Variable Exercise

Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

_______________________________________________________________________ _ Scientific Skills :Variables Constant (same/fixed)

MANIPULATED ( different)

RESPONDING (result of experimen)

 Can be identified from: (a) Table (b) Graph (c) Statement (d) Diagram

ManipulatedResponding ManipulatedResponding

Example: (i)

Manipulated variable

Responding variable

Substance Distilled water Distilled water + common salt

(ii)

}

From table

Boiling Point /0C 100 ......................

Manipulated variable

Height of students (cm) Number of students

146-150

151-155

156-160

161-165

166-170

Responding variable

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

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 From graph (Responding ) Temperature

(Manipulated ) Time

 From statement: (1)

To study the effect of manipulated variable To study the effect of thickness of convex lens

on on

responding variable focal length

Example : (a)

Diagram (a) and (b) shows an experiment to compare the reactivity rate of metal L and metal M in dilute hydrochloric acid Same Dilute hydrochloric acid

Important points from statement Different Metal L and metal M

Result Reactivity rate

Constant variable

Manipulated variable

Responding variable

 Volume of hydrochloric acid Concentration of hydrochloric acid

 Type of metal

 Reactivity rate of metal

 From Diagram

Sterilize Cotton wool

Fresh milik

Sterilize Cotton wool

Fresh milk

Fresh water milk Distilled ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _roslainigc

Incubating Temperature 370C

Incubating temperature 00C

Incubating temperature 1000C

Incubating temperature 600C

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

_______________________________________________________________________ _ Constant variable Volume of fresh milk

Manipulated variable (incubating) temperature

Constant variable

Manipulated variable

 Volume of nutrient broth  Type of bacteria  Volume of bacteria culture

 Incubating temperature

Responding Variable  Condition of fresh milk  Growth of bacteria Responding variable  Cloudiness of mixture

Steps in writing variables: Parameter

of

materials

……………………….

of

nutrient broth

……………………….

of

yeast

………………………

of

metal

 Example:  Must write parameter for each variable  Apparatus is not considered as constant variables SOLID Mass of metal Thickness of wire Length of rod Type of nail Presence of salt Weight of substance Size of sponge Depth of dent

LIQUID Volume of culture solution Volume of hydrochloric acid Concentration of hydrochloric acid

GAS Volume of hydrogen

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

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SCIENTIFIC SKILLS EXERCISE: VARIABLES LATIHAN KEMAHIRAN SAINTIFIK : PEMBOLEHUBAH

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Table 3 shows the result of the reaction between 3.0 g of zinc metal with 100cm3 dilute hydrochloric acid. Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan bagi tindakbalas antara 3.0 g logam zink dengan 100cm3 asid hidroklorik cair. Time /minit Masa/minit Volume of gas/ cm3 Isipadu gas / cm3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

27

46

57

64

67

67

TABLE 3 JADUAL 3 Variable Pembolehubah Manipulated Responding

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Answer Jawapan

Table 5 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of temperatureon bacterial growth. Jadual 5 menunjukkan keputusan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan suhu ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria Temperature/0C Suhu/0C 0 15 25 35 60

Variable Pembolehubah Manipulated Responding

Size of bacteria colony after 24 hours Saiz koloni bakteria selepas 24 jam 2 5 10 15 3 TABLE 5 JADUAL 5 Answer Jawapan

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

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Diagram 7 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of different concentration of an antibiotic on bacterial growth. Rajah 7 menunjukkan keputusan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan antibiotik yang berbeza ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria Variable Pembolehubah Manipulated Responding

4

Answer Jawapan

Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the relationship between the thickness of convex lens with the focal length of the convex lens. Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji hubungan antara ketebalan kanta cembung dengan jarak fokus kanta cembung. Variable Pembolehubah Constant Manipulated Responding

Answer Jawapan

5

Kawasan jernih

Cakera antibiotik berkepekatan tinggi

Kawasan jernih

Bakteria Cakera antibiotik berkepekatan rendah

Variable Pembolehubah Manipulated Responding

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Answer Jawapan

Diagram shows an experiment to study the effect of pH on the growth of bacteria.

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

_______________________________________________________________________ _ Rajah menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan pH ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria

After two days, the

appearance of the mixture in each test tube is observed. Table 3 shows the result of this experiment. Selepas dua hari, keadaan campuran di dalam setiap tabung uji diperhatikan. Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen tersebut. Test tube Tabung uji P Q R

pH value nilai pH Acid (pH less than 7) Asid (kurang daripada 7) Alkali (pH more than 7) Alkali (pH lebih daripada 7) Neutral (pH 7)

Cloudiness of mixture Kekeruhan campuran Slightly cloudy Keruh sedikit Slightly cloudy Keruh sedikit Very cloudy Sangat keruh

Table 3 Jadual 3 Variable Pembolehubah Constant Manipulated Responding

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Answer Jawapan

Diagram 1.1 shows an experiment to study the pressure produced by metal blocks, P and Q of the same mass.

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

_______________________________________________________________________ _ Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji tekanan yang bongkah logam P dan Q yang mempunyai jisim yang sama.

Bongkah logam P

dihasilkan oleh

Bongkah logam Q

Plastisin

Figure 1.2 shows the effect on the plasticine when metal blocks P and Q were dropped. Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan kesan ke atas plastisin apabila bongkah logam P dan Q dijatuhkan. Lekuk P

Variable Pembolehubah Constant Manipulated Responding

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Lekuk Q

Answer Jawapan

Diagram 2(a) and 2(b) show an experiment to compare the reactivity of metal L and metal M with dilute hydrochloric acid. Rajah 2(a) dan 2(b) menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk membandingkan kereaktifan logam L dan logam M dengan asid hidroklorik cair

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

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Buret X

Asid hidroklorik cair 5 g logam L

Asid hidroklorik cair 5 g logam M

(a)

Write down one observation for the above experiment. Variable Pembolehubah Constant Manipulated Responding

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Answer Jawapan

Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.1 shows an experiment to study the reactivity of metals with dilute hydrochloric acid Rajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.1menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kereaktifan logam dengan asid hidroklorik cair Dilute hydrochloric acid Asid hidroklorik cair

Dilute hydrochloric Asid hidroklorik cair acid

Bubble Bubble Gelembung gas Gelembung gas ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _roslainigc

Zinc plate Plat zink

Magnesium plate Plat magnesium

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

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Dia Diagram 5.1 Rajah 5.1 Variable Pembolehubah Constant Manipulated Responding

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Diagram 5.2 Rajah 5.2 Answer Jawapan

Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 show an experiment to study the electrical conductivity of lead (II) bromide. Rajah 6.1 dan Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji Kekonduksian elektrik plumbum (II) bromida.

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

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Elektrod karbon

Elektrod karbon

Pepejal Plumbum (II) bromida

Diagram 6.1 Rajah 6.1

Elektrod karbon

Elektrod karbon

LeburanPlumbum (II) bromida

Panaskan Diagram 6.2 Rajah 6.2 Variable Pembolehubah Constant Manipulated Responding

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Answer Jawapan Diagram 8.1 Rajah 8.1

Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2 show an experiment to study the collision between trolleys of different masses with a plasticine block. Rajah 8..1 dan Rajah 8..2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji Perlanggaran antara troli yang berlainan jisim dengan bongkah plastisin

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Diagram 8.2 Rajah 8.2

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

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(b)(i)

What can you observe about the plasticine block after the collisin? Apakah yang dapat anda perhatikan pada bongkah plastisin selepas perlanggaran?

Variable Pembolehubah Constant Manipulated Responding

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Answer Jawapan

Diagrams 9.1(a) and 9.1(b) show an experiment to study the hardness of copper block and bronze block when the weights are dropped onto a steel ball. Rajah 9.1(a) dan 9.1(b) menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kekerasan blok kuprum dan blok gangsa apabila pemberat dijatuhkan ke atas bola keluli.

Weight Pemberat ( 5 kg ) ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _roslainigc

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

_______________________________________________________________________ _ Steel ball Bola keluli

Bronze block Blok gangsa Copper block Blok kuprum DIAGRAM 9.1(a) Diagram 9.1(a)

Diagram 9.1 (b)

The effects on the copper block and bronze block are shown in Diagram 9.2(a) and 9.2(b). Kesan pada blok kuprum dan blok gangsa ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 9.2(a) dan 9.2(b). Dent Lekukan

X

0.6 cm

Copper block Blok kuprum

Bronze block Blok Gangsa

DIAGRAM 9.2 (a)

DIAGRAM 9.2 (b)

object

Variable Pembolehubah Constant Manipulated Responding

Answer Jawapan

image

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Diagram 2(i) and Diagram 2(ii) shows the image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed at different distance. Diagram 2(i) Rajah 2(i)

object

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Diagram 2(ii) Rajah 2(ii)

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

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Variable Pembolehubah Constant Manipulated Responding

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Answer Jawapan

Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show an experiment to study the characteristics of an image formed by a pin hole camera. Rajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji ciri imej yang dibentuk oleh satu kamera lubang jarum.

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

_______________________________________________________________________ _ Diagram 5.1 Rajah 5.1

Diagram 5.2 Rajah 5.2

Variable Pembolehubah Manipulated Responding

Answer Jawapan

Answers Jawapan: 1 Variable Pembolehubah Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Answer Jawapan Time Masa Volume of gas Isipadu gas

Variable Pembolehubah

Answer Jawapan

2

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

_______________________________________________________________________ _ Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Temperature suhu Size of bacteria colony after 24 hours Saiz koloni bakteria selepas 24 jam

Variable Pembolehubah Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Answer Jawapan Concentration of antibiotic Kepekatan antibiotik Growth of bacteria Pertumbuhan bakteria

Variable Pembolehubah Constant Dimalarkan Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Answer Jawapan Size of convex lens Saiz kanta cembung Thickness of convex lens Ketebalan kanta cembung Focal length of convex length Jarak fokus kanta cembung

Variable Pembolehubah Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Answer Jawapan Concentration of antibiotic Kepekatan antibiotik Size of clear area Saiz kawasan jernih

Variable Pembolehubah Constant Dimalarkan Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Answer Jawapan Volume of nutrient broth// Volume of bacteria culture Isipadu kultur bakteria// Isipadu kultur bakteria pH of mixture pH campuran Cloudiness of mixture Kekeruhan campuran

Variable Pembolehubah

Answer Jawapan

3

4

5

6

7

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

_______________________________________________________________________ _ Constant Dimalarkan Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Mass of metal block Ketinggian bongkah logam Type of metal block Jenis bongkah logam Depth of dent Kedalaman lekuk

Variable Pembolehubah Constant Dimalarkan Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Answer Jawapan Mass of metal// Concentration of hydrochloric acid Jisim logam// Kepekatan asid hidroklorik Type of metal Jenis logam Volume of gas// reactivity of metal Isipadu gas // kereaktifan logam

Variable Pembolehubah Constant Dimalarkan Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Answer Jawapan Size of metal plate Saiz plat logam Type of metal Jenis logam Reactivity of metal// Number of bubble Kereaktifan logam// Bilangan gelembung gas

8

9

10 Variable Pembolehubah Constant Dimalarkan Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Answer Jawapan Mass of lead(II) bromide Jisim plumbum(II) bromida Physical state of lead (II) bromide Keadaan fizikal plumbum (II) bromida Ammeter reading // electrical conductivity of lead (II) bromide Bacaan ammeter// kekonduksian elektrik plumbum (II) bromida

11 Variable Pembolehubah

Answer Jawapan

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Variables

_______________________________________________________________________ _ Constant Dimalarkan Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Size of plasticine Saiz plastisin Mass of trolley Jisim troli Depth of dent Kedalaman lekuk

Variable Pembolehubah Constant Dimalarkan Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Answer Jawapan Mass of weight// size of steel ball Jisim pemberat// saiz bola keluli Type of block Jenis blok Depth of dent Kedalaman lekuk

Variable Pembolehubah Constant Dimalarkan Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Answer Jawapan Size of convex lens Saiz kanta cembung Distance of object Jarak objek Size of image Saiz imej

Variable Pembolehubah Manipulated Dimanipulasikan Responding Bergerakbalas

Answer Jawapan Distance of object Jarak objek Size of image Saiz imej

12

13

14

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