Hypothesis

Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Hypothesis

_______________________________________________________________________ _ SCIENTIFIC SKILLS: MAKING HYPOTHESIS KEMAHIRAN SAINTIFIK: MEMBUAT HIPOTESIS TIPS:

 In a hypothesis statement : Must have the relationship between manipulated variable   1

and responding variable No words such as :To study Hypothesis can be tested Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the relationship between the thickness of convex lens with the focal length of the convex lens. Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji hubungan antara ketebalan kanta cembung dengan jarak fokus kanta cembung. Convex lens

screen

Light rays from distant object

Diagram 1 Rajah 1 Result is shown in Table 1 Keputusan ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1 Thickness of lens Ketebalan kanta Focal length /cm Jarak fokus /cm

Thick Tebal 5.0

Medium Sederhana 10.0

Thin Nipis 15.0

Table 1 Jadual 1

(a)

State the hypothesis for this experiment. Nyatakan satu hipotesis untuk eksperimen ini. ....................................................................................................................

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Hypothesis

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Diagram 2(i) and Diagram 2(ii) shows the image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed at different distance. Rajah 2(i) dan Rajah 2(ii) menunjukkan imej yang dibentuk oleh satu kanta cembung apabila objek diletakkan pada jarak yang berbeza.

object

image

Diagram 2(i) Rajah 2(i)

object

image

Diagram 2(ii) Rajah 2(ii)

(a)

Based on Diagram 2(i) and Diagram 2(ii), state the hypothesis of the experiment Berdasar Rajah 2(i) dan Rajah 2(ii), nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini. ............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Hypothesis

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3.

Diagram 3 shows an experiment to study the quantity of carbon dioxide released during fermentation processian. Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kuantiti karbon dioxida yang dibebaskan semasa proses penapaian

buret

air Glukos + yis Diagram 3 Rajah 3 Table 2 shows the result of the experiment Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen. Time / Day Masa/ Hari Volume of gas/cm3 Isipadu gas / cm3

0

1

2

3

0

10

20

25

4

5 30

Table 2 Jadual 2

(a)

Base on Table 2, state one hypothesis for this experiment. Berdasarkan Jadual 2, nyatakan satu hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini. ..............................................................................................................................

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Hypothesis

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Diagram 4 shows an experiment to study the ductility of metal X and metal Y. Rajah 4 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji sifat kemuluran bagi logam X dan logam Y.

player

Metal X Result of the experiment is shown in Table 3 Diagram 4 Logam X

G-clamp Pengapit G

Keputusan eksperimen ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 3 Rajah 4 Type of metal Jenis logam

Length of metal (cm) Panjang logam (cm) Before pull After pull Sebelum ditarik Selepas ditarik

X

12

12.6

Y

12

12.8

Table 3 Jadual 3

(a)

State the hypothesis of this experiment. Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Hypothesis

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Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show an experiment to study the characteristics of an image formed by a pin hole camera. Rajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji ciri imej yang dibentuk oleh satu kamera lubang jarum.

Diagram 5.1 Rajah 5.1

(a)

Diagram 5.2 Rajah 5.2 State the hypothesis based on this experiment. Nyatakan hipotesis berdasarkan eksperimen ini. …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Hypothesis

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6.

Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 show an experiment to study the collision between trolleys of different masses with a plasticine block. Rajah 6.1 dan 6.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji perlanggaran antara troli yang berlainan jisim dengan satu blok plastisin

(c)

State the hypothesis of this experiment. Nyatakan satu hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini. …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

Diagram 6.1 Rajah 6.1

Diagram 6.2 Rajah 6.2

(a)

State the hypothesis based on this experiment. Nyatakan hipotesis berdasarkan eksperimen ini. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Hypothesis

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7.

Diagram 7 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of different concentration of an antibiotic on bacterial growth. Rajah 7 menunjukkan keputusan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan antibiotik yang berbeza ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria

Kawasan jernih

Cakera antibiotik berkepekatan tinggi

Kawasan jernih

Bakteria Cakera antibiotik berkepekatan rendah

Diagram 7 Rajah 7 (a)

State one hypothesis for this experiment Nyatakan satu hipotesis untuk eksperimen ini. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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In an experiment, the velocity of a toy car is recorded in Table 4. Di dalam suatu eksperimen, halaju kereta mainan direkodkan dalam Jadual 4 Time /s Masa/s 0 1 2 3 4 5

Velocity/ m/s Halaju / m/s 0 3 6 8 9 9

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Hypothesis

_______________________________________________________________________ _ Table 4 Jadual 4 (c)

State the hypothesis of this experiment. Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………….

9.

Diagram 9 shows an experiment to compare the elasticity of a natural rubber, (Rubber P) with a natural rubber that has been soaked in sulphur monochloride solution,(Rubber Q). Rajah 9 menunjukkan suatu eksperimen untuk membandingkan sifat kekenyalan getah asli,(Getah P) dengan getah asli yang telah dicelupkan ke dalam larutan sulfur monoklorida, (Getah Q)

gunting

Getah asli

Larutan sulfur monoklorida klip

Pemberat 500g

klip

Pemberat 500g

Selepas pemberat dan klip ditanggalkan

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Hypothesis

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State the hypothesis that can be made from this experiment. Nyatakan hipotesis yang boleh dibuat daripada eksperimen ini. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

10.

Diagram 10 shows an experiment carried out to study the effect of penicillin on bacterial growth Rajah 10 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan penisilin ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria

Agar-agar nutrien

Piring petri

Diagram 10 Rajah 10 Three penicillin discs P1,P2 and P3 with different concentrations are placed on the nutrient agar surface. The petri dish is incubated upside down at 370C. After two days, a clear area is formed around each dish. The diameter of the clear area is mesured and recorded in Table 5. Tiga cakera penisilin P1,P2 dan P3 dengan kepekatan yang berlainan diletakkan di atas permukaan agar-agar nutrien. Piring petri itu dieramkan dalam keadaan telangkup pada suhu 370C. Selepas dua hari, satu kawasan jernih terbentuk di disekelilig setiap cakera. Diameter kawasan jernih diukur dan dicatat seperti dalam Jadual 5 Penicillin disc Cakera penisilin Diameter of the clear area/cm Diameter kawasan jernih/cm

P1

P2

P3

1.5

2.4

2.0

Table 5 Jadual 5 (a)

What is the hypothesis of this experiment? Apakah hipotesis eksperimen itu? ………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Program Galus Sains SPM Basic Scientific Skills Exercise- Hypothesis

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Sampel Answers Sampel Jawapan 1

The thicker the convex lens, the shorter the focal length Semakin tebal kanta cembung, semakin pendek jarak fokus

2

The nearer the distance of object , the bigger the size of image Semakin dekat jarak objek, semakin besar size imej

3

As the time increases, the volume of gas increases Semakin masa meningkat, isipadu gas meningkat

4

Metal X is less ductile than metal Y Logam X adalah kurang mulur berbanding logam Y

5

As the distance of object is further, the size of image is smaller. Semakin jauh jarak objek, semakin kecil size imej

6

As the mass of the trolley is heavier, the depth of dent is deeper is formed Semakin bertambah jisim troli, semakin dalam lekuk yang terbentuk

7

The higher the concentration of antibiotic, the less the growth of bacteria Semakin bertambah kepekatan antibiotik, semakin kurang pertumbuhan bakteria

8

As the time increases, the velocity of the toy car increases Semakin bertambah masa, semakin bertambah halaju kereta mainan

9

Rubber Q is more elastic than rubber P Getah Q adalah lebih elastic/kenyal daripada getah P

10

As the concentration of antibiotic increases, the diameter of clear area is bigger Semakin bertambah kepekatan antibiotik, diameter kawasan jernih semakin besar

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