000 (2003) Chinese folk religionist 28.5%, Buddhist 8.4%, atheist 8.1%, Declared Nuclear Power (1964): est.400 weapons Christian 7.1%, traditional beliefs 4.3%, Muslim 1.5% (2000) Merchant marine: 1,723 ships (2006) note: state is officially atheist International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, AfDB, ANT, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BCIE, BIS, BTWC, CDB, CTBT (signatory), EAS, ENMOD, FAO, G-24 (observer), G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, KP, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (observer), NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

China Index People's Republic of China Administrative Divisions Foreign Colonies

l l l

Chronology c.2000 c.1700 c.1027 475 BC

BC - c.1500 BC BC - c.1027 BC BC - 221 BC - 221 BC

22 Dec 221 BC

221 BC - 210 BC Chinese Empire Rebellions 206 BC - 220 AD (1851-1874) 220 - 589 Taiping Shengping Cheng

Partly legendary Xia (Shia) dynasty. Shang dynasty. Chou (Zhou) dynasty. Period of the Warring States, fragmentation of Zhou kingdom. Ch'in (Qin) dynasty, from which modern China derives its name, founded. First Emperor Shi Huang-ti reigns (b. 260 BC d. 210 BC). Han dynasty (9 - 24 AD, briefly interrupted). Era of disunity under Warlords. China not unified under any one power. Huns, Turks and nomadic tribes invade the north.

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l

Pingnan Guo

420 - 589 589 Warlord Period 907 - 979 (1911-1928) 1276 - 1368 Nationalist China (1917-1949) Alternative Governments (1927-1934) Japanese Occupation (1937-1945)

Manchuria (1900-32, 1945-46) Manchukuo (1932-1945) Inner Mongolia/ Meng Chiang (1934-1945) Kashgaria (1693-1877) East Turkestan (1934-1946)

28 Jan 1368 17 Feb 1616 15 May 1636 28 May 1858 14 Nov 1860 4 Jul 1871 - 24 Feb 1881 2 Jun 1895 - 25 Oct 1945 Jul 1900 - 7 Sep 1901

10 Oct 1911 1 Jan 1912 Jan 1913 1 Dec 1911 1 Jul 1917 19 Feb 1920 10 Sep 1931 1 Dec 1931

7 Oct 1951 - 12 Jul 1917 - 3 Feb 1921 - 15 Aug 1945 - 15 Oct 1934

Dörben Oyriad (Dzungar Khanate) Sep 1937 - Aug 1945 (1626-1757) Tibet (1720-1951) Tibet Govt in Exile

Historical Maps of China

1 Oct 1949 1 Jul 1997 20 Dec 1999

Divided under Northern and Southern dynasties. Reunification under the Sui dynasty (rules to 618) Era of the "Five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms." Yuan (Mongol) dynasty, Kublai Khan (b. 1215 d. 1294) rules 1276 - 1294. Great Ming (Shining) Realm inaugurated. Jing (Ch'ing [Manchu] dynasty) inaugurated. Great Qing (Ch'ing dynasty) Empire inaugurated. Left bank of Amur River annexed by Russia. Amur right bank below Ussuri junction (Primorye) annexed by Russia. Russia briefly annexes Ili. Taiwan annexed by Japan. Britain, Germany, Russia, Japan and allies occupy Tientsin (14 Jul 1900), Peking (21 Aug 1901) and other areas during the Boxer Rebellion. Revolution begins. Republic of China Tibet (de facto) independent. (Outer) Mongolia declares independence. Restoration of Great Qing Empire. Mongolia briefly reincorporated. Japanese occupy Manchuria (Manchukuo). Communists declare Soviet Republic of China in Kiangsi province. Japanese occupy northeast China, Yellow River valley and coastal provinces. People's Republic of China (from 8 Dec 1949, Republic of China continues on Taiwan only. Re-integration of the former British colony of Hong Kong. Re-integration of the former Portuguese colony of Macau.

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Page 4 sur 44 Note about Pinyin: To 1979 names are given Wade-Giles transliteration, where available, with the pinyin version following in parenthesis (i.e., Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong). After 1979, the pinyin transliteration (which came into general use in 1979, but is rejected by the Nationalist regime on Taiwan) following the names) is used. Under the People's Republic, all names are given in pinyin with those before 1979 followed in parenthesis by the Wade-Giles version (i.e. Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung). I have taken this additional step because most sources prior to 1979 refer to Chinese names in the pre-pinyin fashion.

Chinese Empire Map Chinese Empire

National Anthem "The Tone of Li Zhongtang" (1896-1911) (unofficial)

Capital: Peking

Currency: Chinese Silver Tael (CST)

Hear National Anthem "Gong Jin'ou" Constitution (The Cup of Solid Gold) (none adopted) (4 Oct 1911-12 Feb 1912 and 1-12 Jul 1917) National Holiday: 7 Feb (1906) Population: 431,735,400 (1900) Emperor's Birthday

Note: Emperors are listed with their personal name (ming), followed by their temple name (miaohao), posthumous name (shi), and the era name (nianhao) roughly coextensive with the particular reign (note that the overlap is not perfect). Although it is customary in "Western" sources to refer to a Qing ruler by his nianhao (i.i., the Guangxu emperor), Chinese usually refer to a former emperor by his miaohao, perhaps preceded by the name of the polity (i.e., Qing Dezong). Emperors 17 Feb 1616 - 30 Sep 1626

20 Oct 1626 - 21 Sep 1643

8 Oct 1643 -

5 Feb 1661

1644 - 1650 1650 - 1657 7 Feb 1661 - 20 Dec 1722

Nurhachu (Nu'erhachi) (b. 1559 - d. 1626) miaohao: T'ai Tsu (Taizu)/ shi: Gao huangdi nianhao 17 Feb 1616 - 15 Feb 1627: T'ien Ming (Tianming) Huangtaiji (b. 1611 - d. 1643) miaohao: T'ai Ts'ung (Taizong)/ shi: Wen huangdi nianhao 16 Feb 1627 - 14 May 1636: T'ien T'sung (Tiancong) 15 May 1636 - 7 Feb 1644: Ch'ung Te (Chongde) Fulin (b. 1638 - d. 1661) miaohao: Shih Tsu (Shizu)/ shi: Zhang huangdi nianhao 8 Feb 1644 - 18 Feb 1662: Shun Chih (Shunzhi) Dorgan -Regent Jirgaland -Regent Hsüan-yeh (Xuanye) (b. 1654 - d. 1722)

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10 Jul 1706 - 1707 1707 - 1708

26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721

27 Dec 1722 -

8 Oct 1735

18 Oct 1735 -

9 Feb 1796

Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788

9 Feb 1796 -

2 Sep 1820

Mar 1797 - 1797 3 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850

9 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861

22 Aug 1861 - 12 Jan 1875

11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875

miaohao: Sheng Tsu (Shengzu)/ shi: Ren huangdi nianhao 18 Feb 1662 - 4 Feb 1723: K'ang Hsi (Kangxi) Wei Zhiye (in rebellion) nianhao 10 Jul 1706 - 1707: Wenxing Zhu Cihuan (styled Ding wang, heading Great Ming [or Shining] Realm, in rebellion) Zhu Yigui (in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan) nianhao 26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721: Yonghe Yin Chen (Yinzhen) (b. 1678 - d. 1735) miaohao: Shi Tsung (Shizong)/ shi: Xian huangdi nianhao 5 Feb 1723 - 11 Feb 1746: Yung Cheng (Yongzheng) Hung Li (Hongli) (b. 1711 - d. 1799) niaohao Kao Tsung (Gaozong)/ shi: Chun huangdi nianhao 12 Feb 1736 - 8 Feb 1796: Ch'ien Lung (Qianlong) Lin Shuangwen (in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan) nianhao Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788: Shuntian Yung Yen (Yongyan) (b. 1760 - d. 1820) niaohao: Jen Tsung (Renzong)/ shi: Rui huangdi nianhao 9 Feb 1796 - 2 Feb 1821: Chia Ch'ing (Jiaqing) Li Shu (in rebellion) nianhao Mar 1797 - 1797: Daqing Min Ning (Minning) (b. 1782 - d. 1850) niaohao: Hsuan Tsung (Xuanzong)/ shi: Cheng huangdi nianhao 3 Feb 1821 - 31 Jan 1851: Tao Kuang (Daoguang) Yi Chu (Yizhu) (b. 1831 - d. 1861) miaohao: Wen Tsung (Wenzong)/ shi: Xian huangdi nianhao 1 Feb 1851 - 29 Jan 1862: Hsien Feng (Xianfeng) Regents - Empress Dowager Tz'u An (f)(Cian)(b. 1837 - d. 1881) - Empress Dowager Tz'u Hsi (f) (b. 1835 - d. 1908) (Cixi)(1st time) - Prince Kung (Gong) (b. 1833 - d. 1898) Tsai Ch'un (Zaichun) (b. 1856 - d. 1875)

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25 Feb 1875 - 14 Nov 1908

25 Feb 1875 -

4 Mar 1889

2 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912 2 Dec 1908 - 6 Dec 1911 6 Dec 1911 - 12 Feb 1912

1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917

1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917

miaohao: Mu Tsung (Muzong)/ shi: Yi huangdi nianhao 30 Jan 1862 - 5 Feb 1875: T'ung Chih (Tongzhi) Tsai T'ien (Zaitian) (b. 1872 - d. 1908) miaohao: Te Tsung (Dezong)/ shi: Jing huangdi nianhao 6 Feb 1875 - 21 Jan 1909: Kuang-hsü (Guangxu) Empress Dowager Tz'u Hsi (f) (s.a.) (Cixi)(2nd time) -Regent (de facto 3rd time; from 20 Sep 1898 to 2 Dec 1908) (21 Aug 1900 - 7 Jan 1902 in Hsian Foo, Honan refuge) Pu-yi (Puyi) (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1967) nianhao 22 Jan 1909 - 12 Feb 1912: Hsüan-T'ung (Xuantong) Prince Chun (Zaifeng) -Regent (b. 1882 - d. 1951) Empress Dowager Long Yu (b. 1868 - d. 1913) Huagtaihou (f) (Longyu Xiaoding) (holder of the Imperial seal) Pu-yi (2nd time) (s.a.) (from 12 Feb 1912 - 5 Nov 1924, Emperor inside the Forbidden City only¹) Chang Hsün -Regent (b. 1854 - d. 1923)

Grand Secretaries (Da Qing Da Xueshi)(serving jointly) Jun 1682 - Nov 1701 Wang Xi Dec 1682 - Mar 1683 Hoang Ji Dec 1682 - Feb 1687 Wu Zhengzhi Sep 1684 - 1687 Song Deyi Apr 1687 - Feb 1688 Yu Guozho Sep 1687 - Feb 1688 Li Zhifang Feb 1688 - 1691 Liang Qingbao Feb 1688 - Jan 1703 Yiswang'a Jul 1689 - 1699 Alantai Jul 1689 - 1690 Xu Yuanwen Aug 1690 - Aug 1698 Zhang Yushu (1st time) Dec 1692 - 1699 Li Tianfu Sep 1698 - 1705 Wu Dian Dec 1699 - Jun 1703 Xiong Cilü (2nd time) Dec 1699 - May 1700 Folun

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(b. (b. (b. (b.

1628 1611 1618 1626

-

(b. (b. (b. (d. (b. (b. (b. (d. (b. (d.

1622 1620 1638 1699) 1634 1642 1635 1705) 1635 1701)

d. d. d. d.

1703) 1686) 1691) 1687)

d. 1694) d. 1691) d. 1703) d. 1691) d. 1711) d. 1699) d. 1709)

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Dec Dec Dec Dec Jun Dec Jan Jan Jul May May Jun Sep Jan Jan Mar May Aug Oct May Oct Feb Feb Feb Jun Sep Sep Dec Feb Feb Sep Feb Jul Feb May Feb

1699 1699 1701 1702 1703 1705 1708 1711 1711 1712 1712 1716 1718 1723 1723 1723 1725 1725 1725 1728 1728 1729 1729 1732 1733 1735 1735 1736 1738 1739 1741 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748

-

Jun 1709 1701 Jul 1711 Feb 1708 1712 1718 1716 Jan 1723 1712 Jan 1723 Feb 1723 Nov 1735 1725 Aug 1725 1728 1725 Dec 1749 Jan 1727 1736 Feb 1731 Sep 1733 Sep 1733 1738 1745 1739 Apr 1747 Jan 1738 Aug 1744 Feb 1746 1741 Feb 1749 Jul 1755 1748 Feb 1747 1755 1764

Maqi (1st time) Zhang Ying Zhang Yushu (2nd time) Sihana (Xihan) Cheng Tingjing (1st time) Li Guangdi Wenda Xiao Yongzao Chen Tingjing (2nd time) Songzhu (1st time) Wang Shan Maqi (2nd time) Wang Xuling Bai Huang (1st time) Funing'an Zhang Pengge Zhang Tingyu Gao Qiwei Zhu Shi Jiang Tingxi Ma'ersai Chen Yuanlong Yintai O-er-tai Ji Zengyun Jalangga (Chalang'a) Maizhu Xu Ben Fumin Zhao Guolin Chen Shiguan (1st time) Shi Yizhi (1st time) Noqin (Dong) Qinfu Gao Bin Laibao

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(b. 1651/52 - d. 1739) (b. 1638 - d. 1708) (s.a.) (b. 1639 - d. (b. 1642 - d. (d. 1716) (b. 1644 - d. (s.a.) (b. 1657 - d. (b. 1645 - d. (s.a.) (b. 1642 - d. (b. 1660 - d. (d. 1728) (b. 1649 - d. (b. 1672 - d. (b. 1646 - d. (b. 1665 - d. (b. 1669 - d. (d. 1733) (b. 1652 - d. (b. 1651 - d. (b. 1680 - d. (b. 1671 - d. (b. af.1680 (b. 1670 - d. (b. 1683 - d. (b. 1673 - d.

1712) 1718) 1729) 1735) 1728) 1725) 1737) 1725) 1755) 1727) 1736) 1732) 1736) 1738/39) 1745) 1739) d. 1747) 1738) 1747) 1756)

(b. 1680 - d. 1758) (b. 1682 - d. 1736) (d. 1749) (b. 1683 - d. 1755) (d. 1755)

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Nov 1748 - 1770 Feb 1750 - May 1751 Feb 1751 - Jun 1758 Jul 1755 - 1759 Feb 1759 - 1761 Jul 1761 - 1773 Aug 1763 - Dec 1763 Dec 1763 - 1764 Jun 1764 - 1771 Sep 1764 - 1767 May 1767 - Apr 1771 Nov 1770 - Jan 1772 Apr 1771 - 1773 Jul 1771 - Feb 1779 Jan/Feb 1772-Jun/Aug 1773 Aug 1773 - 1777 Oct 1772 - 1780 Jan 1774 - 1777 Jul 1777 - 1797 Feb 1779 - 1784 Jan 1780 - Oct 1780 Jun 1780 - 1783 Sep 1780 - 1794 Sep 1783 - Jun 1785 Sep 1784 - 1786 Jul 1785 - 1787 Sep 1786 - 1799 Feb 1787 - Sep 1800 Oct 1792 - 1796 Oct 1792 - 1796 Dec 1796 - May 1797 1797 - 1805 Nov 1797 - 1805 Feb 1799 - 1806 May 1799 - 1813 Jul 1799 - 1818

Fuheng Zhang Yunsui Chen Shiguan (2nd time) Huang Tinggui Jiang Bo Liu Tongxun Liang Shizheng Yang Tingzhang Yinjishan Yang Yinju Chen Hongmou A'ertai Liu Lun Gao Jin Winfu Shuhede Yu Minzhong Li Siyao Agui Sanbao Chen Jingyi Yinglian Ji Huang Cai Xin Wumitai Liang Guozhi Hoshen Wang Jie Fukang'an Sun Shiyi Dong Gao (1st time) Liu Yong Suling'a Baoning Qinggui Dong Gao (2nd time)

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(b. 1721 - d. 1770) (s.a.) (b. 1691 (b. 1708 (b. 1700 (b. 1697 (b. 1688 (b. 1696 (d. 1767) (b. 1696 (d. 1773) (b. 1711 (b. 1707 (d. 1773) (b. 1711 (b. 1714 (d. 1788) (b. 1717 (d. 1784) (d. 1786) (b. 1707 (d. 1794) (b. 1707 (d. 1786) (b. 1723 (b. 1750 (b. 1725 (d. 1796) (b. 1720 (b. 1740 (b. 1720 -

d. d. d. d. d. d.

1759) 1761) 1773) 1763) 1772) 1771)

d. 1771) d. 1773) d. 1770) d. 1777) d. 1780) d. 1797)

d. 1783) d. 1800) d. 1787) d. 1799) d. 1805) d. 1796) d. 1818) d. 1805)

(d. 1808) (b. 1735 - d. 1816) (s.a.)

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Feb 1805 Dec 1806 1807 - Jan Feb 1810 Jul 1810 Jul 1811 Nov 1813 Nov 1813 Oct 1814 Aug 1817 May 1818 Apr 1820 Aug 1821 Aug 1822 Sep 1824 Aug 1825 Nov 1830 Jan 1832 May 1833 Mar 1835 Mar 1835 Sep 1836 May 1838 Jul 1838 Mar 1841 Jan 1845 Dec 1848 Jul 1850 Feb 1851 Oct 1852 Dec 1852 Jan 1855 Oct 1855 Jan 1856 Nov 1856 Jan 1857 -

1807 Aug 1811 1810 Nov 1814 1811 1813 1835 Jul 1817 Dec 1831 Jun 1821 1820 May 1824 1822 Mar 1835 1825 Nov 1830 Apr 1833 1834 Jul 1850 1838 Aug 1836 1852 Feb 1841 1842 1848 1855 Dec 1850 Jan 1855 Oct 1852 Jan 1854 1858 Jul 1856 1856 Jan 1857 Oct 1860 1862

Zhu Gui Fukang Fei Chun Feimo Lebao Dai Quheng Liu Quanzhi Cao Zheyong (Malate) Songyun Tuojin Mingliang Zhang Xu Dai Junyuan Bolin Changling Sun Yuting Jiang Youxian Liu Yingbo Fujun Pan Shi'en Ruan Yuan Wenfu Muzhang'a Qishan Wang Ding Jueluo Baoxing Zhuo Bingtian Jiying (Kiying) Qi Junzao Saishanga Narjinga (Na'erjing'e) Yucheng Jia Zhen (1st time) Wenqing Ye Mingzhen Peng Yunzhang Guiliang

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(b. (d. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (d. (b.

1733 1816) 1739 c.1740 1756 1739 1756 1752 1755 1735 1824) 1746 -

d. 1807)

(b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (d. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (d.

1758 1753 1766 1760 1749 1770 1764 1841) 1782 1790 1768 1776 1782 1790 1793 1875)

d. d. d. d. d. d. d.

1835) 1834) 1830/31) 1835) 1834) 1854) 1849)

d. d. d. d. d. d. d.

1856) 1854) 1842) 1848) 1855) 1858) 1866)

(d. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b.

1858) 1798 1796 1807 1792 1785 -

d. d. d. d. d.

1874) 1856) 1859) 1862) 1862)

d. 1811) - d. 1819) d. 1811) d. 1818/22) d. 1835) d. 1835) d. 1835) d. 1822) d. 1840)

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Oct 1858 Oct 1858 - Jun 1859 Feb 1859 - Oct 1860 Nov 1859 - 1867 Feb 1861 - 1871 Feb 1861 - 1867 Dec 1861 - 1862 Oct 1862 - 1871 15 Feb 1867 - 1871 10 Jun 1867 - 1871 Apr 1868 - 1872 Apr 1871 - 1872 Aug 1871 - 1874 10 Aug 1872 - 1876 16 Aug 1872 - 1901 1 Oct 1872 - 1874 18 Oct 1874 - 1885 Jul 1874 - 1884 Feb 1877 - 1878 5 Jul 1878 - 24 Oct 1880 23 Dec 1880 - 20 Oct 1881 26 Dec 1881 - 1885 23 Jun 1884 - 28 Nov 1884 Nov 1884 - 15 Apr 1896 Jan 1886 - 1892 Jan 1886 - 23 Aug 1888 Jan 1889 - 20 Oct 1896 Oct 1892 - 26 Jun 1895 17 Aug 1895 - 1898 14 Jun 1896 - 1903 9 Dec 1896 - 1900 15 Jun 1898 - 1903 6 Jan 1900 - 21 Jun 1907 31 Jan 1902 - 1909 Oct 1903 - 16 Oct 1904 15 Oct 1903 - 29 Jun 1905

Bojun Weng Xingcun (1st time) Ruilin (1st time) Jia Zhen (2nd time) Guanwen (1st time) Zhou Zupei Weng Xincun (2nd time) Woren Guanwen (2nd time) Zeng Guofan Zhu Fengbiao Ruichang Ruilin (2nd time) Wen Xiang Li Hongzhang Dan Moaqian Zuo Zongtang Baoyun Yingghui Zailing Quanqing Linggui WenYu Olohubu (Elehuobu) Encheng Yan Jingming Zhang Zhiwan Fukun Linshu Kun'gang Xu Tong Runglu (Ronglu) Wang Wenshao Sun Jianai Jingxin Chongli

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(d. 1859) (b. 1791 - d. 1862) (d. 1874) (s.a.) (b. 1798 - d. 1871) (d. 1867) (s.a.) (b. af.1800 - d. 1871) (s.a.) (b. 1811 - d. 1872) (d. 1873) (d. 1872) (s.a.) (b. 1818 - d. 1876) (b. 1823 - d. 1901) (d. 1880) (b. 1812 - d. 1885) (b. 1807 - d. 1891) (b. 1798 - d. 1878/9) (d. 1883) (b. c.1820 - d. 1882/83) (d. 1885) (d. 1884) (b. af.1830 - d. 1901) (d. 1892) (b. 1817 - d. 1892) (b. 1811 - d. 1897) (b. af.1830 - d. 1895) (d. 1898) (d. 1907) (b. 1819 - d. 1900) (b. 1836 - d. 1903) (b. 1830 - d. 1908) (b. 1827 - d. 1909) (d. 1908) (d. 1908)

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9 Nov 1905 10 Jan 1905 10 Jan 1905 10 Aug 1907 6 Nov 1909 Sep 1910 - 30 Sep 1910 - 30 Premiers 8 May 1911 2 Nov 1911 1 Jul 1917 -

28 Oct 1906 30 Oct 1911 1911 1909 1910 Oct 1911 Oct 1911

Yüde Shi Xu Natong Zhang Zhidong Lu Zhuanlin Lu Runyang Xu Shichang

(d. (b. (b. (b. (d. (d. (b.

1906) 1852 1856 1837 1910) 1913) 1858 -

1 Nov 1911 Mar 1912 12 Jul 1917

Prince Yiguang Yuan Shi-kai Chang Hsün

(s.a.) (b. 1859 - d. 1916) (s.a.)

d. 1921) d. 1925) d. 1909)

d. 1939)

Polities Rebelling against the Ch'ing (Qing) Empire 1851-1872

Taiping 11 Jan 1851 25 Oct 1864

Taiping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Great Peace) inaugurated. Extinguished by Qing empire.

Heavenly Kings 11 Jan 1851 - 1 Jun 1864 1 Jun 1864 - 25 Oct 1864

Hung Hsiu-ch'üan (Hong Xiuquan) Hung Fu (Hong Tianguifu)

(b. 1813 - d. 1864) (b. 1849 - d. 1864)

Shengping 9 Oct 1854 24 Jul 1858

Shengping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Ascending Peace) inaugurated. Extinguished by Qing empire.

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Heavenly Kings 9 Oct 1854 - 24 Jul 1858

Hu Youlu (to Oct 1855) + Zhu Hongying

Cheng 27 Sep 1855 21 Aug 1861 Kings 27 Sep 1855 - 21 Aug 1861

Great Cheng Realm inaugurated. Extinguished by Qing empire.

Chen Kai (styled Ping Xun wang) + Li Wenmao (to 1858)

Kashghar: see under Sinkiang

Pingnan Guo 1856 - 26 Dec 1872

Pingnan Guo ("Pacified South State") is a major Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province.

Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin (Leader of the Community of Muslims) (usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan) 1856 - 26 Dec 1872 Sulayman ibn `Abd ar-Rahman (Du Wenxiu [orig. Yang Xiu])

(d. 1873)

¹According to the treaty signed between the Ch'ing (Qing) court and government of the Republic of China, P'u-i preserved the title Emperor, received annual payment from the Republic of China government, and had the right to live in the Forbidden City, to be protected by imperial troops, grant noble and honorary titles, maintain certain government organs in the Forbidden City (mainly for management of the Forbidden City and other palaces, management of imperial families, etc.). Inside the Forbidden City the dragon flag of the Ch'ing dynasty was

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Page 13 sur 44 flown. People in the Forbidden City still wore the Ch'ing official dress and used the Ch'ing calendar system. In 1922, the Emperor was married and wife was called Empress. On 5 Nov 1924, the Emperor was forced to leave the Forbidden City by a faction of the army of the Republic of China and the above mentioned privileges ended.

Warlord China 10 1 22 22 1

Oct Jan Dec Mar Jul

1911 1912 1915 1916 1917 - 12 Jul 1917

Revolution begins. Republic of China proclaimed. Empire of China Republic of China Brief restoration of the Great Qing Empire (s.a.).

Map of China

Hear National Anthem "China Heroically Stands in the Universe" (Jun 1915-1916)

Map of Warlord Control

Capital: Beijing (1912-1928)

Hear National Anthem "Qing Yun ge" (The Song to the Auspicious Cloud) (Jul 1921-1928 and 1937-1945 pro-Japan govts) Currency: Chinese Dollar/ Yuan (CND)

Constitution (11 Mar 1912; provisional) Population: 485,598,900 (1925)

Note: The following provincial military governments proclaimed their independence from the Qing Empire in the name of a Republic of China in gestation at the end of 1911, and combined in a Central Military Government at the end of November. Names in parenthesis are modern pinyin transliteration (which came into general use in 1979, but is rejected by the Nationalist regime on Taiwan) following the names (i.e., Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong). When the Wade-Giles style is unknown, the pinyin prevails. Military governors - Hupe (Hubei) 11 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov - Hunan 23 Oct 1911 - 31 Oct 31 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov - Shensi (Shaanxi) 23 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov

1911

Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong)

(b. 1864 - d. 1928)

1911 1911

Jiao Dafeng Tan Yankai

(b. 1887 - d. 1911) (b. 1879 - d. 1930)

1911

Zhang Fenghui

(b. 18.. - d. 1958)

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- Kiangsi (Jiangxi) 24 Oct 1911 - 2 Nov 1911 Ma Yubao (b. 1864 - d. 1933) 2 Nov 1911 - 12 Nov 1911 Wu Jiezhang 12 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Peng Chengwan - Shansi (Shanxi) 29 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Yan Xishan (b. 1883 - d. 1960) - Yunnan 30 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Cai E (b. 1882 - d. 1916) - Shanghai (actually called itself Military Government of the Republic of China) 4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Chen Qimei (b. 1878 - d. 1916) - Chekiang (Zhejiang) 4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Tang Shouqian (b. 1856 - d. 1917) - Kweichow (Guizhou) 5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Yang Jincheng (b. 1880 - d. 1922) - Kiangsu (Jiangsu) 5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Cheng Dequan (b. 1860 - d. 1930) - Anhwei (Anhui) 8 Nov 1911 - 28 Nov 1911 Zhu Jiabao (b. 1880 - d. 1923) 28 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Yuyun (b. 1869 - d. 1924) - Kwangsi (Guangxi) 9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Shen Bingkun (b. 1862 - d. 1913) - Fukien (Fujian 9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Daoren (b. 1867 - d. 1935) - Kwangtung (Guangdong) 9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Hu Hanmin (b. 1879 - d. 1936) - Shantung (Shandong) 13 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Baoqi (b. 1867 - d. 1931) - Szechwan (Sichuan) 22 Nov 1911 - 27 Nov 1911 Zhang Peijue (b. 1879 - d. 1915) 27 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Pu Dianjun Military governor (Central 30 Nov 1911 - 31 Dec 1911 Presidents 1 Jan 1912 - 10 Mar 1912 10 Mar 1912 - 22 Dec 1915

Military Government of the Republic of China) Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (s.a.) Sun Yat-sen (provisional) Yuan Shi-kai (1st time)

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Mil

(b. 1866 - d. 1925) (s.a.)

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(provisional to 10 Oct 1913) Emperor 22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916

Presidents 22 Mar 1916 7 Jun 1916 1 Jul 1917 12 Jul 1917 17 Jul 1917 10 Oct 1918 2 Jun 1922 11 Jun 1922 13 Jun 1923

-

9 10 2 24

- 10 Oct 1923 - 2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926

Sep Oct Nov Nov

1923 1923 1924 1924

6 1 12 17 10 2 11 13 9

Jun Jul Jul Jul Oct Jun Jun Jun Sep

1916 1917 1917 1917 1918 1922 1922 1923 1923

20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 18 Jun 1927 -

2 Jun 1928

Premiers 13 Mar 1912 - 27 Jun 1912 29 Jun 1912 - 25 Sep 1912 25 Sep 1912 - 1 May 1913

Yuan Shi-kai (s.a.) nianhao 1 Jan - 22 Mar 1916: Hung Hsien (Hongxian) (note: This attempt at imperial installation of Yuan Shi-kai was not formally consummated by an enthronement, and there are questions about its actual significance) Yuan Shi-kai (2nd time) (s.a.) Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (1st time) (s.a.) (s.a.) Restoration of Great Qing Empire Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (2nd time) (s.a.) Feng Kuo-chang (Guozhang) (b. 1859 Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) (b. 1855 Chao Tzu-ch'i (Zhou Ziqi)(acting) (b. 1871 Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (3rd time) (s.a.) Chang Shao-ts'eng (Zhang Shaozeng) (b. 1879 (acting) Kao Ling-wei (Gao Lingwei)(acting) (b. 1868 T'sao K'un (Cao Kun) (b. 1862 Huang Fu (acting) (b. 1880 Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (b. 1865 (provisional chief executive) Hu Wei-te (Weide) (acting) (b. 1863 Yen Hui-ching (Yan Huiqing)(acting)(b. 1877 (W.W. Yen) Tu Hsi-Kuei (Du Xigui) (acting) (b. 1875 Ku Wei-chün (Gu Weijun) (acting) (b. 1887 (Wellington Koo) Chang Tso-lin (Zhang Zuolin) (b. 1873 (Generalissimo of the Military Government

Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi) Lu Cheng-hsiang (Zhengxiang) Chao Ping-Chün (Zhao Bingjun)

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- d. 1919) - d. 1939) - d. 1923) - d. 1928) -

d. d. d. d.

1943) 1938) 1936) 1936)

- d. 1933) - d. 1950) - d. 1933) - d. 1985) - d. 1928) of China)

(b. 1860 - d. 1938) (b. 1870 - d. 1949) (b. 1859 - d. 1914)

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1 May 1913 31 Jul 1913 12 Feb 1914 Secretaries 1 May 1914

- 31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914 - 1 May 1914 of state - Dec 1915

Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 22 Mar 1916 - 23 Apr 1916 23 Apr 1916 - 29 Jun 1916 Premiers 29 Jun 1916 - 23 May 1917 23 28 2 12

May May Jun Jun

1917 1917 1917 1917

- 28 May 1917 - 2 Jun 1917 - 12 Jun 1917 - 24 Jun 1917

24 Jun 1917 - 1 Jul 1917 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 14 Jul 1917 - 30 Nov 1917 30 Nov 1917 - 23 Mar 1918 23 Mar 1918 - 10 Oct 1918 10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919 13 Jun 1919 - 24 Sep 1919 24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920 14 May 1920 - 9 Aug 1920 9 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921 18 Dec 1921 - 24 Dec 1921

Duan Qirui (acting) Xiong Xiling Sun Pao-ch'i (Baoqi) (acting)

(s.a.) (b. 1870 - d. 1941) (s.a.)

Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) (1st time) Lu Cheng-hsiang (Zhengxiang) (acting) Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) (2nd time) Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui)

(s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.)

Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (s.a.) (1st time) Wu Tingfang (acting) (b. 1842 Li Jingxi (1st time) (b. 1859 Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) (s.a.) Chang Shao-jong (Jiang Zhaozong) (b. 1861 (acting) Li Jingxi (2nd time) (s.a.) (s.a.) Restoration of Great Qing Empire Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (s.a.) (2nd time) Weng Shizhen (acting) (b. 1861 Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (s.a.) (3rd time) Ch'ien Neng-hsün (Qiang Nengxun) (b. 1869 Kung Hsin-chan (Gong Xinzhan) (b. 1869 (acting) Chin Yün-P'eng (Jin Yunpeng) (b. 1877 (1st time) (acting to 5 Nov 1919) Sa Chen-ping (Zhenbing) (acting) (b. 1859 Chin Yün-P'eng (Jin Yunpeng) (s.a.) (2nd time) (acting) Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (s.a.) (1st time)

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- d. 1922) - d. 1925) - d. 1943)

- d. 1930)

- d. 1924) - d. 1943) - d. 1925) - d. 1952)

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24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922 25 Jan 1922 - 8 Apr 1922 8 Apr 1922 - 11 Jun 1922 11 Jun 1922 - 5 Aug 1922 5 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1922 29 11 4 9 12 14

Nov Dec Jan Sep Jan Sep

1922 1922 1923 1923 1924 1924

-

11 4 9 12 14 31

Dec Jan Sep Jan Sep Oct

1922 1923 1923 1924 1924 1924

2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 27 Nov 1924 - 26 Dec 1925 26 4 20 13

Dec Mar Apr May

1925 1926 1926 1926

- 4 Mar 1926 - 20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926

22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 18 Jun 1927 - 2 Jun 1928

Liang Shi-i (Shiyi) Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (2nd time) (acting) Chao Tzu-Ch'i (Zhou Ziqi) (acting) Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (3rd time) Wang Ch'ung-hui (Chonghui) (acting) Wang Ta-hsieh (Daxie) Wang Cheng-t'ing (Zhengting) Cheng Shao-ts'eng (Zhang Shaozeng) Kao Ling-Wei (Gao Lingwei)(acting) Sun Pao-ch'i (Baoqi) Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (4th time) Huang Fu (acting) Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (4th time) Hsu Shih-ying (Xu Shiying) Chia The-yao (Jia Deyao) Hu Wei-te (Weide) (acting) Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (5th time) Tu His-Kuei (Du Xigui) (acting) Ku Wei-chün (Gu Weijun) (acting) Pan Fu

(b. 1869 - d. 1933) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1881 - d. 1958) (b. 1859 - d. 1929) (b. 1882 - d. 1961) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.)

Mil

(b. 1873 - d. 1964) (b. 1880 - d. 1940) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1883 - d. 1936)

"Independent" military governments in 1913 Military governors - Kiangsu (Jiangsu) 15 Jul 1913 - 29 Jul 1913 - Anhwei (Anhui) 17 Jul 1913 - 7 Aug 1913

Cheng Dequan

(b. 1860 - d. 1930)

Bo Wenwei

(b. 1875 - d. 1947)

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- Kwangtung (Guangdong) 18 Jul 1913 - 3 Aug 1913 - Hunan 25 Jul 1913 - 13 Aug 1913

Chen Jiongming

(b. 1878 - d. 1933)

Tan Yankai

(s.a.)

"Independent" military governments in 1916 Military governors - Yunnan 1 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 - Kweichow (Guizhou) 27 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 - Kwangsi (Guangxi) 15 Mar 1916 - 8 May 1916 - Kwangtung (Guangdong) 6 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916 - Chekiang (Zhejiang) 12 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916

Tang Jiyao

(b. 1881 - d. 1927)

Liu Xianshi

(b. 1870 - d. 1927)

Lu Rongting

(b. 1856 - d. 1927)

Long Jiguang

(b. 1860 - d. 1921)

Lu Gongwang

(b. 1879 - d. 1954)

These came together under an umbrella government: Chairman of the Military Affairs Council 8 May 1916 - 14 Jul 1916 Tang Jiyao

(s.a.)

"Independent" military governments in 1917 Military governors - Anhwei (Anhui) 29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Shensi (Shaanxi) 29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Fengtian May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Shantung (Shandong) May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Fukein (Fujian) -

Ni Sichong

(b. 1868 - d. 1924)

Chen Shufan

(b. 1885 - d. 1949)

Chang Tso-lin (Zhang Zuolin)

(s.a.)

Zhang Huaizhi

(b. 1860 - d. 1934)

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May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Honan (Henan) May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Chekiang (Zhejiang) May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Chihli (Zhili) May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917

Li Houji

(b. 1869 - d. 1942)

Zhao Ti

(b. 1871 - d. 1933)

Yang Shande

(b. 1873 - d. 1919)

Cao Kun

(s.a.)

Nationalist China Note: The name of of that name, has (Nanjing; Beijing Beiping after the

the polity is still Republic of China, but it overlaps the preceding polity a different flag and government system, and eventually a different capital is in fact deprived of the name-part jing, meaning capital, and is renamed demise of the "warlord" regime).

10 Sep 1917 - 5 May 1921

5 May 1921 - 1 Oct 1949

Map of China

Hear National Anthem "San Min Chu-i" (Three Principles of the People)

Text of National Anthem Adopted 3 Jun 1937

Constitution (25 Dec 1946)

Capital: Nanjing 1927-1937, 1946-1949 (Canton 1918-1927; Hankow 1937-1938, Chungking 1939-1946, and 23 Apr - 1 Dec 1949)

Hear National Anthem "Revolution of the Citizens" (1 Jul 1926-1937)

Currency: Chinese Dollar/ Yuan (CND)

Population: 481,151,700 (1936)

Generalissimo of the Military Government 10 Sep 1917 - 5 Jul 1918 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) 5 Jul 1918 - 21 Aug 1918 Governing Committee of the Military Government - Sun Yat-sen (s.a.)

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KMT KMT

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21 Aug 1918 - 24 Oct 1920 24 Oct 1920 -

4 May 1921

- Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi) (s.a.) KMT - Wu Tingfang (s.a.) KMT - Cen Chunxuan (b. 1861 - d. 1933) KMT - Lu Rongting (s.a.) KMT - Tang Jiyao (s.a.) KMT - Lin Baoyi (b. 1862 - d. 1927) KMT Cen Chunxuan (s.a.) KMT (chairman Governing Committee of the Military Government) Governing Committee of the Military Government - Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) KMT - Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi) (s.a.) KMT - Wu Tingfang (s.a.) KMT - Tang Jiyao (s.a.) KMT

Extraordinary President 5 May 1921 - 29 Jun 1922 Sun Yat-sen Generalissimos of the National Government 2 Mar 1923 - 12 Mar 1925 Sun Yat-sen 12 Mar 1925 - 1 Jul 1925 Hu Han-min (Hanmin) (acting) Chairmen of the National Government 1 Jul 1925 - 15 Apr 1926 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) 16 Apr 1926 - 29 Mar 1927 Tan Yankai Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government 20 Mar 1927 - 13 Sep 1927 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei)(at Wuhan) 17 Sep 1927 - 10 Oct 1928 Tan Yen-K'ai (Yankai) Chairmen of the National Government 10 Oct 1928 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai-shek (1st time) 15 Dec 1931 - 1 Aug 1943 Lin Sen (acting to 1 Jan 1932) 1 Aug 1943 - 20 May 1948 Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time) (acting to 10 Oct 1943) Presidents 20 May 1948 - 21 Jan 1949 Chiang Kai-shek 21 Jan 1949 - 1 Mar 1950 Li Tsung-jen (Zongren)(acting¹) (from 8 Dec 1949 on Taiwan) Presidents of the Executive Yuan (premiers) 10 Oct 1928 - 22 Sep 1930 Tan Yen-K'ai (Yankai)

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(s.a.)

KMT

(s.a.) (s.a.)

KMT KMT

(b. 1883 - d. 1944) (s.a.)

KMT KMT

(s.a.) (s.a.)

KMT KMT

(b. 1887 - d. 1975) (b. 1867 - d. 1943) (s.a.)

Mil/KMT KMT Mil/KMT

(s.a.) (b. 1890 - d. 1969)

KMT KMT

(s.a.)

KMT

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Page 21 sur 44

Sep 1930 -

4 Dec 1930

4 Dec 1930 - 15 Dec 1931 15 Dec 1931 - 28 Dec 1931 28 28 7 1

Dec Jan Dec Jan

1931 1932 1935 1938

- 28 Jan 1932 - 7 Dec 1935 - 1 Jan 1938 - 20 Nov 1939

20 31 1 18 24 26 12 3

Nov May Mar Apr May Nov Mar Jun

1939 1945 1947 1947 1948 1948 1949 1949

-

31 1 18 24 26 12 3 7

May Mar Apr May Nov Mar Jun Mar

1945 1947 1947 1948 1948 1949 1949 1950

Sung Tzu-wen (Song Ziwen)(acting) (b. 1891 ("T.V. Soong")(1st time) Chiang Kai-shek (1st time) (s.a.) Ch'eng Ming-hsu (Chen Mingshu) (b. 1890 (acting) Sun Fo (1st time) (b. 1895 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) (s.a.) Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time) (s.a.) K'ung Hsiang-hsi (Kong Xiangxi) (b. 1880 ("H.H. Kung") Chiang Kai-shek (3rd time) (s.a.) Sung Tzu-wen (Song Ziwen)(2nd time)(s.a.) Chiang Kai-shek (4th time) (s.a.) Chang Ch'ün (Zhang Qun) (b. 1889 Wong Wen-hao (Weng Wenhao) (b. 1889 Sun Fo (2nd time) (s.a.) Ho Ying-ch'in (He Yingqin) (b. 1889 Yen Hsi-shan (Yan Xishan) (s.a.) (from 8 Dec 1949 on Taiwan)

- d. 1971)

KMT

- d. 1965)

KMT KMT

- d. 1973)

- d. 1967)

- d. 1990) - d. 1971) - d. 1987)

KMT KMT KMT KMT KMT KMT KMT KMT KMT KMT KMT Mil/KMT

¹The ambiguity of the Constitutional situation leaves it unclear whether this was a vacancy or a substitution for Chiang. Party Abbreviations: KMT = Chungkuo Kuomin Tang ("Kuomintang" or Chinese Nationalist Party, Chinese nationalist, authoritarian, only legal party 1928-49 [1914-1919 Chung-hua Ke-ming Tang (Chinese Revolutionary Party]); Mil = Military

Alternative governments of the Republic of China:

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Page 22 sur 44 Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government (at Nanjing) 18 Apr 1927 - 15 Aug 1927 Chiang Kai-shek (s.a.) 26 Aug 1927 - 15 Sep 1927 Tan Yen-kai (Yankai) (s.a.)

KMT KMT

Chairman of the Committee of the National Government (at Beiping) 1 Sep 1930 - 31 Oct 1930 Yen Hsi-chan (Yan Xishan) (s.a.)

Mil

Chairman of the National Government (at Canton [Guangzhou]) 1 Jul 1931 - 1 Jan 1932 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei)

(b. 1883 - d. 1944)

KMT

Chairman of the People's Government (at Fuzhou) 21 Nov 1933 - 21 Jan 1934 Li Jishen

(b. 1884 - d. 1959)

China under Japanese occupation:

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Page 23 sur 44

17 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940

11 Apr 1940 - 24 Feb 1941

24 Feb 1941 - 3 Feb 1943

3 Feb 1943 - Aug 1945 (indoors only 24 Feb 1941 - 3 Feb 1943)

3 Feb 1943 - Aug 1945 Outdoor State Flag

Acting Chairman of the Provisional National Government (at Peiping) 14 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940 Wang Kemin (b. 1873 Acting Chairman of the Reformed National Government (at Nanjing) 28 Mar 1938 - 30 Mar 1940 Liang Hongzhi (b. 1883 Chairmen of the National Government (at Nanjing) 30 Mar 1940 - 10 Nov 1944 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) (b. 1883 (acting to 1940) 20 Nov 1944 - Aug 1945 Chen Gongbo (acting) (b. 1892 Japanese Commanders of Shanghai Expeditionary Army 15 Aug 1937 - 2 Dec 1937 Iwane Matsui 2 Dec 1937 - 14 Feb 1938 Prince Yasuhiko Asaka Commanders of China Expeditionary Army 22 Sep 1939 - 1 Mar 1941 Juzo Nishio 1 Mar 1941 - 23 Nov 1944 Shunroku Hata 23 Nov 1944 - 9 Sep 1945 Yasuji Okamura Commander of Central China Area Army 30 Oct 1937 - 14 Feb 1938 Iwane Matsui Commanders of Central China Expeditionary Army 14 Feb 1938 - 14 Dec 1938 Shunroku Hata 15 Sep 1938 - 23 Dec 1939 Otozo Yamada Commanders of Central Army District 1942 - 1944 Jun Ushiroku

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- d. 1945) - d. 1946) - d. 1944)

KMT-WC

- d. 1946)

KMT-WC

(b. 1878 - d. 1948)

(s.a.) (b. 1879 - d. 1962) (b. 1881 - d. 1965) (b. 1884 - d. 1973)

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1944 - 1945 Commanders of 26 Aug 1937 9 Dec 1938 12 Sep 1939 7 Jul 1941 25 Aug 1944 22 Nov 1944 19 Aug 1945 Commanders of 10 Feb 1940 5 Oct 1940 1941 - 1945

Masakasu Kawabe Northern China Area Army 9 Dec 1938 Count Hisaichi Terauchi 12 Sep 1939 Hagime Sugiyama 7 Jul 1941 Hayao Tada 25 Aug 1944 Yasuji Okamura 22 Nov 1944 Noasaburo Okabe 19 Aug 1945 Sadamu Shimomura Sep 1945 Hiroshi Nemoto Southern China Area Army 5 Oct 1940 Rikichi Ando 26 Jun 1941 Jun Ushiroku Hisaichi Terauchi

(b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b.

1879 1880 1882 1884 1886 1887 1891

-

d. d. d. d. d. d. d.

1946) 1945) 1948) 1966) 1946) 19..) 1961)

(b. 1884 - d. 1946) (s.a.) (s.a.)

Party Abbreviations: KMT = Chungkuo Kuomin Tang ("Kuomintang" or Chinese Nationalist Party, Chinese nationalist, authoritarian, only legal party 1928-49 [1914-1919 Chung-hua Ke-ming Tang (Chinese Revolutionary Party]); KMT-WC = Kuomintang-Wang Ching-wei (Nationalist Party-Wang Ching-wei faction, personalist [Japanese puppet government 1940-44]); Mil = Military

People's Republic of China

1928 - 7 Nov 1931

1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934 19 Aug 1948 1 Oct 1949 8 Dec 1949

7 Nov 1931 - 15 Oct 1934

Adopted 1 Oct 1949

Soviet Republic of China (in Kiangsi, capital Ruijin), (referred to as the Kiangsi Soviet Republic). People's Government of North China People's Republic of China Final remnants of Nationalist government flee to Taiwan.

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Page 25 sur 44 Note: Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-ping)(b. 1904 - d. 1997) was de facto leader from the late 1970's to the early 1990's. He did not take over the chairmanship of the State, the Government or the General Secretary of the Party, but from 1978 to his death in 1997 he was the unquestionable Paramount Leader. From Jun 1981 he was Chairman of the Military Affairs Committee. It is impossible to provide exact dates; he rose to power in the aftermath of Mao's death (9 Sep 1976) and became more and more frail in the 1990's (he last appeared in public 9 Feb 1994). Chairmen of the Communist Party of China (CPC) 8 Jan 1935 - 9 Sep 1976 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) (b. 1893 - d. 1976) 9 Oct 1976 - 29 Jun 1981 Hua Guofeng (Hua Kuo-feng) (b. 1921) 29 Jun 1981 - 12 Sep 1982 Hu Yaobang (b. 1915 - d. 1989) General Secretaries (top party post from 12 Sep 1982) 29 Feb 1980 - 16 Jan 1987 Hu Yaobang (s.a.) 16 Jan 1987 - 24 Jun 1989 Zhao Ziyang (acting to 2 Nov 1987) (b. 1919 - d. 2005) 24 Jun 1989 - 15 Nov 2002 Jiang Zemin (b. 1926) 15 Nov 2002 Hu Jintao (b. 1942) Chairman of 1 Dec 1931 Chairman of 19 Aug 1948 Chairman of 27 Aug 1949 Chairman of 1 Oct 1949 Chairmen¹ 27 Sep 1954 27 Apr 1959 31 Oct 1968

the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic of China - 15 Oct 1934 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) (s.a.) the People's Government of North China - 1 Oct 1949 Dong Biwu (Tung Pi-wu) (b. 1886 - d. 1975) the People's Government of the North-East - 1 Oct 1949 Gao Gang (b. 1895 - d. 1954) the Central People's Government - 27 Sep 1954 Mao Zedong (s.a.)

24 Feb 1972 Chairmen of 17 Jan 1975 6 Jul 1976 5 Mar 1978

- 17 Jan 1975 the Permanent - 6 Jul 1976 - 5 Mar 1978 - 18 Jun 1983

- 27 Apr 1959 - 31 Oct 1968 - 24 Feb 1972

Mao Zedong (s.a.) Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i) (b. 1898 - d. 1969) Dong Biwu (s.a.) + Song Qingling (f) (acting) (b. 1893 - d. 1981) (Sung Ch'ing-ling) Dong Biwu (acting) (s.a.) Standing Committee of the National People's Congress² Zhu De (Chu Teh) (b. 1886 - d. 1976) Vacant³ Ye Jianying (b. 1897 - d. 1986)

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CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC

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Page 26 sur 44

Presidents² 18 Jun 1983 8 Apr 1988 27 Mar 1993 15 Mar 2003

- 8 Apr 1988 - 27 Mar 1993 - 15 Mar 2003 -

Li Xiannian Yang Shangkun Jiang Zemin Hu Jintao

(b. 1909 - d. 1992) (b. 1907 - d. 1998) (s.a.) (s.a.)

CPC CPC CPC CPC

Premiers 1 Oct 1949 4 Feb 1976 10 Sep 1980 24 Nov 1987 17 Mar 1998 16 Mar 2003

-

Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai) Hua Guofeng (acting to 7 Apr 1976) Zhao Ziyang Li Peng (acting to 9 Apr 1988) Zhu Rongji Wen Jiabao

(b. 1898 - d. 1976) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1928) (b. 1928) (b. 1942)

CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC

8 10 24 17 16

Jan Sep Nov Mar Mar

1976 1980 1987 1998 2003

²The title "chairman" for the heads of state in 1954-75 represents the same Chinese term (zhuxi) that is commonly translated "president" for the heads of state after 1983.

³Vice-chairmen of the Standing Committee during the vacancy: Wu De (b. 1914 - d. 1995), Song Qingling (f) (b. 1893 - d. 1981), Liu Bocheng (b. 1892 - d. 1986), Wei Guoqing (b. 1913 - d. 1989), Seypidin (b. 1915 - d. 2003), Chen Yun (b. 1905 - d. 1995), Tan Zhenlin (b. 1902 - d. 1983), Li Jingquan (b. 1909 - d. 1989), Ulanhu (b. 1906 - d. 1988), Guo Moruo (b. 1892 - d. 1978), Xu Xiangqian (b. 1901 - d. 1990), Nie Rongzhen (b. 1899 - d. 1992), Zhang Dingcheng (b. 1898 - d. 1981), Cai Chang (f) (b. 1900 - d. 1990), Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (b. 1910), Zhou Jianren (b. 1888 - d. 1984), Xu Deheng (b. 1890 - d. 1990), Hu Juewen (b. 1895 - d. 1989), Li Suwen (f) (b. 1933), Yao Lianwei (b. 1935), and, from 2 Dec 1976, Deng Yingchao (f) (b. 1904 d. 1992). Territorial Disputes: Based on principles drafted in 2005, China and India continue discussions to resolve all aspects of their extensive boundary and territorial disputes together with a security and foreign policy dialogue to consolidate discussions related to the boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; recent talks and confidencebuilding measures have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a boundary alignment to resolve substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lies in Bhutan's northwest; China asserts sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of

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Page 27 sur 44 Parties in the South China Sea" eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratlys and in Mar 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan continue to reject both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute with North Korea; China seeks to stem illegal migration of North Koreans; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement; in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in Jun 2004, implementation remains stalled; in 2004, international environmentalist and political pressure from Burma and Thailand prompted China to halt construction of 13 dams on the Salween River. Party Abbreviations: CPC = Communist Party of China (communist, authoritarian, only legal party since 1 Oct 1949); Mil = Military;

Manchuria (Manchukuo)

May 1922 - 18 Sep 1931

9 Mar 1932 - 1 Mar 1934

Map of Manchukuo

Hear National Anthem "National Anthem of the Great Manchu Empire" (5 Feb 1942 - 15 Aug 1945)

Capital: Changchun (Hsinking or Japanese: Shinkyo)

Currency (1932-1945): Manchukuo Yuan (CNMY)

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1 Mar 1934 - 15 Aug 1945

Hear Former Anthem "Nation's Founding Song" (24 Feb 1933 - 15 Aug 1942)

Constitution (1 Mar 1934; in German)

National Holiday: 1 Mar (1934) Population: 43,233 954 (1940) State Foundation (850,000 Japanese by 1945) Celebration Day -------------------------------

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7 Feb (1906) Emperor's Birthday Exports: $148.9 million (1937) Imports: $221.7 million (1937) GDP: $N/A note: excluding trade with the rest of China Total Armed Forces: 111,044 (1934) Japanese Troops: est. 1,000,000 (1945) International Organizations/Treaties: None 1897 - 1917 21 May 1900 - 10 Mar 1905 10 Mar 1905 - 15 Apr 1907 1916 1922 29 Dec 18 Sep 9 Mar 21 Jan 1 Mar 9 Aug 15 Aug

1928 1931 1932 1933 1934 1945 1945 - May 1946

Ethnic groups: Chinese (no differentiation between Manchurian & Chinese) 95%, Korean 3%, Japanese 1.5% (1938) Relgions: Buddhist, Lamanist, Taoist, Roman Catholic, Shinto, Protesant

Russian protectorate over Manchuria (from Sep 1905, only northern Manchuria). Russian occupation. Southern Manchuria occupied by Japan. Manchuria under warlord control (nominally still of of the Republic of China). Declared to be autonomous by local warlord. Manchuria "formally" reunified with China. Japanese invasion and occupation begins. Great Manchu State (Manchukuo [Manzhouguo])(not recognized¹). Chinese province of Jehol annexed. Great Manchu Empire Soviet forces begin invasion. Occupied by the Soviet Union.

Russian Military Governors 21 May 1900 - 25 Oct 1904 Yevgeny Ivanovich Alekseyev (b. 1843 25 Oct 1904 - 16 Mar 1905 Aleksey Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (b. 1848 Japanese Military Governors 10 Mar 1905 - 15 Apr 1907 .... Military Governors 1916 - 7 Jun 1928 Chang Tso-lin (Zhang Zuolin) (b. 1873 (civil governor from 13 May 1922) 7 Jun 1928 - 18 Sep 1931 Chang Hsüeh-liang (Zhang Xuelian) (b. 1901 18 Sep 1931 - 9 Mar 1932 Jiro Minami (military governor) (b. 1874 Chief Executive 9 Mar 1932 - 1 Mar 1934 Pu-yi ("Henry" Puyi) (b. 1906 nianhao: Hsüan-T'ung (Datong) (1908-1912, Jul 1917 Emperor of China)

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- d. 1918) - d. 1925)

- d. 1928) - d. 2001) - d. 1957) - d. 1967)

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Pu-yi nianhao: Kang Teh (Kangde)

(s.a.)

Soviet Military Governor 15 Aug 1945 - May 1946

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Vasilevsky

(b. 1895 - d. 1977)

Premiers 9 Mar 1932 - 21 May 1935 21 May 1935 - 15 Aug 1945

Chang Hsiao-hisn (Zheng Xiaoxu) Chang Ching-hui (Zhang Jinghui)

(b. 1860 - d. 1938) (b. 1871 - d. 1959)

Japanese Ambassadors 1 Aug 1931 - 8 Aug 8 Aug 1932 - 27 Jul 29 Jul 1933 - 10 Dec 10 Dec 1934 - 6 Mar 6 Mar 1936 - 7 Sep 7 Sep 1939 - 18 Jul 18 Jul 1944 - 11 Aug

(and Commanders of the Kwantung Army) 1932 Baron Shigeru Honjo 1933 Baron Nobuyoshi Muto 1934 Takashi Hishikari 1936 Jiro Minami 1939 Kenkichi Ueda 1944 Yoshijiro Umezu 1945 Otozo Yamada

(b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b.

1876 1868 1871 1874 1875 1882 1881

-

d. d. d. d. d. d. d.

1945) 1933) 1952) 1955) 1962) 1949) 1965)

¹the following 18 countries established official or unofficial diplomatic relations with Manchukuo: Japan (15 Sep 1932), El Salvador (3 Mar 1934), Vatican City (18 Apr 1934), Italy (29 Nov 1937), Spain (2 Dec 1937), Germany (12 May 1938), Poland (18 Oct 1938), Hungary (9 Jan 1939), Bulgaria (10 May 1940), Slovakia (1 Sep 1940), Japanese-sponsored National Government China (30 Nov 1940), Rumania (1 Dec 1940), Finland (18 Jul 1941), Denmark (Aug 1941), Croatia (2 Aug 1941), Thailand (5 Aug 1941), Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic (1943) and Japanese-sponsored Provisional Government of Free India (1944).

Inner Mongolia (Meng Chiang)

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1934 - 1936 Mongolian League

Capital: Hohohoto (Hohhot [Pailingmiao]) 23 Apr 1934 22 Dec 1935 28 Jun 1936

22 Nov 1937

Aug 1949 - Dec 1949

28 Jun 1936 - 1 Sep 1939

Currency (1936-1945): Meng Chiang Yuan (CNPM)

Articles of Corporation (1 Sep 1939)

Population: 7,174,200 (1936)

Mongols in Inner Mongolia establish autonomous Mongolian Federation (or League). Independence declared. Japanese form Mongol provinces into the Mengjiang Joint Committee (Meng-chiang) parallel to the Japanese puppet Provisional Government of the Republic of China, then later subordinate to the Japanese puppet National Government of the Republic of China (in former Chahar and Suiyuan provinces). Menggu zizhi bang (Mêng-ku Tzu-chih Pang [Menggu/Manzhou), the Mongolian Federated Autonomous Government formed (Mongol (Mongol Obesbeen Jasaha Uls). Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government

Chairman of the Autonomous Political Council 23 Apr 1934 - 8 Dec 1937 Dewang (Prince Teh [Demcuk Dongrup]) Chairman of Inner Mongolia Federation 8 Dec 1937 - Dec 1949 Dewang Commanders of 1936 - 1937 28 Dec 1937 31 Aug 1939 12 Sep 1939 29 Sep 1940 20 Jan 1941 2 Mar 1942 28 May 1943 22 Nov 1944 -

1 Sep 1939 - 10 Sep 1945

(b. 1902 - d. 1966)

(s.a.)

the Japanese Garrison Army in (Inner) Mongolia Hideki Tojo (b. 1884 - d. 1948) 31 Aug 1939 Shigeru Hasunuma (b. 1883 - d. 19..) 12 Sep 1939 Hagime Sugiyama (b. 1880 - d. 1945) 29 Sep 1940 Noasaburo Okabe (b. 1886 - d. 1946) 20 Jan 1941 Masataka Yamawaki (b. 1884 - d. 19..) 2 Mar 1942 Shigetaro Amakasu (b. 1887 - d. 1958) 28 May 1943 Ichiro Shichida 22 Nov 1944 Yushio Kozuki (b. 1886 - d. 19..) 19 Aug 1945 Hiroshi Nemoto (b. 1891 - d. 1961)

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Kashgaria/East Turkestan

12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934 Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan

Capital: Kashgar

1514 17th cent.

c.1678

1694 - 1720 Jul 1759 - May 1826 1820 - 1828 1864 1870 28 Dec 1877 1888 1928 - 16 Jun 1946 12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934

16 Jan 1943 12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 16 Jun 1946

12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 East Turkestan Republic

National Anthem (1933-1934) "Qozghal, Birlesh" (March, Unite)

Population: 4,360,000 (1943)

Khanate of Kashgaria founded part of Djagataide Khanate. Divided into several minor khanates without importance, real power going to the so-called Khwaja, Arabic islamic religious leaders. Hidayat Allah Hazrat Apaq of the Aqtaghlik, with the help of the Dzungars, deposed the last Djagataide Khan and ousted the rival Qartaghlik, becoming the real ruler of Kashgaria under Dzungar (Dörben Oyirad) protection. Occupied by Dörben Oyirad. Occupied by Qing Empire. Aqtaghliq rebellion. Detached from the Qing Empire Kingdom of Qäshqäriyä (Kashgaria). Polity renamed Jiti Shahar. Re-incorporated into Qing empire. Eastern Turkestan formally annexed to Qing Empire, renamed Sinkiang (Xinjiang). De facto autonomous from central Chinese government. Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan (in rebellion) (also known as Uighuristan or Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan). Re-incorporation into China declared. East Turkestan Republic (in rebellion) Re-incorporated into China.

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1 Oct 1955 Khans c.1693 - 1720 1720 - 1754 1754 - 1757 1757 1757 - Aug 1759 1820 - 1828 Sep 1830 - Dec 1830 May 1857 - Aug 1857 1864 - Feb 1865 Feb 1865 - 1866 1866 1866 - 1867 1867 -

6 Dec 1873

Creation of Xinjiang Ughur Autonomous Region.

Ahmed Khan (d. Daniyal Khwaja (2nd time) Yusuf ibn Daniyal `Abd Allah Badshah Khwaja ibn Yusuf Burhan ad-Din ibn Ahmad (d. Jahangir Hodja (in rebellion) (b. Muhammad Yusuf Hodja (in rebellion) Wali Khan (in rebellion) Qutlugh Beg Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan (1st time) Muhammad Amin ibn Jahangir Khan Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan (2nd time) Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn Pir (b. Muhammad Mirza

Amir Khans 6 Dec 1873 - 29 May 1877

Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn Pir Muhammad Mirza 29 May 1877 - 28 Dec 1877 Quli Beg ibn Muhammad Ya`qub Beg President of the Turkish-Islamic Republic of East Turkestan 12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934 Xoca Niyaz Haci President of East Turkestan Republic 12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 Alikhan Tore Prime minister Dec 1933 - Feb 1934

af.1720)

1760) 1783? - d. 1828)

c.1820 - d. 1877)

(s.a.) (b. 1821 - d. 1877) (b. 1887 - d. 1938) (b. 1885 - d. 1976)

Abdul-Bakr Tabit Damla

Dörben Oyriad (Dzungar Khanate) 1626

Dörben Oyriad (Four Confederates) or Dzungar Kalmyk (or Kalmuck)

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1755 - 4 Oct 1755 4 Oct 1755 - 4 Oct 1757 Mar 1756 4 Oct 1757

Khanate formed. Covering Xinjiang region of China, Kyrgyzstan, eastern Kazakhstan, and western Mongolia. Tributary of China. In rebellion against Chinese suzerainty. Annexed by China. Dissolved.

Khans (2 Dec 1717 - 1720 also styled Protectors of Tibet) c.1676 - 3 May 1697 Galdan Khan 1697 - 1727 Tsewang Rabdan 1727 - Aug/Sep 1745 Galdan Tsereng 1745 - 1750 Tsewang Dordji Namgyal (Bayan Khan) 1750 - 1753 Lama Dardja 1753 - 1755 Dawadji 1755 - 4 Oct 1757 Amursana (from 4 Oct 1755, in rebellion) Chinese Imperial Commissioner 1755 - 4 Oct 1755 Pan Ti

(b. 1645 - d. 1697) (d. 1745) (d. 1753) (d. 1759) (b. 1722 - d. 1757)

(d. 1755)

Tibet

1920 - c.1925

c.1925 - 7 Oct 1950

Map of Tibet to 1950

Hear National Anthem "Gyallu"

Text of National Anthem Adopted 1949 (or 1960)

Constitution Charter of the Tibetans in Exile (14 Jun 1991)

Capital: Lhasa

Currency (1912-1951): Tibetan Silver Rupee (TBR)

National Holiday (to 1951): 7 Jul (1935)

Population: 1,700,000 (1947)

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Dali Lama's Birthday International Organizations/Treaties: 1912-1950 None; Govt. in Exile: UNPO (from 1991) Tibetan Buddhism c.600 842 - 1244 1244 - 1358 c.1642 - 2 2 Dec 1717 1720 24 Mar 1856 3 Aug 1904 7 Sep 1904

Dec 1717 - 1720 - 7 Sep 1904 - 23 Sep 1904

7 Sep 1904 - 1947 Apr 1906 - Feb 1908 24 Apr 1906 28 Oct 1912 Jan 1913 3 Jul 1914

7 Oct 1950 23 May 1951

Kingdom of Tibet State fragmented. Under Mongol rule. Under suzerainty of the Kochot Khanate. Under suzerainty of the Dörben Oyriad. Under suzerainty of the Qing (Chinese) Empire. Makes tributary payments to Nepal. British occupations of Lhasa. Convention of Lhasa accords Britain commercial agents in the Tibetan cities of Gyantse, Gartok and Yatung. Under British influence. British occupation of Lhasa and Chumbi valley. Britain recognizes Chinese suzerainty by Treaty of Peking. Dalai Lama rejects inclusion in the Republic of China. Nominally independent (Kingdom of Tibet), de jure still part of China (officially from 8 Mar 1913). By Convention of Simla, all of Tibet, Inner and Outer, recognized by Britain as "state under the suzerainty but not the sovereignty of China." Chinese invasion and occupation. Annexed by China (see Tibetan region)

Note: Although the dates are firm in the Tibetan calendar, the correspondence between the Tibetan and the Gregorian calendars is only approximate, as are, consequently, the dates given here. Khans (styled Protectors of Tibet) 1656 - 1670 Dayan Khan 1670 - 1700 Dalai Khan 1700 - 2 Dec 1717 Latsang Khan 2 Dec 1717 - 1720 Tsewang Rabdan Secular rulers (title Junwang, usually translated king)

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(d. 1717)

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11 Jan 1740 - 12 Mar 1747 1747 - 11 Nov 1750 Dalai Lamas 1679 - 1703 8 Dec 1697 - 27 Jun 1706

1703 - 1706 27 Jun 1706 - 1707 1707 - 1717 1717 - 1720 1720 - 1721 16 Oct 1720 - 22 Mar 1757

22 Mar 1757 - 29 Apr 1757 29 Apr 1757 - 28 Aug 1762 28 Aug 1762 - 19 Nov 1804 1804 -

5 Mar 1808

5 Mar 1808 - 26 Mar 1815 1815 - 28 Mar 1819

30 Mar 1819 -

6 Feb 1822

Pho-lha-nas bSod-nams-stobs-rgyas "Mi-dbang Pho-lha" Pho-lha-nas 'Gyur-med-rnam-rgyal "Ta-la'i-ba-dur"

(d. 1747) (d. 1750)

Sangs-rgye rgya-mtsho (Sangye Gyatso) (adminstrator to 1683, then regent) Rin-chen-blo-bzang-rig-'dzinstshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (6th Dalai Lama) (b. Ngag-dbang rin-chen -Regent (Ngawang rinchen) Vacant Ngag-dbang-ye-shes-rgya-mtsho (b. (usurping Dalai Lama) sTag-rtse-zhabs-drung -Regent (Taktse Shabdrung) Yan-xin -Chinese administrator rGyal-dbang-blo-bzang-bskalbzang-rgya-mtsho (7th Dalai Lama) (b. (ritually presumed to have ruled from Council of Ministers De-mo sprul-sku Ngag-dbang-'jam(d. dpal-bde-legs-rgya-mtsho -Regent Blo-bzang-'jam-dpal-rgya-mtsho (8th Dalai Lama) (b. Kun-bde-gling rTa-tshag-rje-drung- (d. sprul-sku Ye-shes-blo-bzangbstan-pa'i-mgon-po -Regent Blo-bzang-lung-rtogs-rgya-mtsho (9th Dalai Lama) (b. De-mo sPrul-sku Blo-bzang-thubbstan-'jigs-med-rgya(d. mtsho -Regent mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku (d. Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims

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1683 - d. 1706)

1681/5 - d. 1723)

1708 - d. 1757) 1708) 1770)

1758 - d. 1804) 1810)

1806 - d. 1815) 1819) 1844)

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6 Feb 1822 - 30 Sep 1837 30 Sep 1837 - 29 Sep 1841

29 Sep 1841 - 31 Jan 1856 31 Jan 1856 - 1856 1856 - 26 Feb 1858

26 Feb 1858 - 25 Apr 1875 25 Apr 1875 - 1875 1875 - 12 Feb 1878

12 Feb 1878 - 17 Dec 1933

30 Jul 1904 - 1910

23 Feb 1910 - 1913

17 Dec 1933 - Jan 1934 Jan 1934 - 25 Aug 1939

25 Aug 1939 -

(1st time) -Regent Blo-bzang-tshul-khrims-rgya-mtsho (10th Dalai Lama) (b. 1816 mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku (s.a.) Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims (2nd time) -Regent Blo-bzang-mkhas'-grub-rgya-mtsho (11th Dalai Lama) (b. 1838 Council of Ministers Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang(d. 1888) ye-shes-tshul-khrims-rgyalmtshan -Regent Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-'phrin-lasrgya-mtsho (12th Dalai Lama) (b. 1856 Council of Ministers Kun-bde-gling sPrul-sku rTa-tshagrje-drung-ngag-dbang-dpal-ldanchos-kyi-rgyal-mtshan -Regent Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-thub-bstanrgya-mtsho-'jigs-bral-dbang-phyugphyogs-las-rnam-rgyal (13th Dalai Lama) (b. 1876 (30 Jul 1904 - 25 Dec 1909 in Mongolia, later 25 Feb 1910 - Jun 1912 in exile in India) Ganden Tripa Rimpoche Lobzang Gyaltsen Lamashar - Administrator (for exiled Dalai Lama) Gaden Tripa Tsmoling Rimpoche Ngawang Lozang - Administrator (for exiled Dalai Lama) Council of Ministers Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Thub-bstan(b. 1911 'jam-dpal-ye-shes-rgyal-mtshan -Regent (regent [for the Dalai Lama to 16 Jan 1941]) rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbangblo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzin-

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d. 1837)

d. 1856)

d. 1875)

d. 1933) China exile;

d. 1947)

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16 Jan 1941 - 1950 31 Mar 1959 - Dec 1964

rgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama) (b. 1935) (Head of state Mar 1951 - Mar 1959) (from 31 Mar 1959 in exile [from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala, India]) Stag-brag ngag-dbang gsung-rab -Regent (Taktra Rimpoche Sungrab Ngawang) Bskal-bzang Tshe-brtan -Head of state (10th Panchen Lama) (b. 1938 - d. 1989)

Military Commander-in-chief Jan 1951 - Feb 1967 Zhang Guohua

Regents 1679 - 1705 1705 - 1706 1706 - 1717 1717 - 1720 Chinese Administrator 1720 - 1721 Regents 1721 - 1727 1727 - 1728

1728 1740 1750 1751 1757

-

1740 1750 1751 1757 1777

1777 - 1781 1781 - 1789 1789 - 1790

(b. 1914 - d. 1972)

A-bar Sans-rgyas rGya-mts'o Ngag-dban Rin-ch'en IHa-bzang Sa-skyong sTags-rTse-pa lHa-rgyal-rabbrtan Yan-xin K'an-tsen-nas bdSod-nams rGyal-po Triumvirate - Na-p'od-pa rDo-rje rGyal-po - Lum-pa-nas bKra-shis rGyal-po - sByar-ra-ba bLo-gros rGyal-po P'o-lha-nas bSod-nams-sLobs-rgas dGyur-med rNam-rgyal dGa'-bzhi Pandita (acting) Vacant De-mo Qutuqtu (Demo Trulku Jampel Delek) gNag-dban Ts'ul-k'rims (1st time) (Tsemoling Ngawang Tsultrim) Vacant rTa-ts'ag sPrul-sku Ye-'ses bLo-bzan bsTan-pa'i mGing-po

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(d. 1777) (d. 1791)

(d. 1810)

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1791 - Apr 1791 1791 - 1810

1811 - 1819

1819 - Sep 1844 1844 - May 1845

May 1845 - 1855

1855 - 1856 1856 - 1862 1862 - Sep 1864 1864 - 1872 1872 - 1875 1875 - 1886

1886 - 1895

1895 - 1913 1913 - 1934 Jan 1934 - Feb 1941

(1st time) (Tenpai Gonpo Kindeling) gNag-dban Ts'ul-k'rims (2nd time) rTa-ts'ag sPrul-sku Ye-'ses bLo-bzan bsTan-pa'i mGing-po (2nd time) De-mo bLo-bzan t'ub-bstan Jigs-med rGya-mts'o (Demo Thubten Jigme) gNag-dban Jam-dpal Ts'ul-k'rims (Jampel Tsultrim Tsemoling) Blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-nyi-ma (7th Panchen Lama) (Tenpai Nyima) gNag-dban Ye-'ses Ts'ul-k'rims rGyal-mts'an (1st time) (Yeshe Gyastso Rating) Vacant gNag-dban Ye-'ses Ts'ul-k'rims rGyal-mts'an (2nd time) bSad-sgra dBan-p'yug rGyal-po (Wangchuck Gyalpo Shatra) bLo-bzan mK'yen-rab dBang-p'yug (Khenrab Wangchuk Dedrug) Vacant gNag-dban dPal-ldan c'os-kyi rGyal-mts'an (Choskyi Gyaltsen Kundeling) gNag-dban bLo-bzan 'P'rin-las Rab-rgyas (Demo Trinley Rabgyas) Ganden Tripa Isomolin Rimpoch'e Vacant T'ub-bstan 'Jam-dpal Ye-'ses rGyal-mts'an (Rating Rimpoche = Jampal Yeshe)

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(s.a.) (s.a.)

(d. 1819)

(b. 1781 - d. 1854)

(d. 1864)

(d. 1886)

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Feb 1941 - Nov 1950

gNag-dban gSun-rab gRub-t'ob bsTan-pa' (Tatkra Rimpoche Ngawang Sungrab)

Presidents of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers [style Desi]) (usually serving jointly) 1862 - Sep 1864 bSad-sgra dBan-p'yug rGyal-po (d. 1864) (Wangchuck Gyalpo Shatra) 1864 - 1907 Post abolished 1907 - 1920 Changkhyim (d. 1920) 1907 - 1923 Paljor Dorje Shatra (d. 1923) 1907 - 1926 Sholkhang (d. 1926) 1926 - 1940 Silong Yakkyi Langdun 1950 - Apr 1952 Lozang Tashi

Chinese ambans (representatives of the emperors at the court of the Dalai Lama) 1709 - 1711 Ho Shou -Envoy 1720 - 1721 Yanxin -Military commandant 1721 - 1723 Ts'eban Norbu -Military commandant 1723 - 1724 Orai 1724 - 1726 Vacant 1726 Oci + Bandi 1727 - 1728 Sengko (1st time) -Envoy + Mai-u (2nd time) -Envoy 1728 - 1728 Jalangga -Military commandant 1728 - 1733 Sengko (2nd time) + Mailu (2nd time) 1733 - 1734 Qingbu 1733 - 1734 + Miyuser 1734 Nasutai (1st time) + Arxun 1734 - 1737 Nasutai (2nd time) 1737 - 1739 Hanggilu 1739 - 1741? Jishan (1s time)

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1742 1745 1747 1747 1748 1748 1749 1750 1750 1751 1751 1751

-

1752 1754 1757 1761 1764 1766 1767 1773 1775 1779 1780 1785 1786 1788 1788

-

1790 1790 1791 1791 1792 1792 1794

1745 1747 1748 1748

- 1749 - 1750

- 1751 - 1751 - 1752 1754 1757 1761 1764 1766 1767 1773 1775 1779 1780 1785 1786 1788 1789 1790

- 1791 -

1792 1793 1794 1799

Sopai (1st time) Fujing (1st time) Sopai (2nd time) Fujing (2nd time) Sopai (3rd time) Labdon (La-bu-dun) Jishan (2nd time) Fujing (3rd time) Jishan (3rd time) Bandi (1st time) Ts'ebin -Commissioner Bandi (2nd time) + rNamrgyal Duoerji Salashan Guanbao (1st time) Funai Aminertu (Amiletu) Guanbao (2nd time) Manggulai Wumitai Liubaozhu (1st time) Suolin Beqing'e Liubaozhu (2nd time) Yamantai Fozhi Shulian + Bazhong Pufu Bao-tai Kuilin Ehui Chengde Helin Songyun

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(d. 1750) (s.a.) (b. 1703 - d. 1750) (s.a.)

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1799 1803 1804 1805 1808 1811 1812 1814 1817 1820 1823 1827 1830 1833 1834 1835 1836 1839 1843 1847 1848 1852 1852 1854 1857 1862 1869 1872 1874 1879 1885 1886 1888 1893 1897 1902

-

1803 1804 1805 1808 1811 1812 1813 1817 1820 1823 1827 1830 1833 1834 1835 1836 1839 1842 1847 1848 1852

-

1854 1857 1862 1869 1872 1874 1879 1885 1888 1888 1892 1897 1902 1904

Yingshan Funing Ts'e-pa-k'e (Cebake) Yuning Wenbi Yangchun (Yangchun-bao) Hutuli Ximing Yulin Wen'gan (Wenning) Songting Huixian Xingke Longwen Wenwei Qinglu Guanshengbao Mengbao Qishan Binliang Mutenge Haimei Zhunling Hetehe Manqing Jing Wen Enlin Chengii Songgui Selenge Wenshi Wenshi Shengtai Kuihan Wenhai Yugang

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Page 42 sur 44 1904 - 1906 Yutai 1906 - 1912 Lianyu Chinese Special Envoys to Tibet 9 May 1912 - 2 Apr 1914 Zhong Ying 2 Apr 1914 - 16 May 1924 Lu Xingqi 2 Mar 1916 - 16 May 1924 Li Jiazhe (acting for Lu) British Agents (resident in Sikkim 1908-1937) 1902 - 1921 Charles A. Bell 1921 - 1928 Frederick Marshman Bailey 1928 - 1932 Leslie Weir 1932 - 1935 Frederick Williamson 1935 - 1937 Basil Gould Feb 1937 - 1940 Hugh Edward Richardson (1st time) 1943 - 1945 George Sheriff 1945 - 1947? Sir Basil J. Gould 1947 - 1950 Hugh Edward Richardson (2nd time) Indian Trade Agents 1950 Surendra Mohan Krishnatry 1950 - Jan 1951 S. Sinha

(b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b.

1870 1882 1883 1891 1883 1905

-

d. d. d. d. d. d.

1945) 1967) 1950) 1935) 1956) 2000)

(b. 1883 - d. 1956) (s.a.) (b. 1921)

Tibet Government in Exile

Dalai Lama 25 Aug 1939 -

rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbangblo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzinrgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama) (s.a.) (from 31 Mar 1959 in exile [from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala, India])

Chairmen of the Cabinet (Kalon Tripa)(in exile) 1959 - 1960 Jangsa Tsang

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Page 43 sur 44 1960 - 1965 1965 - 1970 1970 - 1975 1975 - 1980 1980 - 1985 1985 - May 1990 May 1990 - Jul 1991 Aug 1991 - Jan 1993 Feb 1993 - 4 Jun 1996 4 Jun 1996 - 5 Sep 2001 5 Sep 2001 -

Zurkhang Ngawang Gelek Shenkha Gurney Topgyal Garang Lobsang Rigzin Kunling Woeser Gyaltso Wangue Dorji Juchen Thupten Namgyal Kelsang Yeshi Gyalo Thondup Tenzin Namgyal Tethong Sonam Topgyal Samdhong Rinpoche

(b. 1910)

(b. 1905) (b. 1915 - d. 2000)

(b. 1928) (b. 1934) (b. 1939)

No political parties existed prior to the 7 Oct 1950 Chinese invasion.

©2000 Ben Cahoon

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