Varel-2007

PASCASARJANA UI - SEMESTER GANJIL 1998

MATERI PENUNJANG KULIAH

STATISTIK HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL BAGIAN II VALIDITAS DAN RELIABILITAS PENGUKURAN CITRA INDONESIA DALAM STATISTIK

DEDY N. HIDAYAT

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

SEMESTER GANJIL 2007-2008

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PASCASARJANA UI - SEMESTER GANJIL 1998

INDONESIA DALAM STATISTIK 16 Sep 98 SPSS for MS WINDOWS Release 6.0

DEGREE OF CENSORSHIP CHINA HONG KONG INDONESIA JAPAN MALAYSIA PHILIPPINES SINGAPORE SOUTH KOREA TAIWAN THAILAND VIETNAM

8.22 3.95 7.07 5.07 7.30 3.80 7.11 7.47 3.75 4.36 9.33

Page 6

CORRUPTION

TRANSPARENCY

STRESS LEVEL

OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

6.97 2.74 8.95 5.00 5.38 7.17 1.43 7.12 5.20 8.29 8.25

8.2 5.0 7.4 6.3 6.7 4.4 7.0 6.1 6.5 9.5

6.7 6.8 6.6 5.6 6.8 6.5 8.2 5.5 7.8 8.5

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC RISK CONSULTANCY, LTD. ( http://www.asiarisk.com ) : Grades are scaled from zero to 10, with zero representing the best situation possible and 10 the worst. A five is supposed to represent an average situation.

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CORRUPTION IN ASIA 1998 THE SURVEY • Posted a question in Internet Web site ( http://www.asiarisk.com ) for two months • Sent questionnaires to expatriates and company managers in the region • N = 427 expatriates and company managers THE QUESTION

“To what extent does corruption exist in a way that detracts from the business environment for foreign companies?” 0 1 • • No problem

2 •

3 •

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4 •

5 6 7 • • • Average problem

8 •

9 •

10 • Very serious problem

3

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PASCASARJANA UI - SEMESTER GANJIL 1998

WORDING EFFECTS IN REFERENDUM Mayority “Yes” over “No” among voters ( % ) Should the United Kingdom come out of the Common Market?

The Government recommends the acceptance of the renegotiated terms of British membership of the Common Market. Should the United Kingdom stay in the Common Market? Her Mayesty’s government believes that the nation’s best interests would be served by accepting the favourably negotiated terms of our continued membership of the Common Market. Should the United Kingdom stay in the Common Market Valid-reliable-hi/10/28/2008

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+ 10.8 + 11.2

+ 16.2

Source: Butler and Kitzinger (1976; p.60)

16 Sep 98 SPSS for MS WINDOWS Release 6.0

Page 6

RANKING INDONESIA : CIVIL LIBERTIES - POLITICAL RIGHTS FREEDOM CNTRY Mexico SKorea Thailand India Singapore Egypt Philippine Malaysia Chile Bangladesh Saudi Indonesia Pakistan

- POLYARCHY - HUMAN

RCIVLIB8

RPOLRIG8

RPOLY85

RHDI87

RHFI85

43.0 33.5 33.5 33.5 52.0 43.0 33.5 52.0 43.0 52.0 69.0 52.0 33.5

41.0 31.5 41.0 31.5 45.5 50.5 31.5 45.5 50.5 45.5 61.5 50.5 41.0

18.0 18.0 8.5 8.5 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 25.0 25.0 43.5 25.0 28.5

29.0 24.0 38.0 61.0 25.5 55.0 45.0 34.0 22.0 67.0 46.0 52.0 62.0

36.0 38.5 38.5 38.5 45.0 45.0 49.0 na 53.5 58.0 60.0 62.5 62.5

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China Libya

62.0 62.0 N

=

Number of cases read:

71.0 71

61.5 61.5

43.5 43.5

71.0

Number of cases listed:

44.0 43.0

45.0

71.0

66.5 68.0 71.0

71

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX UNDP (1996), Human Development Report 1995. New York: Oxford University Press

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT a process of enlarging people’s choices . . . to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire knowledge and to have access to the resources needed for a descent standard of living.

LONGEVITY

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EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

STANDARD OF LIVING

7

LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH INDEX (25-65 YRS)

ADULT LITERACY INDEX - 2/3 weight ( 0% - 100%)

COMBINED ENROLL-MENT RATIO INDEX 1/3 weight (0% 100%)

REAL GDP PER CAPITA (PPP$) $100 - $40.000

Index = Actual X value - Minimum X value Maximum X value - Minimum X value

HUMAN FREEDOM INDEX HFI disusun sebagai suatu Summative Rating Scale (Likert-type Scale) berdasarkan 40 indikator, a.l., kebebasan untuk menyatakan pendapat, melakukan oposisi, menentukan pasangan, kebebasan dari penganiayaan, dsb. oleh Charles Humana (1986). INDICATORS

4 Respect for rights or freedom

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3 Some violations or infringement s

2 Substantial violation

1 Continuous or total denial

8

Rights to: 03. To assembly Freedom from: 07. Unlawful detention Freedom for: 19. Political opposition Personal Rights 40. Homosexuality HUMAN FREEDOM INDEX (HFI): Dalam laporan tahunan UNDP, Human Development Report 1991, mempergunakan data Human Rights Rating yang disusun oleh Charles Humana (World Human Rughts Guide 1986).

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POLYARCHY INDEX Indeks Polyarchy dikembangkan sebagai Cummulative Rating Scale (Guttman-type Scale). Mengukur pluralisme politik berdasarkan keberadaan perangkat tatanan kelembagaan yang memungkinkan dan menjamin adanya oposisi publik dan hak untuk berpatisipasi dalam proses-proses politik . . . the set of institutional arrangements that permits public opposition and establishes the right to participate in politics (Coppedge and Reinicke, 1993; p.47).

CONCEPT

POLYARC HY

DIMENSI ONS

INDICATORS

FREE & FAIR ELECTION

1.No meaningful election are held 2.Marred by fraud and coercion 3.Meaningful fair election

FREEDOM OF ORGANIZA TION

1.All organizations are banned or controlled 2.Only nonpolitical organizations are allowed 3. Some independent political organizations are banned 4.Full freedom for political organization

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSIO N

1.All public dissent is suppressed 2.Some public dissent is supressed 3.Full freedom of expression

AVAILABILI TY OF

1.No public alternative to official information

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ALTERNATI VE INFO SOURCES

2.Alternative sources exist only for nonpolitical issues 3.There is preferential presentation of official views in the media 4.No preferential presentation of official views in the media

Disusun berdasarkan: Coppedge and Reinicke (1993) “Measuring Polyarchy”. In Inkeles, Inkeles, Alex (Ed.), On Measuring Democracy: Its Cosequences and Concomitants. New Brunswick, London: Transaction Publishers; pp. 47-68.

POLITICAL RIGHTS - CIVIL LIBERTIES Dua Indeks yang sebagai kombinasi dimaksudkan untuk menentukan tingkat kehidupan demokrasi. Suatu Summative Rating Scale (Likert-type Scale) yang dikembangkan oleh Raymond Gastil, berdasarkan 11 indikator Political Rights dan 14 indikator Civil Liberties ( lihat “The Comparative Survey of Freedom: Experiences and Suggestions”. In Inkeles, Inkeles, Alex (Ed.), On Measuring Democracy: Its Cosequences and Concomitants. New Brunswick, London: Transaction Publishers; pp. 21-46.).

Sample Checklist for Political Rights 1. Chief authority recently elected by a meaningful process 2. Legislature recently elected by a meaningful process Alternatives for 1 and 2: a. No choice and possibility of rejection b. No choice but some possibility of rejection c. Government or single-party selected candidates d. Choice possible only among governmentapproved candidates pascasarjana universitas indonesiadedy n. hidayat

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e. Relatively open choices possible only in local elections f. Open choice possible within a restricted range g. Relatively open choices possible in all elections Sample Checklist for Civil Liberties 17. Free from unjustified political terror or imprisonment 18. Free trade unions, peasant organizations, or equivalent 19. Free businesses or cooperatives

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Contoh Beberapa Instrumen Pengukuran Dalam Penelitian Komunikasi Rubin, B. Rebecca, Philip Palmgreen, and Howard E. Sypher. (2006). Communication Research Measures: A sourcebook. Mahwah, New Jersey, London: Lawrence Erlbaun Associates, Pub.

• • • • • •

News credibility index Parasocial interaction scale Organizational Communication Conflict Instrument Source credibility scale Television Affinity scale Verbal aggressiveness scale

Verbal aggresivenes

“ a personality trait that predisposes persons to attack the self-concepts of other people, instead of, or in addition to, their posisition on topics of communication” (Infante & Wigley, 1986, p. 61).

Twenty items Likert-type statements on 1 – 5 scale (almost neber tru, rarely true, occasionally true, often true, almost always true), e.g. : 1.

I am extremely careful to avoid attacking individuals’s intelligence when I attack their ideas.

2.

When I dislike individuals greatly, I try not to show it in what I say or how I say it

Reliability 0.81 Validity :

:

Homogeneity - Cronbach’s Alpha

Concurrent validity Positive correlation - Assault & Verbal Hostility Index Negative correlation – Social Desirability pascasarjana universitas indonesiadedy n. hidayat

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MEASUREMENT RESULTS: variances/scores differences SOURCES OF VARIANCES/ SCORES DIFFERENCES (Singleton, 1988; p.112; Selltiz, et.al., pp. 164-169)

TRUE DIFFERENCES

RANDOM ERRORS

SYSTEMATIC ERRORS

differences in the concept the measure intended to measure (Singleton, 1988); differences in the characteristics we are attempting to measure (Selltiz, 1976).

measurement errors due to random or chance factors: (Singleton, 1988) or transient aspects of the person, of the situation of measurement, or of the measurement procedures that are likely to vary from one act of measurement to the next, even though the characteristics we are trying

biases inherent in the method or operational definition (Singleton,198 8); is an error introduced into the measurement by some factor that systematically affects the characteristics being measured or the process of measurement (Selltiz, et el., 1976)

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to measure has not changed. (Selltiz, 1976) Measurement errors

X=T+ S + R

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MEASUREMENT ERRORS

RANDOM ERRORS

SYSTEMATIC ERRORS

Kesalahan yang terjadi secara sistematis, antara lain bersumber dari faktor-faktor yang inherent dalam alat ukur atau definisi operasional konsep yang diukur.

• Kesalahan yang terjadi secara random/acak, akibat kondisi, proses, atau variasi prosedur pengukuran yang dilakukan.

•

• Membias secara acak ke berbagai arah kemungkinan

• Membias ke satu arah kemungkinan tertentu

RELIABILITY

VALIDITY

Tingkatan sejauh mana pengukuran yang dilakukan memperoleh hasilyang konsisten (antar waktu, antar

Tingkatan sejauh mana pengukuran yang dilakukan benarbenar mengukur konsep yang semula akan diukur

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pengamat, antar indikator, dsb.)

The consistency of a measure (Bailey, 1987)

The degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure (Borg & Gall; 1971)

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

• A MEASURE CAN BE RELIABLE BUT INVALID • RELIABILITY IS A NECESSARY CONDITION FOR VALIDITY

LOW RELIABILITY LOW VALIDITY •

•

•

• HIGH RELIABILITY • • LOW VALIDITY • •

• • •• •• •

LOW RELIABILITY HIGH VALIDITY???

HIGH RELIABILITY HIGH VALIDITY pascasarjana universitas indonesiadedy n. hidayat

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FACE - in the judgment of others

CONTENT Pre-data Validity

SAMPLING - capture the entire dimensions

CONCURRENT preexisting criterion VALIDITY

MEASUREMENT QUALITY

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CRITERION Data-based -Validity

PREDICTIVE criterion

- predicted

CONVERGENT - similar construct CONSTRUCT Data-based Validity

DIVERGENT construct

- opposing

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RELIABILITY

STABILITY

OVER TIME

EQUIVALEN CE

OVER ALTERNATE / RATER

HOMOGENE OVER INDICATORS ( internal consistency) ITY Sources: Allen and Yen (1979); Seltiz et al.(1986); Sekaran (1992)

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VALIDITY CONTENT/ APPARENT VALIDITY

FACE VALIDITY

. . . in the judgment of others -

Kesepakatan pakar tentang sejauh mana definisi operasional/ indikator yang dipergunakan suatu instrumen benar-benar mengukur konsep yang ingin diukur LOGICAL/SAMPLING VALIDITY . . . capture the entire dimensions Kesepakatan pakar tentang sejauh mana definisi operasional/ indikator-indikator suatu instrumen mewakili keseluruhan dimensi konsep yang diukur

CRITERIONRELATED VALIDITY Pragmatic validity

CONCURRENT VALIDITY

correlatred with a preexisting criterion - distinguish objects that differ in their present status - tingkat sejauh mana hasil pengukuran berkorelasi dengan pengukuran konsep lain atau kondisi tertentu yang diasumsikan sebagai kriteria (e.g.: Kemampuan Index of Democracy menempatkan AS dan Korut dalam kategori berbeda) PREDICTIVE VALIDITY

correlated with future/predicted condition - distinguish objects that will differ in the future . Tingkat sejauh mana hasil pengukuran suatu konsep mampu memprediksi keadaan di masa datang (Contoh: Indeks Liberalisasi Ekonomi 1980 dan Indeks Demokratisasi 1990) CONSTRUC T VALIDITY Theoryrelated validity

CONVERGENT VALIDITY

positively correlated with similar constructs Tingkat sejauh mana hasil pengukuran suatu konsep ber-hubungan positif dengan hasil

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pengukuran konsep lain yang secara teoretis harus sama (e.g.: Index Human Freedom Index dan Civil Liberties Index) DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY

uncorrelated or negatively correlated with opposing construct - Tingkat sejauh

mana hasil pengukuran suatu konsep berbeda (tidak berkorelasi / berkorelasi negatif) dengan pengukuran konsep lain yang secara teoretis harus berbeda (Contoh: Human Freedom Index dan Totalitarianism Index)

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RELIABILITY The consistency of a measure (Bailey, 1987)

STABILITY

OVERTIME RELIABILITY: Konsistensi hasil pengukuran dari waktu ke

waktu

RELIABILITY RATERS RELIABILITY:

EQUIVALENCE

OVER-ALTERNATE/OVER-

Konsistensi suatu hasil pengukuran dengan hasil pengukuran lain yang serupa, atau dengan hasil pengukuran yang dilakukan oleh pengamat/peneliti lain (memakai instrumen yang sama)

HOMOGENEITY CONSISTENCY: pascasarjana universitas indonesiadedy n. hidayat

OVER-INDICATORS/INTERNAL

Konsistensi hasil-hasil pengukuran antar tiap 24

indikator dalam suatu instrumen pengukuran

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Estimasi Reliabilitas Pengukuran RELIABILITY The consistency of a measure (Bailey, 1987)

HOMOGENEITY

STABILITY

EQUIVALENCE

Internal consistency Test-retest reliability Alternate and parallel forms (wording, order, etc.)

rX1X2

X1 = pengukuran versi1 X2 = pengukuran versi2

rX1X2

X1 = pengukuran t1 X2 = pengukuran t2

rX1X2

X1 = hasil pengukuran belahan 1 X2 = hasil pengukuran belahan 2

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Estimasi Reliabilitas Pengukuran KOEFISIEN RELIABILITAS 1.Stability

coefficient 2.Equivalence

coefficient

3.Internal

PROSEDUR PENGUMPULAN DATA • Test1 - tunggu - test2 pada subjek yang sama

PENGHITUNGAN KOEFISIEN • Hitung Pearson’s r coefficient antara skor test1 dengan skor test2

• Test versi1 - tunggu - test • Hitung Pearson’s versi2 coefficient antara skor test versi1 dengan skor test versi2 •

consistency coefficient (homogeneity atau unidimensionality) •

Homogeneity: Test kemudian belah skor hasil test menjadi dua bagian

• Hitung Spearman-Brown coefficient atau Cornbach’s alpha coefficient (dsb.) antara skor belahan1 dengan skor belahan2 Unidimesionality: Khusus • Hitung Coefficient of untuk Guttman-type Reproducibility

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scale (cummulative rating scale): hitung pola jawaban yang “salah”

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INTERNAL CONSISTENSY HOMEGENEITY ESTIMATES

Split-half reliability coefficients: • Spearman-Brown coefficient rX1X2 =

2 rY1Y2 _____________ 1 + rY1Y2

rX1X2 = reliabilitas pengukuran seluruhnya rY1Y2 = korelasi antara skor belahan 1 dan 2 • Cronbach's alpha rX1X2 =

2 [ s2 - ( s2Y1 + s2Y2 ) ] ______________________ s2Y1Y2

rX1X2 = reliabilitas pengukuran seluruhnya s2Y1 = varians skor belahan 1 s2Y2 = varians skor belahan 2

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Estimasi Unidimensionality - internal consistency SKALA RATING KUMULATIF GUTTMAN COEFFICIENT OF REPRODUCIBILITY: . . . the percentage of original responses that could be reproduced by knowing the scale scores to summarize them (Babbie, 1992; p.186). Contoh penghitungan coefficient of reproducibility skala Jarak Sosial INDICATORS:

A. Are you willing to permit Albanians to live in your community? B. Are you willing to permit Albanians to live in your neighbothood? C. Would you let your child marry an Albanian? Observatio n pattern Scale types

Mixed types

No. of Perso ns

Index score s

Scale scores

YE S 1

NO

1

0

1

0

0

Total scale errors

a

b

c

1

1

1

10

3

3

0

1 1 0 1

1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

7 2 8 1

2 1 0 2

2 3 0 3

0 0 0 3

0

1

0

4

1

2

8

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0 1

0 0

1 1

12 7 44

1 2

number of CoR =

3 2

36 14 61

errors

1number of cases x

number of

item

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Internal Consistency / Homogeneity Pengukuran Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient

Spearman-Brown coefficient 2 rY1Y2

N∑ xy - (∑x) (∑y) rxy =

rxy =

[ N∑x2 - (∑x)2 ] [ N∑

1

y2 - (∑y)2 ]

NEGARA A B C D E F G H I J K L

Skor belahan 1 (X) 14 15 4 13 12 3 14 15 4 13 12 3

Skor belahan 2 ( Y)

X2

+ rY1Y2

Y2

XY

14 14 5 12 14 4 14 14 5 12 14 4 ∑X2

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∑Y2

∑XY

32

CIVIL LIBERTIES INDEX

Countries A B C D E F A B C D E F

Indicators 1

2

3

Total Indicators 1st 4 5

5 5 1 4 5 1 5 5 1 4 5 1

4 5 1 5 4 1 4 5 1 5 4 1

5 5 2 4 3 1 5 5 2 4 3 1

14 15 4 13 12 3 14 15 4 13 12 3

Countries A B C D E F A B C D E F

5 4 1 5 5 1 5 4 1 5 5 1

4 5 1 3 4 1 4 5 1 3 4 1

6

Total Grand 2nd Total

5 5 3 4 5 2 5 5 3 4 5 2

14 14 5 12 14 4 14 14 5 12 14 4

Total 1st

Total 2nd

Grand Total

14 15 4 13 12 3 14 15 4 13 12 3

14 14 5 12 14 4 14 14 5 12 14 4

28 29 9 25 26 7 28 29 9 25 26 7

28 29 9 25 26 7 28 29 9 25 26 7

Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient

N∑ xy -

(∑x) (∑y)

rxy = [ N∑x2 - (∑x)2 ] [ N∑y2 - (∑y)2 ] ∑xy rxy

=

N

(x)(y) Sx Sy

Coefficient of determination r2 . . . the proportion of the variability among the y scores that can be accounted for by the variability among the x scores (Sprinthall; 1982) rxy = 0.70

rxy2 = 0.49

49% of the information about y is contained in x

Equivalence Dua Versi Pengukuran Test COUNTRIES A 150.00 B 90.00 C 113.75 D 8.75 E 20.00 F 33.75 G 75.00 N=7

Test Versi1 (X) (Y)

Versi2 X2

Y2

40

3.75

1600

14.06

30

3.00

900

9.00

35

3.25

1225

10.56

5

1.75

25

3.06

10

2.00

100

4.00

15

2.25

225

5.06

25

3.00

625

9.00

∑X= 160

∑Y= 19.00

∑X2= 4700

XY

∑X2= 54.74 XY= 491.25

Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient N∑ xy - (∑x) (∑y) rxy = 0.98

= [ N∑x2 - (∑x)2 ] [ N∑y2 - (∑y)2 ]

Statistical significance ∝ = 0.05 df = n - 2 = 5 rc0.05;5 = 0.74

critical value

r xy = 0.98 > rc0.05;5 H 0)

significant ( reject

Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient

COUNTRIES A

HDI

HFI

(X)

(Y)

X2

Y2

40

3.75

1600

14.06

30

3.00

900

9.00

35

3.25

1225

10.56

5

1.75

25

3.06

10

2.00

100

4.00

15

2.25

225

5.06

25

3.00

625

9.00

XY

150.00 B 90.00 C 113.75 D 8.75 E 20.00 F 33.75 G 75.00 N=7

∑X= 160 XY= 491.25

∑Y= 19.00 ∑X2= 4700 ∑X2= 54.74

Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient N∑ xy rxy =

(∑x) (∑y)

= 0.98 [ N∑x - (∑x) ] [ N∑y - (∑y) ] 2

2

2

2

Statistical significance ∝ = 0.05 df = n - 2 = 5 rc0.05;5 = 0.74 r xy = 0.98 > rc0.05;5 ( reject H 0)

critical value significant

Interpretasi Kekuatan Hubungan XY Berdasarkan Koefisien Pearson r XY Guilford (1980): r XY

interpretasi

< 0.20 lemah sekali; hampir bisa diabaikan 0.20 - 0.40

lemah

0.40 - 0.70

cukup kuat / moderat

0.70 - 0.90

kuat

0.90 - 1.00

amat kuat

Strength ≠ Statistically significant

Human Civil Freedom Liberties (X) (Y) X2

Country Sweden Denmark USA Cuba Iraq Japan S.Korea N.Korea Singapore Philippine Thailand Malaysia Indonesia XY=

98 98 90

7 7 7 24

19

2 1

88 59 17 59 44 57 53 36 ∑X=

Y2

7 5 1 3 5 5 3 3

∑Y=

∑X2=

∑X2=

Pearson’s r Correlation Coefficient N∑ xy rxy =

(∑x) (∑y)

XY

[ N∑x2 - (∑x)2 ] [ N∑y2 - (∑y)2 ]

- -

Correlation Coefficients

HFI85 HFI85

- -

HDI87

CIVLIB88

POLRIG88

POLY85

GNP6588

-

HDI87

.6130 ( 68) P= .000

-

CIVLIB88

.8142 ( 68) P= .000

.7174 ( 71) P= .000

POLRIG88

.7612 ( 68) P= .000

.6706 ( 71) P= .000

.9284 ( 71) P= .000

POLY85

.7102 ( 42) P= .000

.4652 ( 45) P= .001

.8295 ( 45) P= .000

.7830 ( 45) P= .000

GNP6588

.1118 ( 68) P= .364

.3144 ( 71) P= .008

.1674 ( 71) P= .163

.2306 ( 71) P= .053

17 Sep 98 SPSS for MS WINDOWS Release 6.0

-

-

-

.2514 ( 45) P= .096 Page 2

-

RELIABILITY

ANALYSIS

-

SCALE

(A L P H A)

Reliability Coefficients N of Cases

=

86.0

Alpha

=

.9759

RELIABILITY

N of Items = 40

ANALYSIS

-

SCALE

(S P L I T)

Reliability Coefficients N of Cases =

86.0

N of Items = 40

Correlation between forms =

.9647

Equal length Spearman-Brown =

.9820

Guttman Split-half =

.9791

Unequal-length Spearman-Brown =

.9820

.9583

20 Items in part 2 Alpha for part 2 =

.9454

20 Items in part 1 Alpha for part 1 =

VALIDITY – RELIABILITY (POSITIVISTIC) QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Traditional criteria for Judging Quantitative Research • • • •

internal validity external validity reliability Objectivity

Alternative Criteria for Judging Qualitative Research • • • •

credibility transferability dependability confirmability

Source: //www.socialresearchmethods.net

• credibility • transferability • dependability • confirmability

Hasil pengamatan dapat dipercaya dari perspektif dari partisipan penelitian Hasil pengamatan bisa digeneralisasi ke konteks atau setting lain yang comparable Hasilkan pengamatan sama dengan hasil pengamatan ulang, dlm setting serupa Hasil pengamatan bisa dikonfirmasi oleh pengamatan lain

VALIDITY IN (Positivistic) QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (Burke Johnson. 1998. Examining the Validity Structure of Qualitative Research)

• Descriptive Validity

Tingkat akurasi factual pengamatan yang dilakukan peneliti

• Interpretive Validity

Tingkat sejauhmana pandangan, pemikiran, maksud, dan pengalaman partisipan difahami, diamati dan dilaporkan oleh peneliti

• Theoretical Validity

Tingkat sejauhmana suatu eksplanasi teori yang dibangun berdasarkan penelitian sesuai dengan data empiric, dan dapat dipercaya.

• Internal Validity

Tingkat sejauhmana ekplanasi (kausalitas atau proses kausal) yang dilakukan bisa dibenarkan

• External Validity

Tingkat sejauhmana hasil pengamatan bisa digeneralisasi ke subjek, setting, dan waktu lain.