Wheat

Wheat

Presented By: Group E

Key Notes • Introduction & History – Zahir Gul • Production – • Uses – • Issues – Muhammad Waqas • Conclusion – Muhammad Waqas • Questions and Answers Session

Introduction & History • • • • •

Appox. 7500 years back Agriculture – Wheat Wild grass known as “Triticeae” Einkon and Emmer were the founders As food 1100B.C

Zahir

Introduction & History (Cont’d) • Native places Isreal, Turkey, Iraq and Persian Gulf • Bread wheat was in Nile Valley, India, China and England about back 5,000. By 4,000 BC • Wheat was introduced to by Spaniards around 1520 and to American Colonists in 1600 • Women played an important role

Zahir

Green Revolution • Time period 1960 – 1970 • Pakistan, India, Mexico and other developing countries • Based on years of scientific research • wheat production double in a few years • In 1970 Pakistan and India were awarded The Noble Prize

Zahir

Introduction & History (Cont’d) • Two Season of Wheat – Winter Wheat • Planted in Fall Season • Harvested in Summer

– Spring Wheat • Planted in Spring Season • Harvested in late Summer

Zahir

Introduction & History (Cont’d) • Two crops season – Rabi Crop • Planting period October – January • Harvested b/w April – June • Wheat, Gram, Tabacco, Rape seeds, Mustard etc.

– Kharif Crop • Planting period April – September • Harvested in October – March • Rice, Cotton, Maize, Sugarcane etc.

Zahir

Production •

Production – 220 million hectares area producing 725 million metric tons - average of 2700 kg/ha – Pakistan-top ten wheat producing countries why still importing – Spring wheat as a Rabi crop – Punjab (71.17 %) the Sindh (13.38 %) yield per acre in Sindh (2,410 kg) Punjab (2,316 kg). – Climatic and eco-zones of Pak, Mexico and Egypt – Why their yield is higher? – Mexican varieties in 60s – Pakistan =2325 Kg/ha, Egypt=6338 Kg/ha, Mexico=4752 Kg/ha

Production (Cont’d) •

Low yield factors and solutions – twelve production zones (disease prevalence, yield potential, cropping pattern and climatic factors – Factors of low yield – irrigated areas 80% rest in rain-fed – Delay in sowing (25 oct-15 dec) – Cultivation at optimum time – Prevalence of high intensity of weeds – Imbalance use of fertilizer – Weeds decline 15 to 40 per cent "Pohalli”

Production (Cont’d) •

Cultivation Methods – Crop rotation, weeding and chemical weedicides should be done – Weeds removal within 4-6 weeks of seeding – Recommended dose with 120 liters of water after first irrigation – Healthy, certified seeds – Chemical treatment- Benlate/Vitavax 200 at r 2.5 gms/kg seed – Well drained soil – early sowing and proper spacing(22-23 cm and 5-6deep) – For Good yield-20-22lakh per hectare use 100 to 125 kg seeds – 20-22 lakhs per hectare using 100-125 kg of seed

Production (Cont’d) •

Fertilizers – Storage – Nitrogenous and Phosphatic fertilizers 1:1 or 1:1-1/2. – Potassium sulphate =12-15 kgs potash/acre. – proper crop rotation and green manure – water requirements at tillering and between anthesis and grain formation , 4-6 irrigations – Harvesting 2-3 days earlier in case of semi dwarf improved varieties moisture is around 16-17 percent – Bring down moisture at 9-10 percent for storage – should be stored in proper clean stores in clean bags to avoid insect damage

Uses • Wheat (Staple food) – Wheat as staple food – Source of energy and strength – Number of dietary constituents – Red wheat, white wheat, bald wheat, beared wheat, summer wheat and winter wheat

Advantages and Disadvantages • • • • •

Necessary for a healthy metabolism, as it Prevents breast cancer ,gallstone, childhood asthma and heart risks Reduces risks of blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol. Antipyretic, antihydrotic, antibilious, sedative and having anticancer property Phyto nutrient which promotes better health through maintaining high blood level.

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Celiac disease (an autoimmune disorder) in the small intestine.

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Diarrhea and fatigue.

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Causes skin fungus

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Ergot causes convulsions and hyperexitibility

Miracles of Biotech – Procedures to increase yield resistant, high quality and growth – Nanobiotech to face biotic, abiotic stress – Resistant to diseases, salinity and water logging – Sarsabz – Soghat 90 – Jauhar 78( Pavon)

Diseases of Wheat – Diseases caused by bacteria, virus, parasitic fungus – Leaf rust, stem rust, dwarf bunt, karnal bunt, ergot, scab and barley yellow spot – Pests like sting bugs, cereal leaf beetle and leaf maggots

Uses (Cont’d)

Uses (Cont’d) • Advantages and Disadvantages on Environment • Free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) • Temperature above 30 Celsius • Environment friendly crop • Causes enrichment in air

• Monocrop leads to soil depletion, removal of minerals, and soil fertility. • Use of pesticide contaminates soil, underwater, air and beneficial microbes.

Issues

Waqas

Roti, Kapra aur Makan

Source: Geo News Web

Waqas

Issues • Zamindars System • Unskilled, Uneducated Labours • Price of Fertilizers – DAP (Diammonium phosphate) Rs 4,000 – Rs 3,100 – Urea Rs 1,120 – Rs 640

• Use of Banned and Unhealthy Seeds • Delay in Payments • Smuggling Waqas

Conclusion • • • •

Land reform Long term long to farmers Proper training and education Availability of seed, fertilizers and pesticides

Waqas

Conclusion (Cont’d) • On time Payments • Strong Checks on Smuggling • Follow the International Trends – Green Revolution – Organic Food

Waqas

Thank You for your time!

Questions and Answers