Vaaksudha Final For Press Oct 17 To Sep 2018.pdf

DELMUL/2016/69323

o " k Z& 5 ] l a; qD r k ad ( v ad 1 4 l s1 7 ) ] v D V wc j 2 0 1 7 & f l r E c j 2 0 1 8 )

o"kZ % 5 vad % la;Dq rkad (vad 14 ls 17) vDVwcj 2017&flrEcj 2018 ISSN 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k VAAK SUDHA (vUrjkZ"Vªh; =kSekfld 'kks/ if=kdk) (A Scholarly Peer Reviewed Journal)

fo'ks"k lwpuk % fopkj dh izfrc¼rk esa jk"Vªfgr loksiZ fj gSA

laj{kd %

izk-s nyohj flag pkSgku iwoZ vè;{k] laLd`r&foHkkx] ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] cks/ x;k

:is'k dqekj pkSgku Lokeh] eqæd] izdk'kd ,oa lEiknd }kjk 47] CykWd ,&3] xyh ua- 5] /eZijq k ,DlVs'a ku] fnYyh&43 ls izdkf'kr ,oa MkWfYiQu fizVa ksxkz fiQDl] 4bZ@7] ikcyk fcfYaMx] >aMos kyku~ ,DlVs'a ku] ubZ fnYyh }kjk eqfærA nwjHkk"k la[;k&09555222747] 09540468787] 0991158532] 09266319639 Email: [email protected] • Website : www.vaaksudha.com

izdk'kukFkZ lwpuk · ys[kd ls vuqjks/ gS fd 'kks/&i=k okWdeSu pk.kD; 905 ;k Øqfrnso iQkWUV esa oMZ ;k istesdj esa Vkbi (VÄï.k) djkdj 'kks/&if=kdk ds bZ&esy ij izsf"kr djsaA · 'kks/&ys[k fgUnh] vaxzsth vFkok laLd`r Hkk"kk esa U;wure 1500 'kCn ,oa vf/dre 5000 'kCn rd ekU; gS rFkk blds lkFk ys[kd dk in&uke ds lkFk Lo;a dh iQksVks (Nfo&fp=k) vR;Ur vfuok;Z gSA · izdk'kukFkZ izkIr ys[k lykgdkj ifj"kn~ ,oe~ laiknd e.My dh vuqefr ds i'pkr~ Lrjh; gksus ij gh izdkf'kr gksxkA · ys[k esa ;fn fp=k dk iz;ksx gqvk gS rks mls Hkh vo'; izsf"kr djsaA · ^oko~Q lq/k* fdlh Hkh rjg ds ijke'kZ dk Lokxr djrh gS] blfy, viuh izfrfØ;k vo'; nsaA · ;g Li"V fd;k tkrk gS fd 'kks/ i=k esa izLrqr rF; 'kks/ ys[kd osQ vius fopkj gSa rFkk blesa lykgdkj ifj"kn~ ,oa lEiknd e.My osQ fopkjksa dh mn~Hkkouk Li"Vr% ugha gSA vr% blds fy, 'kks/&ys[kd Lo;a mÙkjnk;h gSA · 'kks/&if=kdk dh fdlh Hkh lkexzh dks izdk'kd ,oa eqnzd dh tkudkjh osQ fcuk vU;=k izdk'ku vuqfpr gksxkA · vkxkeh vÄï esa izdk'kukFkZ ys[k vkeaf=kr gSaA ;fn vki ys[k Vkbi djk dj Hkstus esa vleFkZ gSa rks gLrfyf[kr izfr if=kdk esa fn;s x;s i=k&O;ogkj ds irs ij Hkst nsaA · izR;sd vÄï if=kdk dh osclkbV ij vè;;u gsrq miyC/ jgrk gSA · visf{kr vkfFkZd lg;ksx vFkok va'knku ds fy, ge vkids vR;ar vkHkkjh jgsaxsA · d`i;k ys[k ds lkFk viuh ikliksVZ lkbt dh iQksVks vo'; HkstsaA · if=kdk dk forj.k fu%'kqYd fd;k tkrk gS ,oa fo'ks"k vuqnku ds fy, fdlh ij dksbZ izfrca/ ugha gSA izdk'ku ds fy, dksbZ Hkh vko';d 'kqYd ugha gSA

· 'kks/&i=k gekjh fo'ks"kK leh{kk lfefr (Peer Reviewed Committee) ds }kjk f}&Lrjh; lehf{kr gksdj izdk'ku gsrq Lohd`r fd;k tkrk gSA © lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr % :is'k dqekj pkSgku ISSN : 2347-6605

• lHkh in voSrfud ,oa ifjorZuh; gSaA • ^okd~ lq/k* ls lacfa èkr lHkh fooknkLin ekeys dsoy fnYyh U;k;ky; ds vèkhu gksxa As • lkjs Hkqxrku euhvkMZj % psd@ cSd a MªkÝV ^okd~ lq/k* ds uke ls fd, tk,aA d`i;k fnYyh ls ckgj ds psd esa cSad deh'ku ds 35-00 #i;s vfrfjDr tksM+saA 2 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

fo'ks"k lwpuk % 'kks/ if=kdk esa izdkf'kr ys[kksa esa fn, x;s rF;ksa vkSj buls lEcfU/r fdlh Hkh fookn dk iw.kZ nkf;Ro ys[kd dk gksxk] izdk'kd] lEiknd] eqnzd ,oa if=kdk ls lEcfU/r vU; fdlh Hkh O;fDr dk ughaA izsf"kr Li"Vhdj.k vo'; izdkf'kr fd;k tk;sxkA

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

lykgdkj ifj"kn~ % • izks- vjfoUn dqekj ik.Ms; (iwoZ dqyifr] dkes'oj flag laLd`r fo'ofo|ky;] njHkaxk) • izks- enu eksgu vxzoky (iwoZ dyk ladk; vè;{k] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh) • egkegksikè;k; izks- osn izdk'k 'kkL=kh (iwoZ mi&dqyifr] xq#dqy dkaxM+h fo'ofo|ky;] gfj}kj) • izks- fxjh'k pUnz iar (vè;{k] laLd`r foHkkx] tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k] fnYyh) • izks- jkeukFk >k (laLd`r ,oa izkP; fo|k vè;;u laLFkku] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh) • MkW- jktohj 'kekZ (iwoZ izksisQlj] jktuhfr 'kkL=k foHkkx] vkRekjke lukru /eZ dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh) • izks- 'kEl&my&bLyke (iz/kukpk;Z] x;k dkWyst] x;k] fcgkj) • izks- jke ljs[k flag (iwoZ foHkkxkè;{k] n'kZu'kkL=k foHkkx] ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] cks/x;k) • izks- iou vxzoky (fgUnh ,oa vk/q f ud Hkk"kk foHkkx] y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky;) • izks- eksgEen eaLkwj vkye (vè;{k] mnwZ foHkkx] ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] cks/ x;k) • izks- vkHkk f=kosnh (ik'pkR; bfrgkl foHkkx] y[kumQ fo'ofo|ky;) • izks- jke Hkjr flag (iwoZ foHkkxkè;{k] jktuhfr 'kkL=k] ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] cks/x;k)

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

• izks- jkeizos'k dqekj (laLd`r foHkkxkè;{k] ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] cks/x;k) • MkW- lksguiky lqeuk{kj (jk"Vªh; vè;{k] Hkkjrh; nfyr lkfgR; vdkneh ,oa izfl¼ nfyr fpard) • MkW- foØekfnR; jk; (vè;{k] lekt&'kkL=k foHkkx] Mh-,-oh-ih-th- dkWyst] (ch-,p-;w-) okjk.klh • MkW- bUæ ukjk;.k flag (ckS¼ vè;;u foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;) • izks- jkts'k jatu (ikfy foHkkx] ukyUnk uo&egkfogkj) • izks- lR;nso iksíkj (bfrgkl foHkkx] f=kiqjk dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;] f=kiqjk) • izks- dk'khukFk tsuk (jktuhfr&'kkL=k foHkkx] f=kiqjk dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;] f=kiqjk) • MkW- izos'k lDlsuk (lsokfuo`Ùk izksisQlj laLd`r foHkkx] tkfdj gqlSu fnYyh dkWyst (lkaè;)] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh) • MkW- xtsUnz flag (,lks f l,V iz k s i s Q lj] vÚhdu LVMht] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh) • MkW- ih-ds- fllksfn;k (HkkSfrdh foHkkx] tkfdj gqlSu fnYyh dkWyst) • Jh eghiky flag (iwoZ ofj"B i=kdkj] jk"Vªh; lgkjk] fnYyh) • Jh vfuy pefM+;k (ofj"B i=kdkj ,oa Lora=k ys[kd] fnYyh) • MkW- 'kjn jatu (,lksfl,V izksisQlj] tkfdj gqlSu dkWyst (lkaè;)] fnYyh)

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

3

Editor Dr. Rupesh Kumar Chauhan M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. (Sanskrit), M.A. (History) Mob : 9555222747, 9540468787, 9267944100

Sub.- Editor Dr. Rajesh Kumar M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. (Sanskrit), Mob. 9555666907, 9891526584

Co- Editor Abhishek Priyadarshi M.A., Ph.D. (History), Mob. 9971656921

Legal Advisor : Arun Kumar Shukla LL.B., LL.M., D.U. Mob. : 7011474039, 9650088311

Managing Editor Thakur Prasad Chaubey Mob. : 9810636082

Designer : Kawal Malik, J.D. Computers Mob. : 9818455819

4 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Office Addresses : Head Office (Delhi) : Dharam Pal I-11, Usha Kiran Building, Commercial Complex, Azadpur, Delhi-110033 Mob : 9267944100

Branch Office (Bihar) : Prof. D.S. Chauhan C/o Late Bindeshwari Singh, Jaiprakash Nagar, Gewal Bigha, Gaya-823001 Mob. : 9263078395

Branch Office (International) : • Mrs Kirthee Devi Ramjatton Impasse Bois Cheri, Bois Cheri Road, Moka- 80804 Mauritius Email: [email protected] Contact no.: +230 57882178

Correspondence Address : B-11/39, MIG Flats, Near DDA Market, Sector 18, Rohini, Delhi-110089

Mob : 9555222747

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

lEiknd eaMy % • MkW- 'kkfgn rLyhe (vflLVsaV izksisQlj] mTcsd Hkk"kk fo'ks"kK] tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k] fnYyh) • MkW- d`".k yky (lsokfuo`Ùk izksisQlj] fgUnh foHkkx] vjfoUnks dkWyst (izkr%)] fnYyh) • MkW- jlky flag (vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fgUnh foHkkx] fdjksM+hey dkWyst] fnYyh) • MkW- 'kadj ukFk frokjh (vflLVsaV izksisQlj] laLd`r foHkkx] f=kiqjk dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;] f=kiqjk) • MkW- fxfj/j xksiky 'kekZ (vflLVsaV izksisQlj] laLd`r foHkkx] ihthMh,oh egkfo|ky; (izkr%)] fnYyh) • MkW- fnyhi dqekj >k (vflLVsaV izksisQlj] laLd`r foHkkx] ihthMh,oh egkfo|ky; (izkr%)] fnYyh) • MkW- gjh'k vjksM+k (,lksfl,V izksisQlj] fgUnh foHkkx] ihthMh,oh egkfo|ky; (lkaè;)] fnYyh) • MkW- eukst dqekj flUgk (vflLVsaV izksisQlj] okf.kT; foHkkx] ihthMh,oh egkfo|ky; (izkr%)] fnYyh) • yktir jk; (vflLVs a V iz k s i s Q lj] jktuhfr 'kkL=k] lR;orh egkfo|ky; (izkr%)] fnYyh)

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

• MkW- paæ'ks[kj ikloku (ckS¼ vè;;u ,oa lH;rk foHkkx] xkSre cq¼ fo'ofo|ky;] xzsVj uks,Mk) • mes'k dqekj (bfrgkl foHkkx] J¼kuUn dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh) • MkW- jke izeksy dqekj (laLd`r foHkkx] fo'o Hkkjrh fo'ofo|ky;] 'kkfUr fudsru] caxky) • MkW- lat; lsB (fgUnh foHkkx] lR;orh egkfo|ky; (izkr%)] fnYyh) • MkW- ds-ds- >k (fgUnh foHkkx] egkRek xka/h baLVhV~;wV] eksdk] ekWfj'kl) • MkW- lq/hj dqekj flag (jktuhfr foHkkx] n;ky flag dkWyst (izkr%)] fnYyh) • MkW- lqHkk"k dqekj flag (laLd`r foHkkx] fdjksM+hey egkfo|ky;] fnYyh) • MkW- pUnz'ks[kj jke (fgUnh foHkkx] egkjktk vxzlsu egkfo|ky;] fnYyh) • MkW- vfer lqeu (bfrgkl foHkkx] fdjksM+hey egkfo|ky;] fnYyh) • MkW- ufUnuh lgk; (lekt&'kkL=k] ,feVh ;wfuoflZVh] uks,Mk) • Mrs. Kirthee Devi Ramjatton (Lecturer, Department of Sanskrit, School of Indological Studies, Mahatma Gandhi Institute, Moka - 80808 Mauritius)

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

5

fo}r~ leh{kk lfefr

(Peer-Review Committee)

fgUnh % MkW- lksguiky lqeuk{kj] nfyr fpard] jk"Vªh; vè;{k] Hkkjrh; nfyr lkfgR; vdkneh MkW- jlky flag] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fdjksM+hey dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; MkW- jke fd'kksj ;kno] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] osadVs'oj dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; MkW- ykyth flag] ,lksfl,V izksisQlj] tkfdj gqlSu fnYyh dkWyst (lkaè;)] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; MkW- d`".kyky] lsokfuo`Ùk izksisQlj] Jh vjfoUnks dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; Jh eghiky flag] iwoZ ofj"B i=kdkj] jk"Vªh; lgkjk] uks,Mk Jh jktho jatu JhokLro] i=kdkj ,oa LrEHkdkj] fgUnqLrku] uks,Mk MkW- pUnz'ks[kj jke] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] vxzlsu dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh laLd`r % izks- nyohj flag pkSgku] HkwriwoZ foHkkxkè;{k] ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] cks/x;k izks- jkeizos'k dqekj] HkwriwoZ foHkkxkè;{k] ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] cks/x;k MkW- mek'kadj] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; MkW- ek:iQ&mj&jgeku] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] laLd`r foHkkx] tkfdj gqlSu dkWyst (lkaè;)] fnYyh MkW- jktho jatu] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh MkW- :is'k dqekj pkSgku] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] tkfdj gqlSu fnYyh dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; bfrgkl % MkW- ,e-,e- jgeku] ,lksfl,V izksisQlj] tkfdj gqlSu fnYyh dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; MkW- mes'k dqekj] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] Lokeh J¼kuan dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; MkW- vthr >k] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fdjksM+hey dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; MkW- eukst 'kekZ] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fdjksM+hey dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; MkW- bZ'oj nku] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] lR;orh dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; fof/ % MkW- vuqie >k] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh MkW- iadt pkS/jh] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh MkW- vk'kqrks"k feJk] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh vt; dqekj flag] ,MoksdsV] lqizhe dksVZ] fanYyh jfo 'ks[kj eaxyewfrZ] yksd vfHk;kstu vf/dkjh] fnYyh vFkZ'kkL=k % MkW- 'kjn jatu] ,lksfl,V izksisQlj] tkfdj gqlSu dkWyst (lkaè;)] fnYyh MkW- vfuy dqekj] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] ';keyky dkWyst (lkaè;)] fnYyh MkW- nq";ar R;kxh] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] tkfdj gqlSu dkWyst (lkaè;)] fnYyh

6 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

vaxzsth % MkW- lw;Zdkar feJk] ,lksfl,V izksisQlj] lR;orh dkWyst (izkr%)] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; MkW- lat; oekZ] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fdjksM+hey dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; vÚhdu LVMht % MkW- xtsUnz flag] ,lksfl,V izksisQlj] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; Hkwxksy 'kkL=k % MkW- ohjsUnz flag usxh] ,lksfl,V izksisQlj] 'kghn Hkxrflag dkWyst] fnYyh MkW- ckcj vyh] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fdjksM+hey dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; MkW- uoy fd'kksj] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] 'kghn Hkxrflag dkWyst] fnYyh jktuhfr 'kkL=k % izks- jke Hkjr flag] iwoZ foHkkxkè;{k] ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] cks/x;k izks- dk'khukFk tsuk] f=kiqjk dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;] f=kiqjk MkW- lq/hj flag] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] n;ky flag dkWyst] fnYyh yktir jk;] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] lR;orh dkWyst (izkr%)] fnYyh n'kZu 'kkL=k % izks- jke ljs[k flag] iwoZ foHkkxkè;{k] ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] cks/x;k MkW- izeksn dqekj flag] eS=ks;h dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh MkW- vk'kqrks"k ik.Ms;] iwf.kZ;k dkWyst] fcgkj jkds'k dqekj flag] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] tkfdj gqlSu fnYyh dkWyst (lkaè;)

ckS¼ vè;;u ,oa ikfy izks- jkts'k jatu] ukyUnk uo&egkfogkj] fcgkj MkW- dkek[;k ukjk;.k frokjh] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ehfM;k ,oa i=kdkfjrk vfuy pefM+;k] ofj"B i=kdkj ,oa lektlsoh jktho jatu JhokLro] lEiknd /eZi`"B] fgUnqLrku MkW- :is'k dqekj pkSgku] iz/ku lEiknd&;qxkUrj VqMs eksgEen viQlj] laoknnkrk&U;wt ,tsalh] ;w-,u-vkbZ-

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

7

vuqØef.kdk lEikndh; ---------------------------------------------------------- 9 jk"Vªokn vkSj xka/h -------------------------------------------- 10 jktu dqekj 'kekZ nf{k.k vizQhdk vkSj Hkkjr esa jk"Vªokn % ,d rqyukRed vè;;u ------------------------------------ 15 Lohuk ?kbZ fgUnh lkfgR; vkSj tukanksyuksa dk varl±ca/ ----- 21 MkW- nhik xxZ vk;qosZn vkSj ojkg fefgj dh c`gr~ lafgrk ------ 24 vkyksd jatu ikBd

ukjh lekt dk iqutkZxj.k dh t:jr -------------- 78 MkW- iq"ikatfy fefFkys'oj ds dFkk lkfgR; dk lkaLd`frd ewY;kadu ------------------------------------------------------------ 82 MkW- mfoZtk 'kekZ ikf.kuh; O;kdj.ks ifjHkk"kk.kka egRoe~ -------------- 89 vfuydqekjik.Ms;%

Socio-Economic Aspects of Rural Outmigrants in the District of East Champaran ------------27 Abhay Kumar

oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkj esa çfrikfnr tkfrO;fÙkQ foe'kZ ---------------------------------------------------------------- 95 lksgu dqekj

IykfLVd çfrca/ ds ekeys esa Hkkjr dh igy --- 34 iz'kkar dqekj L=kh dkO; esa mRihM+u ,oa foæksg ds Loj---------- 38 dYiuk pkSèkjh Hkkjrh; flusek % ewd nkSjμfogaxeoyksdu ------ 41 MkW- ofurk mIiy f=kdks.k Hkko % ikjk'kjh leh{kk-------------------------- 45 MkW- jktho jatu ojkg fefgj dk ty foKku ----------------------------- 50 vkyksd jatu ikBd lapkj Økafr] laLÑfr vkSj lekt---------------------- 53 fodkl dqekj ukjh mRFkku vkSj orZeku ifjn`';---------------------- 60 nhisUæ flag okLrq fo|k ,oa ojkg fefgj ----------------------------- 65 vkyksd jatu ikBd lks'ky ehfM;k esa efgykvksa dh ifjfLFkfr dk lekt'kkL=kh; vè;;u --------------------------------------- 69 vfuy lSuh f'ko'kaHkq ds fpV~Bksa dk ,sfrgkfld egRo --------- 74 vfer dqekj ik.Ms;

Concept of Pilgrimage in Buddhism --------- 105 Rajesh Kumar Rai

8 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Mental Discipline and Wisdom in Buddhist Perspective ----------------------------------------92 Pinky Baishya

jSnkl ds lkfgR; esa lkekftd ewY; ---------------- 109 MkW- dqlqe yrk Buddhism and Bodhisattvas Human Life -- 111 Hoang Thi Ngoc Lan

ri] rilh vkSj riLp;kZ % ,d fo'ys"k.k ------ 114 dYiuk dqekjh Concept of Ethics and Buddhist Ethics ----- 123 Trin Hngoc Dong

fgUnh nfyr lkfgR; esa L=kh % n'kk vkSj fn'kk 126 MkW dqlqe yrk The Noble Eightfold Middle Path – Self Mortification and Hedonism ------------ 132 Huynh Chi Hue

vUro±'kh ---------------------------------------------------------- 137 jkt dqekj The Pilgrimage Path of Xuanzang to Northwestern India ------------------------- 143 Hoang Thi Ngoc Lan

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

lEikndh;

ok

d~ lq/k dk ;g la;Dq rkad vki lcdks lefiZr djrs gq, vikj larks"k dk vuqHko dj jgk gwAa yxHkx ,d lky ckn okd~ lq/k dk ;g vad vk;k gSA 'kks/ dh fn'kk n'kk cjkcj cnyrh jgrh gS] mlh cnyko esa fu;e Hkh cnyrs jgrs gSAa cnyrs fu;e ds vuqlkj okd~ lq/k fiNys ikap o"kks± esa Hkh cnyrh jgh gS ysfdu bl chp fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (;wthlh) us 'kks/ if=kdkvksa dh ,d lwph tkjh dh ftlesa ;g dgk x;k fd ;wthlh }kjk vuqeksfnr lwph esa 'kkfey if=kdk esa 'kksèk ys[k izdkf'kr djus ij gh fu;qfDr] inksUufr rFkk 'kS{kf.kd izxfr eas ykHk feysxkA 2017 ds ckn ls dbZ ckj ml lwph ls if=kdkvksa ds uke gVk, vkSj tksMs+ x, gSAa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us blds fy, ,d LFkk;h lfefr dk xBu fd;k FkkA cgjgky if=kdkvksa dks bl tksMu+ &s gVkus ds ckn foKfIr tkjh djds fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx viuh fLFkfr Li"V djrk FkkA ;wthlh lwph esa 'kkfey gksus fd cqfu;knh 'krZ ;g gS fd if=kdk ds uke ls osclkbV gksA Lo;a dh bZ&esy vkbZ-Mh- gksA blds lkFk&lkFk if=kdk dk Mkd dk iw.kZ irk gksuk pkfg,A iz/ku laiknd ,oa vU; milEikndks]a lglEikndksa ds bZ&esy irs ,oa iQksu ua- gksuk pkfg,] ftlls fdlh Hkh tkudkjh dks vf/dkfjd rkSj ij iqf"V dh tk ldsA eSa vius lHkh lEekfur ,oa vknj.kh; ikBdksa ,oa 'kksèk&ys[kdksa dks crkuk pkgrk gwa fd okd~ lq/k mijksDr lHkh ekudksa dks iwjk djrk gSA 'kq#vkrh lwph

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

ls gh okd~ lq/k dk uke ;wthlh dh lwph esa gksuk pkfg, Fkk okd~ lq/k D;ksafd dbZ foHkkxksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls okd~ lq/k dks vuq'kalk izkIr gSA okd~ lq/k dks cjkcj ;g dgdj lwphc¼ ugha fd;k x;k fd bldh ^iqvj DokfyVh* ,oa ^Do'puscy q daVVas * gSA ysfdu okd~ lq/k vuqeksfnr lwph esa izkjaHk esa gh 'kkfey gksus yk;d gSA tSlk fd vki lHkh tkurs Hkh gSa fd 'kq: esa Ldksil osc vkWiQ lkb±l vkSj bafM;u lkbVs'ku baMDs 'k esa 'kkfey if=kdk,a gh FkhaA ckn esa mu if=kdkvksa dks Hkh lwph esa Mky fn;k x;k ftUgsa fo}r leqnk; dh vuq'kalk izkIr FkhA fiQj dbZ if=kdkvksa ds gVkus ds ckn ;wthlh us dgk fd if=kdk dks bl lwph ls gVk, tkus dk ;g vFkZ ugha fd mldk Lrj de gks x;k gS] mldks blfy, Hkh gVk;k x;k gS fd muesa laiknd e.My dk C;kSjk] baMfs Dlax ls lacfa /r lwpuk] if=kdk 'kq: gksus dk o"kZ] izdk'ku dh vko`fÙk vkSj izdk'ku dh fu;ferrk vkfn 'kkfey ugha gSAa dbZ if=kdk,a vHkh Hkh ml lEekfur lwph esa gSa tks mijksDr ekudksa dks iwjk ugha djrkA bl chp] ;wthlh us jsiQMZ tujy dks Hkh lwphc¼ if=kdkvksa ds led{k ekuk gSA lkFk gh ;g iDdk vk'oklu Hkh fd okd~ lq/k ml lwph esa 'kkfey Hkh gksxhA blh dks vk/kj ekudj fiNys dbZ vadksa dks lek;ksftr djrs gq, izLrqr gS ;g vadA μ MkW- jkts'k dqekj mi lEiknd

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

9

'kksèk&i=k

jk"Vªokn vkSj xka/h

jktu dqekj 'kekZ

jk

"Vªokn dksbZ fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ ugha gS vkSj u gh ;g dksbZ dkYifud leqnk; gSA njvly] jk"Vªokn ,d vkilnkjh dh Hkkouk gS rFkk ;g ,d vuqHkwfr gS tks gesa jk"Vª ds fofHkUu leqnk;ksa rFkk laLd`fr;ksa ls tksMr+ h gSA bl 'kCn dh tM+sa vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa gq, Úkal dh jkT;Økafr esa ryk'kh tk ldrh gSaA ;gh og le; Fkk tc jkT; dh vo/kj.kk us viuk ikao ilkjuk 'kq: fd;k FkkA jk"Vªokn ds mn; esa fofHkUu fl¼karksa ;Fkk loZfiz; laiHz kqrk] /eZfujis{krk] 'kklu dk fl¼kar rFkk csgrj lapkj lsokvksa ds izpkj&izlkj us viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA jk"Vªokn dh dbZ vo/kj.kk,¡ gSa] tks le;&dky dh fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fufeZr gqbZ gSaA fo'o;q¼ksa ds nkSjku mitk jk"Vªokn ,dy igpku vkSj laLd`fr ij vk/kfjr FkkA ;wjksih; jk"Vªokn dh vo/kj.kk esa ckgjh vkSj Hkhrjh nksuksa rRo Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrs gSaA ckgjh rRo ds rkSj ij cktkjokn ,oa iat w hokn ns[kus dks feyrk gS rks ogha vkarfjd rRo ds rkSj ij fgalk vkSj opZLoHkkoukA blds vykok rhljh nqfu;k ds vkSifuosf'kd ns'kksa esa fons'kh 'kklu&lÙkk ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk vadfq jr gqbAZ Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn Lok/hurk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku fodflr gqvkA blds ewy esa lkezkT;okn fojks/h Hkkouk FkhA xka/h bu Hkkoukvksa dks le> Hkh jgs Fks vkSj eglwl Hkh dj jgs Fks] ysfdu dqN vkarfjd pqukSfr;k¡ Hkh xka/h ds le{k FkhaA ;g pqukSfr;k¡ Fkha fgUnw jk"Vªokn vkSj eqfLye jk"Vªokn dks ysdjA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ,d vk/qfud rRo gSA bl jk"Vªokn dk vè;;u vusd n`f"Vdks.k ls egRoiw.kZ gSA jk"Vªokn ds mn; dh izfØ;k vR;Ur tfVy vkSj cgqeq[kh jgh gSA Hkkjr esa fczfV'kksa ds vkus ls iwoZ ns'k esa ,slh lkekftd lajpuk Fkh tks fd fo'o ds fdlh Hkh vU; ns'k esa 'kk;n gh dgha ikbZ tkrh 10 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

gksA og iwoZ eè;dkyhu ;wjksih; lektksa ls vkfFkZd n`f"V ls fHkUu FkhA Hkkjr fofo/ Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh vkSj vusd /eks± ds vuq;kf;;ksa okys fo'kky jk"Vªokn ls fcYdqy fHkUu jgk gSA ;wjksih; lanHkZ esa tulkaf[;d tSfod ,drk] ,d leku vFkZO;oLFkk] fof'k"V {ks=kiQy] Hkk"kkbZ lehirk] ,d leku euksoKS kfud izo`fÙk rFkk lkaLd`frd lekurk dks vko';d ekuk tkrk gSA1 ysfdu Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dk mRFkku ,d fof'k"V i`"BHkwfe (lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd) ds varxZr gqvk gS tks ;wjksih; jk"Vªokn dh izo`fÙk rFkk ijaijk ls fHkUu gSA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn fdlh Hkh rjhds ls ,d fof'k"V fn'kk esa lekt dk fu;ksftr fodkl ugha Fkk cfYd ;g vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk ds iQyLo:i Hkkjrh; tuekul ds chp mith ihM+k dk ,d lqn`<+ vkSj Bksl ifj.kke Fkk tks Hkkjrh; Økafrdkfj;ksa] cqf¼thfo;ksa rFkk usrkvksa dks ladV ls eqdkcyk djus ds fy, izfs jr fd;kA vkSifuos'kd nklrk dh bu csfM+;ksa ls fudyus ds fy, izk;% vyx&vyx le;ksa ij fofHkUu izdkj dh :ikarfjr rkSj&rjhdksa us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; ds Lo:i vkSj iz;kstu dks vkSj vf/d cy iznku fd;kA dSafczt Ldwy bl rF; dks udkjrs gSa fd vkSifuos'kd 'kfDr ds lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaLd`frd rFkk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ds fo#¼ Hkkjr esa jk"Vªokn dk izknqHkkZo gqvk vkSj blus vius vki dks fodflr rFkk etcwr fd;kA2 ;g Ldwy ekurk gS fd jk"Vªokn dk mn; fof'k"V vkn'kks±] fopkjksa rFkk oSpkfjd /kjkvksa dks egRo nsus ds ctk; uke] in] ,d nwljs ls vkxs fudyus dh gksM]+ LokFkZ rFkk O;fDrxr fgrksa dks izJ; nsus ds dkS'kyiw.kZ vkSj diViw.kZ [ksy ds mRikn ds :i esa gqvk gSA3 xka/h dh n`f"V esa jk"Vªokn xka/h dk jk"Vªokn ladh.kZ ,oa mxzjk"Vªokn u gksdj O;kid Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

,oa lfg".kq jk"Vªokn gSA xka/h dks jk"VªHkk"kk] jk"Vªh; iks'kkd] jk"Vªh; f'k{kk esa vVwV vkLFkk Fkh] ij os dV~Vj jk"Vªoknh ugha FksA os vUrjkZ"Vªh;rkokn esa jk"Vªokn dks 'kkfey djuk pkgrs FksA xka/h fo'o dks ,d ifjokj cukdj lPps vUrjkZ"Vªh;oknh cu tkrs gSaA lkj :i esa] xka/h vkSfpR;iw.kZ jk"Vªokn o O;kid vUrjkZ"Vªh;rkokn ds leFkZd FksA xka/h dk jk"Vªokn o vUrjkZ"Vªh;rkokn lEcU/h /kj.kk dkiQh egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj izR;sd n`f"Vdks.k ls ljkguh; gSA xka/h us jk"Vªokn ij vius fopkjksa dks fdlh ,d txg ij mfYy[kr ugha fd;k gS] blfy, muds fopkjksa dks le>us ds fy, muds laiw.kZ jpukØe ij ,d n`f"V Mkyuk t:jh gSA xka/h ij fd, x, vè;;u ds ifj.kkeLo:i jk"Vªokn ds fuEufyf[kr rRo mHkjdj lkeus vkrs gSa& 1- xka/h dk jk"Vªokn vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk o O;oLFkk dh eqfDr ls izsfjr FkkA budk jk"Vªokn if'pe dh jk"Vªokn dh vo/kj.kk ls fcYdqy vyx FkkA xka/h vius mís'; o y{; dh izkfIr gsrq fdlh Hkh izdkj ds fgald rFkk vkØked rjhdksa ds f[kykiQ FksA bUgksaus ,sls jk"Vªokn dks [kkfjt dj fn;k ftldh cqfu;kn fgalk ij vkèkkfjr gksA og bl mís'; dks izkIr djus gsrq vfgalk ds fl¼karksa dk mi;ksx djuk pkgrs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lR;kxzkgh dk vfgalk esa iw.kZ fo'okl gksuk pkfg, rFkk mls vfgalk dk vius O;fDrxr rFkk lkoZtfud thou esa iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A mudk dguk Fkk fd ^^lR;kxzgh ds O;fDrxr thou esa fgalk dk iz;ksx muds vuq'kklu dh vi;kZIrrk dk izek.k gSA fgalk dk O;fDrxr thou eas iz;ksx bl ckr dh vksj ladrs djrk gS fd rFkkdfFkr lR;kxzgh dks lR;kxzg ds ewyHkwr fl¼karksa dk Hkh Kku ugha gS rFkk og vkè;kfRed ,drk esa fo'okl ugha j[krkA vfgalk ds vuq:i vkpj.k djus okyk O;fDr bZ'oj dh 'kfDr vkSj d`ik ds fcuk dqN ugha dj ldrkA blds fcuk mlesa Øks/] Hk; vkSj izfrjks/ ls eqDr jgrs gq, vius vkidks cfynku dj nsus dk lkgl mRiUu ugha gks ldrkA**4 mudk ekuuk Fkk fd fczfV'k 'kklu lÙkk ds fgalk dk izfrdkj fgalk ls ugha gks ldrk gSA 2- xka/h us ns'k ds vanj lkEiznkf;d fgalk dks lkEiznkf;d ,drk esa cuk, j[kus ds fy, /kfeZd vkSj vkè;kfRed n`f"Vdks.k dks viuk;kA mUgksaus dgk fd lHkh /eZ bZ'oj dks izkIr djus ds fofHkUu ekxZ gSaA vr% bu /eks± ds uSfrd ,oa vkè;kfRed fl¼kar ,d gh gSa] u dksbZ /eZ Js"B gS vkSj u dksbZ fuEu Lrj dkA vr% lHkh euq";ksa dks pkfg, fd os lHkh Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

/eks± dk leku vknj djsA lHkh lEiznk;ksa dks vius /eZ vkSj laLd`fr dh j{kk djus dk vf/dkj gSA blds fy, mUgsa leku :i ls lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd vf/dkj izkIr gSaA lkj :i esa] xka/h Hkkjr ds fofHkUu leqnk;ksa] tSls&fgUnw] eqlyeku] bZlkbZ] flD[k] ikjlh vkfn dks ,drk ds lw=k esa cka/us ds fy, lkEiznkf;d ,drk ij T;knk tksj nsrs gSaA 3- xka/h ds jk"Vªokn esa /eZ lEcU/h /kj.kk lR;] vfgalk] uSfrdrk] lnkpkj] ijksidkfjrk ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA xka/h th /eZ dk ykSfddhdj.k djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd reke /eks± dk dsUnzh; fo"k; izse] vfgalk] ekuoh;rk gSa vkSj mlh dk ikyu /eZ gSA Li"Vr% xka/h dk /eZ dksbZ /eZ fo'ks"k u gksdj reke /eks± ds dsUnzh; fo"k; dks lesVs gq, gSa ;kfu xka/hth dk èkeZ fo'o /eZ gSA xka/hth dk /eZ ekuoh;rk dk uke gSA ;|fi xka/h dh utj esas Hkkjr ,d ,slk cgqyrkoknh jk"Vª gS tgk¡ fofo/ /eks±] iaFkksa] tkfr;ksa rFkk Hkk"kkvksa dk lejl rFkk jpukRed feyu gksrk gS rFkkfi tc blh la'ys"k.k vkSj ikjLifjd vfLrRo ds rkSj&rjhdksa dh ckr vkrh Fkh rks og vutkus gh fgUnqRo dh rjiQ >qds utj vkrs gSaA5 xka/h }kjk fgUn Lojkt iqLrd fy[ks tkus ds le; ;g ckr cgl dk eqík jgh fd /kfeZd vk/kj ij Hkkjr dh jk"Vª ds :i esa LFkkiuk laHko gS ;k ughaA ml le; viuh iqLrd esa mUgksua s jk"Vª ds fy, ^iztk* 'kCn dk bLrseky fd;k D;ksfa d ;g 'kCn igys gh vfLrRo esa FkkA mUgksaus ;g eglwl fd;k fd ^iztk* 'kCn dh ikjaifjd vo/kj.kk ds vk/kj ij ,d uohu] vk/qfud rFkk lk>s o lefUor Hkkjrh; jk"Vª dk uofuekZ.k laHko gks ldrk gSA6 ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd xka/h us viuh iqLrd fgUn Lojkt esa ^iztk* dh vo/kj.kk ij vkèkkfjr mnkj jk"Vªokn ds fodkl dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k rFkk mlds fy, yksxksa dk vkg~oku fd;kA /eZ dks èkek±èkrk dh cqjkbZ ls eqDr djus ds iz;kl ds Øe esa xka/h us laxfBr /eZ rFkk vè;kRe ij vk/kfjr /eZ ds chp ds ekSfyd varj dks Li"V fd;kA laxfBr /eks± esa ,d&nwljs ds izfr lgu'khyrk o lEeku dh Hkkouk visf{kr gSaA vr% fgUnw èkeZ dh rjiQ xka/h ds >qdko ds ckotwn mudh lksp /ek±èkrk ;k dV~Vjrk ls ihfM+r ugha Fkh cfYd mudh lksp dgha vfèkd mnkj] lfg".kq o lejl izof` Ùk okyh Fkh vkSj tc og /eZ vk/kfjr jk"Vªokn dh ckr djrs Fks rks mudh ;gh vknj o O;kid lksp dke dj jgh gksrh FkhA dqN fo}kuksa dk ;gk¡ rd er gS fd xka/h ds thou ds vafre fnuksa esa muds èkkfeZd cgqyokn dh lhek] ^cgqy* fganqRo ls vkxs tkdj cgq/ehZ okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 11

rkus&ckus esa xqaFk xbZ Fkh rFkk muds /kfeZd fopkjksa vkSj n'kZu dk Lo:i iw.kZr% oSf'od gks x;k FkkA7 4- xka/h dk jk"Vªokn ^lek;kstu ds fl¼kar* ls ifjpkfyr Fkk ftlesa Hkkjr ds fofHkUu lewgksa esa jk"Vªoknh lejlrk dk;e djuk 'kkfey FkkA8 lk>s jk"Vªokn dh mudh vo/kj.kk esa u dsoy /kfeZd lewg 'kkfey Fks oju~ tkfr;k¡ o leqnk; Hkh 'kkfey FksA fo}ku o ys[kd jfoUnj dqekj us viuh iqLrd ^dkLV] dE;wfuVh vkSj us'ku* esa dgk gS fd pwafd xka/h ds ekul esa Hkkjr dh okLrfod rLohj oxks±] tkfr;ksa] leqnk;ksa rFkk /kfeZd lewgksa ds ,d LoPNan /uhHkwr iqt a ds :i esa Fkh] blfy, og miegknhi ds tuekul dks mísfyr djus esa ftruk leFkZ vkSj ;ksX; Fks mruk leFkZ u dksbZ iwoZ esa Fkk vkSj u dksbZ ckn esa gqvkA9 xka/h us Hkkjr esa LFkkfir fczfV'k lÙkk dks m[kkM+ iQad s us ds vius vfHk;ku esa fofHkUu tkfr;ks]a oxks]± /kfeZd rFkk {ks=kh; lewgksa dks ,d eap ij ,d=k fd;k rFkk mUgsa vius lk>s jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk ls vksr&izkrs dj ,d lk>s y{; dh izkfIr ds fy, izsfjr vkSj Liafnr fd;kA 5- ^VLVªhf'ki* uked fl¼kar dks ysdj xka/h dk jk"Vªokn lkisf{kd vkfFkZd lekurk rFkk futh lEifÙk ij lhfer vadq'k FkkA xka/h dk dguk gS fd tc iwathifr;ksa ds ikl vko';drk ls T;knk /u gks tk,] rks mls ,d VªLV dks ns nsuh pkfg, vkSj VªLV }kjk iwathifr;ksa dk iznÙk /u xjhcksa ds dY;k.k ij [kpZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl izdkj VªLVhf'ki yxHkx vkfFkZd lekurk yk,xk rFkk futh lEifÙk ij Hkh vadq'k yxsxkA gkykafd dqN ekeyksa esa ;g liQy Hkh fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS tSls ckck vkSj VkVk ifjokj dks ysdjA teukyky ctkt xka/h ds ikaposa iq=k Hkh dgs tkrs Fks ogh te'ksnth VkVk us izR;sd {ks=k esa gjlaHko iz;kl fd;kA ysfdu lelkef;d lekt esa xka/h dk VªLVhf'ki lEcU/h /kj.kk vO;kogkfjd o vizklafxd gks x;k gSA vkt vehjh vkSj xjhch dh [kkbZ dkiQh c<+ xbZ gSA dqN fopkjdksa dks rks ;g dguk gS fd xkaèkh iwathifr;ksa dks ekDlZoknh ryokj ls cpkus ds fy, VªLVhf'ki dk izfriknu fd;kA 6- xka/h us cqfu;knh f'k{kk dks ysdj viuk Li"V er j[ksA muds vuqlkj f'k{kk dk mís'; 'kjhj] cqf¼ vkSj vkRek dk fodkl djuk gSA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd vaxt sz ksa }kjk fufeZr f'k{kk nks"kiw.kZ gSa] D;ksafd blesa 'kjhj] cqf¼ ,oa vkRek ds fodkl ij è;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA bl izdkj dh f'k{kk ls ekSfyd fpUru dh 'kfDr dk fodkl ugha gksrk vkSj yksx ns'k dh laLd`r dks ugha le> ikrs gSa vFkkZr~ ns'k esa jgdj Hkh 12 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

fons'kh gks tkrs gSaA vaxsztksa ds }kjk ik'pkR; f'k{kk nsus dk mís'; gh ;g Fkk fd Hkkjr esa vaxt sz ksa ds dk;ks± dks lqpk# :i ls pykus ds fy, DydZ iSnk fd;k tk ldsA blfy, xka/h ,d ,slh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh ckr djrs gSa ftlesa O;fDr dk lgh
ifjokj o fookg laxBu gh èoLr gks tk,A lekt lq/kj ds uke ij xka/h ;gh ugha pkgrs gSa fd fL=k;ka iq#"kksa ds leku reke dk;ks± dks djsaA 9- xka/h us vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds lEcU/ esa vkS|ksfxd Økafr vkSj mlds ifj.kkeLo:i mRiUu vFkZO;oLFkk dk fojks/ fd;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd cM+s m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy, cgqr vf/d ek=kk esa dPps eky vkSj cgqr cM+h ek=kk esa fufeZr oLrqvksa ds foØ; gsrq cM+s cktkjksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS rFkk dPps eky vkSj cM+s cktkjksa dh jkstkuk dh ;g izo`fÙk lkezkT;okn vkSj mifuos'kokn dks tUe nsrh gS]a tksfd uSfrdrk ds fo#¼ gSaA blfy, muds fopkj esa uSfrdrk dh cqfu;kn vkS|ksxhdj.k ds pyrs èoLr gks tk,xhA vr% vkS|ksxhdj.k ugha gksuh pkfg,A xka/h cM+h e'khuksa dks ekuo tkfr ds fy, vfHk'kki ekurs gSa vkSj mudk fopkj gS fd lekt esa ?k`.kk] }s"k vkSj LokFkZ esa tks o`f¼ gqbZ gS] og lc e'khuh lH;rk dk gh ifj.kke gSA blls ;g eyrc ugha yxk;k tkuk pkfg, fd os lHkh izdkj ds e'khuksa ds iz;ksx ds iw.kZr;k fo#¼ FksA e'khuksa ds iz;ksx ds lEcU/ esa mudk lk/kj.k fl¼kar ;g Fkk fd tks e'khusa loZlk/kj.k ds fgr esa dke vkrh gSa] mldk iz;ksx mfpr gSA mUgksaus dqVhj m|ksx&/U/ksa ij vk/kfjr ,d ,slh fodsfUnzr vFkZO;oLFkk dk izfriknu fd;k gS] ftlds varxZr izR;sd xkao ,d vkfFkZd bZdkbZ ds :i esa dk;Z djsxkA os [kknh dks Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk iw.kZ gy ekurs gSa vkSj muds }kjk vkfFkZd {ks=kksa esa Lons'kh ds fopkj dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA xka/h dk ekuuk gS fd izR;sd ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ogka dh tyok;q] Hkwfe rFkk ogka ds fuokfl;ksa ds LoHkko dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, fuf'pr dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj bu ckrksa ds vk/kj ij tgka rd Hkkjr dk lEcU/ gS] Hkkjr ds fy, dqVhj m|ksx /U/ksa dh O;oLFkk gh loksÙZ ke gSA 10- xka/h ds jk"Vªokn dk fl¼kar tu&vk/kfjr FkkA muds vanj jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk Hkkjr vkus ls iwoZ nf{k.k vÚhdk esa gh vadqfjr gks pqdh Fkh ysfdu Hkkjr vkxeu ds ckn muds vanj ,d uohu fdLe ds jk"Vªokn dk tUe gks pqdk FkkA Hkkjrh; lekt esa jk"Vªokn dk mn; yksxksa ds chp xka/h ls iwoZ futh Lrj ij vkSj dbZ ckj lkewfgd Lrj ij fn[krk gS ij xka/h us paikj.k ls mlds iz;ksx dh tks 'kq#vkr dh og fons'kh lekuksa ds fojks/] f[kykiQr vkSj vlg;ksx vkUnksyu] ued lR;kxzg ls gksrs gq, 1942 ds tu&fonzksg rd igqaphA bl rjg izFke fo'o;q¼ vkSj paikj.k lR;kxzg ds le; rd tks vkUnksyu dqN [kkl oxks± rd lhfer Fkk] mlus fgUnqLrku Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

ds izR;sd tuekul dks vkanksfyr] Liafnr vkSj lfØ; dj fn;kA bl ifjiz{s ; esa izfl¼ bfrgkldkj fofiu panz dk dguk gS fd mifuos'kfojks/h fopkj/kjk ds lkFk&lkFk Lora=krk] lekurk] yksdra=k] vkfFkZd fodkl] /eZ] lkekftd] Lora=k la;qDr jktuhfr rFkk xjhcksUeq[kh fopkjksa dh izsj.kk us dkaxszl dh n'kk o fn'kk cny nh rFkk og bl ckr esa l{ke o leFkZ gqbZ fd og jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dks yksdfiz; tu&vkUnksyu dk :i iznku dj ldsA10 xka/h bl ckr ls iwjh rjg okfdiQ Fks fd bl rjg ds tu&vkUnksyuksa dk yEck Hkfo"; ugha gksrk gS rFkk mUgsa yacs le; rd tkjh ugha j[kk tk ldrk gSA blfy, chp&chp esa xka/h us fojke dh j.kuhfr viukbZ rFkk bl nkSjku Hkfo"; ds vkanksyu gsrq muesa ubZ ÅtkZ rFkk tks'k Hkjus dk dke fd;kA blfy, xka/h us la?k"kZ fojke&la?k"kZ dh jktuhfr dks viuk gfFk;kj cuk;k rkfd vkanksyu dks yacs le; rd tkjh j[kk tk ldsA11 xka/h ds jk"Vªokn dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu xka/h dh tu ykecanh dks ^mís'; vkSj ek=kk* nksuksa ifjizs{; esa folaxfriw.kZ FkhA12 bldk dkj.k ;g jgk fd vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk ds f[kykiQ tu ykecanh dk u rks dksbZ Bksl ,tsMa k Fkk vkSj u gh blesa loZO;kih Hkkxhnkjh FkhA bldk mís'; izn'kZu dh viuh 'kfDr dks lkfcr djuk Hkj FkkA tu dk;ZØeksa esa yksxksa dh Hkwfedk ukeek=k dh Fkh vkSj vf/drj le; dqN [kkl yksxksa ds ihNs&ihNs pyuk vkSj muds gqDe dks cukuk gh ,dek=k y{; FkkA13 xka/h ds laiw.kZ nk'kZfud fopkjksa dk vè;;u djus ds i'pkr~ ;g tku iM+rk gS fd tu ykecanh }kjk og jktuhfrd y{; dks ikuk pkg jgs Fks u fd bl y{; ls os tulkekU; ds ,tsaMs dks vkxs c<+kuk pkg jgs FksA xka/h dh nwljh vkykspuk /eZ vkSj jktuhfrd dks ,d lkFk ysdj pyus ds fy, dh tkrh jgh gSA mu ij ;g Hkh vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS fd mUgksua s jktuhfrd fodkl dks xyr fn'kk esa [khapk D;ksfa d xka/h dh fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk dh [kkst ls ,drk izca/u dk #[k fgr vk/kfjr jktuhfr ls /eZ o lEiznk; vk/kfjr ykecanh ij dsfUnzr gks x;kA14 xka/h dh rhljh vkykspuk v'i`L;rk mUewyu rFkk gfjtu mRFkku dks ysdj dh tkrh jgh gS D;ksafd bldk xka/hoknh dk;ZØe esa 'kkfey ugha gksuk foiQyrk dk dkj.k cukA eafnj izos'k ds eqís ij Hkh Mk- Hkhejko vEcsMdj us ;g eglwl fd;k fd xka/h dk #[k dk;ZØe dks ykxw djrs le; csgn #[kk vkSj vfuPNk Hkjk rFkk vk/s&vèkwjs eu okyk FkkA15 xkaèkh okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 13

ds bl #[k ls nfyr oxks± esa i`Fkd jktuhfrd izfrfuf/Ro dh ekax 'kq: gks xbZA lkbeu deh'ku rFkk xksyest dkaÚl as esa MkWvEcsMdj }kjk mBkbZ xbZ ekaxas blh lksp dh Li"V vfHkO;fDr FkhA bu ekaxksa dks ysdj xka/h dk joS;k dBksj jgk vkSj mUgksua s bl ekax dks #dokus ds fy, vkej.k vu'ku izkjaHk dj fn;kA Hkys gh xka/h dh bl dkjZokbZ dks jk"Vª dh Lora=krk ds izfr muds n`f"Vdks.k dks lgh Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu blus fuf'pr :i ls lekt ds mPp vkSj fuEu oxks± ds chp eueqVko dk cht cks fn;k ftldk vadqj.k vkt Hkh lekt esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA fu"d"kZ % xka/h us nf{k.k vÚhdk ,oa Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; vkUnksyuksa esa ;g fl¼ dj fn[kk;k fd vU;k; ,oa vR;kpkj dk LFkk;h rFkk U;k;laxr fojks/ dsoy 'kkafriw.kZ lR;kxzg ds jkLrs ls gh laHko gS\ ,d ,sls jkLrs ij pydj ftlesa u rks

vlR;] fgalk] vU;k;] HksnHkko] oSeuL; rFkk
lanHkZ lwph 1- dkj] bZ-,p-] us'kufyTe] i`- 20 2- vY;ksfl;l] th-] us'kufyTe] fonkmV , us'ku bu bafM;k] fnYyh] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] 1997 3- nÙkk] oh-,u-] ^baVjizfs Vx bafM;u us'kufyTe* izkl s hfMaXl vkWQ bafM;u fgLVªh dkaxzsl] cks/x;k] 1981] i`- 15&22 4- gfjtu if=kdk] twu] 18] 1998 5- ikjs[k] Hkh[kw] xka/kht ikWfyfVdy fiQykliQh % , fØfVdy ,Dtkfeus'ku] fnYyh] vtark] 1991] i`189 6- fiQ'kj] ywbZ] vku egkRek xka/h] yanu] 1951] i`- 430 7- laxkjh] dqedqe] ^usjfs Vo vkWiQ jsLVksj's ku % xka/ht ykLV b;lZ ,.M usg:fo;u lsdqyfjTe* lks'ky lkbfUVlV] ekpZ&vizy S 2002] i`- 35 8- gkfMZeSu] MsfoM] xka/h bu fgt Vkbe ,.M vkolZ] ubZ fnYyh] ijekusaV CySd] 2003] i`- 12&38

9-

14 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Email : [email protected]

10-

1112131415-

dqekj] jfoanj] dkLV dE;wfuVh vkSj us'ku\ xka/ht DosLV iQkj n ikWiqyj dUlsa'ku bu bafM;k] ,lst bu n lks'ky fgLVªh vkWiQ ekWMuZ bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh] 1993] i`51 pUnz] fofiu] bafM;u us'kuy ewoesaV % nh yksax&VeZ vkiWQ Mk;ufeDl] ubZ fnYyh] fodkl] 1988] i`14&15 ogh] i`- 20&22 czkmu] tqfMFk] xka/h Vkbe Vw ikWoj] yanu] dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl] 1972] i`- 345 ?kks"k] lqfufr dqekj] bafM;k ,aM nh jkt] dydÙkk] izkph] 1989] i`- 23 dhj] /uat;] egkRek xka/h] ckWEcs] ikWiqyj] 1973] i`312 vEcsMdj] ch-vkj- gwokV dkaxzsl ,aM xka/h gSo bu Vw vuVpscYl] ckWEcs] BDdj ,aM dEiuh] 1945] i`- 143

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

'kksèk&i=k

nf{k.k vizQhdk vkSj Hkkjr esa jk"Vªokn % ,d rqyukRed vè;;u Lohuk ?kbZ

izk

phu dky ls Hkkjr vkSj vizQhdk nksuksa us cgqvk;keh laca/ ,d nwljs ds lkFk lk rel="nofollow">k fd, gSaA nksuksa ns'kksa ds yksx fgan egklkxj ds ekè;e ls ,d nwljs ds djhc vk;sA vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku] nf{k.k vizQhdk vkSj Hkkjr ds chp lac/ a ksa us vkSifuosf'kd vko';drkvksa vkSj izkFkfedrkvksa ds fy, jkLrk cuk;kA tc nf{k.k vizQhdk vkSj Hkkjr nksuksa us vktknh gkfly dh] rks muds fj'rs vkSj vf/d etcwr gq,A nf{k.k vizQhdk ds lkFk Hkkjrh; lac/ a cgqr iqjkus ekus tkrs gSAa ,d etcwr ,sfrgkfld laca/ksa ds dkj.k Hkkjrh;ksa us vizQhdh egkn~ohi esa tcjnLr ln~Hkkouk dk vkuan fy;kA 10oha ls 14oha 'krkCnh rd vizQhdk ds lkFk Hkkjr ds iwoZ ,sfrgkfld lac/ a xzhd 'kklu] jkseu 'kklu vkSj bLykeh felz ls tqMs+ FksA Hkkjrh; O;kikjh egklkxjksa esa O;kikj ekxks± ds fy, mRlqd FksA ;gh otg gS fd nksuksa i{kksa ds yksx ,dnwljs ds djhc vkrs x,A Hkkjrh; O;kikj vuqdwy leqnhz gokvksa vkSj /kjkvksa ds lkFk ,sfrgkfld lzkrs ls tqMk+ Fkk] ftudk ftØ 15oha 'krkCnh chlh ds nkSjku gesa osnksa] ekS;Z dky vkSj cq¼ dky ds ys[kksa esa fey tk,xk vkSj if'peh ,f'k;k vkSj vizQhdk ds lanHkZ esa izkphu rfey ys[ku esa Hkh ge bls ns[k ldrs gSaA bLykeh ;qx ds nkSjku] vizQhdk esa Hkkjrh; mifLFkfr ds vf/d Bksl lk{; fn[kkbZ fn,A ekdksiZ ksyks] okLdksMhxkek us vius ,sfrgkfld pj.k esa iwohZ vizQhdk dks NqvkA 17oha 'krkCnh ds var rd xqyke O;kikj us vizQhdk esa vkdkj fy;k Fkk] tcfd ;wjksih; vkSifuosf'kd 'kfDr;ksa us mifuos'k ds ;qx esa Hkkjr vkSj nf{k.k vizQhdk nksuksa esa viuh tM+s tekbZ FkhaA1 17oha ls 19oha 'krkCnh rd O;kikj ekxks± ds fodkl us nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp lg;ksx dks vkSj etcwr fd;kA nksuksa rjiQ ls dbZ yksxksa us O;kikj vkSj O;olk; ds mn~ns'; ls ,d nwljs ds ns'kksa dk nkSjk fd;kA 17oha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjrh; xqykeksa dh Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

vkcknh nf{k.k vizQhdk esa vkfFkZd :i ls etcwr vkSj fLFkj gks xbZA ckn esa ;s etnwj [kqn egkn~ohi esa xqykeksa vkSj Hkwfe ds ekfyd cu x,A bu etnwjksa vkSj Jfedksa esa eq[; :i ls yksx fganw vkSj eqfLye] xqtjkrh FksA2 fganqvksa dh rqyuk esa eqlyekuksa dh la[;k vf/d FkhA ;gka rd fd vkt Hkh] tks nf{k.k vizQhdk esa vius O;kikj vkSj O;olk; dj jgs gSa] us LFkkuh; ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa fgLlsnkjh esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA nwljh vksj eqfLye dky ds nkSjku Hkkjr esa] vizQhdh xqykeksa dks ?kjsyw Jfedksa ds lkFk&lkFk lSfudksa ds :i esa vk;kr fd;k x;k FkkA ;gka vkus okys igys O;fDr fln~nhl ds :i esa tkus tkrs Fks] tks vkerkSj ij caxky vkSj xqtjkr esa cl x, FksA3 19oha 'krkCnh ds nkSjku dbZ vizQhdh Hkkjr vk, vkSj mUgksaus ckWEcs] iq.ks vkSj ukfld esa [kqn dks clk;kA fgan egklkxj f=kdks.kh; O;kikj esa vjcksa ds lkFk ?kksl 'kkfey Fks vkSj dHkh&dHkh lksekyh deZpkfj;ksa ds lkFk mudk O;kikj pyrk Fkk tks ckgjh ekxZ ij mrjrs FksA cjlk] ckWEcs vkSj eksEcklk ls gksrs gq, djkph vkSj ,Mu ds nj&,&lyke ls og okilh dh ;k=kk djrs FksA mi;qDr O;kikj esa tks yksx Hkh 'kkfey Fks og {ks=k lHkh yksxksa ds fy, N% canjxkg ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA bu O;kikj ekxks± dh mRifRr eè;;qxhr dky esa ekuh tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; O;kikjh vizQhdk ls vius lkFk vk;kr ds rkSj ij js'ke lkexzh ysdj vkrs Fks vkSj vizQhdk esa vizQhdh ns'kksa dk O;kikj mRikn ;kfu elkyksa dk fu;kZr djrs FksA izQaSd gcZVZ lkbal fiQD'ku egkdkO; ij vk/kfjr fiQYe M~;uw ds ,d pfj=k us dgk fd ^^og tks elkyksa dks fu;af=kr djrk gS] czãkaM dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA** okLro esa elkyk O;kikj fgan egklkxj ds yksxksa ds thou dk eq[; O;kikj Fkk vkSj nksuksa i{kksa ds chp ds varj dks de djus esa blus ,d cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA4 vizQhdh O;kikfj;ksa vkSj ukfodksa ds dbZ okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 15

lewg Hkh Hkkjr vk,A 16oha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr esa VkWe fi;lZ vkSj izR;{kn'khZ }kjk dgk x;k Fkk fd dbZ vizQhdh fofHkUu vizQhdh ns'kksa ls vius tgktksa esa xqtjkfr;ksa ds lkFk FksA 19oha 'krkCnh esa mifuos'kokn dh vof/ ds nkSjku] vf/dka'k Hkkjrh; fo'ks"kK vizQhdk ds vf/dka'k vizQhdh ns'kksa esa bathfu;jks]a O;kikfj;ksa vkSj f'k{kdksa ds :i esa dke djus igqp ¡ As mUgksaus jsyos vkSj lM+dksa ds fuekZ.k esa cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA O;olk;h vf/dka'k vizQhdh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds vkfdZVsDV cu x,A fiQj mifuos'kokn dk pj.k vk;kA 19oha 'krkCnh ds nkSjku Hkkjr dh rjg vf/dka'k vizQhdh ns'k Hkh vkSifuosf'kd izHkqRo ds v/hu vk,A dbZ vizQhdh ns'kksa vkSj Hkkjr esa mlh fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dh mifLFkfr ls nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp ,dtqVrk dh Hkkouk iSnk dhA egkRek xka/h vkSj Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxl sz ds iz;klksa ds ekè;e ls Hkh vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj vizQhdk ds chp jktuhfrd laca/ vkSj etcwr gqvkA eksgunkl djepan xka/h 1893 esa 24 lky dh mez esa nf{k.k vizQhdh x, FksA ,d u, ;ksX; odhy ds :i esa] mUgksaus ,d okf.kfT;d fookn esa 'kkfey ,d Hkkjrh; O;kikjh dk LFkkuh; ekeyk mBk;kA Hkkjr dh Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxszl us vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqfDr ds fy, viuh yM+kbZ yM+us ds fy, vizQhdh usrkvksa dks Hkh izfs jr fd;kA5 1899 es]a Vªkl a oky esa cksvj (Mp) izkf/dj.k n~okjk fczfV'k Hkkjrh;ksa ds lkFk xyr O;ogkj ds dkj.k ,aXykscksvj ;q¼ fNM+ x;kA ykWMZ ykalMkmu] nf{k.k vizQhdh x.kjkT; (Vªkaloky) ds jkT; lfpo vkSj Hkkjr ds iwoZ okbljk; us Hkh fczfV'k Hkkjrh;ksa ds lkFk gks jgs cqjs O;ogkj ds ckjs esa vius yksxksa dks ladrs fn;kA lkFk gh egkRek xka/h us ,d Hkkjrh; ,Ecqysal vkWijs'ku dks O;ofLFkr djus dh is'kd'k dh ftls izkjaHk esa ukVky ljdkj us [kkfjt dj fn;k Fkk] ysfdu ckn esa Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA vaxt sz h mPpk;qDr] lj vYizQMs feyuj us xka/hth dks vk'oklu fn;k fd ;fn Vªkaloky fczfV'k mifuos'k cu tkrk gS] rks Hkkjrh;ksa dh lHkh f'kdk;rksa dks lqudj mu ij vey fd;k tk,xkA Hkkjrh;ksa vkSj ,f'k;kbZ yksxksa ij tks Hkh xaHkhj izfrca/ yxk, x, gSa lHkh vf/fu;fer dkuwuksa dks uje dj fn;k tk,xkA ;q¼ ds le; esa dbZ Hkkjrh;ksa us nf{k.k vizQhdk NksM+ fn;k] tcfd dqN ukVky pys x,] vU; dsi dkWyksuh vkSj dbZ yksx Hkkjr ykSV vk,A tks yksx ihNs jg x, mUgsa mEehn Fkh fd mUgsa nf{k.k vizQhdh esa tehu fey tk,xhA 1885 ds vklikl] fczfV'k ljdkj us Hkwfe vf/fu;e dks uje dj 16 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

fn;kA blds ckn Hkwfe dks [kqysrkSj ij cktkj esa Hkkjrh;ksa dks cspk x;k FkkA cktkj esa ,d flaxy izkis VhZ dh dher dks de djds 25 ikmaM ls 3 ikmaM dj nh xbZ FkhA ml le; nf{k.k vizQhdk esa Hkkjrh; ukVky dkaxsl z ds vè;{k lj gsujh dkSVu us fVIi.kh dh Fkh fd vaxszt Øqxj (Mp) dh ljdkj dh rqyuk esa Hkkjrh;ksa vkSj ,f'k;kbZ yksxksa ds izfr vf/d uje FksA6 1901 esa nf{k.k vizQhdk NksM+us ds i'pkr xka/hth fiQj ls Hkkjrh; fuokfl;ksa dh ekax ij nf{k.k vizQhdk ykSV vk;sA ukVky esa] xka/hth us baXySaM ds vkSifuosf'kd lfpr tkslsiQ psEcjysu ls eqykdkr dh vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa ij yxk, x, v{kerk ds f[kykiQ n`<+rk ls fojks/ fd;kA 1903 esa xka/hth Vªkaloky x, vkSj tksgkUlcxZ esa cl x, vkSj lqizhe dksVZ esa dkuwuh vH;kl 'kq: fd;kA7 xka/h th lkFk gh ;g Hkh le> x, fd nf{k.k vizQhdk esa ys[ku ds ekè;e ls lans'k nsus dh vko';drk FkhA blfy, mUgksua s ^n ohdyh bafM;u vksfifu;u* izdkf'kr dh] tks igyh ckj 6 twu 1903 dks fn[kkbZ nhA xkaèkhth us vius 'kCnksa esa dgk fd bl izdk'ku ds fcuk lR;kxzg vlaHko gksxkA ^bafM;u vksfifu;u* pkj Hkk"kkvksa esa izdkf'kr gqbZ Fkh] ;kuh xqtjkrh] fganh] rfey vkSj vaxszthA xka/hth us vaxt sz h esa ^bafM;u gkse :y* vkSj xqtjkrh esa ^fgan Lojkt* uked viuh igyh iqLrd Hkh izdkf'kr dhA muds csVs] ef.kyky 1920 ls 1956 rd Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=k ^bafM;u vksfifu;u* ds laiknd FksA ef.kyky dh csVh us Hkh muds dk;ksaZ esa mudh enn dhA8 xka/hth ds nf{k.k vizQhdk nkSjs ds nkSjku xka/hth dks xksiky d`".k xks[kys us viuk iwjk leFkZu fn;kA mUgksua s nf{k.k vizQhdk ds la?k"kZ esa vkfFkZd :i ls ;ksxnku nsus ds fy, Hkkjr ds yksxksa ls vihy dhA 1912 esa xka/hth us xks[kysth dks nf{k.k vizQhdk esa vkeaf=kr fd;kA xks[kys th us nf{k.k vizQhdk esa rhu lIrkg fcrk,A xka/hth us ,d ckj fVIi.kh dh fd xks[kys th dh nf{k.k vizQhdh ;k=kk us muds la?k"kZ dks vkSj etcwrh nhA 1915 esa mudh e`R;q rd] xks[kys th us nf{k.k vizQhdh eqn~nksa vkSj leL;kvksa esa :fp ysuk tkjh j[kkA9 nwljh rjiQ tokgjyky usg: ,sls O;fDrRo Fks ftUgksaus uLyokn uhfr ds f[kykiQ vizQhdh la?k"kZ esa ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA 1927 esa] og czqlsYl x, vkSj mRrjh vizQhdk ds lkFk&lkFk lc&lgkjk vizQhdk ds usrkvksa ls eqykdkr dhA mUgksaus bafxr fd;k fd vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls Hkkjr dh vktknh ds fy, la?k"kZ fuf'pr :i ls blh rjg ds vU; ns'kksa dks izHkkfor djsxkA10 1914 esa nf{k.k vizQhdk ls ykSVus ds ckn xka/hth Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Hkkjr ds fy, Lora=krk laxkz e esa 'kkfey gks x,A bl chp] mUgksaus Hkkjr ls vizQhdh ns'kksa esa uLyokn dk fojks/ djuk tkjh j[kkA xka/hth n~okjk ukxfjd voKku] vlg;ksx vkanksyu] fons'kh diM+s dk cfg"dkj] Lons'kh vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ vkanksyu tSls j.kuhfr vkSj 'kSyh dks viuk;k x;k vkSj ;gh uhfr vizQhdh jk"Vªokfn;ksa }kjk Hkh viukbZ xbZA ukbthfj;k ds O. Awolowo, ratkfu;k ds J. Nyrero vkSj ?kkuk ds K. Nkrumah xka/hoknh j.kuhfr ds lkFk cgqr T;knk vk'oLr FksA dSlhyh gsi+QMZ us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxszl ds ekWMy ij if'peh vizQhdh dkaxszl dh LFkkiuk dhA og ?kkuk ds jk"Vªokfn;ksa ds vxz.kh FksA bl nkSjku nqfu;k dks la;Dq r jkT; vesfjdk vkSj ;w,l,lvkj ds chp nks f'kfojksa esa ckaVk x;k vkSj ,d rjg dk 'khr ;q¼ py jgk FkkA ysfdu Hkkjrh; usrkvksa us fdlh Hkh i{k ls 'kkfey gksus dk iQSlyk ugha fd;kA 1946 ds vklikl] ,f'k;kbZ Hkwfe vf/fu;e vkSj Hkkjrh; izfrfuf/ vf/fu;e 1946 dks nf{k.k vizQhdk esa fczfV'k ljdkj us ikfjr fd;k FkkA bl vf/fu;e ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; o ,f'k;kbZ dks Hkwfe [kjhnus ;k dCtk djus dh vuqefr ugha FkhA vius ;qok vkSj dV~VjiaFkh usrkvksa dh enn ls ukVky Hkkjrh; dkaxszl us ,d vkSj fuf"Ø; izfrjks/ vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;kA blh chp Hkkjrh; usrkvksa us la;qDr jk"Vª esa bl eqn~ns dks mBk;kA Hkkjr us nf{k.k vizQhdh ljdkj ds lkFk lHkh O;kikj laca/ksa dks rksM+ fn;k vkSj vius mPpk;qDr dks okil cqyk fy;kA fuf"Ø; izfrjks/ vfHk;ku dh foiQyrk ds ckn] ukVky bafM;u dkaxszl us ckn esa nf{k.k vizQhdk esa vizQhdh jk"Vªh; dkaxszl ds lkFk ?kfu"B laca/ LFkkfir fd,A11 Hkkjr vizQhdh laca/ vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ;g igyh ckj ugha Fkk tc Hkkjrh; usrkvksa us la;qDr jk"Vª esa uLyh; uhfr ds eqnn~ ksa dks mBk;k FkkA rF; ;g Fkk fd la;qDr jk"Vª ds xBu ls igys Hkkjr us bl eqn~ns dks fofHkUu varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyuksa esa mBk;k FkkA 1917 ls 1922 rd Hkkjr us bu eqn~nksa dks nks&rhu lEesyuksa esa mBk;kA ,d ckj egku Hkkjrh; usrk lj rst cgknqj lizw us tujy LeV~l dks psrkouh nh fd ;fn os Hkkjrh;ksa ds izfr bu uLyh; uhfr;ksa dks ugha gVk,axs rks ;g ?kjsyw eqn~nksa dh lhekvksa dks ikj dj tk,xkA 21 uoacj 1946 dks Hkkjrh; izfrfuf/eaMy ds usrk Jherh fot; y{eh iafMr us la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk esa dgk fd ;g eqn~nk dsoy ,d jktuhfrd ;k dkuwuh eqn~nk ugha Fkk vkSj u gh nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp dksbZ izfr}af}rk gh gS cfYd ;g ,d Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

fo'o eqnn~ k FkkA bl l=k ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds vuqjks/ ij la;Dq r jk"Vª egklHkk us ,d izLrko ikfjr fd;k fd ;g ekuork dk loky gS vkSj nf{k.k vizQhdh ljdkj dks uLyh; HksnHkko dks lekIr djuk gksxkA 12 fnlacj 1947 dks la;Dq r jk"Vª egklHkk }kjk viuk, x, izLrko ds laca/ esa ia- tokgjyky usg: us dgk Fkk geus u dsoy Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds vf/dkjksa ds fy, bl eqn~nksa dks mBk;k gS cfYd bl uLyh; uhfr ls ihfM+r nf{k.k vizQhdh yksxksa ds ckjs esa Hkh ge mrus gh fpafrr gSAa usg: dh lgkuqHkwfr vkSj vizQhdk leL;k ds ckjs esa usg: dh le> vizQhdk dh eqfDr vkSj ,drk ds la?k"kZ esa yxs lHkh yksxksa ds fy, lkgl dk ,d cM+k lzksr FkkA tc Hkh tokgjyky usg: us vizQhdk dh ckr dh rks og ,d bfrgkldkj ds tquwu ds rkSj ij Fkh ftlus ml egkn~ohi ds yksxksa dh yach 'kghnrk vkSj fonzksg dks le>k vkSj lHkh mRihfM+r yksxksa dh vafre thr esa jk"Vªh; eqfDr la?k"kZ ds usrk dh rjg fo'okl djrs gq, dk;Z fd;kA muds fy, vizQhdk ,d nwjLFk egkn~ohi ugha Fkk mudk ,d iM+kl s h ns'k Fkk tks leqnz ds tfj;s nksuksa dks tksMr+ k FkkA mUgksua s ekpZ 1947 esa ubZ fnYyh esa ,f'k;kbZ lac/ a lEesyu dks lacksf/r djrs gq, fd ,f'k;k esa ge vizQhdk ds yksxksa ds izfr fo'ks"k ftEesnkjh j[krs gSAa gesa mUgsa ekuo lekt esa mudk lgh LFkku fnykus esa enn djuh pkfg,A nwljh vksj nf{k.k vizQhdk dh ljdkj us nkok fd;k fd la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj ds vuqPNsn 2(7) ds izko/ku ds rgr ;g mudh ?kjsyw leL;k gS vkSj ?kjsyw ekeys gksus ds ukrs] fdlh dks Hkh fdlh vU; jkT; ds ekeys esa gLr{ksi djus dk vf/dkj ugha feyuk pkfg;sA fo'o fudk;] la;Dq r jk"Vª us nf{k.k vizQhdk dh bl nyhy dks [kkfjt dj fn;k vkSj vius ,tsaMk esa Hkkjrh; f'kdk;rksa dks j[kkA12 1946 ls 1962 rd] Hkkjrh; usrkvksa dh ekax ij] la;Dq r jk"Vª egklHkk us uLyh; uhfr ds f[kykiQ 26 izLrko ikfjr fd,A 1962 esa la;qDr jk"Vª us ekax dh Fkh fd lHkh jk"Vªksa dks nf{k.k vizQhdk ds f[kykiQ vkfFkZd vkSj jktuf;d izfrca/ ykxw djuk pkfg,A la;Dq r jk"Vª us vikFkkZbM (jaxHksn) dks ekuork ds f[kykiQ vijk/ ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA la;qDr jk"Vª ds vuqlkj] ;g varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk ds fy, vPNk ugha FkkA la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk vukSipkfjd uhfr ds f[kykiQ ,d fo'ks"k lfefr xfBr dh xbZ FkhA Hkkjrh; izfrfuf/ bl lfefr ds fo'ks"k lnL; FksA ukbthfj;k ds jktnwr ysLyh vks gSfjeSu us fiNys 30 o"kksaZ ds nkSjku uLyh; HksnHkko ds f[kykiQ muds dk;Z ds fy, Hkkjr dh iz'kalk dhA nf{k.k vizQhdk dks u dsoy jk"VªeaMy ls fu"dkflr dj fn;k x;k okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 17

Fkk] cfYd Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk mlls O;kikfjd lac/ a vkSj jktuf;d laca/ [kRe dj fn, x, Fks vkSj ;g vkfFkZd izfrca/ 1994 rd tkjh jgs tc rd nf{k.k vizQhdk usYlu e.Msyk ds jk"Vªifr in ds rgr yksdrkaf=kd jkT; ugha cu x;kA xqV fujis{k vkanksyu ftldh LFkkiuk 1961 esa csyxzsM es a gq b Z Fkh dk mn~ n s ' ; lkez k T;okn] mifuos ' kokn] uo&mifuos'kokn] uLyokn vkSj fons'kh vkØkedrk ;k izHkqRo ds lHkh :iksa ds f[kykiQ la?k"kZ djuk FkkA blds lnL; fo'ks"k :i ls rhljs fo'o ds ns'k Fks tks fodkl'khy voLFkk esa FksA blds laLFkkid lnL;ksa esa ia- tokgjyky usg: ds lkFk baMksufs 'k;k ds jk"Vªifr lqd.kks]Z felz ds jk"Vªifr vCnsy uklj] ?kkuk ds jk"Vªifr Dokes ,uØqek vkSj ;ksxLykfo;k ds jk"Vªifr] tksfli czkt s VkbVks FksA13 1986 esa gjkjs ds 8osa ,u,,e f'k[kj lEesyu es]a Hkkjr us mifuos'kokn vkSj uLyh;okn ds f[kykiQ vizQhdh dkjZokbZ ds fy, igy dhA Hkkjrh;ksa us vizQhdk ds yksxksa ds fy, iQaMl dh Hkh O;oLFkk dhA Hkkjr esa vizQhdu LVMht vktknh ds la?k"kZ esa vizQhdk vkSj Hkkjr ,sfrgkfld :i ls djhch lg;ksxh jgs gSaA Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr }kjk vizQhdk dh vktknh ds fy, Hkh Hkjld iz;Ru fd;s x,A iatokgjyky usg: us 6 vxLr 1955 dks vizQhdk ij Hkkjrh; f'kf{kr yksxksa ds chp tkx:drk iSnk djus ds fy, Ldwy vkWiQ viQjhdu LV~Mht] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky; dk mn~?kkVu fd;kA vkt ;g vizQhdh vè;;u foHkkx ds :i esa fodflr gS vkSj mUur vuqla/ku ds fy, ;wthlh ls {ks=k vè;;u vuqnku izkIr djrk gSA blls igys 1946 esa] ubZ fnYyh esa igys ,f'k;kbZ lac/ a lEesyu es]a ia- tokgjyky usg: us Hkkjr ds fofHkUu fo'ofon~;ky;ksa esa i<+ jgs vizQhdh Nk=kksa ds fy, Nk=ko`fÙk ds mRifÙk ds fy, ,d Kkiu f'k{kk ea=kky; dks HkstkA ;s iQSyksf'ki fo'ks"k :i ls rduhdh okf.fT;d vkSj d`f"k vè;;u ds {ks=k esa FkhaA okbljk; us ia- tokgjyky usg: th ds izLrko dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA Hkkjr dh vktknh ls fliQZ ikap eghus igys bu vè;;uksa ds fy, ikap dsU;k Nk=kksa dk p;u fd;k x;k FkkA bu Nk=kksa dks Hkkjr esa lsaV LVhiQu dkWyst vkWiQ fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofon~;ky;] bykgkckn fo'ofon~;ky;] cukjl fgnw fo'ofon~;ky; vkSj :M+dh bathfu;fjax dkWyst esa ,d tSls fofHkUu fo'ofon~;ky;ksa esa j[kk x;k FkkA vius Hkk"k.k esa iatokgjyky usg: us dgk] ;s Nk=k ;gka Hkkjr ds ckjs esa gh ugha lh[ksaxs ysfdu ge vizQhdh ds ckjs esa muls lh[k ldrs 18 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

gSaA lkB ds n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa] Hkkjr esa dbZ cSBdsa vk;ksftr dh xb±] ftudh vè;{krk fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky; ds izfrf"Br lkekftd oSKfudksa tSls veR;Z lsu vkSj ,e,u Jh fuoklu us dh FkhA orZeku esa Hkkjr esa vizQhdh vè;;u ds rhu dsanz gSaA lcls iqjkuk vizQhdh vè;;u foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky; gS] ftls 1955&56 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA 1969&70 esa] muds nks vU; vÚhdh vè;;u foHkkx vFkkZr~ if'pe ,f'k;k vkSj lc&lgkjk vizQhdh vè;;u tokgjyky usg: fo'ofon~;ky; esa vkSj ckWEcs fo'ofon~;ky; esa iwohZ vizQhdh vè;;u dsan]z ckn esa bldk uke cnydj vizQhdh vè;;u dsna z j[kk x;kA vizQhdh vè;;u ds Nk=kksa dk orZeku le; esa ,d mTToy Hkfo"; gSA Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa dks orZeku esa vizQhdh Hkk"kkvksa vkSj yksxksa ds Kku ds lkFk ;qok iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dh vko';drk gksxhA baiQksfll] lR;e] ,uvkbZvkbZVh vkSj ,IVsd tSlh dbZ Hkkjrh; izf'k{k.k daifu;ksa us vizQhdh ns'kksa ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa Hkh vius laLFkku LFkkfir fd, gSaA Hkkjr vkSj vizQhdk esa ;qok vizQhdh izf'k{k.k ds vykok] cM+h la[;k esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kd vizQhdh Ldwyksa vkSj fo'ofon~;ky;ksa esa i<+kus ds fy, x, gSaA Hkkjrh;ksa us LokLF; lsokvksa ds {ks=k esa Hkh viuh lsok,a c<+kbZ gSA Hkkjrh; vkcknh vkSj vizQhdh vkcknh dh dbZ LokLF; leL;k,a gSa tSls eysfj;k] Vhch] iksfy;ks] fMIFkhfj;k] VsVul vkSj VkbiQkbM vkfnA vizQhdh ns'kksa esa ,d vkSj cM+h leL;k ,pvkbZoh @ ,M~l gS] tks Hkkjr esa Hkh c<+ jgh gSA Hkkjrh;ksa us ;gka ,d ,aVh&jsVªksok;jy nok fodflr dh gS tks ,pvkbZoh&,M~l dks Bhd djus esa cgqr ennxkj gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa es]a bl chekjh ls ihfM+r cgqr ls yksx bl Hkkjrh; mRikn ij Hkjkslk djrs gSAa ;g nok ,d lLrh dher ij miyC/ gSA Hkkjr fofHkUu vizQhdh ns'kksa dks ,aVh&jsVªksok;jy nokvksa dk lcls cM+k iznkrk gSA14 jk"Vªifr ,ihts vCnqy dyke vktkn ds dk;Zdky ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; ljdkj us vizQhdh la?k ds lHkh 53 ns'kksa ds fy, Vsyh&f'k{kk] Vsyh&esfMflu vkSj bZ&lsokvksa ds fy, ,dhd`r mixzg] iQkbcj vkWfIVDl vkSj ok;jysl usVodZ dusfDVfoVh iznku dhA ;s usVodZ ikap fo'ofon~;ky;ksa ftlesa ls nks Hkkjr ds vkSj rhu vizQhdk ds fo'o fon~;ky;ksa dks vkil esa tksM+saxsA blfy, Hkkjrh; ges'kk lkmFk vizQhdk vkSj vizQhdk ds vU; ns'kksa ds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl esa lq/kj djus dh dksf'k'k djrs jgs gSaA vktknh ds ckn] cgqr lkjs vizQhdh ns'kksa ftlesa nf{k.k vizQhdk Hkh ekuk tkrk gS dks lw[ks dk lkeuk djuk iM+k vkSj Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

1970 esa ogka d`f"k mRiknu esa deh vkbZ ftlls vizQhdk dks vdky dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA gfjr Økafr ij fo'ks"kKrk j[kus okys Hkkjr us vizQhdh jkT;ksa esa fdlkuksa dks mRiknu vf/'ks"k vkSj le`f¼ igqapkbZA Hkkjrh;ksa us vius fo'k"kKksa dks flapkbZ] [ksrksa ds e'khuhd.k] csgrj xq.koÙkk okys cht vkSj vizQhdh fdlkuksa ds lkFk moZjdksa vkSj dhVuk'kdksa dk mi;ksx tSls dk;ksaZ ds fy, nf{k.k vizQhdk HkstkA blfy, nf{k.k vizQhdk viuh jktuhfrd] lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj fpark dks Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr esa ns[krk gSA vFkkZr~ nf{k.k vizQhdk vkSj Hkkjr esa fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dh mifLFkfr ls nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp ,dtqVrk dh Hkkouk iSnk gqbAZ nksuksa ns'kksa ds yksxksa esa vius&vius ns'k dks nq'euksa ls vktkn djokus dh egRokdka{kk tkxh tks fd jk"Vªokn ds :i esa mHkjhA ysfdu nf{k.k vizQhdh jk"Vªoknh Hkkouk] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªoknh Hkkouk dh rqyuk esa dkiQh /heh FkhA Hkkjr esa Hkh ml nkSjku xjhch vkSj vf'k{kk dk Lrj T;knk Fkk ysfdu Hkkjr ds eqdkcys nf{k.k vizQhdk esa ;g Lrj dgha vf/d FkkA bu lHkh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd rukoksa ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; vkSj nf{k.k vizQhdh vFkZO;oLFkk /hjs&/hjs c<+ jgh Fkh ;k ;ksa dgsa fd nksuksa ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks vius iQk;ns ds fy, fonsf'k;ksa }kjk c<+k;k tk jgk Fkk rks xyr u gksxkA vaxt sz h Hkk"kk ds izlkj ls nksuksa ns'kksa ds jk"Vªoknh pfj=kksa dks mHkjus esa vkSj vf/d enn feyhA Hkkjr esa bf.M;u us'kuy dkaxl sz dh LFkkiuk ds i'pkr jk"Vªoknh izo`fÙk;ksa us xfr idM+h vkSj nf{k.k vizQhdk esa vizQhdh us'kuy dkaxl sz dh LFkkiuk ds i'pkrA nksuksa ns'kksa dh dkaxszl esa nks rjg ds nyksa us viuk izHkko fn[kk;k tSls mnkjoknh vkSj mxzoknh ;kfu pjeiaFkh xqVA nksuksa ns'kksa ds mnkjoknh xqV cgqr /heh izfØ;k ls pyrs FksA mudk y{; jktuhfr esa lfØ; :i ls fczfV'k lkezkT; ds opZLo ds rgr Hkkx ysuk Fkk ftldh izfØ;k cgqr /heh FkhA nwljh rjiQ nksuksa ns'kksa ds mxzoknh ;k pjeiaFkh xqV iwjh rjg ls Lojkt ;kfu (lSYiQ :y) ds bPNqd FksA Hkkjr esa mnkjokfn;ksa ds xqV esa eksrhyky usg:] ia- tokgjyky usg:] nknkHkkbZ ukjkSth] ohih- esuu] ,l-,u- cSuthZ] xksikyd`".k xks[kys bR;kfn Fks vkSj mxzoknh xqV esa cky xaxk/j fryd yky] yktirjk; vkSj vjfoan ?kks"k vkfnA vizQhdh mnkjoknh xqV esa fiDLys lse]as MkWtku ySxnhosyy s ]s vizQhdh odhy] i=kdkj vkSj f'k{kd vkfn Fks vkSj mxzokfn;ksa esa MkW- e.Msyk] MCY;w-,e- fllqyw vkSj MkWth-,e- uk;dj vkfn FksA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Hkkjr esa jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu ds iz.ksrk ge egkRek eksgunkl deZpUn xka/hth dks ekurs gSa vkSj nf{k.k vizQhdk esa MkWusYlu e.Msyk th dksA ftuds pyrs fonsf'k;ksa dks Hkkjrh;ksa vkSj vizQhfd;ksa }kjk pyk, dbZ vkanksyuksa vkSj fonzksgksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA egkRek xka/h vkSj Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxl sz ds iz;klksa ds ekè;e ls vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku nksuksa ns'k vkSj Hkh djhc vk,A xka/h th ml le; nf{k.k vizQhdk esa FksA xka/hth us nf{k.k vizQhdk esa Hkkjrh;ksa vkSj vizQhdhokfl;ksa ds f[kykiQ gks jgs viekutud O;ogkj ds f[kykiQ dbZ vkanksyu NsM+sA xka/hth us nf{k.k vizQhdk esa dbZ laxBuksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh dhA nf{k.k vizQhdk esa mudk igyk jktuhfrd xBu ukVky bafM;u dkaxszl (NIC) vkSj Vªkaloky fczfV'k bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku ;kfu (TBIC) Fkk ftls ckn esa uke cnydj Vªkloky bf.M;u dkaxzsl ;kfu (TIC) ds :i esa ukfer fd;k x;kA 1919 esa xka/hth us ogka nf{k.k vizQhdh sz k laxBu Hkh cuk;kA Hkkjrh; dkaxl sz uked (SAIC) ,d vacy bu lcds rgr ogka dh jk"Vªoknh izo`fÙk;ksa dks c
vkanksyu us vkSj tksj idM+kA varjkZ"Vªh; {ks=k ls nf{k.kh vizQhdh ljdkj ij jaxHksn uhfr dks lekIr djus ds fy, ncko Mkyk x;kA vkthou dkjkokl ls igys MkW- e.Msyk us 1962 esa nf{k.k vizQhdk NksM+ fn;k FkkA ckgj ds ns'kksa esa jgrs gq, mUgksaus lSU; izf'k{k.k gkfly fd;kA tc og okfil nf{k.k vizQhdk vk, rks 1964 esa ljdkj us mUgsa nks"kh Bgjkrs gq, jkscus }hi ij vkthou dkjkokl dh ltk lqukbZA buesa MkWe.Msyk ds lkFk mudh iRuh fouh e.Msyk] fel uk;Mw] fel

uk;acs] beke gkju vkSj fel uDdyk vkfn Hkh 'kkfey FksA 1992 tsy ls fjgk gksus ds i'pkr MkW- e.Msyk iwjh rjg ls jktuhfr esa mrj pqds FksA 1994 esa MkW- usYlu e.Msyk igys v'osr jk"Vªifr ds uke ls uketn gq, vkSj lkFk gh vikjFkkbM ;kfu jaxHksn uhfr ls ns'k dks dkiQh gn rd jkgr feyhA ih,p-Mh- LdkWyj] vÚhdh vè;;u foHkkx fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh lqijokbtj % xhrk lgkjs

lanHkZ lwph 1- Mh-,u 'kekZ % ,iQjks ,f'k;u xzqi bu n ;w-,u-] psrU;k ifCyf'kax gkml] bykgkckn] 1969] i`"B 260 2- Vh-vkj-,p- nkouiksVZ % lkmFk vizQhdk] ekSMuZ fgLVªh] eSdfeyu izsl fyfefVM] yanu] 1977] i`"B 513 3- blkcksy gksiQses;j ,.M ekbdy fofy;el % lkmFk vizQhdk ,.M bafM;k_ 'ksfiax n Xykscy lkmFk foVl ;wfuoflZVh izsl] lkmFk vizQhdk] 2001] i`"B 6 4- bafM;k] vizQhdk] MsoysieS.M dksvksijs'ku] ikLV] izl s Us V ,.M Ý;wpj fotu] tuZy ,fMfVM ck;] MkW- jf'e diwj] i`"B iii 5- blscy gksiQses;j ,.M ekbdy fofy;el % lkmFk vizQhdk ,.M bafM;k] foVl ;fuoflZVh izsl] lkmFk vizQhdk] 2001] i`"B 22 6- vkj-MCY;w- tkulu % lkmFk vizQhdk] vksfj;.M ifCyf'kax] yanu] 2004] i`"B 117

7-

20 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

89-

Vh-th- jkeewfrZ % vikjFkkbM ,.M bafM;u lkmFk vizQhdk] fjykbUl ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh] 1995 i`"B 225 bafM;ku vksfifu;u 14 ekpZ 1906 lkbfVM ck, b-,ljSMh ykd flV ,l-lh- lDlSuk % lkmFk vizQhdk] okfdax n ykLV ekby] dkfyaxk ifCyds'ku fnYyh] 1992] i`"B 358

10- Pt. Nehru https://www.sahistory.org.za 11- fØLVksiQj lkSaMlZ % fgLVksfjdy fMD'kujh vkWiQ lkmFk vizQhdk] Lds;jØw izsl] yanu] 1983] u- 37] i`"B 84 12- Mh-,u 'kekZ % ,iQjks ,f'k;u xzqi bu n ;w-,u- pSrU;k ifCyf'kax gkml] bykgkckn] 1969] i`"B 265 13- mek 'kadj >k % lkmFk vizQhdk ,.M n uku&,ykbUM ewoeSUV] ,lksfl,'ku vkiQ bafM;ku vizQhdkfuLV] bafM;k] 2001] i`"B 98 HIV Programmes http:// 14- India www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

'kksèk&i=k

fgUnh lkfgR; vkSj tukanksyuksa dk varl±c/ a MkW- nhik xxZ

lk

fgR; dk lekt dk niZ.k dgk tkrk gS ftlesa O;fDr vkSj lekt ds xq.k] nks"k] vPNkb;k¡] cqjkb;k¡] 'kfDr] detksfj;k¡ vkSj izo`fÙk;k¡ rFkk fod`fr;k¡ izfrfcfEcr gksrh gSaA lekt dk Lo:i gh jk"Vª dh mRifÙk vFkok voufr dk vk/kj gSA lekt dh /kj.kk,¡ ekU;rk,¡ vkfn lkfgR; ds }kjk gh izfrfcfEcr gksrh gSaA fdlh ns'k vkSj lekt dk jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ;k eqfDr laxkz e ml ns'k vkSj lekt dh lcls egRoiw.kZ ifj?kVukvksa esa ls ,d gksrk gS_ ftldk izfriQyu Hkh lkfgR; esa gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dk vkjEHk 1857 ds vliQy fonzksg ls ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dh izsj.kk rFkk izHkko ls rFkk mls izsfjr djus ds mís'; ls fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa us lkfgR; dh fofHkUu fo/kvksa esa l`tu gqvk gSA ^^1857 ds Lok/hurk laxzke ls fgUnh lkfgR; esa ;qxkUrj mifLFkr gqvkA bl Økafr ls Hkkjrh; thou esa tks ,d egku ifjorZu ,d Økafr] ,d ;qxkUrj vk;k og leLr Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa izfriQfyr gqvk] xqtjkrh lkfgR; esa ueZn] ejkBh lkfgR; esa fpiyqudj] caXyk lkfgR; esa cafde vkSj fgUnh lkfgR; esa HkkjrsUnq bl ;qxkUrj ds izfrfuf/ lkfgR;dkj dgs tkrs gSaA**1 HkkjrsUnq ;qx dh izfrfuf/ jpuk ^Hkkjr nqnZ'kk* ukVd esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'kpUnz us ewfNZr Hkkjr dks mBkus ds fy, fuyZTtrk vkSj vk'kk dks izLrqr fd;k vkSj ns'kokfl;ksa dks ;g crkuk pkgk fd vaxsztksa dk xqyke gksdj dsoy jktHkfDr dk izn'kZu djds thfor jguk fuyZTtrk gS vkSj ns'kHkfDr ls izsfjr gksdj Lokra=; ds fy, iz;Ru'khy gksuk vk'kk dh ckr gSA bl ;qx ds vU; lkfgR;dkjksa esa Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

ia- ckyd`".k HkV~V] izrkiukjk;.k feJ] cky eqdqUn xqIr vkfn izeq[k gSa ftUgksaus vizR;{k vkSj jktHkfDr dh vkM+ esa vaxzsth 'kklu ds vR;kpkjksa ,oa mudh uhfr;ksa dh fuUnk dh gSA f}osnh ;qx esa egkohj izlkn f}osnh }kjk laikfnr ^ljLorh* if=kdk ds cgqr ls vadksa esa 1857 dh Økafr vkSj Økafr ds izeq[k usrkvksa tSls jkuh y{ehckbZ] ukuk lkgc vkfn ds fo"k; esa ys[k Hkh izdkf'kr gq, gSaA ^pkan* if=kdk ds ^iQkalh* vad uoEcj 1928 esa Jh [oktk glu futkeh nsgyoh dk ys[k ^lu~ 57 esa fnYyh ds yky fnu* izdkf'kr gqvk Fkk ftlesa vaxzstksa }kjk fnYyh ij fd;s x;s Hkh"k.k neu vkSj vR;kpkjksa ds d`R;ksa dk cM+k gh izHkkoiw.kZ o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr ds leLr Lok/hurk la?k"kZ ij 1857 ds Lokra=; laxkz e dh izsjd vkSj fo/k;d Nk;k jghA 1857 dh Økafr dk gekjs fgUnh lkfgR; ij Hkh izHkko iM+kA 1857 ds ckn tkx:d dfo;ksa dk è;ku turk dh vksj eqM+k vkSj dkO; esa jhfrdky lekIr gqvk vkSj vk/qfud dky ;k Lokra=; la?k"kZ dky esa ifjofrZr gqvkA vc dfo vkSj lkfgR;dkj vaxsztksa ds xqyke cus gq, jktkvksa] jtokM+ksa ;k jbZlksa dh rjiQ ugha ns[krs Fks] vkerkSj ij vc os turk dh vksj gh ns[krs Fks vkSj tks turk dh le> esa vk;s ,slh Hkk"kk esa mUgha ds fy, vius lkfgfR;d jpuk;sa izdkf'kr djrs FksA ^Hkkjr tuuh* ukVd esa HkkjrsUnq th us lu~ 1857 ds Lokra=; ;q¼ dk ,d laf{kIr fp=k izLrqr fd;k gSμ ^^[ksyr [ksyr iwue vkbZ] Hkkjh [ksy Hk;ks jh] okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 21

pyr dqe&dqe jax fipdkjh v: xqyky dh >ksjh] ctr MiQ jkx teksjhA**2 u;s tekus dh eqdjh (lu~ 1941) esa og izfl¼ eqdjh gS ftlesa gkL; esa yisV dj HkkjrsUnq th us vaxszth jkt dh vlfy;r dk c;ku fd;k gSμ ^^Hkhrj&Hkhrj lc jl pwlsa] gfl&gfl ru eu /u eqlS] tkfgj ckru esa vfr rstA D;ksa lf[k lktuA ugha vaxjstA**3 izse/u th us viuh ^eu dh ekSt* dqN er iwNks 'kh"kZd dfork laor~ 1944 esa fueZe izseh dh f'kdk;r ds :i esa vius ;qx dh jktuhfrd csclh vkSj tqckucanh dh O;atuk bl izdkj dh gSμ ^^gkj x;k tc rqels rc fiQj D;k ohjrk fn[kkÅa MkV ds tks dqN dfg;s lqudj xjnu D;ksa u fgykÅa cqjk pkgs fdruk gw¡ yxs lquwa 'kjcr lh ih tkÅa dgks izse/u izse dgkuh dSls fdls lqukÅaA**4 ;s iafDr;ka csoiQk ek'kwd ls dgha vPNh rjg vaxszt ljdkj ij yxrh gSa vkSj crkrh gSa fd fdl cstqckuh ds ;qx esa izse/u th dks vius eu dh ckr Nqikdj dM+os ?kwV dks 'kjcr dh rjg ihrs gq, jkt xq.kxku djuk iM+ jgk FkkA bldh vksj ladsr djrs gq, dfo dgrk gSμ ^^cgqr rax rqeus dj Mkyk dc rd jap mBkÅa lgus dk Hkh njtk blls vf/d u ikÅa Bku fy;k gS rqeus Hkh dqN D;ksa] mldks le>kÅaA**5 izse/u th us tks dqN ;gk¡ Bku fy;k gS vkSj le>k ds dg ugha jgs gSa] mls muls 'kCnksa ls <wakuk gSA bl ;qx ds ,d vU; izeq[k lkfgR;dkj ia- izrki ukjk;.k feJ FksA MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ ds 'kCnksa esa ^^mudh rks ul&ul ls 'kjkjr vkSj fonzksg Hkjk gqvk FkkA**6 gkL; ds lkFk Lok/hurk dh psruk iSQykus esa os lcls vkxs FksA ia- ckyd`".k HkV~V dh fp<+ ftruh izHkkoh gksrh Fkh mruh gh budh pqgyckthA jktHkfDr dh vkM+ ysdj vaxzsth jkT; esa Hkkjr dh nqnZ'kk dk fp=k [khapdj O;atuk ls Lokra=; la?k"kZ ds fy, izsfjr djuk gh budh Hkh lkfgR; dyk dk eeZ gS ftlesa gkL; dk iqV fo'ks"k gSA vius yksdksfDr 'krd esa ;g dgrs gSa fdμ 22 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

^^loZlq fy, tkr vaxjstA ge dsoy Y;dpj ds rstA Øe fcu ckrsa dk djrh gSA dgq¡ VksVdu xkats Vjrh gSaA**7 r`I;UrkHk i- izrki ukjk;.k feJ dh lqizfl¼ dfork gSA blesa Lora=krk dh psruk vkSj mls izkIr djus ds fy, n`<+rk ls laxzke djus dh rRijrk dh vkdka{kk Hkyh&Hkkafr fpf=kr gqbZ gSA blesa Hkkoksa dk mn~osx rFkk O;aX;ksa dk rh[kkiu dgha vf/d gSA feJ th us viuh bl dfork esa nso firjksa ls dgrs gSa fd ge rqEgsa ty nsus ds vfèkdkjh gh ugha gSaA fdl eqag ls rqe ls r`I;UrkHk dgsμ ^^bu gkFku lks nsfg dgk ty ts lsofg lc pju eqnkHk jgr fo'o ij =kku nfyr fur rsfg flj lks fdfe djs iz.kkeA**8 dfo dh vkUrfjd Xykfu gS] [kq'kken diV dyke] ;kfu vkSipkfjd jktHkfDr dh ckrsa cksyus ij vkSj ;kn vkrh gS mls Lora=k Hkkjr ds ohj iwoZtksa dhA ^^ySlu bude pqxa h pank iqfyl vnkyr cjlk Nke lcds gkFku] mlu clu thou lal; e; jgr eqnke tks bugq lS izku cpS rks xksyh dksyfr gk; /M+ke] e`R;q nsork ueLdkj rqe lc izdkj cl r`I;ukHkA**9 vaxzstksa dh nklrk ls thou nwHkj gks jgk gSA ekSr rks r`Ir gks jgh gSA ge Lokra=; ;q¼ ls e`R;q nsork dks r`Ir u Hkh djs rks lkezkT;oknh vkfFkZd mRihM+u ls tks n'r gks jgh gS og ;q¼ ls gksus okyh nwjh ls cqjh n'kk ls dqN Hkh vPNh ugha gSA Jh cky eqdqUn xqIr us viuh dforkvksa esa l'kL=k Lokra=; ;q¼ dh bPNk ds fy, /kfeZd vkoj.k viuk;k gSA ^jke Hkjks lk* 'kh"kZd dfork esa os dgrs gSaμ ^^HksV Hkju fgr fiQjs gk; dwdj ls nj&nj pkVfga rkds iSj yifd ekjfg tks Bksdj n;k djgq¡ dNq ,slh tks fut nlk lq/kjs rqEgjks mRlo ,d ckj iqfu mj es /kjSA**10 /kfeZd vkoj.k esa bu dforkvksa esa Lokra=; la?k"kZ ds fy, vkg~oku gS vkSj FkksFkh jktHkfDr vkSj ljdkjh inksa ds yksHk dh fuUnk gSA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

^'kkjnh; iwtk* esa os Hkkjr ekrk dks vlqju ny nfyu flagokfguh nqxkZ ds :i esa gh ns[krs gSa vkSj mlls ljLorh vkSj dey ds lkFk blh :i esa jgus dh izkFkZuk djrs gSa? ^^t;fr flagokfluh t;fr t; Hkkjr ekrk t; vlqju ny nfyu t;fr t; f=kHkqou =kkrk lax ljLorh v: dey lksHkk ck<+h vfr pkjgq vkSj xej dfj lsuk lqj lsukifr] vc tufu ;k gh :i lks lnk okl Hkkjr djks /U;&/U; vkuan c<+k; ds] nfjnz lksd lal; gjksA**11 jk"Vªh; Lokra=; la?k"kZ ds fy, xqIr th dk /kfeZd jax eqfLye 'kklu ds fojks/ dh vkM+ ds jax ls vo'; gh vf/d vPNk gS vkSj jk"Vª dh ,drk ds fy, vfèkd

ykHkizn jgkA la{ksi esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd bl le; ds lkfgR;dkj Hkh 1857 ds vliQy fonzksg ls izsj.kk ys jgs Fks vkSj ns'kokfl;ksa dks vius jk"Vª ds izfr drZO; dks crkus vkSj ijk/hu Hkkjr ds Lora=k gksus dh vk'kk j[krs gq, lkfgR; dk l`tu djus yxsA 1857 dh Økafr dk izHkko fgUnh ds lkfgR;dkjksa ij gh ugha cfYd Økafrdkfj;ksa ij Hkh iM+k gSA izfl¼ Økafrdkjh 'kghn Hkxr flag ds fy[ks dwdk fonzksg 'kh"kZd ys[k esa vaxzsth nklrk ds fo#¼ l'kL=k Økafrdkjh xfrfofèk dk fnXn'kZu gSA vEcsMdj dkWyt s ] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh

lanHkZ lwph 1- MkW- Hkxoku nkl ekgkSj&iwoksZDr] i`- 30 2- HkkjrsUnq gfj'kpUn&iwoksZDr] i`- 22 3- HkkjrsUnq gfj'kpUn&HkkjrsUnq xzUFkkoyh] Hkkjr tuuh] Hkkx&2] i`- 811 4- izse/u&iwoksZDr] Hkkx&1] i`- 192 5- ogh 6- MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ] HkkjrsUnq ;qx] i`- 27 7- izrki ukjk;.k feJ&yksdksfDr 'krd] i`- 28 8- izrki ukjk;.k feJ&iwoksZDr Nan la- 19 9- ogh] Nan la- 20 10- cky eqdqUn xqIr&fuca/koyh] la- >koj (eYy 'kekZ cukjlh prqonZs h)] i`- 593 11- cky eqdUq n xqIr&iwoksDZ r] ist 597

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 23

'kksèk&i=k

vk;qonZs vkSj ojkg fefgj dh c`gr~ lafgrk vkyksd jatu ikBd ;qosZn Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk izk.k gSA ;g vFkoZosn dh ,d 'kk[kk gSA uke ls gh Li"V gS fd bldk lhèkk laca/ vk;q ls gSA fdUrq bldh ,d fuf'pr ifjHkk"kk gksuh pkfg,A vk;qosZn dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, lqJqr us dgk gS& 1- ftlesa ;k ftlds }kjk vk;q izkIr gks] vk;q tkuh tk, mldks vk;qosZn dgrs gSaA1 2- laLd`r&fgUnh dks'k ds vuqlkj] LokLFk ;k vkS"kf/ foKku dks vk;qosnZ dgrs gSaA2 3- pjd ds vuqlkj&^^tudY;k.k ds fy, vk;qosnZ dk fuekZ.k gqvk gS] blesa ,sgykSfdd dY;k.k vkSj ikj ykSfdd Js; gsSA**3 4- /uoUrjh ds vuqlkj&^^'kjhj] bfUnz;] lRo vkSj vkRek buds iz;ksx dk uke vk;q gSA ;g lHkh vk;qosZn esa gS vFkok bl 'kkL=k ds }kjk vk;q izkIr gksrh gSA blfy, ;g vk;qonsZ gSA fgrkfgra lq[ka nq%[kek;qLrL; fgrkfgre~A ekua p rPPk ;PpksDrek;qosZn% mPp;rsAA4 5- lqJrq lafgrk ds }kjk vk;qonZs dk iz;kstu%&O;kfèk;ksa ls vkØkUr izkf.k;ksa dks jksxksa ls eqDr djuk vkSj LoLFk euq";ksa ds LokLFk dh j{kk djuk gh vk;qosZn dk iz;kstu gSA5 6- Hkko izdk'k ds vuqlkj%&vk;qfgZRkkfgra O;k?ksfua/ Z ua 6 'keua fg rs ;=k fo}n~fHk% l vk;qosZn mP;rsA ftl 'kkL=k esa vk;q dsk c<+kus okys fgrdkjd vkSj vfgrdkjd inkFkks± dk mYys[k gks vkSj jksxksa ds funku] mRiUu gksus dk iz/ku dkj.k vkSj mldh 'kkfUr dk mik;

vk

24 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

gks] mls fo}ku yksx vk;qosnZ dgrs gSaA vk;qosZn dk {ks=k u dsoy LokLFk dh ns[kHkky rd lhfer gS cfYd bldk {ks=k foLr`r gSA blds vUrXkZr tM+h&cqfV;ksa dk Kku] mldh igpku] y{k.k] Lo:i] mlds xq.k nks"kksa dk o.kZu] isM+&ikS/s] ouLifr;ksa dk vè;;u Hkh blh {ks=k esa vkrk gSA blds vykok ukM+h&ijh{k.k] f=knks"k] (diQ] fiÙk vkSj okr) f=knks"kksa ls mRiUUk jksxksa] Hkkstu dh izd`fr] iF;] viF;] vkS"kf/ dk fuekZ.k] vdZ] fuekZ.k] vfj"V fuekZ.k] voysg] jkl] HkLe] jlk;u rFkk blls fufeZr vkS"kf/;ksa dk fuekZ.k] 'kY; fpfdRlk] okthdj.k] 'kkykD; ,oa dk;Z fpfdRlk dk o.kZu Hkh vk;qosZn ds vUrXkZRk gh vkrk gSA bl 'kkL=k esa fo"k&fpfdRlk] ½rq ds vuqlkj Hkkstu dh lykg] fdl izdkj ds Hkkstu dks ugha djuk pkfg, bldh lykg] fofHkUu izdkj ds rSyksa ,oa ?k`rksa dk fuekZ.k] vkS"k/ ;a=kksa dk fuekZ.k] jksxksa dh euksoSKkfud fpfdRlk bR;kfn dk o.kZu Hkh vk;qoZsn ds {ks=k esa vkrk gSA brus cM+s {ks=k esa Hkh ojkg fefgj us viuk er ,slh ckrksa ij izdV fd;k gS] ftldk lh/k laca/ vke tuksa ls gSA bl vkys[k esa ojkg fefgj ds mUgha rF;ksa dh foospuk dh tk,xh] ftldk mUgksaus o`gr~ lafgrk esa o.kZu fd;k gSA larku izkfIr ojkg fefgj ds vuqlkj ½rqdky ds i'pkr~ le jkf'k;ksa esa lekxe djus ls iq=k ,oa fo"ke jkf'k;ksa esa lekxe djus ls iq=kh dh izkfIr gksrh gSA ysfdu bldh Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

x.kuk 2 ls ysdj 15 rd ds fnuksa esa gh gksuh pkfg,A lEHkksx dky dh jkf=k;k¡ ftruh nwj jgsaxh mruh gh vfèkd lqUnj] lq[kh vkSj nh?kkZ;q okyk larku gksxkA7 xHkZLFk f'k'kq ds fyÄ~x dh igpku ;fn L=kh ds nkfgus Hkkx esa xHkZ fn[kykbZ ns rks iq=k larku rFkk ck;sa Hkkx esa fn[kykbZ ns rks dU;k larku dk tUe gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA8 ftl L=kh ds nf{k.k Lru esa lcls igys nw/ gksus dh laHkkouk gks ;k Hkkjhiu gks rFkk izFke nf{k.k iSj esa mRd"kZ ;k jksekap gks rks iq=k dh rFkk oke Hkkx esa mRd"kZ gks rks dU;k jRu dh izkfIr gksxh ,slh laHkkouk curh gSA9 bldk dkj.k ojkg fefgj us iwoZ ds vkpk;ks± dk gokyk nsrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ;qXe frfFk;ksa esa L=kh dk jDRk ?kVk gksrk gS vkSj iq#"k dk oh;Z pUnzek ds dkj.k c<+k gksrk gSA v;qXe frfFk;ksa esa foijhr gksrk gSA10 ds'k jatu ,d yksd izpfyr dgkor gS%& 'osrks 'osrks lc Hkyks] 'osrks Hkyks u ds'kA ukjh u ekus u fjiq Mjs] u vknj djS ujs'kAA11 blh izek.k dks iq"V djrs gq, o`gr~ lafgrk dk ;g 'yksd m¼r dj jgk gw¡ %& lzXxU//wikEcjHkw"k.kk/Za u 'kksHkrs 'kqDyf'kjks:gL;A ;Leknrks ew/t Z jkxlsoka dq;kZ/FkSok×tuHkw"k.kkuke~AA vFkkZr~ 'osr ds'k okys iq#"k dks ekyk] lqxU/ nzo] èkwi] oL=k] vkHkw"k.k vkfn 'kksHkk ugha nsrs gSaA blfy, vatu vkSj Hkw"k.k dk iguus dh rjg ds'k Hkh dkys djus dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,AA fljds esa dksnks ds pkoy dks yksgs ds ik=k esa jkSansA fiQj mlesa ykSgpw.kZ feykdj ckjhd ihls] mldks fljds ls fHkxks, cky esa yxkdj gjs iÙks ls <¡ddj j[ksaA nksigj ds ckn bls /ks MkysA12 blds vykokμ ukxjeksFkk] ljlksa] m'khj] gjM+] vk¡oyk rFkk budk dk<+k djds ds'k esa yxkus ls fo'ks"kdj tM+ esa yxkus ls bldk jax dkyk gks tkrk gSA13 mi;qZDr fof/ dk iQk;nk ;g gksxk fd jlk;u ds fod`r izHkko ls cpk tk ldrk gSA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

ty dks lqxfU/r cukus dh fof/ Luku ds ckn 'kjhj gYdk ,oa lqxfU/r jgs blds fy, fofgr dqN dk"Bkas dks pw.kZ dj d`PNiqV dk fuekZ.k djsa rFkk mlesa Jhokl rFkk ltZujl ds LFkku ij us=kckyk ,oa nkyphuh feyk nsaA blls ;qDr ty ls Luku djus ls 'kjhj lqxfU/r gksrk gSA14 nkyphu] dw<+] xxu/wfV] ufydk] Li`Ddk] cksy] rxj] us=kckyk] ukxdslj] xU/i=k dks cjkcj Hkkx esa ysdj ihlsaA bls iQqykdj flj esa yxkoasA blds ckn Luku djus ls 'kjhj lqxfU/r jgrk gSA15 ukxdslj] eksFkk] m'khj] u[kh] gjM+ dk ysi cukdj Luku djus ls euq"; ds fy, iangz fnuksa rd lqxfU/r jgrk gSA16 ;fn fliQZ vk¡oyk fefJr ty ls gh Luku fd;k tk;s rks O;fDRk dk LokLFk vPNk jgrk gSA lqxfU/r rsy cukuk vkt ds le; esa miyC/ ds'k rsyksa eas irk ugha fdl&fdl jlk;uksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bldk fdruk cqjk izHkko gS bls vketu tkurs gSaA fdUrq lqxfU/r rsy cukus dh ojkg fefgj }kjk iznÙk fof/ ls bldk dksbZ foijhr izHkko ugha gksrk gSA ethB] leqnz iQsu] lqfDRk] nkyphuh] dw<+] cksy bu lcksa dh leku ek=k ysdj lcdk pw.kZ cukosaA fry ds rsy esa Mkydj /wi dh Hkkouk nsaA rsy id tkus ij blesa pEis ds iQwy dk lqxU/ vk tk,xkA17 xU/ i=k] flagyd] us=kokyk] uxj bu lcdks xU/ izdV gks tkrh gSA blesa nojX/d feykdj xqXxqy vkSj ghaxq dk /wi nsus ls ekSyJh iQwy ds leku xU/ vk tkrk gSA blesa liQsn panu feyk nkyphuh] ,oa /fu;k¡ feykus ls vfreqDrd iq"i dk xa/k vk tkrk gSA18 bl izdkj ds ds'k rsy yxkus ls jksx nwj gksrk gS] ds'kksa ds vf/drk gskrh gS] ds'k n`<+] dksey rFkk yEcs gksrs gSaA bldh dkfyek nh?kZ le; rd jgrh gSA ;g efLr"d dks cy iznku djrk gSA19 rkEcwy lsou 'kkjhfjd izlk/uksa esa rkEcwy dk viuk vyx egÙo gSA ;g vketuksa esa vf/d izfl¼ gSA iwtk&ikB esa Hkh bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fdlh dk Lokxr djus dh ;g ,d okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 25

izfl¼ ;qfDRk gSA oSokfgd dk;ZØe esa Hkh bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blds lsou ds rjhdksa rFkk xq.k ij Hkh è;ku nsuk vko';d gks] blh rF; dh foospuk ojkg fefgj us rkEcwy ds xq.k rFkk lsou dh fof/ dk o.kZu dj fd;k gSA rkEcwy ds xq.k dks crkrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ;g dke dks iznhIr djrk gS] 'kjhj dh 'kksHkk vkSj dkfUr c<+krk gSA eq[k dks lqxfU/r djrk gS rFkk iq#"kRo dks c<+krk gS] diQ ls mRiUUk jksxksa dk uk'k djrk gS] d.B&'kqf¼ djrk gSA ,s'o;Z ,oa lkS[; dks c<+krk gSA blds lkFk gh Hkkstu idkdj tBjkfXu dks c<+kus okyk gksrk gS] g"kZ mRiUu djrk gS] fo}kuksa dks 'kkL=k dh ppkZ gsrq izsfjr djus okyk] jktk dks ;q¼ ds fy, izsfjr djus okyk gksrk gSA iku rh{.k izd`fr okyk gksrk gSA m".koh;Z] #fpdkjd] {kkjd vFkkZr~ nLrkoj] dlSyk] frDRk] {kkj vkSj dVq jl okyk] dkeksnn~ hid]] jDrfiÙkoèkZd] gYdk] o'khdj.kxq.k okyk] xys ds leLr jksxksa dks nwj djusokyk gksrk gSA iku lsou dh fof/ ;fn jkf=k esa iku [kkuk gks rks iÙks dh ek=kk vf/d rFkk fnu esa [kkuk gks rks lqikjh dh ek=kk vf/d gksuh lanHkZ xzaFk lwph 1- fgUnw /eZdks'k&i`0 85 2- laLd`r fgUnh dks'k f'kojke vkIVs& i`0 154 3- pjd lw=k] vè;k;&01] i`0 02 4- lqJqr lafgrk&vè;k; 01] i`0 04 5- lqJqr lafgrk&vè;k; 01] 'yksd 14 6- Hkko izdk'k] pkS[kEck laLd`r lhjth vkfiQl] cukjl 7- c`gr lagrk] vè;k;&77] 'yksd la0 23 8- c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k;&77] 'yksd la0 14 9- c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k;&03] 'yksd la0 34

26 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

pkfg,A dDdksy] lqikjh] yoax] vkSj tkrhiQy ls ;qDRk iku [kkus ls euq"; gjne gf"kZr gksrk gSA pwus dk iz;ksx u rks vf/d rFkk u gh de djuk pkfg,A blls jkx ;k Lusg mRiUu gksrk gSA vf/d] lqikjh ;qDr iku jkx dk uk'k djus okyk gksrk gSA de pwuk rFkk vf/d iÙkk eq[k dk lqxU/ c<+krk gSA dRFkk diQ&fiÙk dk rFkk pwuk diQ&ok;q dk uk'kd gSA nksuksa dk leHkko f=knks"kksa dks nwj djrk gSA izkr%dky esa vf/d lqikjh] nksigj esa dRFkk rFkk pwuk dk vf/d lsou djuk pkfg,A fdUrq vf/d iku ugha [kkuk pkfg,A blls n`f"V] ds'k] Jo.k {kerk] tBjkfXu] nk¡r vkfn ij cqjk vlj iM+rk gSA bl izdkj ojkg fefgj us iwoZ ds vkpk;ksZa rFkk 'kkL=kksa dks izek.k ekudj tks rF; izLrqr fd, gSa muls vkt ds jklk;fud dqiHz kko ls cprs gq, lkS[;] vyadkj] lkalkfjd dk;Z vkfn esa izxfr dh tk ldrh gSA 'kks/ Nk=k laLd`r foHkkx ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] cks/x;k

101112131415161718-

c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k;&02] 'yksd c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k;&76] 'yksd c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k;&76] 'yksd dkejRu] vè;k;&05] 'yksd la0 c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k;&76] 'yksd c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k;&76] 'yksd dkejRu] vè;k;&05] 'yksd la0 c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k;&76] 'yksd c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k;&76] 'yksd

la0 la0 la0 89 la0 la0 91 la0 la0

29]30 01 03 05 06 06 07

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Research Paper

Socio-Economic Aspects of Rural Outmigrants in the District of East Champaran Abhay Kumar Abstract :The district of East Champaran is characterized by the migration from rural areas and various socio-economic factors are responsible for such a high degree of migration. The present research study identifies the various socioeconomic aspects and individual factors acting as push-pull factors of migration from the rural areas of study area. The present research study is based on primary data collected through the field survey using the structured questionnaires. 1. Introduction Various social, cultural, economic, political factors collectively work together making people to move out from the place of origin to place of destination. The district of East Champaranis characterized by the migration from rural areas to city centers within State and within country. People move in search of

better employment opportunities, living standards, educational purposes etc. The present research study is based on primary data collected through comprehensive field survey using the structured questionnaire. 2. Objective To assess the various socio-economic aspects of outmigrants of rural areas of East Champaran. 3. Database and Methodology The present research study is based on primary data collected through comprehensive field survey using structured questionnaires. Total of 500 households have been surveyed in 20 villages. The 20 villages have been selected from two separate Community Development Blocks (CDB) namely Dhaka and Tetaria. The 20 surveyed villages have sampled population of 2556.

Table 1. East Champaran: Details of Field Survey, 2016 Details of Field Survey Number of Villages 20 Households from Each Village 25 Number of Households 500 Sampled Population 2556 Total Males 1643 Total Females 913 Name of Community Development Block (CDB) Dhaka Tetaria Number of Villages 10 10 Population Composition Male Female Male Female 843 473 800 440 Total 1316 1240 Source: Compiled by the Research Scholar Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 27

Table 1. show the details of field survey conducted in the study area during 2016. Total of 500 households with population 2556 have been surveyed in order to collect information on individual characteristics of outmigrants. These individual characteristics include age, marital status, religion, caste, relation with household head, educational status, occupation structure. Further, background information of outmigrants include relation with the head of family, ownership of agricultural holdings, size and type of family. Tool of Analysis The following formula have been used to calculate the 'selectivity index' for various aspect: S.I. =

(% age of outmigrants with specific characteristics to total outmigrants) ×100 (% age of persons with these characteristics in the total population of the community)

4. Results and Discussion The following aspects of outmigrants have been analyzed in the light of primary data collected through field survey: • Population Composition • Age Structure • Marital Status • Number of Migrants Per Household • Social Categories 4.1 Population Composition of Outmigrants Table 2. show the primary data related to population composition of outmigrants in the district of East Champaran. Table 2 show that CDB named Dhaka with sample population of 1316 have 843 males and 473 females while CDB named Tetaria with sample population 1240 have 800 males and 440 females. Now, narrowing down on the population composition of outmigrants we have 322 outmigrants from CDB -I (Dhaka) and 296 outmigrants from CDB - II (Tetaria). Here, we can observe that number of outmigrants are more in CDB-I (Dhaka) that is 322 as compared to CDB - II (Tetaria) that is 296.The CDB - I (Dhaka) is having 219 male outmigrants and 103 female outmigrants while CDB-II (Tetaria) is having male outmigrants 202 and female outmigrants 94. Table 2. East Champaran: Population Composition of Outmigrants C.D. Blocks

Villages

Sample Population Male Female Total

Total Out-Migrants Male Female Total

CDB -I (Dhaka)

Hardiya Karmawa Bhagwanpur Phulwariya Kusmahwa Sham Bakhri Jatwaliya Dostiya Jamua Tilahra Kalan

93 78 80 86 96 87 99 73 67 84 843

21 23 33 21 23 29 19 17 11 22 219

Total CD Block-I

28 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

50 44 54 43 49 47 53 43 43 47 473

143 122 134 129 145 134 152 116 110 131 1316

11 13 17 9 10 14 7 6 5 11 103

32 36 50 30 33 43 26 23 16 33 322

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

C.D. Blocks

Villages

Sample Population Male Female Total

Total Out-Migrants Male Female Total

CDB -II (Tetaria)

Dhobwaliya Fazilpur Saraiya Sonaul Tajpur Kadma Kothia Pipra Sobhitapur Semraha

90 71 73 79 91 81 93 71 67 84 800

21 23 30 21 23 22 15 17 11 19 202

Total CD Block-II

43 41 49 41 39 41 51 40 43 45 440

133 112 122 128 130 122 144 111 110 129 1240

10 10 14 8 10 13 7 6 5 11 94

31 33 44 29 33 35 22 23 16 30 296

Source: Field work by the Scholar, 2016 The village-wise scenario of outmigrants (Table 2.)showthat highest number of outmigrants in CDB - I (Dhaka) have been observed in villages Bhagwanpur (50), Sham Bakhri (43), Kusmahwa (36), Tilhara Kalam (33) while in Saraiya (44), Kadma (35), Tajpur (33) and Dhobwaliya (31).Now, male-female outmigrants were higher in CDB-I (Dhaka) as compared to CDB-II (Tetaria).The higher number of malefemale outmigrants in CDB-I (Dhaka) can be explained on the basis of fact that there is ever increasing pressure of population and absence of secondary and tertiary economic activities have made people to migrate from the region in search of employment and better standard of living.While, the CDB-II (Tetaria) is characterized by low migration because of poor road connectivity, poor communication facilities as compared to CDB-I (Dhaka).The villages with higher male-female outmigrants in CDB-I (Dhaka) include Bhagwanpur[33(males), 29(females)], Sham Bakhri[29(males), 14(females)], Karmawa [23(males), 13(females)], Kusmahwa [23(males)] while in CDB-II (Tetaria) includeSaraiya [30(males), 14(females)], Kadma [22(males), 13(females)], Fazilpur[23(males), 13(females)]. 4.2 Age-Structure of Outmigrants Table 3 show the data related to age-structure ofmale outmigrants of district of East Champaran. The age-structure of male outmigrants includes infants (0-4 years) and aged people (60+ years). The careful observation of Table 3 show that maximum percentage of male migrants belongs to age-group of 20-24 years (17.04%), 25-29 years (12.17%), 30-34 years (8.03%) and40-44 years (7.48%). These age-groups constitute major section of migrant population because they are considered as the main working population.Further, the age-group which seem less active as migrants include 0-4 years (1.76%), 10-14 years (1.89%) and 60+ years (0.85%). Table 4 show the data related to broad categories of male outmigrants containing more than one agegroup in the East Champaran. The broad category of children includes age-groups of 0-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years; young migrants include age-groups of 15-19 years, 20-24 years; middle age migrants include age-groups of 25-29years, 30-34 years, 35-39 years; upper middle age groups include 40-44 years, 45-49 years, 50-54 years, 55-59 years; and aged migrants include 60+years. The highest percentage of male migrants came from middle age migrants (45.84%) followed by young migrants (27.07%) while the least number of migrants were of children (9.97%) and aged migrants (2.13%). Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 29

Table 3. East Champaran: Age-structure of Male Outmigrants Age-Group 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60+ Total

Total Male Population Male Migrants 31 2 61 7 64 33 90 38 356 76 293 93 188 56 138 44 140 17 109 16 88 17 62 13 23 9 1643 421

%age Male Non-Migrants 0.12 29 0.43 54 2.00 31 2.31 52 4.62 280 5.67 200 3.40 132 2.68 94 1.03 123 0.97 93 1.03 71 0.79 49 0.54 14 25.56 1222

%age 1.76 3.29 1.89 3.16 17.04 12.17 8.03 5.72 7.48 5.66 4.32 2.98 0.85 74.35

Source: Field work by the Scholar, 2016

Table 4. East Champaran: Age-structure of Male Outmigrants Age-Group 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60+ Total

Broad Categories of Migrants

Male Migrants

Percentage

Children

42

9.97

Young Migrants

114

27.07

193

45.84

Upper Middle Age Migrants

63

14.96

Aged Migrants

9 421

2.13 100.00

Middle Age Migrants

Source: Field work by the Scholar, 2016 4.3 Marital Status Table 5 show the data related to marital status of male migrantsin the district of East Champaran. The percentage of males in CDB-I (Dhaka)who 'never married' was 23.74% and 'married' constituted 76.25%.

30 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

The rate of outmigration for 'never married' and 'married'was 15.76% and 94.86% respectively. Similarly, the percentage of males in CDB-II (Tetaria) who 'never married' was 21.28% and 'married' constituted 75.24%. The rate of outmigration for 'never married' and 'married' was 13.82% and 31.67% respectively. The overall percentage of males who 'never married' was 22.56% and 'married' constituted 75.77%. The rate of outmigration for 'never married' and 'married' was 14.82% and 32.35% respectively. Table 5. East Champaran: Marital Status of Male Outmigrants Blocks

CDB I (Dhaka)

Characteristics

R U

CDB II (Tetaria) Total

R A L

No. of Males No. of Male Migrants %age of Male Migrants Rate of Out-migration No. of Males No. of Male Migrants %age of Male Migrants Rate of Out-migration No. of Males No. of Male Migrants %age of Male Migrants Rate of Out-migration

Never Married 330 52 23.74 15.76 311 43 21.28 13.82 641 95 22.56 14.82

Marital Status Married Widower 506 7 167 0 76.25 0 94.86 0 480 9 152 0 75.24 0 31.67 0 986 16 319 0 75.77 0 32.35 0

Total 843 219 100.00 800 202 100.00 1643 421 100.00

Source: Field work by the Scholar, 2016 4.4 Number of Migrants Per Household Table 6show the data related to 'number of male outmigrants per household'in the district of East Champaran. In CDB-I (Dhaka), there were 97 households with 'zero' migrants, 66 households with 'only one' migrant, 47 households with 'two' migrant, 24 households with '3-5' migrants, 9 households with '6-10' and 7 households with 'more than 10' migrants. Table 6. No. of Male Total Households Migrants/Households CD Block I CD Block II Total Zero 97 119 216 Only One 66 46 112 Two 47 27 74 Three - Five 24 44 68 Six - Ten 9 10 19 > Ten 7 4 11 Total 250 250 500 East Champaran: Number of Male Outmigrants Per Household Source: Field work by the Scholar, 2016 Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 31

In CDB-II (Tetaria), there were 119 households with 'zero' migrants, 46 households with 'only one' migrant, 27 households with 'two' migrant, 44 households with '3-5' migrants, 10 households with '6-10' and 4 households with 'more than 10' migrants. 4.5 Social Categories The societal scenario of male migrants in the district of East Champaranis divided broadly into General class, Other backward classes (OBCs), Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribe (STs).Now, the category of other backward classes (OBCs) is further classified into sub-categories,OBCs-I and OBCs-II and similarly, Scheduled Castes (SCs) is divided into two sub-categories, Dalit and Maha-Dalit. Table 6 show the data related to social categories of male outmigrants. Table 6. Social Categories Outmigrants %age among Sampled %age among Selectivity Outmigrants Population total Sampled Index Population General 156 25.24 6.10 413.77 Other Backward Classes (OBCs) OBCs - I 107 17.31 4.18 460.37 OBCs - II 96 15.53 3.76 413.03 2556 Scheduled Castes (SCs) Dalit 74 11.97 2.90 412.76 Maha Dalit 99 16.02 3.87 413.95 Scheduled Tribes (STs) 86 13.91 3.36 413.99 Total 618 2556 East Champaran: Societal Categories of Male Outmigrants Source: Field work by the Scholar, 2016 Firstly, we have discussed about percentage of outmigrants belonging to specific social category among the population of migrants. Table 6 show that 25.24% of male outmigrants belong to General class, 17.31% belong to OBCs-I and 15.53% belong to OBCs-II, 11.97 belong to dalit category and 16.02% belong to mahadalit category, 13.91% belong to scheduled tribe (STs) among the population of outmigrants. Secondly, we have discussed about percentage of outmigrants belonging to specific social category among the total sampled population. Table 6 show that 6.10% of male outmigrants belong to General class, 4.18% belong to OBCs-I and 3.76% belong to OBCs-II, 2.90 belong to dalit category and 3.87% belong to mahadalit category, 3.36% belong to scheduled tribe (STs) among the population of outmigrants. The migration among various social classes is basically for better employment opportunities and better standard of living. 5. Key Findings The key findings of the present research study can be summed up as under: • In CDB-I (Dhaka), Bhagwanpur (50) and Sham Bhakri (43) while in CDB II (Tetaria), Saraiya (44) and Kadma (35) have higher number of outmigrants.The village of Bhagwanpur, Sham Bhakriin CDB I (Dhaka) while village of Saraiya, Fazilpur in CDB II (Tetaria) have highest number of male and female migrants. • The age-group with higher percentage of outmigrants were 20-24 years (4.62%) and 25-29 years (5.67%) in the district of East Champaran. On broad scale, highest percentage of migrants were middle aged people (45.84%) followed by young migrants (27.07%) in the study area.

32 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

• The percentage of 'married' male migrants was higher in CDB-I (Dhaka) that is 76.25% as compared to CDB-II (Tetaria) that is 75.24% in the district of East Champaran. • The number of households with 'only one' migrants were higher in CDB-I (Dhaka) that is 66 as compared to CDB-II (Tetaria) that is 46 in the district of East Champaran. • On a whole,25.24% of male outmigrants belong to General class, 17.31% belong to OBCs-I and 15.53% belong to OBCs-II, 11.97 belong to dalit category and 16.02% belong to mahadalit category, 13.91% belong to scheduled tribe (STs) among the population of outmigrants. Conclusions Though the remittances earned through jobs at the 'place of destination' have considerably improved the socio-economic status of migrants at the 'place of origin' but migration have resulted in making 'place of destination' much denser while 'place of origin' are

becoming rarefied in terms of population density. Therefore, in order to make balance of population and prevention of overburdening of infrastructure at the 'place of destination', creation of job opportunities, financial assistance, proper medical facilities, better education at the 'place of origin' in order to minimize the degree of migration. Moreover, increased income levels due to remittances sent by migrants have resulted in poverty reduction, improved health, educational outcomes and promote economic development at the place of origin. Lastly, women empowerment can be observed in the form of participatory role in decision making due to increased remittances. Ph.D. Research Scholar, Email : [email protected] Prof. Haseena Hashia Professor Department of Geography, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi-25

References • "National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India Workshop Compendium," Vol. II: Workshop Papers (October 2012), New Delhi, Published by UNESCO House, India. • Browing, H. L. and Frindt, W. 1969. "Selectivity of Migrants to Metropolis in Developing Country: A Mexican Case Study", Demography, 6: pp. 347-357. • Daspende, L.K. (1998), "Migration in Bihar", Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 33 No. 14, p. 764 (Apr. 4-10). • Deshingkar, P., S. Kumar, H. Kumar Choubey, and D. Kumar (2006) "The Role of Migration and Remittances in Promoting Livelihoods in Bihar", Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project (BRLP) India. • Gosal, G.S. (1961) 'Internal Migration in IndiaA Regional Analysis', Indian Geographical Journal, Vol. 36, No.3, July-Sept. • Haas, De H., (2008), "Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective" IMI

Working Paper 9, University of Oxford. Kumar, Nandan and Bhagat, R. B. (2012) "Outmigration from Bihar: Causes and Consequences." Journal of social and economic studies, January 2012 Lee, S. E. 1966. A Theory of Migration, Demography, 3 (1): pp. 47-57. Migration in India (2007-2008,) "Report No. 470. NSSO 64th Round, Government of India: Ministry of Programme Implementation." Oberai, A.S., Pradhan, H Prasad and Sardana, M.G. (1989) "Determinants and Consequence of Internal Migration in India" (studies in Bihar, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh) Pandey, Divya (1998) "Migrant Labour, Employment and Gender Dimension", The Indian Journal of Social Work, vol. 59, no. 3. Singh, L. R. 2005. "Fundamentals of Human Geography" Allahabad, Sharda Pustak Bhavan. Srivastava, Ravi, and Sasikumar, S.K. (2003) "An overview of migration in India, its impacts and key issues". www.censusindia.nic.in www.unicef.org/india

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

•

• •

•

•

• •

• •

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 33

'kksèk&i=k

IykfLVd çfrca/ ds ekeys esa Hkkjr dh igy iz'kkar dqekj

gk

y gh esa ns'k ds nks cM+s jkT; mÙkj çns'k vkSj egkjk"Vª us IykfLVd mRiknksa ds mi;ksx ij çfrcU/ yxkus dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA1 IykfLVd mRiknksa ds mi;ksx ij çfrca/ ds ekeys ij iwjs ns'k esa ,d leku dkuwu dks ysdj dsUnzh; i;kZoj.k ea=kky; ltx vkSj çfrc¼ fn[k jgk gSA ;s IykfLVd mRikn gSa& iQkse okys fxykl] ikuh dh IykfLVd cksrysa] fMVikslscy IykfLVd dh pEepsa vkSj IykfLVd dh lHkh FkSfy;kaA gkykafd bl dkuwu ds nk;js ls dsoy ,d ckj bLrseky gksus okys IykfLVd mRiknksa dks vyx j[kk x;k gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd mi;ksx gksus okys 50 çfr'kr IykfLVd dsoy ,d ckj bLrseky gksus okyh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA IykfLVd cSx vkSj irys IykfLVd cSx dks çR;{k ;k vçR;{k rkSj ij 22 jkT;ksa esa çfrcaf/r fd;k tk pqdk gSA egkjk"Vª dk dkuwu lcls l[r gSA egkjk"Vª ljdkj ds ckn vc mÙkj çns'k ljdkj us Hkh IykfLVd ij cSu yxk fn;k gSA mÙkj çns'k ljdkj us 15 tqykbZ ls iwjs çns'k esa IykfLVd cSu dk vkns'k tkjh dj fn;k gSA ljdkj us 50 ekbØksu ls de iryh ikWyhfFku çfrcaf/r djus ds funs'Z k fn, gSaA ns'k ds dbZ vU; jkT;ksa esa Hkh ikWyhfFku o IykfLVd ds bLrseky ij çfrca/ yxkus dh dkxth ?kks"k.kk dh tk pqdh gSA 60 ns'kksa esa IykfLVd ij cus gSa dkuwu vxj ge oSf'od lanHkZ ns[ksa rks nqfu;k ds djhc 60 ns'kksa us IykfLVd dh FkSfy;ksa vkSj fliQZ ,d ckj bLrseky gksus okyh IykfLVd ds mRiknu ij dkcw ikus ds fy, dkuwu cuk, gSaA blh eghus okuqvkrw uke dk NksVk lk ns'k ,d ckj bLrseky gksus okys gj rjg ds IykfLVd 34 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

ij jksd yxkus okyk igyk ns'k cu x;k gSA2 dbZ daifu;ka ,slh Hkh gSa] tks IykfLVd ds dpjs dk mRiknu de djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh gSaA blds fy, oks vius equkiQs ls Hkh le>kSrk dj jgh gSa] tSls fd vc dksdk&dksyk us oknk fd;k gS fd oks ,slh IykfLVd dk bLrseky c<+k,xh ftUgsa fjlkbfdy fd;k tk ldrk gSA3 blls mldh ykxr c<s+xhA dksdk&dksyk daiuh gj lky dsoy fczVsu esa gh 38]250 Vu IykfLVd idSftax esa bLrseky djrh gSA ogka dksdk&dksyk 110 vjc IykfLVd dh ,slh cksryksa esa vius mRikn csprh gS] ftUgsa fliQZ ,d ckj bLrseky esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA dksdk&dksyk ds vykok isIlh] usLys] ;wuhyhoj vkSj ykWfj;y tSlh daifu;ksa us nksckjk bLrseky gks ldus okys IykfLVd ds T;knk bLrseky dk oknk fd;k gSA VsLdks vkSj okyekVZ tSls eYVhus'kuy LVkslZ us idSftax esa bLrseky gksus okys IykfLVd dh ek=kk esa dVkSrh dk oknk fd;k gSA bu daifu;ksa us IykfLVd dk bLrseky de djus ds fy, 2025 rd dk VkjxsV j[kk gSA Hkkjr esa fiNys o"kZ ,uthVh us xaxk unh ds fdukjs fLFkr gfj}kj vkSj ½f"kds'k tSls 'kgjksa esa dSjh cSx] IysV vkSj dVyjh tSlh IykfLVd ls cuh phtksa ij iw.kZ çfrca/ yxk fn;k FkkA ,uthVh vè;{k U;k;ewfrZ Lora=k dqekj dh vè;{krk okyh ihB us mÙkjdk'kh rd bl rjg dh phtksa dh fcØh] fofuekZ.k vkSj HkaMkj.k ij Hkh jksd yxk nh FkhA gkykafd IykfLVd vif'k"V çca/u fu;eksa dks igyh ckj o"kZ 2011 esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vfèkfu;e] 1986 ds varxZr çLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA ysfdu IykfLVd vif'k"V esa gks jgh o`f¼ ds dkj.kksa esa dkuwuksa Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

IykfLVd ds lkFk xyr D;k gS\ IykfLVd ikWyhej ls cuk flaFksfVd lkexzh dk fofo/ lewg gS tks eq[; :i ls isVªksdsfedYl ls O;RqiUu tSls isVkª fs y;e vkSj çkd`frd xSl] ikWyhFkkbZfyu] ikWyhçksihyhu] ikWyhdkckZsusV~l vkfn vusd çdkj jlk;uksa ls fufeZr gksrk gSA4 bu IykfLVd esa vusd çdkj ds ,sls xq.k gksrs gSa tks i;kZoj.k esa NksM+us ;k iQsad nsus ds ckn mls uqdlku igqaprs gSa ftlls çnw"k.k iSnk gksrk gSA IykfLVd ds lkFk lcls cM+h leL;k gS fd ;g u"V ugha gksrkA bldk eryc gS fd vc rd ,slk thok.kq fodflr ugha gqvk gS tks bls [kRe dj ldsA ,sls esa leqnz esa tkus okyk IykfLVd fcuk ifjofrZr gq, lSdM+ksa lky rd iM+k jgsxkA i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k vkSj Xykscy okfe±x nksuksa orZeku le; dh pqukSfr;k¡ gSaA IPCC5 us bl ij fpark çdV djrs gq, psrkouh nh gS fd ^^;s pqukSfr;k¡ euq"; ds fu;a=k.k ls ijs u pyk tk;s] bu ij tYn ,D'ku ysuk vR;ar vfuok;Z gSA** fu%lansg IPCC dh ;s fpark tk;t gSA Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa }kjk IykfLVd ij çfrcU/ yxkuk bl fn'kk esa ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h gSA exj bl çdkj ds çfrcU/ dkWikZsjsV vkSj O;fDrxr nksuksa Lrjksa rd yxk;s tkus pkfg, A gky gh esa IykfLVd ij ,d oSf'od fjiksVZ tkjh dh xbZ gS tks fpark dks c<+k nsrh gSA fjiksVZ crkrh gS fd IykfLVd çkd`frd i;kZoj.k esa çnw"k.k dks LFkk;h dj jgh gSA /jrh ds nwjLFk bykdksa tSls vkdZfVd vkSj iSflfiQd vkbySaM esa Hkh IykfLVd dh igq¡p c<+ xbZ gSA gj lky leqnzksa esa 80 yk[k Vu IykfLVd feyk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks çfr feuV ,d Vªd IykfLVd dpjk

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

leqnz esa tk jgk gSA vxj ;g ,sls pyrk jgk rks 2050 rd çfr feuV 4 Vªd dwM+k leqnz esa tkus yxsxkA IykfLVd çnw"k.k] vR;f/d IykfLVd bLrseky djus okyh gekjh ç.kkyh dk ek=k ,d y{k.k gSA ;g lexz :i ls gekjh ^^ysuk&cukuk&iQsaduk** okyh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d çrhd :ih mnkgj.k gSA8 igys O;kid iqu%pØ.k çrhd dks is'k fd, tkus ds pkyhl o"kZ ckn] 2016 oYMZ bdksukWfed iQksje esa ,ysu eSdvkFkZj iQkmaMs'ku }kjk çLrqr ,d fjiksVZ ls [kqyklk gqvk fd nqfu;kHkj esa ek=k 14 çfr'kr IykfLVd iSdsftax iqu%pØ.k ds fy, ,d=k dh tkrh gSA urhts ds rkSj ij oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk dks gj o"kZ $80 vjc ls $120 vjc dk uqdlku gksrk

gSA baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u iQkWj n dUtos'Z ku vkWiQ uspj ds vkdyu ds vuq l kj gj o"kZ ikW f yLVj tS l s IykfLVd&vkèkkfjr oL=kksa dh /qykbZ ls fudyus okys IykfLVd ds yxHkx ik¡p yk[k Vu ekbØksiQkbZcl s Z egklkxjksa esa igq¡prs gSaA ;gka jkstejkZ ds nwljs mRiknksa ds lkFk&lkFk IykfLVd vkSj oL=kksa ds fufoZokn ykHkksa vkSj nh?kZdky rd dk;Z djrs gq, çnw"k.k ls rFkk ewY;oku inkFkks± ds uqdlku ls cpkus okyh ç.kkfy;ksa ds chp lkeatL; cukus dh pqukSrh ekStwn gSA lu 2014 esa ^egklkxj laj{k.k laLFkk* us ,d varjkZ"Vªh; rV dh liQkbZ fd;k vkSj vkadM+s ,d=k fd,A9 muds MsVk ls irk pyrk gS fd IykfLVd dh cksrysa] [kk| inkFkks± ds jSij] okVj cksry ds
,df=kr fliQZ 10 lcls vke oLrqvksa esa ls gSaA gok,a] leqnzh rjaxsa vkSj vYVªkok;ysV fdj.ksa cM+s IykfLVd dks fo?kfVr djrs gSaA ekbØks IykfLVd vkt egklkxjksa ds lcls cM+s ladV gaSA nqfu;k Hkj esa de ls de 267 çtkfr;ka ftuesa 44 çfr'kr leqnzh i{kh 'kkfey gSa] 43 çfr'kr leqnzh Lru/kfj;ksa rFkk 86 çfr'kr lHkh çdkj ds dNq, vkSj eNfy;ksa dh çtkfr;ka vkfn leqnhz dpjs ls çHkkfor gksrh gSaA ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2050 rd lkxjksa esa IykfLVd dh ek=kk eNfy;ksa ls vf/d gks tk,xhA gekjh vk/qfud vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d eq[; Hkkx cu pqds bl loZO;kih inkFkZ dks cukus vkSj bLrseky djus ds gekjs rjhds ij gesa tYn ls tYn nksckjk lkspuk gksxkA bl o"kZ ;wjksih; la?k ds vkoj vks'ku lEesyu esa egklkxjh; çnw"k.k ls eqdkcyk djus ds fy, ljdkjh vkSj çkbosV lsDVj us dqy 7-2 vjc ;wjks dh foÙkh; çfrc¼rk,a tkfgj dh gSaA ;fn egklkxjksa dh liQkbZ ,d vYidkfyd vko';drk gS rkss Hkh] iwjh ç.kkyh dks iqu% rS;kj djus ls gh IykfLVd çnw"k.k vkSj mlls tqM+s

vkfFkZd uqdlku dk nh?kZdkfyd lek/ku fey ldrk gSA IykfLVd ds çfr çse dh gh urhtk gS fd nqfu;k esa 10 yk[k IykfLVd dh cksry çfr feuV [kjhnh tkrh gSA6 Hkkjr Hkh buesa ihNs ugha gSA ^Vsjh* }kjk tkjh fd;s x, i=k us dqN pkSadkus okys rF;ksa dk [kqyklk fd;k gSA Hkkjr esa çfr O;fDr IykfLVd [kir yxHkx 11 fdyksxzke 36 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

gS] tks 28 fdyksxzke ds oSf'od vkSlr ls dkiQh de gS] ysfdu blesa ls dsoy 60 çfr'kr dk gh iqu%pØ.k gks ikrk gSA7 IykfLVd dk fodYi D;k gS\ IykfLVd cSXl ls gksus okysi;kZoj.k dks uqdlku dks de djus dh fn'kk esa gj ,d balku dqN csgn t:jh dne mBk ldrk gSA lrdZrk vkSj tkx:drk nks csgn t:jh phtsa gSa ftuls IykfLVd ds f[kykiQ viuk;k tk ldrk gSA ,lkspeS ds egklfpo Mh,l jkor ds vuqlkj] ^^FkSyksa ds fy, gekjs ikl twV vkSj diM+s bR;kfn dk fodYi gSA** ck;ksdkWu fyfeVsM dh ps;jilZu ,oa çcaèka funs'kd fdj.k etwenkj 'kkW ds vuqlkj ,d ckj mi;ksx gksus okys IykfLVd dk lkeku gekjs i;kZoj.k dks xank djrk gS vkSj gesa viuh i`Foh dks cpkus dh t:jr gSA IykfLVd dpjk i;kZoj.k ds fy, ,d xaHkhj ladV cu pqdk gSA dsUnzh; çnw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ ds eqrkfcd ns'k esa lcls T;knk IykfLVd dpjk cksryksa ls vkrk gSA fliQZ nl iQhln IykfLVd dpjk gh fj&lkbfdy fd;k tkrk gS] ckdh dk 90 iQhln dpjk i;kZoj.k ds fy, uqdlkunsg lkfcr gkrsk gSA fj&lkbfDyax dh çfØ;k Hkh çnw"k.k dks c<+krh gSA fj&lkbfdy fd, x, ;k jaxhu IykfLVd FkSyksa esa ,sls jlk;u gksrs gSa] tks tehu esa igqap tkrs gSa vkSj blls feV~Vh vkSj HkwxHkhZ; ty fo"kSyk cu ldrk gSA IykfLVd dpjk o"kks± rd u"V ugha gksrk] tykus ij fo"kSys /q,a ls ok;q çnw"k.k iQSyrk gSA dqN yksx bls mi;ksx ckn ukyh es Hkh iQsad nsrs gaS ftlls ukyh tke dh leL;k Hkh mRiUu gks tkrh gSA IykfLVd dks ysdj fuEu dne mBk;s tk ldrs gSa & • IykfLVd ds cSXl dks laHkky dj j[ksaA bUgsa dbZ ckj bLrseky esa yk,aA lkeku [kjhnus tkus ij vius lkFk dSjh cSx (diM+s ;k dkxt ds cus) ysdj tk,aA • ,sls IykfLVd ds bLrseky ls cpsa ftls ,d ckj bLrseky ds ckn gh iQsaduk gksrk gS tSls IykfLVd ds irys fXykl] rjy inkFkZ ihus dh LVªk vkSj blh rjg dk vU; lkekuA • feV~Vh ds ikjaifjd rjhds ls cus crZuksa ds bLrseky dks c<+kok nsaA • IykfLVd lkeku dks de djus dh dksf'k'k djsaA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

èkhjs&/hjs IykfLVd ls cus lkeku dh txg nwljs inkFkks± ls cus lkeku viuk,aA • IykfLVd dh ihbZVhbZ (PETE) vkSj ,pMhihbZ (HDPE) çdkj ds lkeku pquuk pkfg,A ;g IykfLVd vklkuh ls fjlkbdy gks tkrk gSA • IykfLVd cSx vkSj iksfy,LVªhu iQkse dks de ls de bLrseky djus dh dksf'k'k djsaA budk fjlk;dy jsV cgqr de gksrk gSA • vki de ls de IykfLVd lkeku iQsadus dh dksf'k'k djsaA vius vklikl IykfLVd ds de bLrseky dks ysdj ppkZ djsaA • gekjs ns'k esa Hkh dbZ ,sls lsaVj LFkkfir gks x, gSa tgka IykfLVd fjlkbZdy fd;k tkrk gSA vius dpjs dks ogka igqapkus dh O;oLFkk djsaA • [kqn IykfLVd dks [kRe djus dh dksf'k'k u djsaA IykfLVd u ikuh esa] u tehu ij vkSj u gh tehu ds uhps [kRe gksrk gSA bls tykuk Hkh i;kZoj.k ds fy, vR;f/d gkfudkjd gSA bu lq>koksa dks vey esa ykus ds fy, n`<+ ladYi ds lkFk Bksl ç;kl djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vkns'kksa ls vkewy pwy ifjorZu ugha gksrs] blfy, fdlh Hkh xaHkhj ç.kkyhxr cnyko ds dsanz esa uhfr dh fMtkbu ls lacaf/r lkoZtfud çkbosV laokn gksuk csgn t:jh gksrk gSA m|ksxksa ds fy, fn'kk r; djuk vkSj mUgsa rsth ls c<+us esa enn djus okys ra=k ykxw djuk] bu nksuksa phtksa esa uhfr fuekZrkvksa dh ,d csgn egRoiw.kZ ,oa çsjd Hkwfedk gksrh gSA

lUnHkZ xzaFk lwph 1- https://www-thehindu-com/ 2- https://www-gov-vu/en/public-information/492prohibition-on-imports-of-plastic-bags 3- https://www-bbc-com/hindi/vert-cap-44968812 4- Plastic Pollution by François Galgani, Christopher K- Pham, Julia Reisser, ist 5

5- ,uok;uZesaVy jsxyqs'kal ,aM Xykscy okfe±x ckbZ ^ikWy j'keu* i`"B la[;k 12&13 Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

fiNys lky tuojh esa fczVsu ds ,yu eSdvFkZj iQkmaMs'ku us dsfedy baMLVªh ds lg;ksx ls n U;w IykfLVd bdksukWeh] jhfFkfdax n Ý;pwj vkWiQ IykfLVd uke ls fjiksVZ tkjh dh FkhA10 blesa rhu lq>ko fn;s x, FksA igyk lHkh IykfLVd dks fjlkbdy ;ksX; cuk;k tk;sA nwljk] i;kZoj.k esa blds fjlko dks jksdk tk;s vkSj rhljk isVªksfy;e fufeZr IykfLVd dh dPps eky dks çkd`frd eky ls cnyk tk;sA ysfdu IykfLVd cSXl ls gksus okys uqdlku dh tkudkjh ;k lq>ko vius vki esa ukdkiQh gS tcfd bl fn'kk esa /jkry ij dksbZ Bksl dne u mBk, tk,aA ljdkj vkSj i;kZoj.k laLFkkvksa ds vykok Hkh gj ,d ukxfjd dh i;kZoj.k ds çfr dqN [kkl ftEesnkfj;ka gSa ftUgsa vxj le> fy;k tk, rks i;kZoj.k dks gksus okyh gkfu dks cgqr gn rd de fd;k tk ldrk gSA [kqn ij fu;a=k.k bl leL;k dks dkiQh gn rd de dj ldrk gSA ysfdu ,d ckr rks lqfuf'pr gS fd ;fn lek/ku tYnh ls ugha feyrs gSa rks Hkkjr dks IykfLVd vif'k"V ds uhps niQu gksus dh lcls [kjkc fLFkfr ds fy;s rS;kj gksuk gksxkA vr% gesa IykfLVd fjlkbfdyax ds ckjs esa xaHkhjrk ls dk;Z djuk gksxk vkSj O;fDrxr :i ls Hkh viuh ftEesnkjh dk fuokZg djuk gksxk] rHkh ;g /jrh lqjf{kr jg ldrh gSA Li"V :i ls gesa bl fn'kk esa vkSj vf/d xaHkhjrk ds lkFk dk;Z djus dh vko';drk gSA Hkwxksy] usV

6- https://hindi.indiawaterportal-org/plaastikupayog-sanak

7- pSysat ,aM vikWpqZfuVht % IykfLVd osLV eSustesaV bu bafM;k ckbZ ^Vsjh* i`"B la[;k 2 8- fjiksV]Z ,ysu eSdvkFkZj] ,ysu eSdvkFkZj iQkmaMs'ku 9- Plastic In life And Environment : Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Government of India, Page 94-95

10- n U;w IykfLVd bdksukWeh] jhfFkafdax n Ý;wpj vkWiQ IykfLVd % fjiksVZ okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 37

'kksèk&i=k

L=kh dkO; esa mRihM+u ,oa foæksg ds Loj dYiuk pkSèkjh ^^;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork%A** bu iafDr;ksa esa ukjh dks nsoh ds leku iwtuh; vkSj oanuh; crk;k x;k gSA tgka ukjh dh iwtk gksrh gS] ogha nsork fuokl djrs gSaA ge vkt L=kh dh fLFkfr ij fopkj djrs gaS] rks Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa L=kh dh =kklnh] mlds çfr c<+rs vR;kpkj dks ns[kdj {kksHk gksrk gSA L=kh&eqfDr dksbZ u;k fo"k; ugha gS] ij lrh&çFkk] foèkok&çFkk] inkZ&çFkk] ngst&çFkk vkSj rstkchdj.k ls gksrh gqbZ] ;g fgalk ds ftl vkØked :i dks èkkj.k djrh gS] og v'kksHkuh; gSA ;s ?kVuk,¡ os gS tks çdk'k esa vk tkrh gSaA buds vykok vusd ,slh ?kVuk,¡ gaS] tks fdlh fjdkWMZ esa ntZ ugha gksrhA ?kj dh ckr dks ?kj ds vanj lesV fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g lesVuk 'kks"k.k ds Lisl dks vkSj Hkh vfèkd foLrkj nsrk gSA lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd {ks=k vkil esa ,d nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj bu lHkh {ks=kksa dk niZ.k lkfgR; esa çfrfcfEcr gksrk gSA ;fn lekt esa dqjhfr;k¡ gSa] rks os lkfgR; esa t:j >ydsaxhA L=kh&dkO;] L=kh&foe'kZ dh vfHkO;fDr dk eq[; gfFk;kj jgk gSA ^^L=khoknh fparu dks Hkkoqd vfHkO;fDr nsus ds fy, dfork] fopkj'khy vfHkO;fDr nsus ds fy, dgkuh] dYiukRed vfHkO;fDr nsus ds fy, miU;kl vkSj fo'ys"k.kkRed vfHkO;fDr nsus ds fy, fucaèk fy[kdj vkèkqfud L=kh&lkfgR;dkj iwjs lkfgfR;d ifjeaMy esa lapkj dj jgs gSaA**1 L=kh&foe'kZ ds fy, fu.kZ; vkSj rdZ.kk 'kfDr ds lkFk L=kh la?k"kZ ds eqíksa ij viuh ckr dks dguk vko';d gSA L=kh&dkO; ukjhoknh lgtrk vkSj fcuk 38 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

fdlh vojksèk ds viuh ckr dks O;Dr djrk jgk gSA L=kh&dkO; dh igpku dk fpUg mldh laokn&èkfeZrk gSA L=kh&dkO; L=kh dh vuqHkwfr;ksa dk niZ.k gS] mlds ân; dh voLFkk mlds dkO; esa Li"V fn[krh gSA vkt dh fLFkfr;ksa esa L=kh ds 'kks"k.k dk tks :i utj vkrk gS] mlds çHkko esa L=kh&dkO; Hkh rY[kh vkSj vkØks'k ls Hkjk çrhr gksrk gSA L=kh&dkO; esa lkekftd foæksg ehjk ls 'kq: gksrk gS] rks egknsoh oekZ dh L=kh fo"k;d èkkj.kk,a bls etcwrh çnku djrh gSA ;fn ehjk dk dkO;] mldh HkfDr vkSj LokuqHkwfr ls l`ftr gS] rks L=kh dks ^oLrq ls O;fDr* cukus dh çfØ;k esa egknsoh dk dkO; mYys[kuh; gSA HkweaMyhdj.k] cktkjhdj.k vkSj miHkksDrkokn ds vkxeu ls thou ewY; cnys vkSj bUgha ds lkFk L=kh eqfDr ds ç'u Hkh cny x,A L=kh ?kj vkSj ckgj nksuksa gh ifjos'k esa viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djkus yxh ijarq fir`lÙkkRed lekt ds nksgjs ekinaM cnys ugha] oju vkSj Hkh tfVy gks x,A foæksg] fgalk vkSj neu dh 'kq#vkr ?kj ls gh gksrh gS] mls gj iy ;s vglkl fnyk;k tkrk gS fd oks ,d yM+dh gS] mls ,slk ugha djuk pkfg,] mls oSlk ugha djuk pkfg,] mls vius HkkbZ dh udy ugha djuh pkfg,A L=kh dh vPNh yM+dh dh Nfo ds uke ij Hkh mldk 'kks"k.k gqvk gSA vPNh yM+dh ;k vPNh L=kh og gS] tks iq#"kksa dh vis{kk de cksyrh gSA lp rks ;g gS fd og cksys Hkh rks dSls D;ksafd og iq#"kksa dh Hkk"kk esa [kqn dks vfHkO;Dr djus esa vleFkZ ikrh gSA yTtk o lgu'khyrk dks L=kh dk xq.k ekuk tkrk gS] bldk i;kZ; ;g gS fd og cksys gh uk ewd cuh jgsA vkt dh L=kh Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

mu çrhd&fcEcksa dks ysrh gS] tks fouksnh o O;aX;iw.kZ gSaA mldk viuk ,d rjhdk gS] vxj çgkj çR;{k :i ls uk dj ldks] rks O;aX; ls vçR;kf'kr okj fd;k tk ldrk gSA tgka L=kh lhèks rjhds ls fojksèk ugha dj ldrh ogk¡ og g¡ldj vius eu dks gYdk dj ysrh gS&lk¡i Hkh ej tk, vkSj ykBh Hkh uk VwVsA fny dh HkM+kl Hkh fudys vkSj cqjk Hkh uk yxsA ?kjsyw fL=k;k¡ vius vfLrRo dks iq#"k ds lkFk bl rjg ls tksM+ ysrh gaS tSls muds cxSj] mldk dksbZ vfLrRo gh ugha gSA os iq#"k dks bZ'oj vkSj [kqn dks mudh nklh ekuus yxrh gSA vukfedk us ,d ifrozrk dk thou bl rjg fy[kk%& Lokeh tgka ugha Hkh gksrs Fks gksrs Fks muds ogk¡ iats eqgj] rkSfy;s] MaMs] LVkEi isij] pIiy&twrs fgpfd;k¡] Mdkjsa] [kjkZVs vkSj R;ksfj;ka&èkefd;k¡&xkfy;k¡ [kpk[kpA2 L=kh iq#"k ls bl çdkj tqM+h gqbZ gS fd iq#"k fd vuqifLFkfr esa Hkh og mlds çHkko ls f?kjh jgrh gSA blesa mldh Lo;a dh bPNk dgk¡ rd gS\ ;g ,d fopkj.kh; ç'u gSA xfy;k¡] èkefd;k¡ vkSj fgalk] ;s lHkh iq#"k ds L=kh dks nckus ds lkèku gSaA tc&tc Hkk"kk dks vkèkhuhdj.k ds "kM~;a=k dk gfFk;kj cuk;k x;k gS] rks mldks fujLr djus dk gfFk;kj Hkh Hkk"kk esa gh çkIr gksrk gSA "kM~;a=k gksus ds i'pkr çfrfØ;k Lo:i foæksg Hkh Hkk"kk ds ekè;e ls gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA exj ,d oxZ (L=kh) dk 'kCndks'k bruk fjDr gS fd mlds ikl çfrjksèk ds Loj Hkh ugha gSA og viuh Hkk"kk esa ,sls ewd lacksèkuksa dk ç;ksx djrh gS] tks ewd jgrs gq, Hkh mlds mRihM+u dh dgkuh crkrs gaAS vukfedk dh dfork ^njoktk* dh fuEu iafDr;k¡ dqN ,slk gh ,glkl fnykrh gS%a & ^^eSa ,d njoktk Fkh eq>s ftruk ihVk x;k] eSa mruk [kqyrh xbZA**3 bu iafDr;ksa esa vukfedk ?kVukvksa ,oa okjnkrksa dks ,d laosnu'khy ukjh dh rjg c;ku djrh gSA lekt esa oxZ] o.kZ vkSj uLy fir`lÙkkRedrk ls cus gq, gSa] ftlesa Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

vkSjrksa dk uk rks ;ksxnku gS] vkSj uk mudh viuh dksbZ igpku gSA L=kh tgk¡ Hkh jgrh gS] mldh igpku mldh [kqn dh ugha cfYd fdlh u fdlh iq#"k dh gh gksrh gSA tc vius firk ds ?kj esa gksrh gS rks mldh igpku mlds firk ls gksrh gS vkSj tc oks vius llqjky esa gksrh gS] rks mldh igpku mlds ifr ls gksuh 'kq: gks tkrh gSA 'kknh ds ckn L=kh viuk ?kj] lekt vkSj xks=k ifjofrZr djrh gS] iq#"k ugha] ;s Hkh L=kh dh igpku ls tqM+k ,d cM+k vkSj xaHkhj eqík gSA lekt esa fir`lÙkk vkSj iwathokn dh n`f"V ls Hkh L=kh dh vis{kk iq#"k dks T;knk egRo fn;k tkrk gSA lekt esa 'kq: ls gh iq#"k ,d vkfFkZd bdkbZ ds :i esa dke djrk jgk gS vkSj L=kh ,d x`fg.kh ds :i esa] ftlus iq#"k dks L=kh dk 'kks"k.k djus ds fy, vkSj vfèkd etcwrh çnku dhA og L=kh dks viuh futh laifÙk le>rk gSA mls NsMu+ ]s iQfCr;k¡ dlus] 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld çrkM+.kk nsus esa og viuh enkZuxh le>rk gSA fL=k;ksa ds çfr c<+rs vR;kpkj vkSj fgalk ds vkadMs+ Hkkjr esa gh ugha lewps fo'o esa Hk;kog gSaA vkt Hkh nqfu;k esa cgqr lkjs ,sls ns'k gSa] tgk¡ ij fL=k;ksa ds vfèkdkj ugha gSaA tgka L=kh vkfFkZd :i ls Lora=k gS] ?kj esa ru&eu ds lkFk èku ls Hkh ifjokj dks etcwrh çnku dj jgh gSA og L=kh tks eqDr vkSj LoPNan Nfo ds lkFk oS'ohdj.k dh ygj esa viuh lgHkkfxrk fuHkkrs gq, lHkh {ks=kksa esa mifLFkfr ntZ djrh gS] og Hkh 'kks"k.k ls vNwrh ugha gSA vkt L=kh gj {ks=k esa gS] tSls bathfujh;fjax] esfMdy] Lisl vkfnA blds lkFk&lkFk Vsfyfotu] iQslcqd] baVjusV lHkh ij ,d cM+h lh eqLdku ds lkFk miyCèk gSA ç'u mBrk gS fd brus cM+s L=kh&foe'kZ dh ekStwnxh esa] ;s eqLdku D;k dksbZ cká vkoj.k gS] tks fdlh etcwjh esa viuk;k gqvk gS ;k ;g L=kh dh dksbZ etcwjh gS\ gj txg 'kks"k.k vkSj vjktdrk ds lkFk cktkj vkSj foKkiu esa L=kh dks ltkoVh vkSj yqHkkouh oLrq ds :i esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA blh fLFkfr dh otg ls L=kh lkfgR; esa dqN Økafrdkjh ifjorZu vk, vkSj L=kh&lkfgR;dkjksa us bu vR;kpkjksa ds fojksèk esa vkØks'k fn[kk;kA ,slh fL=k;ksa esa çfr'kksèk dh xwat gS] tks iq#"k&opZLo dks Lohdkj ugha djuk pkgrhA yacs le; ls lhrk dk mnkgj.k nsdj okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 39

fL=k;ksa dks iq#"kksa ds gkFk dh dBiqryh cukus okys lekt dks vkt L=kh ;s le>kus esa l{ke gS fd gj ckr ds nks igyw gksrs gSa] vxj lhrk us vius Lokeh dh vkKk dh vogsyuk u dh gksrh rks jk{klksa dk var dSls gksrkA vksfM;k dof;=kh lqpsrk feJk viuh fgEer 'kh"kZd dfork esa la?k"kZ ds fy, 'kfDr ,d=k djrs gq, dgrh gS%& tax ds ckn Hkh [kkeks'k ugha cSBw¡xh fiQj ls yM+w¡xh ljgn yk¡?kwaxh fiQj ls ekVh] ikuh] lw;Z] gok ls dgw¡xh ykSVk nks esjh fgEer esjk lkeF;ZA ugha rks yksx lkspsaxs eSa gkj xbZ] [kRe gks xbZA4 L=kh dh vfLerk L=kh dkO; ls mtkxj gqbZ gSA ;s dfork,a Hkh ,d rjg dk foæksg gSaA L=kh dkO; esa L=kh

mRihM+u dh =kklnh lekt esa O;kIr dqjhfr;ksa dks lHkh ds lkeus ykus vkSj bUgsa [kRe djus ds fy, gekjh lksp vkSj psruk dks tkx`r djrh gSA lhfV;k¡ ctkuk] iQfCr;k¡ dluk] NsM+NkM+ djuk tSls ekeys Hkh ;kSu&mRihM+u esa 'kkfey gks x, gSaA ;s ?kVuk,¡ fliQZ xyh&dwpksa rd lhfer ugha gSa] efgykvksa ds fo#¼ ;kSu&mRihM+u dh f'kdk;rsa lHkh {ks=kksa ls vk jgh gSaA igys Hkh ;kSu mRihM+u dh leL;kvksa dk vkadM+k blh jÝrkj ls py jgk Fkk] exj yksx 'kfeaZnxh ds Mj ls bu ?kVukvksa dks vuns[kk dj nsrs FksA ehfM;k dh ltxrk vkSj yksxksa dh tkx:drk dh otg ls vc ;s eqís lkeus vkus yxs gSaA lM+dksa ij gksus okys ;kSu&nqO;Zgkj dks ysdj ns'k fd laosnu'khyrk fiNys ,d o"kZ esa c<+h gSA tokcnsg le>s tkus okys can nk;jksa (èkkfeZd] lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd) dk gky ,d ds ckn ,d ?kVukvksa ds tfj;s igyh ckj lcds lkeus vk jgk gSA 'kksèkkFkhZ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh

lanHkZ lwph 1- ohj y{eh nsoh] rsyxq q lkfgR; esa L=khokn] ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] tuojh&iQjojh] 1998] i`- 1262- dfork esa vkSjr] vukfedk i`- 633- dgrha gSa vkSjrsa] vukfedk i`- 1494- ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] vad&77] ebZ&twu] 1998-

40 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

'kksèk&i=k

Hkkjrh; flusek % ewd nkSjμfogaxeoyksdu MkW- ofurk mIiy lkjka'k& ,d izs{kd ds :i esa flUksek ds 'kkSdhuksa dh deh ugha] ysfdu tc ckr flusek ij 'kksèk dh vk tk, rks fLFkfr dqN Bhd ugha [k+kl rkSj ij vkjafHkd nkSj ds flusek ij rks 'kksèk dh fLFkfr fparktud gS] [ksn dh cM+h ckr ;s gS fd bl nkSj dh T+;knkrj lkexzh lqjf{kr ugha jg ikbZ] ftl dkj.k Hkkjrh; flusek dh 'kq#vkr dh dgkuh c;ku djuk fdlh pqukSrh ls de ughaA bl ij ^iQM+drs* xkus ilan djrh ubZ tSujs'ku dh ml nkSj ds izfr mis{kk Hkh ewd nkSj ij 'kksèk esa ,d cM+h :dkoV curh tk jgh gS vkSj Hkkjrh; flusek dh ;g fojklr xqeukeh ds vaèksjksa esa [kks lh xbZ gSA ewy 'kCn& Hkkjrh; flUksek] 'kq#vkrh nkSj dk flUksek] ewd Hkkjrh; fiQYesa] lkbysUV ,jk] ewd fiQYeksa dh fo"k;&oLrq] ewd nkSj ds izeq[k fiQYedkjA egkjk"Vª] dydÙkk vkSj enzkl esa fiQYe&fuekZ.k dh 'kq#vkrA vkt flusek dks lkS o"kZ ls Hkh Åij gks pqds gSa] èkhjs&èkhjs flusek us iwjs fo'o esa ,d [k+kl edke gkfly dj fy;k gS vkSj bl ij <sjksa fdrkcsa fy[kh tk pqdh gSaA ysfdu 'kq#vkr esa flusek dh fLFkfr vkt tSlh et+cwr ugha FkhA "The cinema was not considered important enough for serious study during the early decades of the silent era. It was just a novelty."1 ;kfu flusek

yksxksa ds fy, fdlh vtk;c?kj dh rjg ek=k vpjt dh izkdYiuk FkkA blls igys yksxksa us dSejs ls f[kaph cstku rLohjsa gh ns[kh Fkha] tc n'kZdksa us insZ ij igyh ckj pyrh&fiQjrh thfor rLohjsa ns[kh gksaxh rks dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS fd muds eu esa fdruk dkSrqgy epk gksxkA dgk tkrk gS fd blh dkSrqgy ds pyrs n'kZd ,d Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

gh fiQYe dks dbZ ckjs ns[kus tkrs FksA Hkkjr esa flusek gh ,d ,slk {ks=k jgk gS tks 'kq#vkr ls gh if'pe ls cgqr T+;knk ihNs ugha jgk] gkykafd flusek dh 'kq#vkr gekjs ;gka ckn esa gqbZ ij blds fodkl dh xfr 'kq#vkr ls gh vPNh jghA Hkkjrh; flusek dks 'kq#vkr esa gh blds tud nknklkgc iQkYds TkSls izfrHkkoku fuekZrk&funsZ'kd dk lkFk feykA nknk iQkYds us vius thou ds csgrjhu o"kZ flusek dks fn,A flusek dh 'kq#vkr esa fiQYesa ewd Fkha rks Hkk"kkbZ flusek dk rks dqN loky gh ugha Fkk] gk¡ fiQYe esa VkbVYl vkSj lcVkbVYl Tk+:j dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa jgk djrs FksA "The silent film in India had two main titles—one in English and another in the regional language. The subtitles were in four languages- English, Gujarati, Hindi and Urdu. Sometimes Gujarati or Hindi was supplanted by Marathi, Bengali or Tamil."2 lcVkbVYl

ds vykok ewd fiQYeksa esa thoarrk c<+kus ds fy, xhr&laxhr dk lgkjk Hkh fy;k tkrk FkkA fFk;sVj ds insZ ds ikl gkjeksfu;e] fi;kuksa] rcyk fy, ok|dkj cSBs jgrs Fks vkSj jksekap] jksekal] yM+kbZ vkfn ukVdh; n`';ksa dks mHkkjus ds fy, bu n`';ksa ds insZ ij vkus ij rnuqlkj laxhr dj vk;kstu fd;k tkrk FkkA fo"k;oLrq dh n`f"V ls ;ksa rks flusek ewd nkSj esa lkekftd] ,sfrgkfld] èkkfeZd] ikfjokfjd] izse&dFkk tSls fo"k; Hkh jgs ysfdu opZLo ikSjkf.kd dFkkudksa dk jgkA "quite a large number of silent films till 1933 were mythological."3 bldk ,d cM+k dkj.k ;g jgk gksxk

fd flusek ls igys ;gh n'kZd jaxeap ds ukVdksa ls okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 41

euksjatu djrs Fks vkSj T;knkrj liQy ukVd ikSjkf.kd fo"k;ksa ij vkèkkfjr FksA oLrqr% tc flusek dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ rks eqefdu gS tu:fp dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ;s fo"k; fuekZrkvksa dks O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls T+;knk ykHkdkjh yxsa gksA LFkku dh n`f"V ls ;ksa rks eqEcbZ] enzkl vkSj dydÙkk izeq[kr% bu rhu 'kgjksa esa fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk jgk] ysfdu eqEcbZ fiQYe baMLVªh dk x<+ cuk tgk¡ lcls T+;knk fiQYesa cuhaA "In the silent era, as it would also be in later decades the Bombay film industry was the leader and the ultimate badge of success was to have made it there."4 ewd nkSj ls eqEcbZ dh fiQYe bUMLVªh

ij tks idM+ cuh og vkt rd cjdjkj gS] eqEcbZ esa cuh fiQYesa vUrjkZ"Vªh; ckt+kj vkSj iqLrdky;ksa esa vklkuh ls txg cuk ysrh gSaA ckWYkhoqM flrkjksa dh izflf¼ dh rqyuk vU; 'kgjksa ds flus flrkjs ugha dj ikrs vkSj cEcbZ fiQYe baMLVªh esa uke dekus dks ykykf;r jgrs gSaA fiQYeksa ds 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa dykdkj] laxhrdkj ls ysdj LikWV ckW; rd lHkh ekfld osru ij dke djrs Fks] blds dbZ ykHk FksA dykdkjksa ds osru esa vUrj ugha Fkk vkSj fiQYe dEiuh esa dke djus okys lHkh yksx pkgs oks fiQYe vfHkusrk gks ;k LikWV ckW; lHkh ,d nwljs ds lkFk ifjokj dh rjg jgrs FksA "Every film company was like a family unit from the boss to the last handyman and coolie…..it was not unusual for the director, hero or heroine to offer a helping hand on the set and carry out any manual work."5 vkt ds

fiQYe LVklZ dh rjg u rks rc ds vfHkusrk u T+;knk iQhl ysrs Fks vkSj u gh LVkjh u[kjs fn[kkrs FksA osru vkSj O;ogkj nksuksa n`f"V;ksa ls rc ds dykdkjksa dk thou cgqr vfèkd la;fer FkkA vkjafHkd nkSj dk flusek lSaljf'ki dh n`f"V ls Hkh Hkjiwj Lora=k Fkk] igys rks iqfyl dfe'uj gh fiQYeksa dks ikl djrk Fkk] ij 1918 esa lSalj dksM cuus ij Hkh T+;knkrj fiQYEksa vklkuh ls lSalj dksM ls ikl gks tkrh FkhaA fcfVª'k :y ds dkj.k fliQZ 'kklu ij O;aX; ;k rh[ks izgkj djrs n`'; gh vkifÙktud ekus tkrs FksA "The british regime in India did not bother to interfare in film making so long as there was no overt attack on

42 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

the imperial rule."6 ml t+ekus esa tcfd lkoZtfud

LFkyksa ij yksx izse dk izn'kZu ugha djrs Fks vkSj vkSjrsa T+;knkrj ?ka?w kV esa jgrh Fkha] fLkusek esa pqEcu vkSj dke&ØhM+k ds n`'; rd lkekU; ekus tkrs Fks vkSj vfHkusrk rd buds fiQYekadu esa fgpdrs ugha Fks] vfHkusf=k;ka Hkh vaxizn'kZu ;k dkeqd n`';ksa ls ugha ?kcjkrh FkhaA dqy feykdj fiQYe&fuekZ.k dk izkjafHkd nkSj gksus ds ckotwn rduhd] dFkkoLrq] ifjèkku ,oa lkt&lTtk] xhr&laxhr vkfn fofHkUu n`f"V;ksa ls Hkkjrh; flUksek dk dky i;kZIr lEiUu FkkA ;g Hkh è;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd Hkkjr esa flusek 'kq#vkr ls gh O;kolkf;d jgk] ;kfu ;g ,d Hkzkafr gh gS fd flusek us cgqr ckn esa tkdj O;kolkf;d :i fy;k] flusek ds LFkkid nknk iQkYds ds le; ls gh ;s ,d u, O;olk; ds :i esa ns[kk x;k] ftlus fiQYe dEifu;ksa esa dke djus okys fofHkUu deZpkkfj;ksa dks jkst+h nhA fiQYEk fuekZ.k ls tqMs+ dqN egRRoiw.kZ fUkekZrk&funs'Z kd& èkqafMjkt xksfcan iQkYds (nknk lkgc iQkYds) lu~ 1870 esa czkã.k ifjokj esa tUEks nknk lkgsc iQkYds lu~ cEcbZ esa 1910 esa iznf'kZr ^ykbiQ vkWiQ ØkbLV* fiQYe ls brus izHkkfor gq, fd fiQYe fuekZ.k esa vk, fcuk u jg ldsA muds fy, fiQYe fuekZ.k vklku dke ugha Fkk] og ,d ifr vkSj firk Fks] mu ij iwjs ifjokj dh ft+Eesnkfj;ka FkhaA mez Hkh 40 o"kZ gks pyh FkhA exj mudk fiQYe fuekZ.k dk bjknk et+cwr Fkk] vius bl eqf'dy liQ+j esa mUgsa Hkjiwj lkFk feyk viuh vèkk±fxuh ^ljLorhckbZ* th dk vkSj dfBukbZ;ksa ds ckotwn ebZ 1913 esa nknk lkgc iQ+kYds dh vkSj lkFk gh Hkkjrh; flusek dh Hkh igyh iQ+hpj fiQYe ^^jktk gfj'pUnz** insZ ij mrjhA fiQYEk fuekZ.k dh T+;knkrj pqukSfr;ka nknk lkgc ds fgLls vkb±] tSls ml t+ekus esa vkSjrsa flusek esa dke ugha djrh Fkha] lks iQkYds th dks iq#"kksa ls gh L=kh fdjnkj Hkh djokus iM+sA vkfFkZd n`f"V ls Hkh eè;oxhZ; iQkYds ds fy, èku tqVkuk fdlh vfXu&ijh{kk ls de ugha FkkA nknk lkgc us fiQj Hkh fgEer ugha gkjh vkSj gj pqukSrh dk lkeuk djrs gq, ,d yEcs le; rd fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k esa tqVs jgsA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

ckcwjko isaVj& Hkkjr esa tSls&tSls fiQYEk m|ksx viuh tM+sa tekrk x;k] oSls&oSls u,&u, fuekZrk&funsZ'kd bl {ks=k esa vkrs x,A bUgha esa ls ,d uke gS&^ckcwjko d`".kjko feL=kh* miQZ ^ckcwjko isaVj*A fiQYEkksa esa vkus ls igys ;s ,d isaVj FksA budh T+;knkrj fiQYEkksa ds fizaV vkt miyCèk ugha gSa ysfdu ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd rduhdh n`f"V ls budh fiQYEkksa esa dbZ deky ds biQsDV~l ns[kus dks feyrs FksA "redesigning an old camera, using artificial lights, painting the sets to get a particular shade of grey on film, devising and using filters with tinted for the first time— the stories about him are legion."7 bl ckr ls

badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd nknk iQkYds us fiQYe& fuekZ.k m|ksx dh fofèkor uhao j[kh ysfdu rduhdh vkSj dykRed Js"Brk dh n`f"V ls ckcwjko dh fiQYEksa vfèkd dykRed ekuh tkrh gSaA dqN flusek fo'ks"kK rks ckcwjko dks&'the first original genious of the Indian screen' rd dgrs gSaA ckcwjko isaVj dh dqN izeq[k fiQYesa jgha&^lSjkUèkjh* (1920)] ^fla?kM+* (1923)] ^lrh inerh* (1924)&;s lHkh ikSjkf.kd feFkd vkSj ejkBk bfrgkl ij vkèkkfjr fiQYEksa FkhaA ysfdu mudh lcls cgrjhu vkSj ;knxkj fiQYe jgh&^lodkjh ik'k* (1925)] tksfd lkekftd ;FkkFkZ ij vkèkkfjr fiQYe FkhA bl fiQYe dh leh{kdksa us dkiQ+h iz'kalk dh&"The poetic combination of visuals evoking sound and light, and the shot of a hut accompanied by a howling dog is often quoted as the single most memorable shot of Indian silent cinema."8

ckcwjko isaVj ds ckjs esa ,sls iz'kalk Hkjs fooj.k txg&txg feyrs gSaA buds lkFk jgdj dbZ ;qok&izfrHkkvksa us fiQYEk&fuekZ.k dh ckjhfd;ka lh[kha] tc fl[kkus okyk ,d n{k dykdkj gks rks mlls f'k"; Hkh deky fn[kkrs gh gSaA oh- 'kkarkjke] ftudh izfrHkk ds lc dk;y jgs] mUgksaus Hkh ckcwjko isaVj ds lgk;d cudj gh fiQYe&fuekZ.k dk dke lh[kk FkkA blh izdkj iQrsgyky] nkeys] ekLVj fouk;d rFkk ckcwjko isUèkjdj us Hkh ckcwjko isaVj ds lkFk jgdj gh fiQYEk&fuekZ.k lh[kk Fkk vkSj ckn esa ;s lHkh ml ;qx ds fnXxt fiQYedkj jgsA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

oh- 'kkarkjke& budk tUe 18 uoEcj 1901 dks dksYgkiqj (egkjk"Vª) ds ,d xjhc ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA nks twu dh jksVh ds la?k"kZ esa bUgksaus rjg&rjg ds dke fd,A ckn esa ;s ml le; ds e'kgwj fiQYe fuekZrk&funsZ'kd ckcwjko isaVj ds vfllVsaV ds :i esa dke djus yxsA bUgksaus mudh dqN fiQYeksa esa NksVh&eksVh Hkwfedk,¡ Hkh fuHkkbZaA blds ckn 1923 dh ewd fiQYe ^fla?kM+* esa bUgksaus vge~ fuHkkbZ] fiQj rks bUgsa ^Jh d`".k vorkj*] ^lrh infeuh* rFkk ^lodkjh ik'k* tSlh egRoiw.kZ ewd fiQYeksa esa vge~ Hkwfedk,¡ fuHkkus dk volj feykA fiQYe&fuekZ.k ds fofHkUu igyqvksa esa vuqHko vftZr djus ds ckn lu~ 1927 esa bUgksaus funsZ'ku ds {ks=k esa dne j[kkA Hkkjrh; flusek ds ewd nkSj ls viuh ;k=kk vkjEHk dj oh- 'kkarkjke us vkxs pydj Hkkjr ds ;'kLoh fiQYedkjksa esa viuk uke ntZ djk;k vkSj dbZ jk"Vªh; rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; iqjLdkj Hkh thrsA vkj- uVjkt- eqnkfy;j& ;g rks lc tkurs gSa fiQYe&fuekZ.k dh 'kq#vkr egkjk"Vª ds 'kgjksa ls gqbZ] ij nf{k.k esa fiQYe m|ksx dh uhao j[kus dk Js; vkj- uVjkt eqnkfy;j dks tkrk gSA lu~ 1917 esa nf{k.k Hkkjr esa izFke fiQYe lkeus vkbZ&^^dhpd oèk**] tksfd dkiQh liQy jghA blh ds lkFk nf{k.k esa fiQYEk m|ksx us viuh tM+sa tek yhaA lu~ 1885 esa tUes uVjktk eqnkfy;j ,d èkuh O;olk;h ifjokj ls FksA dqN le; rd O;olkf;d {ks=k esa jgus ds ckn ;g mlls Åc x,] iQyLo:i jksekap ls Hkjs fiQYe&m|ksx us bUgsa viuh vksj [khap fy;k vkSj ;g nf{k.k Hkkjr ds igys fiQYe&fuekZrk cusA ts-,iQ- enku rFkk dqN vU; fuekZrk& dydÙkk esa fiQYEk&fuekZ.k dh 'kq#vkr dk Js; ts,iQ- enku dks tkrk gS] ftUgksaus ogka 1918 esa enku fFk;sVj fy- dEiuh dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk fiQYEk&m|ksx esa dne j[kkA enku fFk;sVlZ ds cSuj rys cuh igyh fiQYe ^^fcyokeaxy** Fkh tksfd dydÙkk esa lu~ 1919 esa iznf'kZr dh xbZA enku ds vkl&ikl gh ^vkuUnh cksl* vkSj èkhjsu xkaxqyh Hkh fiQYe&fuekZ.k ds O;olk; esa mrjsA vkuUnh cksl us ^vksjksjk fiQYEk dEiuh* ds cSuj okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 43

rys fiQYesa cukb±A bUgksaus viuh igyh fiQYe ^jRukdj* dk fuekZ.k rks enku th dh fiQYe ds vkl&ikl gh fd;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu fdUgha dkj.kksa ls ;g fiQYe lUk~ 1921 ds vxLr ekg esa tkdj fjyht+ gqbAZ blh izdkj dydÙkk esa gh èkhjsu xkaxqyh Hkh ^fcysr fiQjr* fiQYe ds lkFk fiQYe m|ksx esa mrj vk,A ^fcysr fiQjr* O;aX; 'kSyh esa cuh ml le; dh ,d yhd ls gVdj fiQYe Fkh] tksfd jkspd gksus ds lkFk gh ,d lkekftd lan's kijd fiQYe Hkh Fkh] ftlesa foyk;r ds jgu&lgu dh 'kSyh dh udy djrs Hkkjrh;ksa ij djkjk O;aX; fd;k x;k gSA ts-,iQ- enku] vkuUnh cksl] èkhjsu xkaxqyh tSls fuekZrkvksa dh liQyrk dks ns[kus ds ckn rks dydÙkk esa fiQYe&fuekZ.k dh ck<+&lh vk xbZ vkSj egkjk"Vª dh rjg ;gka Hkh fiQYe&baMLVªh dk otwn iwjh rjg dk;e gks x;kA vjnsf'kj bZjkuh& Hkkjrh; flusek ds vkjfHkad nkSj dk ,d vkSj cM+k uke gS&^vjnsf'kj bZjkuh*A vius firk ds O;olk; ls vuqHko izkIr dj vjnsf'kj bZjkuh us lu~ 1905 esa fons'kh fiQYeksa ds Hkkjrh; izn'kZd dk O;olk; 'kq: fd;k] bl dke esa bUgsa bruh liQyrk feyh fd gkWYkhoqM dh ;wfuolZ fiDpj dEiuh us bZjkuh dk viuk Hkkjrh; izfrfufèk fu;qDr dj fy;kA lu~ 1920 ds vkl&ikl bZjkuh us ^LVkj fiQYEk dEiuh* 'kq: dhA lUk~ 1922 esa bl cSuj rys ^ohj vfHkeU;q* fiQYe fjyht+ gqbAZ dgrs gSa bl fiQYe ij bZjkuh us yxHkx 10]000 #i;s [kpZ fd, Fks tksfd ml Tk+ekus ds fglkc ls cgqr gh T+;knk cM+h jde FkhA vkxs pydj vjnsf'kj bZjkuh us ^bfEifj;y

fiQYe dEiuh* LFkkfir dh vkSj blds rgr Hkkjr dh igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* cukdj Hkkjrh; fiQYe bfrgkl esa viuk uke vej dj fn;kA ^vkye vkjk* ls u fliQZ Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa esa vkokt+ dh 'kq#vkr gksrh gS cfYd gekjh fiQYeksa esa tks xhr&laxhr dh vfofNUu ijEijk feyrh gS] mldh 'kq#vkr Hkh ;gha ls gksrh gSA vius 75 o"khZ; thou esa vjnsf'kj bZjkuh us yxHkx 250 fiQYEksa cukbZa ftuesa ls 150 ds yxHkx ewd fiQYEksa jghaA fgeka'kq jk;& vkjafEHkd nkSj ds flusek dh ckrphr fgeka'kq jk; ds ft+Ø ds fcuk vèkwjh gSA lUk~ 1926 esa fgeka'kq jk; us ^ykbV vkWiQ ,f'k;k* tSlh liQYk fiQYEk cukdj ewd fiQYEkksa dh nqfu;k esa [kwc èkeky epk;kA yUnu esa fiQYe bruh liQYk jgh fd bldh iz'kalk baXyS.M ds jktk&jkuh rd igq¡ph vkSj mUgksaus fgeka'kq jk; dks vius egy esa fuea=k.k nsdj muds lkFk cSBdj ;g fiQYe ns[khA fgeka'kq jk; ewd nkSj ds flusek ds vafre iM+ko esa fiQYeksa esa vk, Fks blfy, t+kfgj rkSj ij mudh dEiuh us ewd fiQYeksa ls T+;knk VkWdht+ ds nkSj esa fiQYesa cukbZA var esa dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; flusek dk ewd nkSj dbZ l'kDr O;fDrRoksa vkSj dbZ vudgh nkLrkuksa dks fNik, gS ftudks izdk'k esa ykuk ,d KkuoèkZd vkSj jkspd vuqHko gksxkA oLrqr% bl {ks=k esa 'kksèk dh vikj laHkkouk,¡ gSa] cl t:jr gS dqN flus&izseh ftKklqvksa dh tks bl NqIks [k+t+kus rd igq¡pus dh lkeF;Z j[krs gksA vfrfFk lgk;d izoDrk] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh

lUnHkZ lwph 1- Vh-,e- jkepUnzu % 70 ;h;lZ vkWiQ+ flusek] i`"B 17] laLdj.k 1985] flusek baVjus'kuy izdk'ku] eqEcbZ&492- ogh] i`"B 20 3- ogh] i`"B 22 4- lqHkk"k Nkcjk % ykbV vkWiQ ,f'k;k (bafM;u lkbysaV flusek)] i`"B 15] izFke laLdj.k] okbyh bZLVuZ fy-] valkjh jksM] nfj;kxatA

5-

44 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

67-

Vh-,e- jkepUnzu % 70 ;h;lZ vkWiQ flusek] i`"B 20] laLdj.k 1985] flusek baVjus'kuy izdk'ku] eqEcbZ&49ogh] i`"B 21lqHkk"k Nkcjk % ykbV vkWiQ ,f'k;k (bafM;u lkbysUV flusek)] i`"B 10] izFke laLdj.k] okbyh bZLVuZ fy-] valkjh jksM] nfj;kxatA 8- oghA

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

'kksèk&i=k

f=kdks.k Hkko % ikjk'kjh leh{kk

MkW- jktho jatu jrh; iQfyr T;ksfr"k 'kkL=k ds xzUFkksa esa dq.Myh ds fofHkUu Hkkoksa dh i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ laKk dh xbZ gSA egf"kZ ijk'kj viuh çfl¼ jpuk o`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=kEk~ esa bu Hkkoksa dk ukedj.k djrs gq, dgrs gSa&^ruq] /u] lgksnj] cU/q] iq=k] 'k=kq] L=kh] jU/z] /eZ] deZ] ykHk ,oa O;;* ;s yXu ls }kn'k Hkkoksa ds uke gSaA1 }kn'k Hkkoksa ds bl ukedj.k ds vfrfjÙkQ ,d vU; ukedj.k dh i¼fr Hkh T;ksfr"k 'kkL=k esa çkIr gksrh gSA bl i¼fr ds vuqlkj dqN Hkkoksa ds lewg ds fy, fof'k"V laKkvksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl çlax esa egf"kZ ijk'kj Li"V djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd yXu] prqFkZ] lIre] n'ke dh ^dsUæ* laKk gSA 2] 5] 8] 11 dh ^i.kiQj* laKk gS vkSj 3] 6] 9] 12 dh ^vkiksfDye* laKk gSA yXu ls 5&9 dh dks.k laKk gS] 6] 8] 12 dh nq"V LFkku vkSj f=kd laKk gSA 4] 8 dks prqjlz dgrs gSa ,oa 3] 6] 10] 11 dh mip; (o`f¼) laKk gksrh gSAa 2 IkzLrqr 'kks/ vkys[k esa f=kdks.kHkko fopkj.kh; gSa vr% ;gk¡ fo'ks"k :i ls ikjk'kjh T;ksfr"k ds vkyksd esa fo"k; dh leh{kk dh tk jgh gSA loZIkzFke ge f=kdks.k Hkko dks le>us dk Ikz;kl djrs gSaA blds fy, f=kdks.k Hkko lEcU/h ½f"k;ksa vkSj vkpk;ks± ds er] f=kdks.k Hkko esa ifjxf.kr dq.Myh ds fofo/ Hkkoksa ds dkjd xzg] bu Hkkoksa ls fopkj.kh; fo"k; o f=kdks.k Hkkoksa ds fy, T;ksfr"k'kkL=kh; xzUFkksa esa Ikz;qDRk fofHkUu laKkvksa ij dze'k% fopkj djuk vfuok;Z gSA f=kdks.k Hkko & Hkkjrh; iQfyr T;ksfr"k'kkL=k esa f=kdks.k laKd Hkko dks ysdj i;kZIr erHksn çkIr gksRkk gSA egf"kZ ijk'kj ds vuqlkj yXu ls uoe rFkk i×pe

Hkk

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Hkko dh ^dks.k* laKk gSA3 vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj viuh jpuk o`gTtkrd esa ^i×pe Hkko dks gh f=kdks.k laKd ekurs gSaA*4 tcfd tkrdikfjtkrdkj ds vuqlkj yXu ls i×pe rFkk uoe Hkkoksa dh f=kdks.k laKk gSA5 x.ks'k dfo Ñr tkrdkyadkj esa Hkh blh er dk leFkZu djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd uoe rFkk i×pe Hkko gh f=kdks.k Hkko gSaA6 bl çdkj Li"V gS fd i×pe rFkk uoe Hkko f=kdks.k laKd gSaA ijUrq T;ksfr"k'kkL=k ds dfri; xzUFkksa esa yXu dks Hkh f=kdks.klaKd ekuk x;k gSA ykse'k lafgrk esa egf"kZ ykse'k yXu] i×pe rFkk uoe rhuksa gh Hkkoksa dks f=kdks.k laKd ekurs gSaA7 egf"kZ ijk'kj dh vU; jpuk y?kqikjk'kjh Hkh yXu dks f=kdks.k Hkko ds vUrxZr ifjxf.kr djrh gSA y?kqikjk'kjh ds laKkè;k; esa ,d 'yksd çkIr gks r k gS &^loZ s f=kdks . kus r kjks xz g k 'kq H kiQyçnk%A ir;fL=k"kMk;kuka ;fn ikiiQyçnk%AA8* bl 'yksd esa f=kdks.k Hkko ds :i esa yXu dh Hkh x.kuk dh xbZ gSA blh vfHkçk; ls f=kdks.k usrkj% cgqopukUr ikB dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ;fn f=kdks.k Hkko ds :i esa dsoy i×pe o uoe nks gh LFkku egf"kZ ijk'kj dk vfHkçsr jgrk rks f=kdks.kusrkjkS ,slk f}opukUr ikB jok tkrkA blds vfrfjÙkQ ^f=kdks.k* bl 'kCn esa Hkh ^f=k* 'kCn dk ç;ksx gSA vr% rhu LFkkuksa dk f=kdks.k laKd gksuk gh lehphu gSA vr% f=kdks.k 'kCn ls 1@5@9 rhuksa LFkku xzká gSaA çFke f=kdks.k Hkko vFkkZr~ yXu Hkkjrh; iQfyr T;ksfr"k 'kkL=k ds xzUFkksa esa yXu dks vR;Ur 'kqHk Hkko ekuk x;k gSA egf"kZ ijk'kj us Hkh f=kdks.k Hkko dks Hkæ vFkkZr~ 'kqHk dgk gSA9 tkrdkyadkj esa yXu Hkko dh egÙkk dk o.kZu okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 45

djrs gq, x.ks'k nSoK us dgk gS fd yXu Hkko fo'ks"kr;k lHkh lqoksa dk vk'k; gSA vr% fo}ku~ nSoKksa dks blh yXu ds vk/kj ij euq";ksa ds 'kqHkk'kqHk dk fu.kZ; djuk pkfg,A10 yXu Hkko ls fopkj.kh; fo"k; & T;ksfr"k'kkL=k esa çR;sd Hkko ls fo'ks"k fo"k;ksa ij fopkj dk çko/ku gSA yXu Hkko vFkkZr~ çFke f=kdks.k ls tkrd ds 'kkjhfjd xBu] o.kZ] vkÑfr] y{k.k] ;'k] xq.k] LFkku] lqo] çokl] rstfLork] nkScZY;kfn dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA11 vkpk;Z eU=ks'oj viuh jpuk iQynhfidk esa bl fo"k; ij viuk er çLrqr djrs gq, fyors gSa fd yXu] gksjk] dYIk (çHkko] lw;kZsn; vFkkZr~ çkjaHk)] nsg] mn;] :i] flj] oÙkZeku dky] tUe bu lcdk fopkj çFke Hkko ls djsAa 12 dfo dkfynkl dk er gS fd yXu Hkko ls lkewfgd :i ls 'kjhj&'kjhj ds vo;o (yXuLFk jkf'k rFkk mlds Lokeh }kjk)] lqo] nq%o] tjkoLFkk] Kku] tUe dk LFkku] ;'k] LoIu] cy] xkSjo] jkT;] uezrk] vk;q] 'kkfUr] o;] cky] vkÑfr] vfHkeku] dke&/U/k] nwljksa ls tqvk] fu'kku] eku] Ropk] uhan] nwljksa dk /u gj ysuk] nwljksa dk vieku djuk] LoHkko] vkjksX;] oSjkX;] dk;Z dk dj.k] i'kq ikyu] e;kZnk dk loZuk'k] o.kZ rFkk fut vieku bR;kfn fo"k;ksa dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA13 yXu Hkko ds dkjd xzg & T;ksfr"k'kkL=k ds xzUFkksa esa çR;sd Hkko ds dkjd ds :i esa xzgksa dh dYiuk dh xbZ gSA tkrd ikfjtkr esa vkpk;Z oS|ukFk us yXu Hkko ds dkjd xzg ds :i esa lw;Z dks çLrqr fd;k gSA14 egf"kZ ijk'kj Hkh yXu ds dkjd xzg ds :i esa lw;Z dks gh LohÑr djrs gSaA15 yXu Hkko dh vU; laKk,¡ & Hkkjrh; iQfyr T;ksfr"k'kkL=k ds çkphu xzaFkksa esa ,d gh Hkko ds fy, vusd laKkvksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA Jh x.ks'kdfo tkrdkyadkj esa yXuHkko ds i;kZ; 'kCnksa ds fo"k; esa dgrs gSa & ^yXu ds ewfÙkZ ('kjhj)] vax] mn;] oiq] dYi] vk| vkfn uke gSaA16* vkpk;Z oS|ukFk yXuHkko ds vU; ukeksa ds fo"k; esa fyors gSa & ^yXu Hkko ds fy, ç;qÙkQ vU; laKkvksa esa dYi, mn;] vk|] ruq] tUe] yXu] foyXu] gksjk çeq[k gSaA*17 46 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

f}rh; f=kdks.k (i×pe Hkko) i×pe Hkko dh x.kuk f=kdks.k Hkkoksa esa gksrh gSA vr% f=kdks.k Hkko gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; iQfyr T;ksfr"k'kkL=k esa bl Hkko dks 'kqHk LFkku ekuk tkrk gSA Hkko dkjdRo & i×pe Hkko ls fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA lUrku] firk ds iq.;deZ] jktk] eU=kh] lnkpkj] f'kYi] eu] fo|k] xHkZ] N=k] foosd] èkeZdFkk] dq'ky lekpkj] oL=k] ukuk dkE; deks± ds vuq"Bku] iSr`d /u] nwjnf'kZrk] L=kh lEcU/h oSHko] okjkaxukvksa dh laxfr] xEHkhjrk] n`<+rk] xksiuh;rk] uezrk] o`ÙkkUrysou] {kse] eS=kh] çcU/dkO;&jpuk] dk;kZjEHk] mnj] eU=k] rU=k dh mikluk] çlUurkiw.kZ oSHko] vUunku] iki&iq.; dh le>] eU=k&ti] lekykspuk djus dh çKk] /uktZu dk k Hkh i×pe Hkko ds dkjd ds :i esa c`gLifr xzg dks gh LohÑr djrs gSaA20 T;ksfr"k firkeg egf"kZ ijk'kj dh jpuk o`gr~ijk'kjgksjk'kkL=kEk~ esa Hkh i×pe Hkko ds dkjd xzg ds :i esa c`gLifr xzg dk gh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA21 i×pe Hkko dh vU; laKk,¡ & i×pe Hkko dh vU; laKkvksa dk funs'Z k djrs gq, ^tkrdkyÄïkj* esa x.ks'k dfo us iq=k] cqf¼] fo|k] vkRet rFkk oko~Q laKkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA22 ^lokZFkZ&fparkef.k* xzaFk esa cqf¼] izHkko] vkRet] eU=k] foosd] 'kfDr rFkk mnj 'kCnksa dks i×pe Hkko ds fy, iz;qDr laKkvksa ds :i esa m¼`r fd;k x;k gSA23 iape Hkko dh vU; laKk,¡ ?kh] nsojkt] firk iq=k rFkk i×pd Hkh gSaA24 vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj us i×pe Hkko dks f=kdks.k dgk gSA25 uoe Hkko (f=kf=kdks.k) & uoe Hkko f=kdk.k Hkkoksa esa vfUre f=kdks.k gSA ;g rhljk f=kdks.k Hkko gS vr% Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

f=kf=kdks.k laKd Hkh gSA26 uoe Hkko ls fopkj.kh; fo"k; & uoe Hkko ls fopkj djus ;ksX; fo"k; bl çdkj gSa & nku] /eZ] rhFkZ;k=kk] ri] xq#tuksa esa HkfÙkQ] vkS"kf/] fpÙk dh ifo=krk] nsoiwtk] fo|k ds fy, Je] oSHko] lokjh] HkkX;] uezrk] çrki] /kfeZd dFkk] ;k=kk] jkT;kfHk"ksd] iqf"V] lk/qlax] iq.;] firk dk /u] iq=k] iq=kh] gj çdkj dk ,s'o;Z] ?kksM+s&gkFkh] HkSals] jkT;kfHk"ksd dk LFkku] czã Kku dh LFkkiuk] oSfnd ;K] /u dk nkuA27 blh fo"k; esa ,d vU; xzUFk dk er gS fd uoe LFkku esa ckoM+h] dqavk] rkykc] I;kÅ] eB] eafnj] nh{kk]ubZ fo|k dk vkjaHk] iq.; ds dk;Z] HkkX;] xq#] ri] ppkZ vkfn fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa tkuuk pkfg,A28 vkpk;Z eU=ks'oj bl fo"k; esa viuk er çLrqr djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd vkpk;Z (xq#)] nsork (vkjkè; nso)] firk] iwtk] iwoZHkkX;] ri] lRdeZ] ikS=k] mÙke oa'kkfn dk fopkj uoe Hkko ls djuk pkfg,A29 bl Hkko dks 'kqHk LFkku Hkh dgrs gSaA uoe Hkko ds dkjd xzg & uoe Hkko ds dkjd xzg ds :i esa vkpk;Z oS|ukFk us lw;Z vkSj c`gLifr nksuksa xzgksa dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA30 egf"kZ ijk'kj us viuh jpuk ^o`gr~ ijk'kjgksjk'kkL=kEk~* esa uoe Hkko ds dkjd ds :i esa xq# dks LohÑr fd;k gSA31 uoe Hkko dh laKk,¡ & çR;sd Hkko ds fy, T;ksfr"k xzaFkksa esa vusd laKkvksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA uoe Hkko ds fy, ftu laKkvksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS] muds fo"k; esa Jh x.ks'k dfo viuh jpuk tkrdkyadkj esa mudk ukeksYyso bl çdkj djrs gSa & xq#] /eZ] 'kqHk] ri] vkfnA32 egf"kZ ijk'kj us viuh jpuk y?kqikjk'kjh esa bl lUnHkZ esa foLr`r ppkZ dh gSA mUgksaus igyh ckj xzgksa dh uSlfxZd 'kqHkk'kqHkRo ds LFkku ij Hkkokf/ifrRo dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k gSA f=kdks.kHkko ds :i esa yXu iape vkSj uoe Hkko dks Lohdkj djus ds ckn os bu Hkkoksa ds 'kqHkRo vkSj bu Hkko vkSj Hkkos'kksa ds dkj.k mRiUu jkt;ksxksa ij Hkh foLr`r ppkZ djrs gSa f=kdks.kHkkoksa ds 'kq H kRo dk fu/kZ j .k djrs gq , os dgrs gS a & loZ s f=kdks.kusrkjksxzgk% 'kqHkiQyIkznk% vFkkZr~ tUedqaMyh ds Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

f=kdks.kHkkoksa ds Lokeh 'kqHk iQy nsusokys gksrs gSa egf"kZ dk vfHkIkzk; ;g gS fd yXu] iape vkSj uoe Hkko ds vfèkifr tkrd dks 'kqHkiQy nsusokys gksrs gSaA ;gk¡ ;g Li"V dj ns uk vko';d gS fd bu Hkkoksa ds vf/ifr xzg uSlfxZd :i ls 'kqHk gksa ;k v'kqHk os tkrd dks 'kqHk iQy gh Ikznku djsaxsA v"VeHkko ds vf/ifr ds iQyfu.kZ; ds volj ij Hkh egf"kZ f=kdks.kHkko ds egRo vkSj mlds 'kqHkRo dks LFkkfir djrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSaμ ^HkkX;O;;kf/iR;sujU/zs'kks u 'kqHkIkzn%*33 vFkkZr~ v"Ves'k v'kqHk iQy nsus okyk blfy, gS D;ksafd og HkkX; LFkku vFkkZr~ uoeHkko ds O;; LFkku dk vf/ifr gSA blh rF; dks vkSj vf/d cy nsus ds fy, egf"kZ ddZ yXu dh dq.Myh dk mnkgj.k Hkh nsrs gSa vkSj ;gk¡ eaxy ds 'kqHkRo dk dkj.k mlds f=kdks.ks'kRo dks ekurs gSa34 uk fd mlds dsUnz's kRo dks ^dqtL; deZurs R` osIkz;Dq Rkk 'kqHkdkfjrk* tc leLr f=kdks.kHkkoksa ds vf/ifr;ksa dks 'kqHkiQy nsusokyk crk fn;k x;k rks ;g ftKklk lgt mRiUu gksrh gS bu rhuksa Hkkokf/ifr;ksa esa cykcy dk fu/kZj.k dSls gks\ bl 'kadk dk lek/ku IkzLrqr djrs gq, egf"kZ ijk'kj fl¼kUr IkzLrqr djrs gSa& ^Ikzcyk'pksÙkjksÙkje~35* vFkkZr~ ;s f=kdks.k LFkku vkSj muds vf/ifr dze'k% cyoku gksrs gSaA vfHkIkzk; gS fd lcls de cyoku f=kdks.k Hkko yXu] mlls vf/d cyoku iape vkSj iape ls vf/d cyoku f=kdks.k LFkku uoe Hkko gS vkSj blh dze ls buds Lokeh Hkh cyoku gksrs gSaA bl rjg uoes'k lokZfèkd cyh f=kdks.ks'k vkSj yXus'k lcls de cyoku f=kdks.ks'k fl¼ gksrk gSA f=kdks.ks'kksa ds cykcy fu/kZj.k ds vfrfjDRk egf"kZ bu Hkkos'kksa ds }kjk fofo/ jkt;ksxksa dh mRifÙk fo"k;d fl¼kUrksa dk Ikz.k;u djrs gSa bl dze esa f=kdks.k Hkko ds Lokfe;ksa dk dsUnzs'kksa ds lkFk fofo/ lEcU/ksa ds dkj.k jkt;ksxksa ds fuekZ.k ls lEcfU/r dbZ fl¼kUr IkzLrqr djrs gSa36 rnqijkUr f=kdks.ks'kksa ds eè; ijLij lEcU/ ds dkj.k mRiUu ,d fof'k"V jkt;ksx dks IkzLrqr djrs gq, mudh mfDRk gS& ^èkeZyXukfèkusrkjkoU;ksU;k& J;lafLFkrkSA jkt;ksxkfofr IkzksDRka fo[;krks fot;h Hkosr~ AA37* vFkkZr~ ;fn tkrd dh dq.Myh esa uoe Hkko dk Lokeh yXu Hkko esa fLFkr gks vkSj yXus'k uoe Hkko esa okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 47

fLFkr gks rks tkrd fo[;kr vkSj loZ=k fot;h gksrk gSA vr% Li"V gS fd iQfyr T;ksfr"k ds lUnHkZ esa egf"kZ ijk'kj ds mijksDRk f=kdks.k Hkko fo"k;d fl¼kar Lof.kZe lw=k fl¼ gksrs gSaA bUgha fl¼karksa ds vkyksd esa ijorhZ vkpk;ksa us iQykns'k fo"k;d xzaFkksa dh jpuk dh vkSj ;s fl¼kar vkt Hkh tkrd'kkL=k ds ftKklqvksa ds fy, ekxZn'kZd gSaA lgk;d vkpk;Z (T;ksfr"k)] laLd`r foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh&110007 lUnHkZ lwph 1- ruq/uZ a p lgtks cU/qiq=kkj;LrFkkA ;q o rhjU/z / ekZ [ ;deZ y kHkO;;k% Øekr~ A A & o`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=kEk~ _ 8@37 2- ogh_ 8@33&36 3- ogh_ 8@35 4- dsUækr~ ija i.kiQja ijr'p loZekiksfDyea fgcqdeEcq lq[ka p os'eA tkfe=keLrHkoua lqrHka f=kdks.ka es"kwj.ka n'kee=k p deZ fo|kr~AA & o`gTtkrdEk~ _ 1@18 5- es " kw j .kks n ;dy=kjlkrykfu L;q % ds U æd.Vd& prq"V;lafKrkfuA yXukfRL=kdks.kHkoua uoi×pda p L;kfR=kf=kdks.k& eqn;kUuoea onfUrAA & tkrdikfjtkr _ 1@53 6- vk|a rq;± dy=ka n'kefeg cq/%S dsUæeqDra f=kdks.ka] iq=ka /ekZ[;eqDra i.kiQjeqfnra e`R;qykHkkRetkFkZe~A /e± pkiksfDyek[;a O;;fjiqlgta d.Vdk[;a fg dsUæe~] pSrPpkrq"V;a L;kfR=kdfeg xfnra oSfjfj% iQKUrdkjO;e~AA & tkrdkyadkj _ 1@9 7- yXu rw;k±'k fo;rk dsUælaKk fo'ks"kr%A yXu i×pe HkkX;kuka dks.k laKk fo/h;rsAA & ykse'k lafgrk _ 6@106 8- y?kqikjk'kjh _ laKkè;k;] 'yksd&6 9- HkkokHkæk'p dsUæk[;k% dks.kk[;kS f}tlÙkeA ,"kka la;ksxek=ks.k á'kqHkks¿fi 'kqHkks Hkosr~AA & o`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=kEk~ _ 33@37 48 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

10- nsgks æO;ijkØekS lq[klqrkS 'k=kq% dy=ka Hk`frHkkZX;a jkT;ina Øes.k xfnrk ykHkO;;kS yXur%A Hkkok }kn'k r=k lkS[;'kj.ka nsga era nsfguka] rLeknso 'kqHkk'kqHkk[;iQyt% dk;ksZ cq/£S u.kZ;%AA & tkrdkyadkj_ 1@5 11- tkrdikfjtkr_ 11@13 12- yXua gksjk dYinsgksn;k[;a :ia 'kh"k± orZekua p tUe] foÙka fo|k LokUuikukfu HkqfDra n{kk{;kL;a if=kdk okDdqVqEce~A nqf'pD;ksjks n{kd.k± p lsuka /S;± 'kkS;± foØea Hkzkrja p] xsg {ks=ka ekrqya Hkkfxus;a cU/qa fe=ka okgua ekrja pAA & iQYknhfidk_ 1@11 13- mÙkjdkÇkEk`RkEk~_ 5@1 14- |qef.kjejeU=kh Hkwlrq % lkselkSE;kS xq:fjuru;kjkS HkkxZoks Hkkuqi=q k%A fnudjfnfotsT;kS thoHkkuqKeUnk%] lqjxq#fjulwuq% dkjdk% L;q£oyXukr~AA & tkrdikfjtkr _ 2@51 15- o`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=kEk~ _ 33@34 16- tkrdkyadkj _ 1@6 17- d Y i k s n ; k | r u q t U e f o y X u g k s j k okxFkZHkqfDru;uLodqVqEcHkkfuA nqf'pD;foØelgksnjohj/S;d Z .kkZLr`rh;HkouL; HkofUr laKk%AA & tkrdikfjtkr _ 1@49 18- mÙkjdkyke`rEk~ _ 5@8&9½ 19- |qef.kjejeU=kh Hkwlrq % lkselkSE;kS xq:fjuru;kjkS HkkxZoks Hkkuqi=k%A fnudjfnfotsT;kS thoHkkuqKeUnk% lqjxq#fjulwu%q dkjdk% L;q£oyXukr~AA & tkrdikfjtkr _ 2@51 20- rjf.kjejeU=kh eÄõy'pUælkSE;ks xq:jFk 'kfuHkkSeks 'kqØ vk£d% Øes.kA vejxq#fnus'kkS eUnHkkuqKthok% lqjxq#jfi eUn% dkjdk% L;q£oyXukr~AA & HkkOkizdk'k _ 4@1 21- o`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=kEk~ _ 33@34 22- tkrdkyadkj _ 1@6&7 23- jlkrya oS fgcqda p os'e ikrkyâ}kguekr`laKk%A cqf¼izHkkokReteU=klaKa foosd'kDrh mnjizns'k%AA & Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

242526-

2728-

293031-

323334353637-

lokZFkZ&fparkef.k _ 1@42 tkrdikfjtkr _ 1@50 o`gTtkrdEk~ _ 1@18 dsUæk[;k ruqfe=kekjuHklkekiksfDyek[;k¿UR;:o~Q =;adkuka prqjlzeEcq fu/ua è;ada f=kdks.kk[;de~A /hykHkæfo.kk;q " kka i.kiQjk[;k f=kf=kdks . ka ri% lksnÕ;kZ;#.kkfnokeqip;k[;ksDrk rnU;kSdlke~AA & HkkOkeaTkjh_ 1@27 mÙkjdkyke`rEk~ _ 5@17 /ekZn~ okih dwilj% izikeolqjky;%A nh{kk;k=kk uO;fo|k iq.;a HkkX;a xq:Lri%AA & izkPkhUk =kSYkksD; T;ksfRk"k_ 'yksú&184] i`ú 55 iQYknhfidk _ 1@14 tkrdikfjtkr _ 2@51 lw;ksZ xq#% dqt% lkseks xq#HkkSZe% flr% 'kfu%A xq # 'pUælq r ks thoks eUn'p Hkkodkjdk%AA & o`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=kEk~ _ 'yksú&33&34 tkrdkyadkj _ 1@7 y?kqikjk'kjh _ 'yksñ&9 ogh_ 'yksñ&12 ogh_ 'yksñ&7 ogh_ 'yksñ&14]15]17]20]41 ogh_ 'yksñ&42

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 49

'kksèk&i=k

ojkg fefgj dk ty foKku vkyksd jatu ikBd y gh thou gS] lR; gh gS fd fcuk ty ds thou dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA tUe ls ysdj e`R;q i;ZUr ty dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g d`f"k ds {ks=k esa izk.k gSA ty gh d`f"k dk vk/kj gS d`f"k gS rks d`"kd gSA d`"kd ls ns'k dh le`f¼ rFkk ikyu&iks"k.k gksrk gSA bldh egÙkk dks lkfcr djrs gq, ;g ½pk nz"VO; gS& ^^bjk fo'oLeS Hkqouk; tk;rs~ ;r~ itZU;% i`Foh jsrlkofrA1** ty es?k ty cjlkrs gSa rHkh i`Foh flafpr gksrh gS rFkk vUu gksrk gSA vejdks"k ds vuqlkj ty ds dbZ uke gSaA i;kZ;okph 'kCn esa vki] vEHk] okfj] uhj] rks;] lfyy] ty] ve`r] thou] i;] ikuh mnd bR;kfn gS2A ojkg fefgj us viuh iqLrd ^c`gr~ lafgrk* esa ^mnd* 'kCn us gh fy;k gSA ^ty* 'kCn gkykafd vf/d izpfyr gS fiQj Hkh ^mnd* 'kCn ds }kjk gh vè;k; dks of.kZr fd;k gSA o"kkZ dk ty tc /jrh ij fxjrk gS rks ;g fnO; ty HkkSe ty esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA ;g fofHkUu ekè;eksa ds }kjk /jrh ds vUnj lek tkrk gS rks Hkwfexr ty dgykrk gSA ojkg fefgj us ^mndkxZyk* uked vè;k; esa bUgha rhu izdkj ds ty&fnO; ty] HkkSe ty rFkk Hkwfexr ty dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh fy[kk gSA mnd dks vxZyk vFkkZr~ jksd ds lkFk fofHkUu izdkj ds laca/ dks tksM+dj yksdksi;ksxh cuk;k gSA ftl fo|k ds }kjk Hkwfexr ty dk Kku gksrk gS ml /eZ vkSj ;'k dks nsus okys Kku dks mndkxZyk dgrs gSaA3 ^^/E;Z ;FkL;a p cnkE;rks¿ga ndkxZy ;su tyksiyfCèk%A iql a ka;FkkÄõ"s kq f'kjkL=kFkSo f{krkufi izkUs ur fuEula[;kAA**

t

50 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

bu rhuksa tyksa esa ls fnO; ty vFkkZr~ vkdk'kh; ty dks /jrh ij ykus esa dksbZ dksf'k'k ugha djuh iM+rh gSA HkkSe ty vFkkZr~ Hkwfe ij fLFkr ty dks izkIr djus esa fo'ks"k iz;kl ugha djuk iM+rk gSA leL;k gksrh gS Hkwfexr ty dks izkIr djus esaA Hkwfexr ty dks izkIr djus ls igys ;g tkuuk vko';d gS fd Hkwfexr ty jgrk gS dgk¡\ bl leL;k dk lek/ku djrs gq, ojkg fefgj us fy[kk gS fd ftl rjg euq"; ds vax esa ukfM+;k¡ gksrh gSa mlh rjg ls Hkwfe esa Å¡ph] uhph ty dh f'kjk,¡ vFkkZr~ /kjk,¡ cgrh gSA4 vkdk'k ls dsoy ,d gh Lokj okyk ty i`Foh ij fxjrk gSA ogh ty fofHkUu Hkwfe;ksa dh izd`fr rFkk jl rRo ls laidZ djrs gqr /jrh esa tkrh lekrh gS rks ml izdkj ds jl vkSj Lokn okyk gks tkrk gSA5 vFkkZr~ ftl izdkj dk o.kZ vkSj jl Hkwfe dk gksrk gS mlh izdkj dk Lokn vkSj o.kZ ml ty dk gks tkrk gSA bl dkj.k ls Hkwfexr ty dk jax] Lokn rFkk jl dk irk yxkus ds fy, Hkwfe ds o.kZ] Lokn rFkk jl dh ijh{kk vko';d gSA thou dk izkjEHk ty ls gqvk gSA6 D;ksafd oSKkfudksa] bfrgkldkjksa dk dguk gS fd lH;rk dk fodkl ufn;ksa ds fdukjs gqvk FkkA blds ihNs ;g dkj.k gS fd fdlh Hkh tho ds fy, ty vR;Ur vko';d gSA fo'ks"kdj ekuo thou dk vf/dre dk;Z esa ty dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA tula[;k o`f¼ rFkk vkilh la?k"kZ us euq";ksa dks unh ds fdukjs ls nwj clus dks Hkh etcwj fd;k FkkA euq"; unh ds fdukjs ls nwj clus dks Hkh etcwj fd;k FkkA euq"; unh ds fdukjksa dks [kksndj ty izkIr djus dk
,oa dqvksa dks [kksnus dh vksj vxzlj fd;kA vkt dk V~;wc osy ;k cksjcsy vkfn mlh dk fodflr :i gSA ty ds vUos"k.k rFkk ty foKku ij dk;Z rks cgqr igys ls gksrs vk jgk gS ysfdu ojkg fefgj ds iwoZ fdlh foKku ds }kjk mfpr <+ax ls ;k rks dk;Z ugha fd;k x;k ;k mlds o.kZu dks izLrqr ugha fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj Hkwfexr ty ds ckjs esa ojkg fefgj ds ckjs esa gh dg ldrs gSa fd mUgksaus gha bl fo|k ij viuk fopkj j[kdj yksdksi;ksxh cukus dk dke fd;k gSA gkykafd viuh iqLrd ^c`gr~ lafgrk* esa ojkg fefgj us vusd vkpk;ksaZ dk uke fy;k gSA muds vuqlkj mUgsa lkjLor eqfu ,oa euq us bl foKku dks lh[kk;k FkkA7 ysfdu euqLe`fr esa ty foKku ls lacaf/r fdlh Hkhj rF; dk mYys[k ugha gSA blh rjg ls lkjLor eqfu ds }kjk m¼`r fdlh Hkh iqLrd dh tkudkjh eq rel="nofollow">s ugha gS ftldk lacaèk ty foKku ls gksA Hkwty dks izkIr djus ds iwoZ Hkw ij miyC/ dqN y{k.kksa dk vè;;u vko';d gSA ojkg fefgj us bUgha y{k.kksa dks vk/kj cukdj dqN rF;ksa dks izLrqr fd;k gSA mUgksaus Hkwfe dh xgjkbZ dh eki dks iq#"k vFkkZr~ 120 vaxqy esa ekik gSA 1 iq#"k ¾ 120 vaxqy o`{k ls ty Kku % Hkwfe ds vUnj ty gS bldk y{k.k crkrs gq, ojkg fefgj us fy[kk gS fd ftl o`{k dh ,d 'kk[kk uhps dh vksj >qdh gks vkSj ihyh iM+ xbZ gks] rks mlds uhps rhu iq#"k [kksnus ij ty feyrk gSA8 ftl LFkku ij fpduk] fNnz ls jfgr iÙkksa ls eqDr isM+] yrk] i=k vkfn gks ml LFkku ij 3 iq#"k uhps ty gksrk gSA ;g y{k.k ;fn dk'k] ufydk] uy] [ktwj] tkequ] vtqZu] csar] nw/okys o`{k] yrkvksa okys LFkku ij Hkh fn[kkbZ ns rks Hkh ;g fu;e ykxw gksxkA9 blds lkFk&lkFk dbZ izdkj ds o`{kksa dks vk/kj ekudj muds vuqlkj ty Kku dk o.kZu ojkg fefgj us fd;k gSA iQy&iq"iksa ls ty Kku % ftl o`{k ds iQy iq"iksa esa fodkj iSnk gks ml o`{k ls rhu gkFk iwoZ fn'kk esa c<+dj 480 vaxqy uhps ty dh izkfIr gksrh gSA10 ftl LFkku ij mtyk iQwy okyk dVsjh dk o`{k gks ftlesa dk¡Vs ugha gks] ml o`{k ds 4½ iq#"k uhps ty dh Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

izkfIr gksrh gSA11 blh izdkj mUgksaus dfrRFk] egq,] tkequ] [ktwj] xwyj] fcYo] csj] cV] vtqZu bR;kfn o`{kksa ls Hkh ty&Kku dk mYys[k fd;k gSA /kU; ls ty Kku % /kU; ds y{k.k dks crkrs gq, ojkg fefgj fy[krs gSa fd ftl [ksr esa /kU; mRiUu gksdj u"V gks tk;s ;k /kU; vfr fueZy gks ;k mRiUu gksdj ihyk iM+ tk, ml LFkku dks [kksnus ij 2 iq#"k uhps ty feyrk gS ftlds lzksr ls vtlz /kjk cgrh gSA12 ok"i ;k /we ls ty Kku % ftl LFkku ls Hkki ;k /we fudyrs gq, fn[kkbZ ns ml LFkku dks [kksnus ij 2 iq#"k uhps vfojy ty okyh /kjk cgrh gSA13 oYehd ls ty Kku % oYehd dk vFkZ gksrk gS ^mnkbZ* ;k nkseV dk ?kjA ojkg fefgj ,d ,sls ty oSKkfud gq, ftUgkssaus oYehd tSls misf{kr inkFkZ ls Hkh ty foKku ds fy, mi;ksxh crk;kA oYehd Hkh ty vUos"k.k esa lg;ksxh gks ldrk gSA oYehd ds Åij nwc ;k liQsn dq'kk fn[kykbZ ns rks blds uhps 21 iq#"k uhps ty dh izkfIr gksrh gSA14 dnEc ds o`{k ds ikl ;fn oYehd gks rFkk mlds Åij nwc fn[kkbZ ns rks dnEc ds o`{k ls nf{k.k nks gkFk ij iPphl iq#"k uhps ty feysxkA15 blh izdkj yky djat ds o`{k ds rhu rjiQ ls ;fn oYehd fn[kkbZ ns rks ml o`{k ls mÙkj fn'kk esa pkj gkFk lksyg vaxqy tkus ij rFkk pkyhl iq#"k uhps [kksnus ij ty dh /kjk feyrh gS ysfdu ,d iRFkj ds cknA ;qxy o`{k ls ty Kku % ojkg fefgj us nks o`{kksa ds lg;ksx ls cuus okys ty&Kku dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ;g mudh foy{k.k izfrHkk dk ifjpk;d gSA muds vuqlkj ;fn csj ,oa yky djat ds o`{k ,d lkFk gks rks muds rhu gkFk if'pe fn'kk esa lksyg iq#"k uhps ty gksrk gSA ;g ty vR;Ur ehBk gksrk gS vkSj Hkh djhy vkSj csj esa ;g ;qXe lEcU/ gks rks vBkjg iq#"k uhps ty dh izkfIr gksrh gSA ;fn ;g ;qXe ihyq vkSj csj o`{k ds uhps cus rks chl iq#"k uhps ty dh izkfIr gksrh gSA vtquZ vkSj djhj o`{k ds la;ksx ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd iPphl iq#"k uhps ty gksrk gSA16 Hkwfe y{k.k ls ty Kku % ,slk ugha gS fd ty ds okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 51

ckjs esa tkuus ds fy, ojkg fefgj us o`{k] xqYe] yrk] oYehd vkfn dks gh vk/kj cukdj fy[kk gS cfYd Hkwfe ds ijh{k.k ek=k ls gh ty dk irk yxkus dh fofèk dks crk;k gSA muds vuqlkj ftl LFkku ds pkjksa vksj xeZ Hkwfe gks rFkk chp esa BaMh Hkwfe fn[kkbZ ns ;k pkjksa vksj BaMh ,oa chp esa xeZ Hkwfe ekywe gks ml LFkku ds lk<+s rhu iq#"k uhps ty dh izkfIr gksrh gSA17 ftl LFkku dh Hkwfe ik¡o ls nc tk, rFkk ftl LFkku esa fdlh dk fuokl u gks lkFk gh ogk¡ dkiQh dhM+s gks mlls Ms<+ iq#"k uhps ty dh /kjk feyrh gSA ftl LFkku ij iSj iVdus ls xaHkhj 'kCn lqukbZ iM+s ml Hkwfe ds [kksnus ij lk<+s rhu iq#"k uhps mÙkj fn'kk esa cgus okyh /kjk gksrh gSA ty 'kqf¼ % ;fn dwi ;k ckcM+h ls ikuh xUnk] dMqok] [kkjk] csLokn ;k nqxZU/ okyk fudys rks mlesa vatu] eksFkk] [kl] jktdks'kkrd] vk¡oyk] drd dk Qy ds pw.kZ dks dwi esa MkysaA blls ty fueZy ,ao LoPN gks tkrk gSA f'kyk Hkatu % dwi [kksnrs le; jkLrs esa f'kyk vkfn Hkh fey ldrk gSA blls rksM+us ds fy, Hkh ojkg fefgj us dqN mik; crk;k gS & v- f'kyk [k.M dss Åij
dks tykdj vkx ds leku yky cuk nsaA ml ij dyh pwus ds ty dks fNVus ls f'kyk iQwV tkrh gSA vk- dkyh iBkj o`{k dh ydM+h dk Hk"e feykdj ty dks [kwc xeZ djsaA mlesa 'kj ds o`{k dk Hk"e feykosaA vfXu ls rikbZ gqbZ ml f'kyk ij fNM+dsA b- NkaN] dkth] e/k] dqyFkh dks ikuh esa Mkydj lkr jkr rd NksM+ nsaA vfXu ls rikbZ gqbZ f'kyk ij fNM+dsA bZ- uhao ds iÙks] uhao ds Nky] fryksa dh uky] fpM+fpM+h] fxyks; ds Hk"e dks xksew=k esa rikbZ gqbZ f'kyk ij Ng ckj fNM+dus ls f'kyk iQwV tkrh gSA19 bu rF;ksa dks izLrqr djus dk mís'; gS fd ojkg fefgj us fo'ks"k vUos"k.k {kerk ds }kjk ftl fo|k dks izLrqr fd;k gS og vkt ds le; esa fdruk izklafxd gS ;g rks ugha dgk tk ldrk ij ftl le; esa mDr fo|k dks izLrqr fd;k Fkk ml le; vo'; gh yksdksi;ksxh jgh gksxhA gkykafd vkt Hkh bl fo|k dks iw.kZr% ;k va'kr% ykxw dj vUos"k.k dk fo"k; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA 'kks/ Nk=k laLd`r foHkkx ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] cks/x;k

lUnHkZ lwph 1- ½xosn 2- vejdks"k] izFke dk.Me~] i`- 106 3- c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k; 54@'yksd 01 4- c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k; 54@'yksd 02 5- c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k; 54@'yksd 02 6- ikuh dh [kkst] Jh guqer~ T;skfr"k eafnj] dkuiqj] 1984 7- ojkgh lafgrk] vè;k; 54] 'yksd 99 8- c`gr~ lafgrk] ndkxZykè;k;] 'yksd 55 9- c`gr~ lafgrk] ndkxZykè;k;] 'yksd 100&102

10111213141516171819-

52 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

c`gr~ c`gr~ c`gr~ c`gr~ c`gr~ c`gr~ c`gr~ c`gr~ c`gr~ c`gr~

lafgrk] lafgrk] lafgrk] lafgrk] lafgrk] lafgrk] lafgrk] lafgrk] lafgrk] lafgrk]

ndkxZykè;k;] ndkxZykè;k;] ndkxZykè;k;] ndkxZykè;k;] ndkxZykè;k;] ndkxZykè;k;] ndkxZykè;k;] ndkxZykè;k;] ndkxZykè;k;] ndkxZykè;k;]

'yksd 'yksd 'yksd 'yksd 'yksd 'yksd 'yksd 'yksd 'yksd 'yksd

54&56 57 61 10 77 78 72&76 54 121 112&115

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

'kksèk&i=k

lapkj Økafr] laLÑfr vkSj lekt fodkl dqekj

la

pkj ØkfUr dh fo'o esa yEch ijaijk gSA ;g dksbZ ;dk;d ?kfVr ifj?kVuk ugha gSA 19oha 'krkCnh ds var vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh ds vkjaHk esa izÑfr foKku dh [kkstksa us rduhdh Økafr dk vk/kj rS;kj fd;k FkkA igyk Hkki dk batu 1708 esa vk;k vkSj lq/kj ds ckn tsElokV us 1775 esa cuk;kA igyk jsyekxZ 1829 esa yhojiqy ls eSupSLVj ds chp cukA igyh dkj 1909 esa cktkj esa vkbZA igyk tsV foeku 1937 esa vk;kA ;kuh Hkko ds batu ls tsV ds batu rd dh rduhdh ;k=kk esa 229 o"kks± dk le; yxkA tcfd igyh ih<+h dk dEI;wVj 1946 esa vk;kA nwljh] rhljh vkSj pkSFkh ih<+h dk dEI;wVj Øe'k% lu~ 1956] 1965 vkSj 1988 esa vk;kA ;kuh dEI;wVj Økafr ikapoha ih<+h ds ifjorZuksa rd ek=k 36 o"kks± esa igqap xbZA lrg ij ns[ksa rks dEI;wVj Økafr dh xfr vkSn~;ksfxd Økafr ls rhoz utj vk,xhA ;kuh 6-4 xquk T;knk rhoz xfr ls lwpuk rduhdh dk fodkl gqvkA xfr dh rhozrk dk dkj.k gS rduhdh] Kku] foKku] ,oa lS¼kfUrdh ds iwokZ/kj dh ekStwnxhA blds foijhr vkSn~;ksfxd Økafr ds le; vk/qfud Kku&foKku dk iwokZ/kj ekStwn ugha FkkA vkSn~;ksfxd Økafr ds lkFk lekt esa tu&mRiknu] tu&lsok] tulapkj] tu&ifjogu vkSj cktkj ds u, :iksa dk tUe gqvkA mRiknu dk {ks=k iQsDVªh FkhA mlesa vofLFkr e'khu vkSj midj.k gh lkekftd mRiknu ds dsUnz fcUnq FksA vkSn~;ksfxd Økafr ls mith vkdka{kkvksa us mifuos'kksa dks tUe fn;kA u, egkn~ohiksa dh [kkst dks laHko cuk;kA Je&foHkktu dk foLrkj fd;kA fo'ks"khdj.k Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

dks tUe fn;kA lkoZHkkSe mRiknu ij cy fn;kA lkoZHkkSeRo dks vfuok;Z fiQuksfeuk cuk fn;kA futh O;kikj] futh iwath vkSj futh laifRr ij cy fn;kA ^dE;qfuLV ?kks"k.kki=k (1848) esa dkyZ ekDlZ ,oa ÚsBfjd ,axsYl us fy[kk ^^iwathifr oxZ us] tgk¡ ij Hkh mldk iyM+k Hkkjh gqvk] ogk¡ lHkh lkeUrh] fir`lRrkRed vkSj dkO;kRed laca/ksa dks u"V dj fn;kA mlus euq";ksa dks vius ^^LokHkkfod cM+ksa** ds lkFk cka/ j[kus okys ukuk izdkj ds lkearh laaca/ksa dks fueZerk ls rksM+ Mkyk_ vkSj uXu LokFkZ ds] ^^udn iSls&dkSM+h** ds ân;&'kwU; O;ogkj ds flok euq";ksa ds chp nwljk laca/ ckdh ugha jgus fn;kA /kfeZd J¼k ds LoxksiZ e vkuankfrjsd dks] ohjksfpr mRlkg vkSj dwieaMwdrkiw.kZ Hkkoqdrk dks mlus vkuk&ikbZ ds LokFkhZ fglkc&fdrkc ds ciQhZys ikuh esa Mqcks fn;k gSA euq"; ds oS;fDrd ewY; dks mlus fofue; ewY; cuk fn;k gS] vkSj igys ds vufxur vuigj.kh; vf/dkj i=k n~okjk iznRr Lokra";ksa dh txg vc mlus ,d ,sls var%dj.k'kwU; Lokra=; dh LFkkiuk dh gS ftls eqDr O;kikj dgrs gSaA la{ksi esa] /kfeZd vkSj jktuhfrd Hkzetky ds ihNs fNis 'kks"k.k ds LFkku ij mlus uXu] fuyZTt] izR;{k vkSj ik'kfod 'kks"k.k dh LFkkiuk dh gSA** ;gh og ifjizs{; gS tc thou esa vkèkqfud lapkj] ifjogu vkSj mRiknu ds :iksa ds fuekZ.k dk flyflyk 'kq: gqvkA blh vFkZ esa vk/qfud ;qx iwoZ ds ;qxksa ls cqfu;knh rkSj ls vyx gSA ys[kd}; dh jk; gS ^^mRiknu ds vkStkjksa esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu vkSj mlds iQyLo#i mRiknu ds laca/ksa esa] okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 53

vkSj lkFk&lkFk lekt ds lkjs lac/ a ksa esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ds fcuk iwathifr oxZ thfor ugha jg ldrkA blds foijhr] mRiknu ds iqjkus rjhdksa dks T;ksa dk R;ksa cuk, j[kuk igys ds lHkh vkSn~;ksfxd oxks± ds thfor jgus dh igyh 'kRrZ FkhA mRiknu esa fujarj Økafrdkjh ifjorZu] lHkh lkekftd O;oLFkkvksa esa yxkrkj mFky&iqFky] 'kk'or vfu'fprrk vkSj gypy&;s phtsa iwathoknh ;qx dks igys ds lHkh ;qxksa ls vyx djrh gSaA lHkh fLFkj vkSj tM+hHkwr laca/] ftuds lkFk izkphu vkSj iwT; iwokZxzgksa rFkk erksa dh ,d iwjh Üka`[kyk tqM+h gksrh gS] feVk fn, tkrs gSa] vkSj lHkh u, cuus okys laca/ tM+hHkwr gksus ds igys gh iqjkus iM+ tkrs gSaA tks dqN Hkh Bksl gS og gok esa mM+ tkrk gS] tks dqN Hkh ikou gS og Hkz"V gks tkrk gS] vkSj vkf[kjdkj euq"; lathnk u”kj ls thou ds okLrfod gkykrksa dks] ekuo&ekuo ds vkilh laca/ksa dks ns[kus ds fy, etcwj gks tkrk gSA** ;gh og izLFkku fcUnq gS ftlds dkj.k lkfgR; ds dsUnz esa euq"; vk;kA lkfgR; esa thou ds lkef;d iz'uksa dks vfHkO;fDr feyhA mRiknu dh rduhdh ds cny tkus ls thou cnyk ogha nwljh vksj lkfgR; dh vo/kj.kk cnyhA mRiknu vkSj fofue; ds midj.k cnyrs gSa rks lapkj ds midj.k Hkh cnyrs gSaA ftudks lwpuk 'kkfL=k;ksa us lapkj&Økafr ds fofHkUu pj.kksa ds #i esa O;k[;kf;r fd;k gSA ^lapkj Økafr* inca/ cqfu;knh rkSj ij cqtqZvk lapkjfonksa dk pyk;k gqvk gSA lapkj Økafr ds izfr cqtqv Z k vkSj Økafrdkjh lwpuk'kkfL=k;ksa dk #[k vyx&vyx gSA ;gk¡ rd fd cqtqv Z k fopkjdksa esa lapkj Økafr ls tqM+s lokyksa ij xgjs erHksn gSa%& lapkj Økafr vkSj lkfgR; ds vUr%laca/ ij fopkj djrs le; ;g ckr è;ku j[ksa fd lapkj dk vkfne:i Lo;a lkfgR; gSA lapkj Økafr dk vFkZ ek=k lwpukvksa dk lapkj djuk ugha gSA lapkj dk vFkZ ekuoh; gko&Hkko dk lapkj djuk Hkh ugha gSA lapkj dk eryc gS euq"; ds Hkkoksa] fopkjksa] laosnukvksa vkSj ekuoh; fØ;kvksa dk O;fDr ls O;fDr dh rjiQ lapkj] ;gh lapkj laca/ gSA lapkj Økafr dk lkfgR; ij D;k izHkko iM+k ;g tkuus ds fy, eq[; lapkj midj.kksa ls fdl rjg dh lao`fr;ksa dk 54 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

mn; gqvk\ fdl rjg lkfgR; dh /kj.kk cnyh\ vkSj ekStwnk lapkj Økafr ds dkj.k fdl rjg dk lkfgR; vkSj lkfgR; :iksa dk tUe gqvk\ ;g tkuuk lehphu gksxkA eqnz.k rduhd& Hkkjr esa lu~ 1550 esa lcls igys nks eqnz.k dh e'khusa baXySaM ls ykbZ xbZA fdUrq NikbZ lu~ 1557 ls gh 'kq: gks ikbZA lcls igys lSaV Úkafll tsfo;j us /kfeZd iz'uksRrjh NkihA og izFke izdk'kd FkkA eqnz.k dh e'khu yxkus dk ewy mís'; bZlkb;r dk izpkj djuk FkkA frUusyoYyh ftys ds iqUuhdsy uked LFkku ij lu~ 1578 esa igyk izsl LFkkfir fd;k x;kA nwljk izsl lkS o"kZ ckn 1679 esa f=kpqj ds nf{k.k esa vacydkn uked LFkku ij LFkkfir fd;kA fgUnh esa eqfnzr xazFkksa dh ijaijk 1802 ls 'kq: gksrh gSA Mk- Ñ".kkpk;Z us vius 'kks/ xzaFk ^^fgUnh ds vkfn eqfnzr xzaFk** esa 1802 ls igys fdlh eqfnzr xzaFk dk ftØ ugha fd;k gSA izsl ds vkus ds ckn ikaMqfyfi dk yksi gqvk vkSj mldh txg iqLrd vkbZA Ñfr nh?kkZ;q gqbAZ iqLrd dk ykSfddhdj.k gqvkA pwafd izsl us lcls igys /kfeZd lkfgR; NkikA vr%/eZ dk ykSfddhdj.k lcls igys gqvkA vc iqLrd iwtk dh oLrq u gksdj Lo;a esa ,d oLrq vkSj eky cu xbZA mlds vanj fufgr nsoRo Hkko u"V gqvkA Hkk"kk ds {ks=k esa O;kIr vjktdrk dk [kkRek gqvkA ekud Hkk"kk dk tUe gqvkA blls lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk dk fuekZ.k gqvkA xhr vkSj dfork esa vUrj iSnk gqvkA xhr vkSj dfork dh Hkkf"kd lajpuk esa var vk;kA 'kSyh dh fofo/rkvksa dk tUe gqvkA xn~; dk tUe gqvkA bZ-,e- iQksLVZj us fy[kk eqnz.kdyk ds xHkZ ls gh fpjLej.kh;rk dk tUe gqvkA ys[ku dh ubZ lajpuk] okD;&foU;kl] ubZ Hkk"kk ds lkFk&lkFk ns'kt Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl gqvkA lekt esa fuosZ;fDrdrk vkSj fo'ks"khdj.k dh py jgh iwathoknh izfØ;k us jpukdeZ dks izHkkfor fd;kA blus fopkjkssa dh nqfu;k esa Hkh foHkktu iSnk fd;kA lekt esa izfrLi/kZ ,oa fujarjrk dh xfr dks rst fd;kA vc fdrkc ,d oLrq Fkh] ys[kd ls Lora=k mldh lRrk FkhA eqnz.k dh e'khu us iqLrd dh iqjkuh Nfo dks rksM+kA mls Lok;Rr cuk;kA fpjLFkk;h cuk;kA mYys[kuh; gS fd izsl dk tUe vkSn~;ksfxd Økafr ds Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

lkFk gqvkA izsl Økafr dks laHko cukus esa yadk'kk;j dh feyksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk FkhA ;wjksih; turk esa fons'kh diM+ksa dh c<+rh gqbZ ekax dks bu feyksa us iwjk fd;kA lu~ 1790 ds ckn ;wjksi esa diM+s dh deh [kRe gks xbZA cus&cuk, diM+s feyus yxsA lkFk gh diM+s dk xqnM+k tks fd dkxt ds fy, dPpk eky Fkk] mldk ,dek=k lzksr Fkk] og cMs+ iSekus ij miyC/ gqvkA blls dkxt ds ekeys esa baXySaM vkRefuHkZj cu x;kA igys dkxt gkFk ls cuk;k tkrk Fkk] ckn esa e'khu ls cuus yxkA ;s e'khusa ikuh vkSj Hkki ls pyrh FkhaA blls dkxt lLrk vkSj T;knk ek=kk esa rS;kj gksrk FkkA ys[kd dh Lok;Rr lRrk dk fuekZ.k gqvkA ys[kdh; Lora=krk dk tUe gqvkA i=k&if=kdkvksa dk izdk'ku 'kq: gqvkA ;gh og lanHkZ gS tc lkfgR;] fo'o lkfgR; vkSj tkrh; lkfgR; dh ,dne ubZ vo/kj.kk dk tUe gqvkA izsl ds dkj.k ys[kd] ikBd] ikB vkSj lekt ds chp esa u, fj'rs dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA jk"Vªokn vkSj Lora=krk dh Hkkouk iSnk gqbZA ;gk¡ bu /kj.kkvksa ij fopkj djuk lgh gksxkA fo'o lkfgR;& ^fo'o lkfgR;* inca/ dk lcls igys iz;ksx xks;rs us fd;k FkkA ;g ^osYV fyVjspj* dk vuqokn gSA lu~ 1827 esa mlus blh 'kh"kZd ls mlus ,d dfork Hkh fy[khA xks;rs us fo'o lkfgR; dh /kj.kk ml ;ax dks è;ku esa j[kdj nh Fkh tc lewps lalkj dk lkfgR; ,d gks tk,xkA ckn esa ^^dE;qfuLV ?kks"k.kki=k** esa dkyZ ekDlZ ,oa ÚsMfjd ,axsYl us ^fo'o lkfgR;* dh vo/kj.kk ij fopkj djrs gq, fy[kk] ^^HkkSfrd mRiknu dh gh rjg] ckSf¼d mRiknu txr esa Hkh ;gh ifjorZu ?kfVr gqvk gSA vyx&vyx jk"Vªksa dh ckSf¼d Ñfr;ka lkoZHkkSfed laifRr cu x;h gSaA jk"Vªh; ,dkaxhiu vkSj ladqfpr n`f"Vdks.k&nksuksa gh vlaHko gksrs tk jgs gSa] vkSj vusd jk"Vªh; vkSj LFkkuh; lkfgR;ksa ls ,d fo'o lkfgR; mRiUu gks jgk gSA** tkrh; lkfgR;&tkrh; lkfgR; dh /kj.kk ds fuekZ.k ds fy, tkrh; lkfgR; t:jh gSA tkrh; lkfgR; ds fy, tkrh; Hkk"kk dk fuekZ.k vkSj tkrh; Hkk"kk ds fy, tkrh; xBu dh vkfFkZd&lkekftd izfØ;k vko';d gSA tkfr] tkrh; Hkk"kk] vkSj tkrh; lkfgR; ds cxSj tkrh; Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

lkfgR; dh vo/kj.kk vlaHko gSA jkefoykl 'kekZ ds vuqlkj] ^^tkfr og ekuo leqnk; gS tks O;kikj n~Okkjk iawathoknh laca/ksa ds izlkj esa xfBr gksrh gSA lkekftd fodkl Øe esa ekuo lekt igys tu ;k x.k ds :i esa xfBr gksrk gSA lkewfgd Je vkSj lkewfgd forj.k x.k&lekt dh fo'ks"krk gS vkSj mlds lnL; vkil esa ,d&nwljs ls jDr laca/ ds vk/kj ij lEc¼ ekus tkrs gSaA bu x.k lektksa ds VwVus ij y?kqtkfr;k¡ curh gSa ftuesa mRiknu NksVs iSekus ij gksrk gS vkSj u, Je foHkktu ds vk/kj ij Hkkjrh; o.kZ&O;oLFkk tSlh lekt O;oLFkk dk pyu gksrk gSA iwathoknh ;qx esa bUgha y?kq tkfr;ksa ls vk/qfud tkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA** blh rjg tkrh; Hkk"kk dk LFkku mls feyrk gS tks izeq[k O;kikfjd dsUnz dh Hkk"kk gksrh gSA ogh Hkk"kk izeq[k laidZ Hkk"kk cu tkrh gSA tkrh;rk dk fodkl lk>k Hkk"kk] lk>k laLÑfr] vkSj lk>k cktkj ds vk/kj ij gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa ftl Hkk"kk us fczfV'k lkezkT;okn] Ñf"k nklrk] tkfr&izFkk] eè;dkyhu cks/ vkSj lkearokn ds f[kykiQ la?k"kZ fd;k mlus tkrh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa LohÑfr izkIr dhA ogk¡ tkrh; psruk vkSj tkrh; lkfgR; dk fodkl gqvkA blh rjg lkfgR; dh /kj.kk cnyhA ckyÑ".k HkV~V us tqykbZ 1881 ds ^fgUnh iznhi* esa fy[kk ^^lkfgR; tu lewg ds ân; dk fodkl gSA** ckn esa egkohj izlkn f}osnh us ekuk ^^Kku jkf'k ds lafpr dks'k dk uke lkfgR; gSA** vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy us fy[kk ^^lkfgR; turk dh fpRro`fRr dk lafpr izfrfcEc gSA** bl rjg lkfgR; dh lkef;d lkfgR;kanksyuksa ds dkj.k /kj.kk cnyrh jghA VsyhxzkiQ&Hkkjr esa ^nwjlapkj* dk Jhx.ks'k lu~ 1813 esa gqvkA ml le; dydRrk vkSj xaxklkxj }hi ds chp ^flxuy* ds :i esa bl rdyhiQ dk iz;ksx 'kq: gqvkA tcfd igyh bySfDVª VsyhxzkiQ ykbu dk fuekZ.k lu~ 1839 esa gqvkA bls dydRrk vkSj Mk;eaMgkjcj ds chp 'kq: fd;k x;kA vke turk ds fy, VsyhxzkiQ lsok,a lu~ 1855 esa 'kq: gqbZaA tcfd ^baMks&;wjksfi;u* VsyhxzkiQ ykbu dk fuekZ.k lu~ 1867&1870 ds chp ,d teZu iQeZ us fd;kA blds tfj, yanu] cfyZu] okjlk] mM+hlk] rsgjku] cq'kgj] djkph] vkxjk okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 55

vkSj dydRrk dks tksM+k x;kA lu~ 1860 esa yanu vkSj Hkkjrh; miegkn~ohi dks tksM+k x;kA ;g dk;Z Lost ugj ds ekè;e ls fd;k x;kA lu~ 1870 esa yanu&cacbZ ds chp leqnzh tgkt ds tfj, nwjlapkj laidZ dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA Hkkjr esa Vsyhfiz.Vj dk iz;ksx 1929 ds djhc dydRrk esa 'kq: gqvkA futh VsyhiQksu ykbu lu~ 1875 esa fcNkbZ xbZA lu~ 1881 esa futh daifu;ksa dks VsyhiQksu O;oLFkk pykus ds ykblsal fn, x,A lu~ 1890 esa jsyos dks VsyhxzkiQ vkSj VsyhiQksu ls tksM+k x;kA VsyhxzkiQ ds mn; ds ckn gh ^laizs"k.k* vkSj ^ifjogu* esa vUrj vk;kA oLrq dh ^'kkjhfjd xfr* ls ^lans'k* vyx gqvkA lkFk gh laizs"k.k ds ekè;e ls 'kkjhfjd izfØ;k dks lfØ; :i ls fu;af=kr djus esa enn feyhA vkjaHk esa jsyekxksZa dk blls fu;a=k.k vkn'kZ mnkgj.k gSA blls laizs"k.k T;knk izHkkoh cgqvk;keh vkSj xq.kkRed rkSj ij cny x;kA VsyhxzkiQ us ^laizs"k.k* vkSj ^ifjogu* dh ^rF;* vkSj ^izrhd* ds :i esa vo/kj.kk gh cny nhA iwoZ VsyhxzkiQ ;qx dh fuHkZjrk dks VsyhxzkiQ us iwj rjg [kRe dj fn;kA mlh Øe esa laizs"k.k dh iqjkuh /kj.kk dk yksi gks x;kA blls lapkj dh Lok;Ùk fLFkfr iSnk gqbZA ^lapkj* ds u, ekè;e ds tfj, fdlh Hkh lans'k dks ifjogu ls Hkh rhoz xfr ls Hkstk tk ldrk FkkA vc laizs"k.k HkkSxksfyd ca/uksa ls eqDr FkkA /kfeZd vkoj.k ls eqDr Fkk bl ifjizs{; esa ns[ksa rks VsyhxzkiQ ek=i O;kikj foLrkj ds midj.k esa gh fodflr gksdj ugha vk;k vfirq mlus lkspus] le>us] laizsf"kr djus vkSj fodkl dh /kj.kk dh cny nhA è;ku jgs VsyhxzkiQ vkSj fctyh dh chp xgjk laca/ gSA ;g laca/ fo/oald vkSj iqufuZekZ.k nksuksa dk gSA VsyhxzkiQ us fyf[kr 'kCn dh izÑfr vkSj Kku dh izfØ;k dks gh cny fn;kA mlus Hkk"kk dks vfHkO;fDr dk vk/kj cuk;kA iQyr% i=kdkfjrk ls cksypky ;k vkapfyd Hkk"kk dh fonkbZ gks xbZA Hkk"kk esa pdek nsus] O;aX;ksfDriw.kZ vkSj gkL;e; vfHkO;fDr ds iqjkus :iksa dk [kkRek gks x;kA lkFk gh dgkuhijd 'kSyh dk [kkRek gks x;kA Hkk"kk ftu laca/ksa dks tksM+rh gS VsyhxzkiQ mu lacaèkksa dks cny nsrk gSA og izR;{k futh laidZ] izR;{k laokn] 56 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

izR;{k i=k&O;ogkj vkfn dks ;kaf=kd 'kfDr ds v/hu dj nsrk gSA og lkekftd laca/ksa ds ekuoh; lkjrRo dks [kRe djds mudh txg ^foØsrk* vkSj ^[kjhnnkj* ds u, laca/ cukrk gSA ys[kd vkSj ikBd ds chp u, laca/ cukrk gSA dgkuh esa mlus vkfne ljy&likV ,oa dBksj Hkk"kk dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;g Ñf=ke Hkk"kk gSA VsyhxzkiQ dh Hkk"kk dk dgkuh ij izHkko ns[kuk gks rks gsfeaXos dh dgkuh dh Hkk"kk ns[ksaA ukeoj flag ds 'kCnksa esa okD; tSls flys gq, gksBksa ls fudyrs gSAa Hkk"kk dk izokg D;k gS fd ^LVkiokp*A ^fDyd* vkSj ?kM+h pkywA ^fDyd* vkSj ?kM+h canA ,d&,d okD; tSls fdlh e'khu ls cjkcj&cjkcj dkVk gqvkA fdlh rjg Hkkokosx izdV u gksA 'kCn fdlh lw[kh unh esa fcNs gq, NksVs&NksVs pedrs iRFkjA ;g Hkk"kk n`'; fp=k izLrqr djus ds fy, gS] u o.kZu djus ds fy, vkSj u dFkk dgus ds fy,A ;g Hkk"kk esa vekuoh;rk gSA VsyhxzkiQ ls laiszf"kr djus ds fy, ys[kd dks viuh lkexzh dks VsyhxzkfiQd Hkk"kk esa fy[kuk gksrk gSA ys[kd us izR;{kn'khZ ds rkSj ij tks ns[kk gksrk gS mls og ml Hkk"kk esa fy[k ugha ikrkA VsyhxzkiQ ds mn; ds ckn ^Vkbe* vkSj ^Lisl* dh /kj.kk esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA vVdyckth ;k vuqeku dks ^Lisl* ls fudkydj ^Vkbe* esa ys tkrk gSA ^VsyhiQksu* ds vkfo"dkj ds ckn mlus ^Lisl* dks vkSj Hkh ihNs /dsy fn;kA mlus eè;LFk vkSj Hkkoh cktkj ds chp laca/ cuk;kA vc ^Vkbe* egRoiw.kZ gks mBkA Vsyhfotu&Vsyhfotu dk lkfgR; ij O;kid izHkko iM+k gSA Vsyhfotu ds dkj.k /kjkokfgd ;k lhfj;y tSlh fo/k dk tUe gqvkA lkFk gh Vsyhfotu dgkuh tSlh Lora=k fo/k dk tUe gqvkA Vsyhfotu dgkuh esa dgkuh u gksdj ^IykV* gksrk gSA vFkok ^?kVuk* gksrh gSA vFkok NksVs&NksVs ?kVuk izlax gksrs gSaA blesa izlax ij de vkSj ?kVuk ij T;knk tksj gksrk gSA vc ge ^?kVuk* dks gh ^dFkkud* eku ysrs gSaA ckrphr ds :i dks gh dgkuh le>us yxs gSaA bl lcds dkj.k dgkuh ls dgkuhiu dk yksi gqvk gSA dgkuhiu ds yksi dks dSejs dh pkykfd;ksa ls Hkjus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA blls dgkuhiu dk Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Hkze iSnk gksrk gSA Vsyhfotu dgkuh varfoZjks/ksa dks fNikus dk dke djrh gSA ogka fojks/h rRoksa dks dHkh&dHkh ckgj j[kdj }U} dk rhoz xfr ls lek/ku dj fn;k tkrk gSA vFkok [kaM&[kaM esa bruk yEck [khap fn;k tkrk gS fd dFkkud likV gks tkrk gSA oLrq ij mís'; dk vkjksi gksus yxrk gSA blls og viuh lkFkZdrk [kks nsrk gSA Vsyhfotu dgkuh dk lR; ^oLrq* dk lR; gksrk gSA ;g nz"Vk dk lR; ugha gS cfYd HkksDrk dk lp gSA ;g Vsyhfotu LiQhfr dk ifj.kke gSA Vsyhfotu dgkuh fojkVrk] O;kidrk vkSj [kaM+&[kaM+ esa eghuksa] o"kks± rd pyrh gSA /kjkokfgd dk n'kZd ,d ns[krk gS rks nwljk ekaxrk gS vkSj ;g flyflyk dHkh [kRe ugha gksrkA lapkj ØkfUr dk lkfgR; & lapkj ØkfUr ds pkSFks pj.k esa lkfgR; dSlk gksxk\ lkfgR; esa fdl rjg ds iz'u mBsaxs\ lapkj ØkfUr ds izFke ls ysdj rhljs pj.k rd ds nkSj esa jps x, lkfgR; ds izfr fdl rjg dk joSÕ;k gksxk\ bR;kfn lokyksa ds lek/ku [kkstus dh t:jr gSA tSlk fd loZfofnr gS fd ge ;kaf=kd iqu#Riknu ds ;qx esa jg jgs gSaA ckYVj csatkfeu us ;kaf=kd iqu#Riknu ds ;qx esa dykvksa dh voLFkk ij fopkj djrs gq, fy[kk Fkk fd ^^;kaf=kd iqu#Riknu ds bl ;qx esa tks ½.k u"V gksrk gS] og dykd`fr dk izHkkeaMy gSA ,d vU; ckr ;g fd iqu#Riknu dh rduhd iqu#Rikfnr oLrq dks ijaijk ds nk;js ls ckgj dj nsrh gSA vusd dykÑfr;k¡ cuk dj fdlh dykÑfr dks tSls pkgs bLrseky dj ldrk gS] blfy, cny fn;k tkrk gSA n'kZd ;k Jksrk bl rjg iqu#Rikfnr dykÑfr dks tSls pkgs bLrseky dj ldrk gS] blfy, vuqÑfr esa Hkh ,d rjg dh fØ;k'khyrk iSnk gks tkrh gSA ;s nks izfØ;k,a ijaijk dks tcnZLr >Vdk nsrh gSa tks ledkyhu ladV vkSj ekuo ek= ds iqutkZxj.k dk gh nwljk igyw gSA ;s nksuksa gh izfØ;k,a ledkyhu tuvkUnksyu ls ?kfu"B :i ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA** la p kj ØkfUr ds orZ e ku nkS j es a dEI;w V j] Lopkfyrhdj.k] lwpuk izkSn~;ksfxdh] mixzg izkSn~;ksfxdh vkSj laLÑfr mn~;ksx dk opZLo gSA lkFk gh lkfgR; esa Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

mÙkj&vk/qfudrkokn bl ;qx dk izeq[k fiQuksfeuk gSA blesa lexzrk] jSuslka] /kj.kkvksa rd lhfer j[ksaxsA mÙkj&vk/qfud lekt esa Js"B vkSj fuEu dykvksa dk vUrj [kRe gks tkrk gSA mlh rjg lkfgR; vkSj cktk: lkfgR; dk iQdZ Hkh feV tkrk gSA mPp laLÑfr vkSj fuEu laLÑfr dk Hksn Hkh feV tkrk gSA laLÑfr dk iwjh rjg oLrqdj.k gks tkrk gSA ;g oLrqdj.k O;fDrxr] lkaLÑfrd vkSj lkekftd {ks=k esa izos'k dj tkrk gSA ;gka rd fd Kku] lwpuk vkSj vopsru dks oLrqdj.k izHkkfor djrk gSA ÚsMfjd tSElu ds vuqlkj iwathokn ds rhu pj.k gSaA 1- cktkj iwathokn] 2- btkjsnkj iwathokn vkSj 3cgqjk"Vªh; iwt a hoknA bu rhu voLFkkvksa esa Øe'k% ;FkkFkZokn] vk/qfudrkokn vkSj mÙkj&vk/qfudrkokn dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZA ;g oxhZdj.k ÚsMfjd tSElu us ^^mÙkj&vk/qfudrk vkSj miHkksDrk lekt** (1885) 'kh"kZd fuca/ esa fd;k gSA tSElu dk ekuuk gS ;qxksa ds chp esa iwjh rjg foHkktu dk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd mudh varoZLrq esa Hkh iwjh rjg ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA fdUrq ,d vUrj t:j vk;k gS] elyu tks izo`fÙk igys gkf'k, ij Fkh og eq[; gks xbZ vkSj tks eq[; Fkh og xkS.k gks xbZA tSElu ds eqrkfcd mÙkj&vk/qfudrkokn dk mn; ,sls le; esa gqvk tc vk/qfudrkokn dh izknS ~;ksfxdh vkSj uk;dksa dh izfrek,a laLFkkxr :i esa :ikUrfjr gks xbZA vFkok laxgz ky;ksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa LFkkfir gks xbZA mÙkj&vk/qfudrkoknh laLÑfr dh ;g [kwch gS fd blesa Hk; vUrfuZfgr gS] lkFk gh euq"; dks bfrgklcks/ ls jfgr cukrh gSA gekjh lelkef;d lajpuk vius vrhr dks tkuus dh {kerk [kks pqdh gSA orZeku esa fujarj thus dh izo`fÙk c<+ jgh gSA vk/qfudrk ds :iksa esa egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu ?kV jgs gSaA vrhr ds :iksa vkSj 'kSfy;ksa ls fofPNUurk ij bl ;qx esa tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA mÙkj&vk/qfud ;qx esa jktuhfrd laoknksa dk euksjatu ,oa foKkiu dh vkpkj&lafgrk esa leiZ.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA mÙkj&vk/qfudrk us lR;] O;fDrfu"Brk] rdZ vkfn dh iqjkuh /kj.kk dks pqukSrh nhA mlus laLÑfr ds dqN :iksa dks c<+kok nsdj lexzrk dks fu;fer djus dh dksf'k'k okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 57

dhA vkHkklh ;FkkFkZokn vkSj fltksfÚfu;k ij tksj fn;kA mÙkj&vk/qfud laLÑfr lkaLÑfrd izHkqRo dh laLÑfr gSA blesa xkaHkh;Z dk vHkko gSA bl nkSj esa vke lkaLÑfrd O;k[;k,a lrgh n`f"Vdks.k dks lkeus ykrh gSa vkSj ,sfrgkfld n`f"Vdks.k dks detksj cukrh gSaA fo"k; dks fodsfUnzr djrh gSaA HkkokRed 'kSyh ij tksj nsrh gSaA vc ^dky* lcls izeq[k gks tkrk gSA {k.kHkaxqjrk vkSj fo[kaMu izeq[k gks mBrs gSaA best dk ntkZ okLro ls cM+k gks tkrk gSA oSKkfud vkSj uSfrd iQSlyksa ds izfr fo'okl ?kVus yxrk gSA tkWu esdxksoku ds 'kCnksa esa ^^mÙkj&vk/qfudrkokn ,d ,slh fiQlyunkj inkoyh gS fd ge mls vklkuh ls fLFkj ugha dj ldrsA** tcfd fjpMZ jksrhZ ds 'kCnksa esa ;g ^^fcMEcukRed lS¼kfUrdh** gS] tks gj 'kk'or lR; vkSj vfuok;Zrkvksa dh [kkst ds fo#¼ gSA tks fdlh ,d O;k[;k ;k fu"d"kZ dh ;kstuk dks pqukSrh gSA mÙkj&vk/qfudrkokn ds fo}ku ,gko glu ds vuqlkj ;g ,slk lkfgR; gS ftlesa lkfgR; ds lHkh dsUnzh; fl¼kUrksa dk yksi gks tkrk gSA mÙkj&vk/qfud lkfgR; xaHkhj lkfgR; ds izfr vfo'okl iSnk djrk gSA mÙkj&vkèkqfudrkokn dks fo'o izflf¼ fnykus esa t+hu Úkalqvk Y;ksrkj dk uke lcls vkxs gSA mudh fo'o izfl¼ Ñfr ^^iksLV ekWMuZ d.Mh'kal** us bl vkUnksyu dks tufiz; cuk;kA Y;ksrkj us cqfu;knh rkSj ij ^^xzg.k djks ;k NksM+ks** dh i¼fr dks iz;ksx djrs gq, fy[kk gSA Y;ksrkj us mÙkj&vk/qfudrkokn dks vk/qfudrk ds fodkl ds :i esa gh ns[kk gSA vk/qfudrkokn ds ckjs esa Y;ksrkj us dgk tc dksbZ ys[kd fuf'pr ikBdksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy[krk gSA rc lkFk gh lkFk ikBd Hkh gksrk gSA D;ksafd og ikBd ds utfj, ls phtksa dks ns[kus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA lkFk gh ys[kd ds :i esa mÙkj nsrk gSA ;g 'kkL=kh;rkokn gSA fdUrq ge ftls vk/qfudrk dgrs gSa mlesa ys[kd tkurk ugha gS fd og fdlds fy, fy[k jgk gSA D;ksafd mlds lkeus dksbZ vfHk#fp ugha gksrhA mlds ikl ,sls vkUrfjd ewY; gS ugha gksrs ftuds vkèkkj ij og p;u dj ldsA og dqN pqurk gS vkSj dqN dk R;kx djrk gSA mldk lc dqN ys[ku ds lkeus rF; :i esa [kqyk gksrk gSA og viuh iqLrd dks forj.k 58 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

ds uSVodZ rd ys tkrk gS fdUrq ;g xzg.k dk uSVodZ ugha gSA cfYd vkfFkZd uSVodZ gS] fcØh dk uSVodZ gS] vc iqLrd ds lkFk D;k gksxk dksbZ ugha tkurkA dkSu iqLrd dc i<+h tk,xh vkSj fdlds }kjk i<+h tk,xh bldk dksbZ ewY;xr vk/kj ugha gSA cfYd mldk euekuk vk/kj gS vkSj mldh mez cgqr de gksrh gSA crtZ Y;ksrkj ftl dyk :i dh fuf'pr vkWfM,al dk irk gks mls 'kkL=kh;rkokn dgsaxsA Y;ksrkj dk ekuuk gS O;aX; vk/qfudrk dh lkjoku vfHkO;fDr gSA Y;ksrkj us U;k; ds loky ij foLrkj ls fopkj fd;k gSA dqN yksxksa ds fy, U;k; dk iz'u IysVksfud iz'u gSA IysVks ekurk Fkk fdlh lekt esa tks dqN miyC/ gS mls lcesa ckaV nksA U;k; ds ckjs esa Hkh dqN yksx ,slk gh lksprs gSaA U;k; ds IyksVksfud utfj, dks Y;ksrkj vLohdkj djrs gSaA Y;ksrkj ds fy, U;k; dk eryc gS fd tks vuqifLFkr gS] ftldk mn; yksx Hkwy x, gSa] mls lekt esa nqckjk LFkkfir fd;k tk,A ;g rHkh laHko gS tc mlds ckjs esa xaHkhjrk ls lksp fy;k tk,] O;k[;kf;r dj fy;k tk,A Y;ksrkj us mÙkj&vk/qfud n`f"V ls bl loky ij fopkj fd;k fd ys[kd D;ksa fy[krk gS\ tc Hkh fdlh ys[kd ls ;g loky fd;k tkrk gS fd og D;ksa fy[krk gS rks mldk tokc gksrk gS fd jktuhfrd dkj.kksa ls fy[krk gSA Y;ksrkj us Hkk"kk ds [ksy dks viuh lS¼fUrdh esa loksZPp LFkku fn;k gSA Hkk"kk ds [ksy ls lkfgR; esa eryc gS iz;ksxksa dk O;kikjA Hkk"kk ds fu;e rHkh cnyrs gSa tc mUgsa [ksyus okyk cnysA Hkk"kk dk [ksy ;FkkFkZ ds fooj.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA bl [ksy dk dksbZ lkekU; fu;e ugha gSA ;g rks bl ij fuHkZj gS fd ;FkkFkZ dk dSls lek/ku djrs gSaA Hkk"kk ds [ksy esa cus cuk, lans'k] ,drjiQk lans'k O;FkZ gksus yxrs gSaA Hkk"kk dh vusdkFkZrk iSnk gks tkrh gSA Hkk"kk ds os vFkZ xzg.k ;ksX; gksrs gSa tks vuqHko ls fufeZr gksrs gSaA 'kCndks'kh; vFkZ vizklafxd gksus yxrs gSaA blh Øe esa L=kh lkfgR; vkSj nfyr lkfgR; ij è;ku x;k] D;ksafd lkfgR; esa nfyrksa vkSj fL=k;ksa dk ys[ku ,d fljs ls xk;c FkkA Hkk"kk ds iqaloknh lkjrRo ds f[kykiQ la?k"kZ djrs L=khHkk"kk ds fuekZ.k vkSj fir`lÙkRedrk i;kZoj.k] ekuokf/dkj] cPpksa ds vfèkdkj] Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

ckSf¼d laink ds vf/dkjksa vkSj HkweaMyhdj.k ds iz'uksa dks izeq[krk feyhA 'kks/kFkhZ lekt'kkL=k foHkkx] t; ukjk;.k O;kl fo'ofo|ky;] tks/iqj lUnHkZ xzUFk • Jhfuokl ,e-,u- (1967)] vk/qfud Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu] jktdey izdk'ku] izk-fy-] ubZ fnYyhA • fla g ] ;ks x s U nz ] (2014)] Hkkjrh; ijEijk dk vkèkqfudhdj.k] jkor ifCyds'kUl] t;iqjA • pksiM+k y{esUnz (2005) % tulapkj dk lekt'kkL=k iapdyk gfj;k.kk • ctZj oh-,e- (1963) % vkWu dh ;wFkdqyusl vkWiQ ;wFk dYpj • nks"kh ,l-,y- (2002) % vk/qfudrk mÙkj vkèkqfudrk ,oa uo lekt'kkL=k fl¼kUr jkor ifCyds'ku] t;iqj • iwj.kpan tks'kh (2001) % laLd`fr fodkl ,oa lapkj Økafr ^^xzUFk fnYyh izdk'ku** ubZ fnYyhA

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 59

'kksèk&i=k

ukjh mRFkku vkSj orZeku ifjn`'; nhisUæ flag jrh; lekt esa oSfnd dky esa ukjh dk LFkku cgqr lEeku tud Fkk vkSj v[k.M Hkkjr fonq"kh ukfj;ksa ds fy, tkuk tkrk FkkA ftl lekt esa ukjh dk LFkku lEekutud gksrk gS og lekt mruk gh izxfr'khy vkSj fodflr gksxk gSA gekjs izkphu xzUFk euqLe`fr esa Hkh ukjh dh efgek dks of.kZr fd;k Xk;k gS & ;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork%A ;=ksrkLrq u iwT;Urs lokZL=krkiQyk% fØ;kAA & euqLe`fr 3-57 vFkkZr~&ftl lekt esa ukfj;ksa dh iwtk vFkkZr~ lEeku fd;k tkrk gS ml ?kj esa nsorkvksa dk fuokl gksrk gSA fdUrq blds foijhr tgk¡ fL=k;ksa dk vieku fd;k tk,] ogk¡ lHkh izdkj ds vuq"Bku vkfn dk;Z fujFkZd gks tkrs gS] vFkkZr~ mudk iQy izkIr ugha gksrk gSA 'kkspfUr tke;ks i=k fou'kR;k'kq rRdqye~A u 'kkspfUr ;=Skrk% o/Zrs ofg loZnkAA & euqLe`fr 3-58 vFkkZr~&ftl dqy esa fL=k;k¡ 'kksdkdqy jgrh gS] mldk 'kh?kz gh fouk'k gksrk gS fdUrq tgk¡ iRuh o iq=ko/q vkfn izlUufpÙk jgrh gS] og dqy le`f¼ dks izkIr gksrk gSA rLeknsok% lnk iwT;k Hkw"k.kkPNkn uk'kusZ%A Hkfedk eS guZ jSfuZO;e~ lr jscRlos"kq pAA & euqLe`fr 3-59 vFkkZr~&blfy, le`f¼ ds bPNqd iq#"k ds }kjk lRdkj o mRlo vkfn esa mUgsa vkHkw"k.k] oL=k o mÙke [kk| lkexzh }kjk lnSo izlUu j[kuk pkfg,A lUrq";s Hkk;Z;k HkÙkkZ ;=kkZHkk;kZ rnSo pA ;fLeUuSo dqys fuR;a dY;k.ke~ r=k oS /zqoe~AA

Hkk

60 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

& euqLe`fr 3-60 vFkkZr~&ftl dqy esa iRuh ds }kjk ifr rFkk ifr ds }kjk iRuh (Hkk;kZ) lnSo lUrq"V j[kh tkrh gks_ mldk fuf'pr :i ls dY;k.k gksrk gSA l`f"V dh fuekZ=kh ukjh vius eeRo ds ve`r ls gj nso o nkuo dks lhpus okyh] d#.kk n;k o R;kx dh izfrewfrZ ls bl pjkpj txr esa dksbZ Hkh vufHkK ugha gSA ;s dHkh ekrk ds :i esa vius fu'py eeRo ls l`f"V dk ikyu djrh gS rks dHkh vius fu'Ny I;kj ls LokfeRo ds iQtZ dks vnk djrh gSA ukjh rw fe'kky gks lcls csfe'kky gksA fruds&fruds ls cuk nks ftUnxh dk vkf'k;kaA ;s fu'kka ,d fnu tgk¡ dk peu cusA ;s fu'kka ,d fnu tgk¡ dk peu cusA ;fn vki ,d iq#"k dks f'kf{kr djrs gks rks vkids dsoy ,d ifjokj dks f'kf{kr fd;k fdUrq ;fn vki ,d L=kh dks f'kf{kr djksxs rks iwjk lekt f'kf{kr gksxkA & egkRek xk¡/h ifjokj vkSj lekt ds fuekZ.k esa ukjh dk LFkku egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA tc lekt l'kDr vkSj fodflr gksrk gS] rc jk"Vª Hkh etcwr gksrk gSA bl rjg jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa Hkh ukjh dsUnzh; Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ekrk ds :i esa ukjh izFke xq: gksrh gSA tktZ gcZV ds erkuqlkj&^^,d vPNh ekrk lkS f'k{kdksa ds cjkcj gksrh gS] blfy, mldk gj gkyr esa lEeku djuk pkfg,A** ukjh dh izfLFkfr (Status) esa izR;sd dky esa fofoèkrk Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

gksrs gq, Hkh muds ckjs esa gekjh ,d fuf'pr fopkj/kjk gSA ;g le>k tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; ukjh ifo=k vkSj bZ'ojh; (Divine) gSA fL=k;ksa ds laca/ esa lc /kj.kk,¡ cgqr rkdroj gSa vkSj lekt ds izR;sd Hkkx esa fdlh u fdlh rjg budh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd ;s /kj.kk,¡ lkekU;r% ijLij fojks/h gaSA /kj.kkvksa ds ijLij fojks/h gksus dk dkj.k ;g gS fd ukjh Hkh Hkkjrh; lksifud O;oLFkk dh vax gSA mPp tkfr;k¡ fuEu tkfr;ksa dh fL=k;ksa dks pfj=kghu ekurh gS vkSj nwljh vkSj fuEu tkfr;k¡ mPp vkSj eè;e oxZ dh fL=k;ksa dks iwoZkxzg ds lkFk ns[krh gSA lajpukRed n`f"V ls fL=k;ksa dk LFkku fir` lÙkkRed O;oLFkk ds dkj.k gSA firk le>rk gS fd ukjh ijk;k èku gSA ,d fnu mls ifr ds ?kj tkuk gSA ;g Hkh le>k tkrk gS fd blh fir` lÙkkRed O;oLFkk ds dkj.k cpiu esa mldh ns[kHkky ekrk&firk djrs gSa_ iRuh dh izfLFkfr esa ifr mls laj{k.k nsrk gS vkSj o`¼koLFkk esa iq=k mldh ns[kHkky djrk gSA vFkkZr~ iq#"k iz/ku ekufldrk ftls visf{kr :i ls cnyk ugha tk ldk vkSj ukjh ds izfr lekt dk joS;k nks;e ntsZ dk gh jgkA Hkkjr esa tgk¡ ,d vksj y{eh] lhrk] nqxkZ] ikoZrh ds :i esa ukjh dks nsorqY; crk;k tkrk gS] ogha mls vCkyk crkdj ijEijk ,oa :f<+;ksa dh csfM+;ksa esa tdM+k tkrk jgk gSA gkykafd ;g lp gS fd Lora=krk ds ckn viuk, x, fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa vkSj ukjh vf/dkjksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, fd, x, iz;klksa ds dkj.k efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa xq.kkRed lq/kj gqvk gS vkSj blh dkj.k vkt ns'k dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa esa ukjh dh lgHkkfxrk nj esa o`f¼ Hkh fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS] fdUrq ySafxd vk/kj ij efgyk iq#"k fodkl dlkSVh ij dlus ds ckn fo"kerk Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ukjh ds lUnHkZ esa izfl¼ ysf[kdk rLyhek uljhu dk dguk gS&^^okLro esa fL=k;k¡ tUe ls ^vcyk* ugha gksrh] mUgsa vcyk cuk;k tkrk gS** rLyhek ds dFku dks bl izdkj le>k tk ldrk gS&tUe ds le; ,d ^L=kh f'k'kq* dh thouh 'kfDr ,d ^iq#"k&f'k'kq* dh vis{kk vf/d izcy gksrh gS] ysfdu lekt viuh laLÑfr (jhfr&fjokt] izfrHkkoks] ewY;ksa vkfn) ,oa thou 'kSyh ds }kjk mls ^lcyk ls vcyk* cuk nsrk gSA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

HkfDr dky esa pyus okyh lxq.k HkfDr /kjk dh d`".k 'kk[kk us gh loZizFke fganh dkO; txr dks dqN egRoiw.kZ lkf/dk,a iznku dhaA muesa d`".k nhokuh ehjk dk uke lokZsifj ,oa izeq[k gSA ehjk dh ok.kh eas tks lgtrk] rjlrk] viukiu] ryhurk vkSj lefiZr fu"Bk gSA okLro esa og vU;=k dgha Hkh miyC/ ugha gksrhA ehjk tSlh izse dh ihj vkj fojg dh osnuk Hkh viuh lgt LokHkkfodrk esa dgha vU;=k lqyHk ughaA ehjk dh HkfDr ijaijk esa gh ckn esa chrkt dk uke vkrk gS lyksus Lo:Ik ij dqckZu Fkh vkSj bl lefiZr Hkkouk ds dkj.k gh og eqlyeku gksdj Hkh fnokuh gh jgsaxhA tSlh ?kks"k.kk,a eqDr Hkko ls fd;k djrh FkhaA blds ckn 'kS[k uke dh ,d fofp=k dh ppkZ Hkh feyrh gS ftlds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd dkO; izfrHkk esa rks og /uh Fkh gh :i ;kSou esa Hkh /uh FkhA mlh ds izHkko ls ewyr% czkã.k tkfr dk dfo ckn esa eqlyeku cudj vkte uke ls izflf¼ ik ldkA fganh lkfgR; esa lar dkO; ijaijk esa lgtks ckbZ dk uke Hkh cMs+ vknj ds lkFk fy;k tkrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd og Hkh ,d izfr Hkkou dof;=kh Fkh vkSj bl {ks=k esa mldk [kkl izHkko FkkA bl izdkj Li"V ;k izR;{k :i ls HkfDr dky ls ukfj;ksa dk fganh dkO; ds fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl eas egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku vkjEHk gk tkrk gSA vkxs pydj jhfr dky eas Hkh dqN ,slh Kkr&vKkr ukfj;ksa dh ppkZ feyh gS tks fof'k"V dkO; izfrHkk dh /uh FkhaA dgk tkrk gS fd jhfr dky ds izeq[k ,oa izfrfuf/ dfo fcgkjh dh iRuh Hkh dof;=kh FkhA vkt tks nksgs fcgkjh dh jpuk ekus tkrs gSaA muesa ls vusd mudh iRuh us jps FksA MkW- lukrd laikfnr fcgkjh ds ifjf'k"V eas ,sls vusd pkSins Hkh fn, x, gSa tks fcgkjh dh iRuh n~okjk jps x, dgs tkrs gSaA blh izdkj jhfr dky ds ,d vU; dfr fxj/j dfo jk; dh iRuh dkss Hkh vPNh dof;=kh dgk tkrk gSA mldk uke Fkk vkykspd ekurs gSa fd fxj/j dh izfl¼ dqaMfy;ksa esa ls ftuls lkbZ tqM+k gqvk gSA os okLro esa mudh bl uke okuh iRuh dh gh jph gqbZ gSA nwljh ekU;rk ;g gS fd dfooj fxj/j vkSj mudh iRuh feydj dkO; jpk djrs FksA rHkh rks vusd dqaMfy;ksa esa nksuksa ds uke lekaukrj ij miyC/ gksrs gSaSA mu izeq[k okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 61

ukeksa ds vfrfjDr jhfr dky esa dqN vkSj ,slh ukfj;ksa ds uke Hkh miyC/ gksrs gSaA jpuk }kjk lkfgR; dks le`¼ cuk;k djrh FkhaA jkt egyksa jgus ds dkj.k nwljs ;qx dh iq#"k iz/ku uSfrdrkvksa dkj.k muds uke lcds lkeus ugha vk ik,A vk/qfud dky esa igqap dj rks fganh lkfgR; ds fy, ukjh ltZdksa dk ;ksxnku cgqr c<+ x;k gS dkO; vkSj xn~; nksuksa {ks=kksa esa ukfj;ksa leku Lrj ij lfØ; jgh gSaA dkO; vkSj xn~; ds fofHkUu fo/kRed {ks=kksa esa buds ;ksxnku dks vkus okyh 'krkfCn;ksa rd dkSu Hkqyk ldrk gSA gekjs fopkj esa dkO; dh ppkZ gks ;k xn~; ds fo/kRed :iksa dh Jherh egknsoh dh ppkZ ds fcuk mls viw.kZ gh le>k tk,xkA egknsoh Nk;koknh dkO; /kjk ds pkj LraHkkas esa ls ,d izeq[k LraHk rks jgh ltZuk ds {ks=kksa esa mUgsa ,d izeq[k 'kSyhdkj dk eku vkSj egRo iznku fd;k tkrk gSA laLej.k js[kkfp=k vkSj fucaèk jpuk ds {ks=kksa esa bUgksaus ftu uO; ,oa HkO; 'kSfy;ksa dk izfr"Bkiu fd;k gS muds dkj.k fganh lkfgR; mudk ge'kk ½.kh jgsxkA vktdy vkSj ubZ uo;qod ukfj;ksa Hkh fganh dkO; ds {ks=k esa viuh fof'k"V izfrHkk dk ifjp; ns jgh gSaA vkt dk ;qx xn~; jpuk dk ;qx gh izeq[k Lohdkjk tkrk gSA xn~; ds fo/kRed :iksa fo'ks"kdj dgkuh miU;kl ds {ks=k esa dbZ ukjh ltZdksa dk uke cMs+ gh lEeku ds lkFk fy;k tkus yxk gSA eUuw HkaMkjh tSlh dqN dgkuh ysf[kdk,a Hkh gSa fd ftu dh dgkfu;ksa ds vusd fiQYe ,ao ukV~; :ikarj liQyrk vkSj /we èkM+kds ds lkFk izLrqr fd, tk pqds vkSj vkt Hkh gksrs jgrs gSaA blh izdkj fganh ,dkadh vkSj dgkuh ds {ks=k esa m"kk fe=kk dk uke Hkh viuk vk/kjHkwr ewY; egRo j[krk gSA d`".kk lkscrh] m"kk fiz;aonk] 'kkafr esgjks=k] f'kokuh] ekyrh tks'kh] e`.kky ikaMs;] lquhrk tSu] banqckyh] ½rk 'kqDyk vkfn lsukuh uke gS fd tks vkt Hkh fgan dgkuh ds fodkl ds fy, lefiZr Hkko ls dke dj jgs gSaA bl lkjs foosP; ,ao fo'ys"k.k ds ckn ;g ckr dgkuh dh dksbZ vf/d;k fo'ks"k vko';drk ugha jg tkrh fd fganh lkfgR; dks ukfj;ksa dh nsu D;k vkSj fdruk gSA okLro esa Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa us thou ds vU; lHkh {ks=kksa ds leku lkfgR; {ks=k dks Hkh viuh l`tukRed vkSj tkx:drk izfrHkk ls le`¼ ,oa iz'kLr fd;k gSaA bleas rfud Hkh 62 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

lansg ughaA mUgksaus lkfgR; ds gj ;qx ds gj :idkas viuh dksey dkarHkko izo.krk ls izk.ke; vkSj izHkkoh cuk;k gSA mls Hkk"kk 'kSyh vkSj uohu f'kYi rks fn;k gh gSaA Hkkoksa fopkjksa dk vtlz ekuoh; lzksr Hkh fo/kRed rVca/k esa izokfgr fd;k gSA mlesa Loj laxhr dh lfjrk Hkh c<+kbZ gS vkSj uo&fuekZ.k ds Tokj Hkh mHkkjs gSaA lkfgR; ds ekè;e ls ukfj;ksa us eka dh eerk] cgu dk Lusg] fiz;r eka dk I;kj lHkh dqN fn;k gSA laca/ksa dh ppkZ ftruh xgjkbZ ls ukjh ltZdksa dh jpukvksa esa feyrh gS vU;rk dgha lqyHk ugha gSA bl lkjs foospu dk lkjka'k ;g gS fdukjh thou us gejs LFkwy txr ds leku gh lkfgR; txr dks Hkh viuh riiwr dykRed izfrHkk ls ÅtZLoh vkSj vuojr xfr'khy cuk;k gSA ;g nsu de djds js[kkafdr ugha dh tk ldrhA ukjh rqe dsoy J¼k gks] fo'okl jtr uxix ry esaA ih;w"k L=kksr lh cgk djks] thou ds lqanj lery esaAA &t; 'kadj izlkn izkphu ;qx ls gh gekjs lekt esa ukjh dk fo'ks"k LFkku jgk gSA gekjs ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa esa ukjh dks iwT;uh; ,oa nsoh rqY; ekuk x;k gSA gekjh /kj.kk jgh gS fd nso 'kfDr;k¡ ogha ij fuokl djrh gSa tgk¡ ij leLr ukjh tkfr dks izfr"Bk o lEeku dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA bu izkphu xazFkksa dk mDr dFku vkt Hkh mruh gh egRo j[krk gS ftruh fd gekjh egRork izkphu dky esa FkhA dksbZ Hkh ifjokj] lekt rFkk jk"Vª rc lPps vFkksZa esa izxfr dh vkSj vxzlj ugha gks ldrk tc rd dksbZ ukjh ds izfr HksnHkko] fujknj vFkok ghurk R;kx ugha djrk gSA izkphu dky esa Hkkjrh; ukjh dks fof'k"V lEeku o iwTuh; n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA lhrk] lrh&lkfo=kh] vulw;k] xk;=kh vkfn xf.kr Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa us viuk fof'k"V LFkku fl¼ fd;k gSA rRdkyhu lekt esa fdlh Hkh fof'k"V dk;Z ds laiknu esa ukjh dh mifLFkfr egRoiw.kZ le>h tkrh FkhaA dkykarj esa ns'k esa gq, vusd vkØe.kksa ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; ukjh dh n'kk esa Hkh ifjorZu vkus yxsA ukjh dh Lo;a dh fof'k"Vrk ,oa mldk lekt esa LFkku ghu gksrk pyk x;kA vaxzsth 'kklu Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

dky ds vkrs&tkrs Hkkjrh; ukjh dh n'kk vR;ar fparuh; gks xbZA mls vcyk dh laKk nh tkus yxh rFkk fnu&izfrfnu mls mis{kk ,oa frjLdkj dk lkeuk djuk iMkA jk"Vª dfo eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr us vius dky esa cMs+ gh laons u'khy Hkkoksa ls ukjh dh fLFkfr dks O;Dr fd;k gSA vcyk thou gk; rqEgkjh ;gh dgkuhA vk¡py esa gS nw/ vkSj vk¡[kksa esa ikuhAA fons'kh vkØe.k o muds vR;kpkjksa ds vfrfjDr Hkkjrh; lekt esa vkbZ dqjhfr;k¡] O;fHkpkj rFkk gekjh ijaijkxr :f<+okfnrk us Hkh Hkkjrh; ukjh dks nhu gh ugha detksj cukus esa vge~ Hkwfedk vnk dhA ukjh ds vfèkdkjksa dk guu djrs gq, mls iq#"k dk vkfJr cuk fn;k x;kA ngst] fookg o lrhizFkk vkfn bUgha dqjhfr;k¡ dh nsu gSA iq#"k us Lo;a dk opZLo cuk, j[kus ds fy, xazFkksa o O;k[kkuksa ds ekè;e ls ukjh dks vuqxkfeuh ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA vaxzsth 'kklu dky esa Hkh jkuh y{ehckbZ] pkan chch vkfn ukfj;k¡ viokn gh Fkha ftUgkasus viuh lHkh ijaijkvksa ls Åij mBdj bfrgkl ds iUuksa ij viuh vfeV Nki NksM+hA Lora=k laxzke esa Hkh Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa ds ;ksxnku dh vuns[kh ugha dh tk ldrh gSA vkt dk ;qx ifjorZu dk ;qx gSA Hkkjrh; ukjh dh n'kk esa Hkh vHkwriw.kZ ifjorZu ns[kk tk ldrk gSA Lora=krk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ vusd lekt lq/kjdksa] lekt lsodksa rFkk gekjh ljdkjksa us ukjh mRFkku dh vkSj fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k gS rFkk lekt o jk"Vª ds lHkh oxksZa ds lkFk da/s feykdj py jgh gSA foKku o rduhdh lfgr yxHkx lHkh {ks=kksa esa mlus viuh mi;ksfxrk fl¼ dh gSA mlus lekt o jk"Vª dks ;g fl¼ dj fn[kk;k gS fd 'kfDr vFkok {kerk dh n`f"V ls og iq#"kksa ls fdlh Hkh Hkk¡fr de ugha gSA fuLlansg ukjh dh orZeku n'kk esa fujarj lq/kj jk"Vª dh izxfr dk ekinaM gSA og fnu nwj ugha tc uj&ukjh] lHkh ds lfEefyr iz;kl iQyhHkwr gksaxs vkSj gekjk ns'k fo'o ds vU; vxz.kh ns'kksa esa ls ,d gksxkA Hkkjrh; lekt esa Hkh vU; izxfr'khy lektksa dh rjg] efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, dbZ izHkkodkjh dne mBk, x,&lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 15(1) ds vUrxZr (fyax) ds vk/kj ij HksnHkko dks izfrcafèkr djus ds lkFk&lkFk vuq- 15(3) ds vUrxZr efgykvksa Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

,oa cPpksa ds fy, vyx fu;e cukus dh Hkh vuqefr iznku dh rFkk 73osa ,oa 74osa lafo/ku la'kks/u }kjk lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 243(D) ,oa 243(T) ds vUrxZr iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ,oa LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds lnL;ksa ,oa muds izeq[kksa dh ,d&frgkbZ lhVs efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr dhA blh lanHkZ esa Hkkjr esa fuEufyf[kr efgyk mRFkku ds iz;kl fd, x, gSaA 1- efgyk vf/dkfjrk & Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa efgyk lEeku dk iwjk è;ku j[krs gq, Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 13(3)] vuqPNsn 42 rFkk vuqPNsn 51(E) ds ekè;e ls ^efgyk vf/dkfjrk* dks lafo/ku esa laj{k.k iznku fd;k x;k gS] ogk¡ mu mik;ksa ds ckjs esa la{ksi esa tku ysuk vko';d gksxk] tks vc rd ukjh l'kfDrdj.k gsrq fd, x;s gSaA 8 ekpZ dks la;qDr jk"Vª la?k }kjk ?kksf"kr ^efgyk fnol* euk;k tkrk gS] tcfd 9 fnlEcj dks Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ^ckfydk fnol* ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA o"kZ 1975 esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ (lajk-la- }kjk ?kksf"kr) euk;k x;k rFkk o"kZ 1990 dks ^lkdZ* ckfydk o"kZ] 1975&85 la-jk- efgyk n'kd ,oa 1991&2000 ^lkdZ* ckfydk n'kd euk;k x;kA 2- iSf=kd lEifÙk esa Hkkxhnkjh & 9 flrEcj] 2005 dks ^iSf=kd lEifÙk* esa csVs leku csVh (lkFk gh csVksa ds cPpksa ds leku gh iqf=k;ksa ds cPpksa dks Hkh blesa leku ntkZ nsus dh O;oLFkk) dks mÙkjkf/kdkj nsus okyk dkuwu (fgUnw mÙkjkf/dkj dkuwu] 1956 dh /kjk&6 esa la'kksèku) ljdkjh vf/lwpuk ds lkFk izHkkoh gks x;kA 3- ?kjsyw fgalk laj{k.k vf/fu;e & ?kjsyw fgalk ls efgykvksas dk laj{k.k vf/fu;e ^2005* 26 vDVwcj] 2006 ls tEew&d'ehj dks NksM+dj 'ks"k Hkkjr esa ykxw gks x;kA bl vf/fu;e ds vUrxZr efgykvksa ds fo#¼ fgalk dks n.Muh; vijk/ ds lkFk&lkFk xSj&tekurh ekuk x;k gS rFkk vijk/h dks 1 o"kZ dh dSn ;k 20]000 #i;s dk tqekZuk] ;k nksuksa gks ldrs gSaA 4- jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx & 31 tuojh] 1992 dks ^jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx* dk xBu fd;k x;k] tks efgykvksa ds lao/ S kfud o dkuwuh lqj{kk ds vf/dkjksa dks Bhd
lHkk&1827 bZ- esa ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; efgyk lHkk* (All India Women Conference) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ] ftldh igyh vè;{kk lnk f'ko vÕ;j FkhA (A) 'kkjnk ,DV&1829 & o"kZ 1829 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us ^cky&fookg* ds fo#¼ lcls egRoiw.kZ dne mBk;kA ml le; gfj foykl 'kkjnk ds ln~iz;Ruksa ls ^cky&fookg fujks/d dkuwu* ikfjr gqvk] ftls ^'kkjnk ,DV* ds uke ls tkuk x;kA blesa 14 o"kZ ls de mez dh dU;k ,oa 18 o"kZ ls de mez ds yM+ds dk fookg voS/ ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA (B) lrh izFkk ij jksd & ykWMZ fofy;e cSafVd vkSj jktk jkeeksgu jk; ds iz;klksa ls o"kZ 1829 esa vfèkfu;e 17 ds vUrxZr lrh izFkk dks cUn fd;k x;kA ^^osnuk ugha ojnku gksrh gS ukjh] vkLFkk vkSj vjeku gksrh gS ukjh otwn mldk dHkh feV ldrk ugha Hkkj ugha thou dk lkj gksrh gS ukjhAA fiQj Hkh orZeku esa dU;k Hkz.k gR;k ,d vfHk'kki cu pqdk gSA yM+dh dh bPNk ikuh dk cqycqyk gksrh gS oks dqN djuk pkgrh gS dqN cuuk pkgrh gS exj tSls gh og vlhe Å¡pkb;ksa dh vkSj tkus yxrh gS rks mls ,glkl djk fn;k tkrk gSA og yM+dh gS fliQZ vkSj fliQZ yM+dhA lanHkZ lwph • euqLe`fr • tSu] lqHkkl lh- Hkkjr dk lafo/ku] VSDleku ifCyf'kax ubZ fnYyh • jktdqekj] (2004)] ^^ukjh ds cnyrs vk;ke**] vtquZ ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh] • uhjk nslkbZ (1997)] tsaMj MkbZesa'ku bu iQsfeyh

64 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

,d cwna lekbZ xHkZ esa tc ek¡ cuus dk ,glkl gqvk lkspk xq¡tsxh fdydkjh ?kj esa [kqf'k;ksa dk R;kSgkj gqvk ekre lk Nk;k rc ?kj esa tc ?kj esa irk pyk fd dU;k gSA nknh cksyh gesa ugha pkfg, firk dh ugha reUuk gS fliQZ fyax tkudj nq[kh gq, D;k bruh cnfdLer gaw ftl ukjh oa'k ls firk rwus tUe fy;k esa mlh oa'k dh iQwyokjh gw¡A eSa Hkxrflag] pUnz'ks[kj vkt+kn tSls csVs tu ldrh gw¡ eSa dYiuk] lkfu;k] enj Vsjslk cudj rsjk uke jks'ku dj ldrh gw¡A eS dj ldrh gw¡ oks lc dqN tks iq#"k vkt dk dj ldrk gS [ksy] foKku] MkWDVjh esa Hkh ukjh dk flDdk pyrk gSA eq rel="nofollow">s bl tx esa vk tkus nks] eq>s bl tx esa vk tkus nks fiQj ngst ds Mj ls rqe eq>s ekjuk pkgrs gks csVs dh pkgr ds [kkfrj csVh dh cfy pkgrs gksA firk jge djks] ek¡ jge djks] eq>s bl tx esa vk tkus nks] eq>s iQwy cudj f[ky tkus nksA lekt'kkL=k foHkkx t; ukjk;.k fo'ofo|ky; tks/iqj LVMht % bu lks'ky VªkaliQkjes'ku bu bafM;k] [k.M 2] jkor ifCyds'ku t;iqjA • ek;suh ,l vkj (2012)] fgUnw ykW] ,f'k;u ykW gkmlA • ojs ,l-,y-] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ukjh- dSyk'k iqLrd lnu HkksikyA

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

'kksèk&i=k

okLrq fo|k ,oa ojkg fefgj

vkyksd jatu ikBd

ok

Lrq 'kkL=k dk laca/ fuekZ.k ls gSA okLrq fo|k ds ckjs esa ppkZ ds iwoZ ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd okLrq dh ifjHkk"kk] Lo:i ,oa y{k.k dks tku fy;k tk;A bls fofHkUu fo}kuksa ,oa 'kkL=kksa ds vuqlkj le>uk vko';d gSA 1- okLrq b'kkU;kfn dks.k ls izkjaHk gksdj x`g fuekZ.k dh og dyk gS tks ?kj dks fo?u] izkd`frd mRikrkssa] minzoksa ls cpkrh gSA ^^okLrq la{ksiuks o{;s x`gknks foèuuk'kue~A bZ'kku dks .kknkjH; gs; dk'khfrins R;tsr~A** 2- vejdks"k ds vuqlkj & x`gjpukofPNUu Hkwfe% okLrqA vejdks"k ds vuqlkj x`g jpuk ds ;ksX; vfofPNUu Hkwfe dks okLrq dgrs gSaA 3- laLd`r&'kCnkFkZ&dkSLÙkqHk ds vuqlkj] okLrq og LFkku gS] ftl ij dksbZ bekjr [kM+h gks vFkok] ?kj cukus yk;d txg dks okLrq dgrs gSaA 4- ½x~osn ds vuqlkj& ?kj ds fy, ½Xosn dky ls gh okLrq 'kCn lkekU; jgk gS& okLrks";rs izfr tkuh?kLeku~A Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa Hkou&fuekZ.k dks lkalkfjd d`R; ds vykok /kfeZd d`R; Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA x`g fuekZ.k dk mn~ns'; L=kh] iq=kkfn dk Hkksx] lkalkfjd lq[k] /eZ] vFkZ] dke dks nsus okyk LoxZ rqY; lq[k nsusokyk ekuk tkrk gSA fliQZ equ";ksa ds fy, gh ugha cfYd xk;] ?kksM+s] dqÙks] gkFkh] cdjh bR;kfn ds lq[k dk LFkku] 'khr] xehZ] /wi] vka/h] rwiQku] bR;kfn d"Vksa dks nwj djus okyk lq[k dk LFkku Hkh gksrk gSA ^^L=khiq=kkfndHkksx lkS[k;Tkuua /ekZFkZdkeiwjde~A Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

tUrwuke;ua lq[kkJ;fena 'khrkEcq/keksge~A** fofHkUu inkFkks± ds }kjk ifjfer okl Hkwfe esa ,d okLrq iq#"k dh dYiuk dh tkrh gSA bls gh okLrq czãokn dh laKk nh xbZ gSA bl Hkwfe dks iwjs fo'o ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; LFkkiR; dyk esa o.kZu vk;k gS fd ^^okLrq 'kkL=k ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS] ftlesa ifjfer Hkwfe] vifjfer fo'o&'kfDr esa ifjofrZr dh tkrh gSA og vuke ,oa v:i lÙkk] tks bl okLrq e.My esa fu;af=kr dh tkrh gS] bls okLrq&iq#"k dgrs gSaA**6 blds vykos okLrq 'kCn xzkeksa] iqjksa] nqxksZa] iÙkuksa] iqjesnuksa] vkokl Hkouksa ,oa fuos'; Hkwfe dk okpd gSA bu lcds vykos ;g ewfrZdyk ,oa ik"kk.kdyk dk Hkh lgpkjh gS%&7 okLrqdyk dk o.;Z fo"k; okLrqdyk esa dkSu&dkSu ls fo"k; vkrs gSa bls Hkh le>uk vko';d gSA Hkou ds ftrus Hkh izdkj gSa rFkk x`g Hkou] mPp izklkj] nqxZ] xk¡o] uxj] nsoky;] dwi] ckcM+h] rkykc] efUnj] ewfrZ fuekZ.k] e.Mi] ;K'kkyk] LFkkiR; dyk] jFk] lHkkx`g] ;ku] m/ku] 'kÕ;k] lHkk&LFky] njoktk] [kEHkk] rksj.k bR;kfn lHkh blh ds {ks=k esa vkrs gSaA lkFk gh] budh izfr"Bk] LFkkiuk] mudk la'kks/u djuk] th.kks¼ Z kj djuk okLrqdyk dk gh fo"k; gSA okLrq'kkL=k ,oa T;ksfr"k dk vU;ksU;kJ; laca/ gSA eqgwrZ] 'kqHk le;] frfFk] okj bR;kfn dk fopkj T;ksfr"k dks vk/kj eku dj fd;k tkrk gSA blds vykos bldk laca/ xf.kr] Hkwwxksy] HkwxHkZ fo|k vkfn ls Hkh gSA Hkou ds Lokeh dks gj izdkj dh lq[k&lqfo/k dSls miyC/ okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 65

gks] bldk fopkj okLrq 'kkL=k esa fd;k tkrk gSA lq[k vkSj dY;k.k dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh Hkou esa vfXu] ty] iwtk] ukyh] 'kkSpky; vkfn dk LFkku fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA Luku d{k] Hk.Mkj x`g] njoktk] njoktk dh nhokj dk izos'k }kj ls vuqikr] fn'kk Kku] }kjos/] x`g}kj dk fu.kZ; vkfn dks le>k tkrk gSA okLrq dk mís'; ojkg fefgj ds vuqlkj okLrq dk mís'; bgyksd ,oa ijyksd nksuksa dh izkfIr gSA ^^nsokukeky;% dk;S }kjeI;=k n`';rsA**8 ukjn lafgrk ds vuqlkj] ^^okLrqdyk dk fo"k; {ks=k vfXu dk LFkku] ty dk LFkku] gok vkSj /wi dk è;ku j[kdj cukuk] HkwLokeh dk fut dejk] cjkenk] jks'ku nku] vkaxu bR;kfn gSA**9 vkSj Hkh&vusu fof/uk lE;XokLrq iwtka djksfr ;%A vkjksX;a iq=kykHk p /ua /kU;a yHksUuj%A10 ;fn lgh k x;k rks Hkou esa jgus okys Lokeh dh iRuh] iq=k] /u] eu ij dqizHkko iM+rk gSA bl rF;ksa dks crkus okyksa esa ojkg fefgj ds iwoZ dbZ vkpk;ksZa dk uke vkrk gSA ftuesa izeq[k :Ik ls Hk`xq] vf=k] of'k"B] fo'odekZ] Hk`xq] e;] ukjn] uXuthr] fo'kkyk{k] iqjUnj] czg~ek] uUnh'k] 'kkSud] xaxs] oklqnso] 'kqØ] c`gLifr vkfn gSA bl 'kkL=k ds mÙke xzaFkksa esa fo'odeZ iqjk.k] fo'odeZi¼fr] fo'odeZid z k'k] c`gn~ okLrqekyk] okLrqiznhi] :ie.Mu] x`gjRuHkw"k.k] jRuekyk] f'kYijRu] ekulkj] izfz r"BkRkokn'kZ] iz;ksxikfjtkr] f'kYilkj bR;kfn gSA11 blds vykok vfXuiqjk.k] eRL;iqjk.k] Hkfo";iqjk.k] lejkaxulw=k/kj] Ek;ere~] okLrq foKku bR;kfn xzaFk Hkh gSaA ojkg fefgj us bl fo"k; ij o`gr~ lafgrk esa okLrq izdj.k uked vè;k; fy[kk gSA blesa bUgksus lcls igys Hkwfe dh lykg nh gS& blds dbZ rjhds crk, ga%S & 1- Hkwfe ds chpksa chp 1 gkFk × 1 gkFk × 1 gkFk dk xM~saA 66 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

2- dkaVs okyh Hkwfe xM~<s okyh Hkwfe] ?kkl] r`.k okyh Hkwfe dk R;kx dj nsaA 3- Hkwfe esa chpksachp 1 gkFk × 1 gkFk × 1 gkFk dk xM~<+k [kksn nasA mlesa lw;kZLr le; ty Hkj nsaA lqcg tkdj ns[ksaA ;fn ty cpk gqvk gks rks 'kqHkA12 ;fn lw[k x;k gks rks lkekU;A ;fn tehu iQV xbZ gks rks v'kqHkA pkjksa izdkj dh Hkwfe dh ijh{kk dk o.kZu ojkg fefgj us bl izdkj ls fd;k gS%& 1- [kuu ds le; izkIr lkexzh ds vuqlkj uhao ds [kksnrs le; ;fn nhed] vtxj] ew"kk] liZ] v.Mk] dkSM+h] iQVs gq, diM+s] dks;yk] jk[k] [kRij] gM~Mh] diky] ds'k vkfn feys rks ;g HkwLokeh ds fy, gkfuizn gksrk gSA ;fn xksJ`ax] 'ka[k] 'kfDr] dNqvk feys rks 'kqHk gksrk gSA iRFkj ;k b±V feys rks 'kqHk gksrk gSA nzo] rkez ;k èkkrq feys rks ,s'o;Z dh o`f¼ gksrh gSA 2- o.kZ ;kfu feV~Vh ds o.kZ ds vuqlkj Hkwfe dh ijh{kk v- 'osr o.kZ okyh Js"B] jDr o.kZ okyh mlls de Js"B] gjs jax okyh rFkk d`".k o.kZ okyh de ls derj ykHk nsus okyh gksrh gSA c- xU/ }kjk Js"Brk dk ?kVrk&Øe ?kh ds leku xa/ okyh] jDrxU/] vUu xU/] e/xa/k fo"Bkxa/k okyh Hkwfe Øekuqlkj gSA l- Lokn&Øe'k% e/q jl] d"kk; jl] vEy jl rFkk frDr jlokyh Hkwfe fuEu xq.k okyh gksrh gSA n- r`.k ijh{kk&dq'k] nHkZ okyh Hkwfe Js"B] eq×Tk okyh e/;e] dq'kdk'k] /u/kU;] iQy;qDRk Hkwfe lkekU; rFkk dbZ izdkj ds r`.kksa okyh Hkwfe v/e izd`fr dh gksrh gSA tks Hkwfe dgha dBksj ,oa fpduh gks og Hkou fuekZ.k ds fy, mÙke gksrh gSA12 ;fn Hkwfe dh ijh{kk dj ifj.kke rqjr crkuk gks rks 1 gkFk × 1 gkFk × 1 gkFk dh Hkwfe dh eki dk xM~<+k [kksnsaA mls ikuh ls yckyc Hkj nsaA ml xM~<+s ls 100 dne nwj tkdj okil vk,¡A ;fn ty ugha ?kVk rks mÙke Hkwfe] FkksM+k ?kVk rks eè;e rFk vf/d ?kVk gks rks vèke Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Hkwfe dgh tkrh gSA13 ldrs gSa%& uke

igpku

1- xksohFkh

iQy

if'pe dh vksj Å¡ph iq=k larku nk;d iwoZ dh vksj uhph 2- tyohFkh iwoZ esa Å¡ph] if'pe larku uk'kd esa uhph 3- ;e ohFkh mÙkj esa Å¡ph] nf{k.k vkjksX; uk'kd esa uhph 4- xtohFkh nf{k.k esa Å¡ph] mÙkj vkjksX; nk;d esa uhph 5- HkwrohFkh bZ'kku dks.k esa Å¡ph] egku uS½R; esa uhph d"Vnk;d 6- ukeohFkh vfXudks.k esa Å¡ph] /uizn ok;qdks.k esa uhph 7- /kuohFkh uS½R; esa uhph] bZ'kku y{ehiznk esa Å¡ph 8- iq.;dokLrq bZ'kku dks.k vkSj iwoZ 'kqHkiQynk;d eè; esa chp gks rFkk uS½R; vkSj if'pe esa Å¡ph gks 9- ';suokLrq tks Hkwfe vfXudks.k esa uk'k djus okyh uhph gksdj uS½R;] bZ'kku vkSj ok;O; dks.k esa Å¡ph gks 10- czãokLrq tks Hkwfe uS½R; dks.k] lnk 'kqHk iznk vfXudks.k vkSj bZ'kku Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

dks.k esa Å¡ph gksdj iwoZ esa rFkk ok;O; dks.k esa uhph gksA 11- lqLFkku okLrq uS½R;dks.k] bZ'kku mÙke Hkwfe dks.k esa Å¡ph] ok;O;dks.k esa uhph gksA o`{k ds vuqlkj Hkwfe dh ijh{kk ojkg fefgj ds vuqlkj] ^^iz'kLr vkS"kf/ vkSj ifo=k o`{k yrkvksa ls ;qDr] e/qj feV~Vh okyh] lqxU/ ;qDr] fueZy ,oa fNnz jfgr Hkwfe euq"; dks y{eh nsusokyh gksrh gSA**15 nhed@ckWch ds lehi okyh Hkwfe&x`g ds lehi xM~<+k okyh lq[k] jksx ,oa /u dk uk'k djrh gSA16 blds vykok o`{kokyh Hkwfe] ?kkl dh o`f¼ okyh Hkwfe dks thfor Hkwfe dgrs gSaA og Hkwfe Js"B gS ftlds iwoZ esa ihiy] nf{k.k esa xwyj] if'pe esa cM+ rFkk mÙkj esa ikdM+ dk o`{k gksA ;fn blds foijhr fn'kk esa ;s o`{k gks rks ihiy ls vfXuHk; ikdM+ ls izHkkn] cM+ ls 'kL=k?kkr rFkk xwyj ls dqf{k jksx gksrk gSA17 c`gr~ okLrqekyk&'yksd 71&73 bl izdkj ls ;fn le>k tk, rks okLrq 'kkL=k fo|k tks fDy"V le>h tkrh Fkh bldks ojkg fefgj us vke yksxksa ds fy, cks/xE; cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ojkg fefgj }kjk lq>k, x, mik;ksa ls Hkou fuekZ.k esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s rF; fdrus lgh gSa bldk vUos"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA 'kks/ Nk=k laLd`r foHkkx ex/ fo'ofo|ky;] cks/x;k lanHkZ lwph 1- gyk;q/ dks'k] i`- 606 2- vejdks"k] f}rh;dk.M] i`- 140 3- laLd`r 'kCnkFkZ dkSLrqe] i`- 1008 4- ½Xosn] vè;k;&07] lwDr 54@01 5- c`gr~ okLrq ekyk] i`"B 01 6- Hkkjrh; LFkkiR;&MkW- f}tsUnz ukFk 'kqDy] fgUnh lfefr] y[kuÅ i`- 12 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 67

7891011121314151617-

Hkkjrh; LFkkiR;&MkW- f}tsUnz ukFk 'kqDy] fgUnh lfefr] y[kuÅ] i`- 17 c`gr~ lafgrk] vè;k;&56] 'yksd&02 ukjn lafgrk] vè;k;&31] i`- 220 ukjn lafgrk] vè;k;&32] i`- 19 :Ike.Mu] MkW - cyjke JhokLro] eks r hyky cukjlhnkl] okjk.klh] i`- 01 ;Kdq.M e.Mi fl¼] Hkwfe ijh{kk i`- 26 c`gr~ okLrqekyk& 'yksd 34 c`gr~ lfgrk] vè;k; 53] 'yksd 91 c`gr~ lfgrk] vè;k; 53] 'yksd 88 c`gr~ lfgrk] vè;k; 53] 'yksd 90 c`gr~ okLrqekyk] 'yksd 71 ls 73

68 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

'kksèk&i=k

lks'ky ehfM;k esa efgykvksa dh ifjfLFkfr dk lekt'kkL=kh; vè;;u vfuy lSuh izLrkouk fleksu n cqvk dk dFkuμ^^vkSjrsa iSnk ugha gksrh] cukbZ tkrh gSA** orZeku ukjh dh ifjfLFkfr dks lgh Li"V djrh gSA 21oha lnh ds bl ;qx esa tgk¡ efgyk,¡ iq#"kksa ls ,d dne vkxs gS] ogha vkt Hkh lekt esa efgykvksa dks nks;e ntsZ dk ekuk tkrk gS] fo'ks"kdj lks'ky ehfM;k esa efgykvksa dh Nfo dks U;k;iw.kZ rjhds ls izdV ugha fd;k x;k gSA efgyk l'kfDrdj.k tSlh egRoiw.kZ voèkkj.kk Hkh lks'ky ehfM;k esa dsoy ppkZ dk fo"k; cudj jg x;h gS] tcfd orZeku rduhdh fodkl dh bl nqfu;k esa lokZfèkd nkf;Ro lks'ky ehfM;k dk gh gS fd og efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds izfr lekt esa vfèkd ls vfèkd tkx:drk esa o`f¼ djsaA lks'ky ehfM;k dk dksbZ Hkh ekè;e pkgs og fizaV ehfM;k gks ;k lSVsykbZV ekè;e gks] fdlh us Hkh vius nkf;Roksa dk lgh izdkj ls fuoZgu ugha fd;k gSA nqfu;k dh vfèkdka'k tula[;k lks'ky ehfM;k dk fdlh uk fdlh ekè;e ls iz;ksx dj jgh gS] fo'ks"kdj Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa lks'ky lkbZV~l ij efgykvksa dh Hkkxsnkjh] lkekftd ifjfLFkfr rFkk efgykvksa ij bldk izHkko tSls fo"k; 'kksèk ds izeq[k fcUnq cu x, gSaA Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k esa tgk¡ vHkh Hkh efgyk f'k{kk ds vk¡dM+s iq#"kksa dh vis{kk de gS] ogka lks'ky ehfM;k ds iz;ksxdrkZvksa esa Hkh efgykvksa dh la[;k iq#"kksa ds eqdkcys cgqr de gksuk visf{kr gh gSA ftldk izeq[k dkj.k efgykvksa esa f'k{kk dk vHkko rFkk rduhdh :Ik ls n{k ugha gksuk Hkh gSA lkFk gh bl de la[;k dk ,d eq[; dkjd ;g Hkh gS fd lks'ky ehfM;k dh c<+rh Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

vfo'oluh;rk efgykvksa dks lks'ky ehfM;k ds iz;ksx ds izfr muds eu esa Mj mRiUu dj jgh gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ,d ,slk IysViQkeZ gS tgk¡ efgyk,a vius fopkj] lksp dks Lo;a izLrqr dj ldrh gS mUgsa fdlh vU; lgkjs ;k ekè;e dh vko';drk ugha gSA og Lo;a dks l'kDr cukdj efgykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrh gSA vkt ls dqN o"kZ iwoZ ehfM;k esa dsoy fxuh&pquh efgyk,a gh Hkkxhnkj Fkh ysfdu vc fLFkfr fcydqy foijhr gSA lks'ky ehfM;k dk dksbZ Hkh ,slk dksuk ;k ekè;e ugha gS tgka ij efgykvksa us viuh n{krk o vkRefo'okl ds cy ij viuh igpku u cukbZ gksA xr dbZ o"kks± esa fiazV ehfM;k] bysDVªksfud ehfM;k] i=kdkfjrk] baVjusV vkfn ekè;eksa esa efgyk Loj iz[kjrk ls mHkjs gSA bldk vge~ dkj.k ;g gS fd lks'ky ehfM;k ds fy, ftl okafNr laonsu'khyrk dh vko';drk gksrh gS efgykvksa esa og uSlfxZd :Ik ls ikbZ tkrh gSA orZeku pqukSfr;k¡ o iz'u • lks'ky ehfM;k esa efgykvksa dh Nfo ds ewY;kadu ds vkèkkj dkSu&dkSu ls gS\ • Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd o lkaLd`frd ifjfLFkfr D;k gS\ • lks'ky ehfM;k ds {ks=k esa efgykvksa dh orZeku fLFkfr D;k gS\ • ehfM;k vfèkfu;e ls efgykvksa dh ifjfLFkfr esa D;k ifjorZu vk,¡ gS\ • lks'ky ehfM;k ds iz;ksx esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr D;k gS\ okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 69

• efgyk,a lks'ky ehfM;k ds ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed igyqvksa ds ckjs esa D;k fopkj j[krh gS\ • xzkeh.k&'kgjh rFkk ?kjsyw&dkedkth efgykvksa ds thou ij lks'ky ehfM;k dk D;k izHkko iM+k gS\ • lks'ky ehfM;k us efgykvksa dh Nfo dks fdl izdkj iznf'kZr fd;k gS\ • efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds {ks=k esa lks'ky ehfM;k D;k Hkwfedk j[krh gS\ ifjfLFkfr •ifjfLFkfr dk lekt'kkL=kh; fo'ys"k.k loZiFz ke jkYiQ fyUVu us viuh iqLrd ^n LVMh vkWiQ eSu* esa fd;k FkkA • ,d le; fo'ks"k esa fdlh lkekftd O;oLFkk ;k lewg esa O;fDr dks tks LFkku feyk gksrk gS] og mldh ifjfLFkfr gSA tSls firk] iq=k] vè;kid] cfgu] HkkbZ] iq=kh vkfnA • fyUVu ds vuqlkj] ^^ifjfLFkfr O;fDr dh lkekftd O;oLFkk esa ,d fLFkfr gSA** • bfy;V o eSfjy ds 'kCnkas esa] ^^izfLFkfr O;fDr dh og fLFkfr gS tks fdlh lewg esa fyax] vk;q] ifjokj] oxZ O;olk;] fookg ;k vius iz;klksa ls izkIr djrk gSA izfLFkfr ds izdkj jkYiQ fyUVu us izfLFkfr ds nks izdkj crk;s gSa& (1) iznr izfLFkfr (2) vftZr izfLFkfrA 1- iznr izfLFkfr & og izfLFkfr tks O;fDr dks tUe ds lkFk Lor% izkIr gks tkrh gS] bls izkIr djus ds fy, O;fDr dks dksbZ iz;kl ugha djuk iM+rkA tSls&tkfr] fyax] xks=k] èkeZ vkfn dh lnL;rk iznÙk izfLFkfr dgh tkrh gSA • iznÙk izfLFkfr ds fuèkkZj.k ds vkèkkj & (1) fyax (2) vk;q (3) ukrsnkjh (4) tUe (5) tkfr (6) iztkfr (7) 'kkjhfjd fo'ks"krk,a 70 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

2- vftZr izfLFkfr & og izfLFkfr ftls O;fDr vius xq.k] ;ksX;rk o {kerk ds vkèkkj ij izkIr djrk gSA ;g O;fDr dks Lor% izkIr ugha gksrh gSA tSls fo|kFkhZ] vè;kid] ifr] iRuh vkfnA ;g lHkh vftZr izfLFkfr;ka gSaA • vftZr izfLFkfr ds fuèkkZj.k ds vkèkkj & (1) lEifÙk (2) O;olk; (3) f'k{kk (4) jktuhfrd lÙkk (5) fookg (6) miyfCèk;ka efgyk izfLFkfr & fdlh O;oLFkk ;k lewg esa ,d le; fo'ks"k esa efgykvksa dks tks LFkku izkIr gS og efgyk izfLFkfr dgykrh gS A lks'ky ehfM;k & lks'ky ehfM;k ikjLifjd lacaèk ds fy, vartkZy ;k vU; ekè;eksa }kjk fufeZr vkHkklh lewgksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA ;g O;fDr;ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa dks lk>k] lgHkkxh cukus dk ekè;e gSA bldk mi;ksx lkekftd lacaèk ds vykok mi;ksxdrkZ lkexzh ds la'kksèku ds fy, mPp ikjLifjd eap cukus ds fy, eksckbZy vkSj osc vkèkkfjr izkSèkksfxfd;ksa ds iz;ksx ds :Ik esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ,d vijaijkxr ehfM;k gSA ;g ,d opqZvy oYMZ cukrk gS ftlesa baVjusV ds ekè;e ls igqap cuk ldrs gSaA lks'ky ehfM;k ,d fo'kky usVodZ gS] tks fd lEiw.kZ lalkj dks tksM+s j[krk gSA ;g lapkj dk ,d cgqr vPNk ekè;e gSA ;g nzqr xfr ls lwpukvksa ds vknku&iznku djus] ftlesa gj {ks=k dh [kcjsa gksrh gS] dks lekfgr fd, gq, gksrk gSA yksdfiz;rk ds izlkj esa lks'ky ehfM;k ,d csgrjhu IysViQkeZ gS] tgka O;fDr Lo;a dks vFkok vius fdlh mRikn dks T;knk yksdfiz; cuk ldrk gSA vkt fiQYeksa ds Vªsyj] Vhoh dk;ZØe dk izlkj.k Hkh lks'ky ehfM;k ds ekè;e ls fd;k tk jgk gSA ohfM;ks rFkk vkWfM;ks pSV Hkh lks'ky ehfM;k ds ekè;e ls lqxe gks ikbZ gS ftuesa iQslcqd] OgkWV~l,si] baLVkxzke dqN izeq[k IysVQkeZ gSA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

lks'ky ehfM;k ds dbZ :Ik gSa ftuesa fd bUVjusV iQksje] oscykWx] lkekftd CykWx] ekbØksCykfxax] fodht] lks'ky usVodZ] ikWMdkLV] iQksVksxzkiQ] fp=k] pyfp=k vkfn lHkh 'kkfey gSA viuh lsokvksa ds vuqlkj lks'ky ehfM;k ds fy, dbZ lapkj izkSn~;ksfxdh miyCèk gS tSls & • lg;ksxh ifj;kstuk & fodhihfM;k • CykWx vkSj ekbØksCykWx & VªfoVj • lks'ky [kcj usVofd±x lkbV~l & fMx vkSj ysdjusV • lkexzh leqnk; & ;wV~;wc vkSj Msyh eks'ku • lkekftd usVofd±x lkbV & iQslcqd • vkHkklh [ksy nqfu;k & oYMZ vkWiQ okWjØkV • vkHkklh lkekftd nqfu;k & lsadM ykbiQ lks'ky ehfM;k vU; ikjEifjd rFkk lkekftd rjhdksa ls dbZ izdkj ls ,dne vyx gSA blesa igq¡p] vko`fÙk] iz;ksT;] rktxh vkSj LFkkf;Ro vkfn rRo 'kkfey gSA bUVjusV ds iz;ksx ls dbZ izdkj ds izHkko gksrs gSaA fu,ylu ds vuqlkj bUVjusV iz;ksDrk vU; lkbV~l dh vis{kk lkekftd ehfM;k lkbV~l ij vfèkd le; O;rhr djrs gSA nqfu;k esa nks rjg dh flfoykbts'ku dk nkSj 'kq: gks pqdk gS] opqZvy rFkk fiQthdy flfoykbts'kuA vkus okys le; esa tYn gh nqfu;k dh vkcknh ls nks&rhu xquk vfèkd vkcknh bUVjusV ij gksxhA njvly] vartkZy ,d ,slh VsDuksyksth ds :Ik esa gekjs lkeus vk;k gS] tks mi;ksx ds fy, lcdks miyCèk gS vkSj loZfgrk; gSA lks'ky usVofdZax lkbV~l lapkj o lwpuk dk l'kDr ekè;e gS] ftuds ekè;e ls yksx viuh ckr fcuk fdlh jksd&Vksd ds j[k ikrs gSaA ;gha ls lkekftd ehfM;k dk Lo:Ik fodflr gqvk gSA rqyukRed vè;;u fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa efgyk 'kfDr ekuo lalkèku ds :Ik esa viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA lEiw.kZ fo'o ftldh vkèkh vkcknh efgykvksa dh gS] efgykvksa dks dsoy efgyk le>us esa ukdke;kc jgk gSA 21oha lnh dh bl nqfu;k esa tgka efgyk,a lkekftd] jktuhfrd] rduhdh] oSKkfud o 'kS{kf.kd tSls leLr {ks=kksa esa vius vkidks lkfcr dj pqdh gS] vkt Hkh gekjk lekt efgykvksa dks eka] iRuh] cgu ds :Ik esa gh Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

ns[kuk ilan djrk gSA L=kh dsoy L=kh jgs] lekt ;g Lohdkj ugha dj ik;k gSA og iq#"k dh Nk;k dh Hkkafr vkt Hkh vius vfLrRo dks ryk'k jgh gSA foKku o rduhd dh bl nqfu;k esa tgka lEiw.kZ fo'o mnkjhdj.k o Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh izfØ;k ds dkj.k fo'o xzke esa rCnhy gksrk tk jgk gS rFkk leLr fo'o lks'ky ehfM;k ds fdlh uk fdlh ekè;e ds }kjk vkil esa tqM+k gqvk gS] ogha Hkkjr ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[kk tk,a rks Hkkjr dh 50 izfr'kr vkcknh tks fd efgyk gS] lks'ky ehfM;k o nwj lapkj ds lkèkuksa ls vufHkK gSA vkt Hkh lks'ky ehfM;k dh n`f"V ls fo'ks"kdj efgykvksa ds iz;ksx esa Hkkjr fiNM+k gqvk gh gSA Hkkjr esa efgyk vf'k{kk rFkk rduhdh Kku dk vHkko izeq[k dkjd gS ftlds dkj.k efgyk,a lks'ky ehfM;k ds mi;ksx ls oafpr gSA lkFk gh f'fk{kr o rduhdh Kku izkIr efgykvksa esa lks'ky ehfM;k dh lgh mi;ksfxrk ds vHkko o vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk Hkh efgykvksa dh lks'ky ehfM;k ls nwjh cuk;s gq, gSA vusd 'kksèkksa ls izkIr fu"d"kks± ds vuqlkj 80 izfr'kr mi;ksxdrkZ lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, lks'ky ehfM;k ds fdlh uk fdlh ekè;e dks egRoiw.kZ ekurs gSaA orZeku vusd lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa] dqiFz kkvksa] efgyk fgalk o mRihM+u] efgyk l'kfDrhdj.k tSls fo"k;ksa ds izfr lekt dks tkx`r djus rFkk bu leL;kvksa dks lekIr djus esa lks'ky ehfM;k fo'ks"kdj iQslcqd] V~foVj] okWVl ~ vi] lekpkj&i=k] bZ&eSxthu tSls ekè;eksa us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA vkt dh efgyk bu ekè;eksa ls Lo;a dks tkx:d o l'kDr eglwl djrh gSA ftldk dkj.k gS fd iq#"kksa dh vis{kk efgykvksa esa lks'ky ehfM;k ds iz;ksx dh la[;k esa rsth ls o`f¼ gksrh tk jgh gSA Hkkjr iQslcqd ;wtlZ ds ekeys esa tgka rhljs LFkku ij gS ogha L=kh iq#"k ds mi;ksx dk vuqikr 75%25 gSA efgykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr esa lqèkkj dk fo"k; oSf'od Lrj dk gSA Hkkjr esa Hkh bl fo"k; ij le;≤ ij vusd izHkkoh dne mBk;s x;s gASA vktknh ds Ik'pkr ls gh gekjs uhfr fuekZrkvksa us ehfM;k] Vhoh] lekpkj&i=kksa o jsfM;ks vkfn dks lkekftd ifjorZu dk izeq[k gfFk;kj ekuk FkkA fMftVy Økafr ds bl ;qx esa lks'ky ehfM;k us efgykvksa dks ,d ,slk eap miyCèk okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 71

djok;k gS ftlds }kjk og viuh lkekftd izfLFkfr esa lqèkkj djus esa l{ke gks ldrh gSA ubZ ehfM;k baVjusV vkèkkfjr ,slk lapkj gS ftlesa bls iz;ksx djus okyk O;fDr vkWuykbu leqnk; o lewg cukdj muds lkFk fdlh Hkh rjg dh lwpuk] fopkj] laokn 'ks;j dj ldrk gSA lks'ky ehfM;k dk ,d i{k tgka efgykvksa ds i{k esa [kM+k gksdj muds vfèkdkjksa ds fy, yM+rk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ogha flDds ds nwljs igyw esa lks'ky ehfM;k efgyk 'kks"k.k dk ,d izeq[k gfFk;kj Hkh curk tk jgk gSA vusdksa ckj n`f"Vxr gksrk gS fd cykRdkj] nsg 'kks"k.k] L=kh o ?kjsyw fgalk tSls fo"k;ksa dks efgykvksa dh e;kZnk dks è;ku esa u j[krs gq, dsoy Vh-vkj-ih- ds fy, ehfM;k esa mNkyk tkrk gSA iQslcqd] okWV~lvi] V~ohVj tSls vlqjf{kr ekè;eksa esa my>dj efgyk,a vusd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djrh gS rFkk bu ekè;eksa ds nq"izHkko o vfoosdiw.kZ mi;ksx ls Lo;a rFkk ifjokj dks volknxzLr dj ysrh gSA lks'ky ehfM;k esa c<+rh v'yhyrk rFkk vfoosdiw.kZ :Ik ls ijkslh tkus okyh uXurk esa Hkh efgykvksa dk ;k dgs mudh nsg dk vfèkd bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gSA tks ehfM;k efgykvksa dh eku&e;kZnk dk j{kd gksuk pkfg, ogh ehfM;k mudh bTtr dks rkj&rkj dj jgk gSA ehfM;k esa Hkh fir`lÙkkRed lksp bl rjg ls xgjh gS fd ;gka oLrqvksa dks foØ; djus ds fy, Hkh L=kh nsg dks oLrq dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blls izrhr gksrk gS fd L=kh nsg dk ;g oLrqdj.k cktkj dj jgk gS tks fd lgh ugha gSA D;ksafd cktkj ,slk blfy, djrk gS fd bles gekjs lekt dh vuqefr lekfgr gSA efgyk l'kfDrdj.k] csfV;ksa dks lEeku] csVh cpkvks&csVh i<+kvks tSlh ;kstuk,a o ukjs lc fujFkZd yxrs gSa tc ge ns[krs gSa fd ehfM;k esa L=kh dks lkSan;Z ls gVdj lekt ns[kuk gh ugha pkgrk gSA lks'ky ehfM;k Hkh lekt dk gh izfrfcEc gSA MkW- dBsfj;k ds usr`Ro esa efgyk iQslcqd mi;ksxdrkZ ij fganh fofo esa gq, 'kksèk ds vuqlkj iQslcqd mi;ksx djus okyh 47 izfr'kr efgyk,a blds fu;e o dkuwu ls ifjfpr gSA 34 izfr'kr efgyk,a iQslcqd mi;ksx lkekftd 72 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

ljksdkj ds fy, djrh gS ogha 55 izfr'kr lwpuk izkIr djus ds ekè;e ds :Ik esa bldk iz;ksx djrh gSA 13 izfr'kr efgyk,a fe=kksa ls okrkZyki ds fy, bldk iz;ksx djrh gS ogha ;qofr;ka iQslcqd dk mi;ksx lkekftd eqn~nksa ,oa egRoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa ds lanHkZ esa vfèkd djrh gSaA 80 izfr'kr mi;ksxdrkZ efgyk,a lkekftd ifjorZu esa iQslcqd ds ;ksxnku dks egRo nsrh gS rFkk lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa] efgyk mRihM+u tSls fo"k;ksa ds fo#¼ vkokt mBkus dk l'kDr ekè;e ekurh gSA tSls vusd mnkgj.k gS & caxS yq: dk fiad pM~Mh vkanksyu] fe&Vw dSEisu] xYlZ ,sV n jsV
lwpukvksa dks yksdrkaf=kd cukus dk dk;Z fd;k gS tks fd efgykvksa dh lkekftd izfLFkfr esa lqèkkj ds fy, izsjd 'kfDr o ncko ds :Ik esa dk;Z djrk gSA viuk izksMD'ku gkÅl pyk jgs daVsV jkbZVj Hkh ubZ lks'ky ehfM;k ls efgykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr esa lqèkkj dh cgqr lEHkkouk,a ns[krs gaSA lks'ky ehfM;k ?kjsyw fgalk dks jksdus esa dkiQh gn rd ennxkj lkfcr gks jgh gSA yksx fo'ks"kdj efgyk,a lks'ky ehfM;k ij pyus okyh [kcjksa o ohfM;ks dks ns[kdj dkiQh izHkkfor gksrh gS rFkk vius vfèkdkjksa o gdksa ds izfr tkx:d gksrh gSA efgykvksa ds ckjs esa vkus okyh ldkjkRed [kcjksa rFkk izjs .kknk;d izlxa ksa dk efgykvksa ij xgjk izHkko iM+rk gS] tks fd mudh eu%fLFkfr dks ifjofrZr djus esa dkjxj lkfcr gksrk gSA lks'ky ehfM;k efgykvkas dh lkekftd fLFkfr esa lqèkkj dj ikus esa l{ke gS ijUrq blds fy, izR;sd efgyk dh lks'ky

ehfM;k rd igq¡p gksuk vko';d gS] ijUrq n`f"Vxr gksrk gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa vfèkdka'k efgykvksa dh lks'ky ehfM;k ds ekè;eksa rd igq¡p esa dksbZ fo'ks"k #fp tkx`r ugha gqbZ gS vfèkdka'k efgyk,a vkt Hkh lks'ky ehfM;k ds ekè;eksa ls vufHkK gaS rFkk bls lqjf{kr o mi;ksxh ugha ekurh gSA blfy, vko';d gS fd efgykvksa esa f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk rduhdh Kku dk Hkh izlkj fd;k tkos rkfd efgyk,a lkFkZd :Ik ls lks'ky ehfM;k ds ekè;eksa ls tqM+dj viuh lkekftd fLFkfr esa ldkjkRed ifjorZu dj ldsA vkt efgykvksa dks le>us dh vko';drk gS fd lks'ky ehfM;k dk iz;ksx la;e rFkk ftEesokjh ds lkFk&lkFk rdZlaxr :Ik ls fd;k tk,a rkfd efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ds mn~ns';kssa dks izkIr fd;k tk ldsA 'kksèk Nk=k lekt'kkL=k foHkkx t;ukjk;.k O;kl fo'ofo|ky;] tksèkiqj

lanHkZ lwph • uhjk nslkbZ (1997)] tsaMj MkbZesa'ku bu iQSfeyh LVMht % bu lks'ky VªkaliQkjes'ku bu bafM;k] [k.M 2] jkor ifCyds'ku t;iqjA • Jhfuokl ,e-,u- (1967)] vkèkqfud Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu] jktdey izdk'ku] izk-fy-] ubZ fnYyhA • fla g ] ;ks x s U nz ] (2014)] Hkkjrh; ijEijk dk vkèkqfudhdj.k] jkor ifCyds'kUl] t;iqjA • nslkbZ] ,-vkj- (2009)] xzkeh.k lekt'kkL=k] ikWiqyj izdk'ku] cksEcsA • riu fcloky] ekuokfèkdkj] tsUMj ,oa i;kZoj.k] ohok 2008A • ;kstuk ekfld if=kdk] flrEcj 2016] vadA

• Mk- lqHkh èkqfl;k (2011)] Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk,a] us'kuy cqd VªLV] bafM;kA • lkaf[;dh; foHkkx lhdj }kjk tkjh fjiksVZA • jktLFkku lqtl] flrEcj 2016 vadA • ih-,u- izHkq % fgUnw lksf'ky vkxsZukbZts'ku] us'kuy cqd VªLV bafM;k] ubZ fnYyhA • nqcs ';kekpj.k 2001] Hkkjrh; lekt] us'kuy cqd VªLV bafM;k] ubZ fnYyhA • ikjklj] vpZuk 1992] ohesu ,aM iQSesyh ykW fjiQkWeZ bu bafM;k] lst ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyhA • jkYiQ fyaVu] n LVMh vkWiQ eSu] Mh- ,IysVksu lsapqjh dEiuh U;w;kdZA

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 73

'kksèk&i=k

f'ko'kaHkq ds fpV~Bksa dk ,sfrgkfld egRo vfer dqekj ik.Ms;

nh esa O;aX;&fouksn dh ltho 'kSyh ds iqjLdrkZvksa esa ckcw ckyeqdqan xqIr ds ^f'ko'kaHkq ds fpV~Bs* viuk vçfre LFkku j[krs gSaA xqIrth us Li"V fuca/ u fy[kdj ,d nwljh 'kSyh dk vuqxeu fd;k] tks i=kksa dh 'kSyh FkhA mUgksaus ;s i=k ^f'ko'kaHkq 'kekZ* ds dfYir uke ls] ykMZ dtZu ds 'kkludky esa] Hkkjrh; turk dh nqn'Z kk dks çdV djus ds fy, fy[ks Fks] budh la[;k vkB FkhA ;s fpV~Bs 1903 bZLoha ls 1905 bZLoh ds eè; ^Hkkjrfe=k* esa çdkf'kr gq, FksA ml le; xqIrth gh Hkkjrfe=k ds laiknd FksA bu fpV~Bksa ds ,sfrgkfld egRo ds lUnHkZ esa MkW- fot;sUæ Lukrd fy[krs gaS fd&^^;s fpV~Bs ml le; dh jktuhfrd xqykeh vkSj ykMZ dtZu dh fueZe Øwjrkvksa dks ftrus lVhd :i esa çLrqr djrs gSa] mruh iw.kZrk ds lkFk ml le; dk dksbZ nwljk vfHkys[k ugha djrkA bfrgkl ds i`"Bksa esa tks tkucw>dj vafdr ugha fd;k x;k mls ;fn i<+uk vHkh"V gks rks bu fpV~Bksa dks iyVuk pkfg,A**1 Hkkjr eas vaxzsth lkezkT; dk bfrgkl fouk'k vkSj 'kks"k.k dh d#.k dgkuh gSA bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dh ljdkj Hkz"V vkSj fj'or[kksj FkhA Lo;a lj tktZ dkuZokfyl tSls O;fDr us dEiuh ljdkj ds Hkz"Vkpkj dh vksj ladsr fd;k gSA2 nslh jkT;ksa dk vaxzsth lkezkT; esa foy; dk mís'; iw.kZr% lkezkT;oknh Fkk]3 jkT;ksa esa ç'kklfud dkS'ky dk lekos'k djuk ughaA dEiuh dh ljdkj }kjk fd;s x, lq/kjksa dh i`"BHkwfe esa Hkh Hkkjr ds 'kks"k.k vkSj baXySaM ds iks"k.k dk mís'; varfuZfgr FkkA MygkSth }kjk fcNokbZ xbZ jsyos ykbuksa dk ewY; Hkkjr dks nsuk iM+k Fkk] tcfd fgr lEiUu gqvk Fkk vaxzst O;kikfj;ksa dkA4

fga

74 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

;gh ugha] Hkkjr&fot; vkSj 'kklu&lw=k lapkyu dk [kpZ] feJ] tkok] oekZ] viQxkfuLrku] phu vkSj bZjku vkfn ds lkFk gq, ;q¼ksa dk O;;_ lu 1857 dh Økafr& neu esa fu;ksftr vaxzsth lsokvksa dk lewpk [kpZ5 dEiuh dh iwath dk 120 yk[k ikS.M vkSj baXyS.M ls Hkkjr rd yxk, x, iaMqCck rkj dk O;;6 Hkkjr dks nsuk iM+k FkkA ,d vksj rks vaxzst Hkkjr dk vla[; /u foyk;r dks ysrs pys tk jgs Fks] nwljh vksj ;gk¡ ds m|ksx ,oa O;olk; ds mUewyu dh uhfr viuk;s gq, FksA tgkt& fuekZ.k dk dk;Z baXyS.M dh vis{kk Hkkjr esa vfèkd gksrk Fkk] fdUrq oS/kfud :i ls mldh çxfr vaxzstksa us jksd nh FkhA7 ns'k ds vlhe /u ds fu;kZr] ljdkj ds Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj O;olk; ds ßkl dk ifj.kke nkfjnz; dk mÙkjksÙkj fodkl vkSj Hkq[kejh ds mUu;u ds :i esa gqvk FkkA ns'k ds nkfjnz; fodkl esa mi;qZDr ckrksa ds vfrfjDr vaxst z h ljdkj dh Hkwfe fo"k;d vLFkk;h O;oLFkk ç.kkyh] djksa dk fu/kZj.k ,oa fodkl vkSj vU;k;iw.kZ vFkZuhfr FkhA lu 1866 bZLoh ds Hk;adj vdky us ns'k ds yxHkx chl yk[k O;fDr;ksa dks dky dk xzkl cuk fn;k FkkA fdUrq ljdkj tjk Hkh fpafrr ugha gqbZA ;FkkFkZ esa bl fLFkfr dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ykMZ ykjsal rFkk caxky ds ysfÝVusaV xouZj lsfly chMu ij FkkA8 vdky ds mijkar ck<+ dk çdksi gqvkA mM+hlk ds fupys Hkkxkas ds yksx ck<+ esa cg x,A ykjsal us fy[kk Fkk&^^tks vuko`f"V ls cp x, Fks] mudks vfro`f"V us tyeXu dj fn;kA**9 gStk] Iysx us fLFkfr vkSj Hk;kog dj fn;kA bl çdkj xjhch] neu] Iysx] gStk] vfro`f"V vkSj vuko`f"V ls nq%f[kr Hkkjrh; Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

vaxzsth 'kklu ls Åc x, FksA çsl dh Lora=krk Nhu yh xbZ FkhA nklrk vkSj ?kksj neu dh bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vaxzstksa ds oSHko vkSj foykl rFkk Hkkjrh;ksa ds nhu ,oa nkfjnz;&xzLr thou dk vadu djus] fczfV'k&lkezkT; }kjk Hkkjrh; ,drk dk mUewyu djds tkrh; HksnHkko&mRiknd "kM~;a=kksa dk HkaMkiQksM+ djus] 'kksf"kr vkSj mRihfM+r Hkkjrh; lekt dks ns'kHkfDr ds lw=k esa fijksus rFkk vaxzst ok;ljk; vkSj xouZjksa ds viO;; ,oa Hkkjr&fojks/h dk;ks± dh Li"V :ijs[kk turk ds lkeus mifLFkr djus dh n`f"V ls xqIrth ds bu fpV~Bksa dk dksbZ tokc ughaA bl n`f"V ls xqIrth lPps vFkZ esa ^turk ds odhy* FksA10 xqIrth us bu fpV~Bkas esa fo'ks"kr% ykMZ dtZu ds 'kklu dky dh dqN ,slh ?kVukvksa ij ftudk çHkko Hkkjrfgr ds çfrdwy Fkk] cM+h ekfeZdrk] ns'kHkfDr vkSj mRd`"V Hkkjrh;rk ds lkFk fopkj fd;k gSA tc ns'k Iysx vkSj nqfHkZ{k ds >a>kokr ls vkØkar ne rksM+ jgk Fkk] rc ykMZ dtZu us lu 1902 bZloh esa 180000 ikS.M O;; djds fnYyh njckj fd;k Fkk vkSj dydÙks esa 7221875 #i;s ds ewY; dk foDVksfj;k&Lekjd fufeZr djk;k FkkA xqIrth us vius çFke i=k esa gh bfrgkl dh bu nks çeq[k ?kVukvksa dk] ftUgsa dtZu ds thou dh egÙoiw.kZ jpuk,¡ Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS] ckyd f'ko'kaHkq 'kekZ ds cqycqys mM+kus ds LoIu dh Hkkafr vLFkkbZ ,oa lkjghu dg dj etkd mM+k;k gSA ;Fkk&^^vki ckjEckj vius nks vfr rqerjkd ls Hkjs dkeksa dk o.kZu djrs gSaA ,d foDVksfj;k eseksfj;y gkWy vkSj nwljk fnYyh njckjA ij tjk fopkfj;s rks ;g nksuksa dke ^'kks* gq, ;k ^M~;Vw h*\ foDVksfj;k&eseksfj;y gkWy pan isVHkj vehjksa ds ,d&nks ckj ns[k vkus dh pht gksxhA mlls nfjæksa dk dqN nq%[k ?kV tkosxk ;k Hkkjrh; çtk dh dqN n'kk mUur gks tkosxh] ,slk rks vki Hkh u le>rs gksaxsA**11 xjhc turk dks Hkkstu vkSj oL=kfoghu djds muds jDr&ekal ls 'kghnksa ds dcz ij cuh gqbZ vkyh'kku bekjr ds çfr xqIrth dh èkkj.kk ,d lPps ns'kHkDr ds vuq:i gh gSA ykMZ dtZu ds bu nksuksa dk;ks± dks vki O;fDrxr vgaeU;rk vkSj ;'k&ykylk dk ifj.kke cqycqys mM+kus ds [ksy ls vfèkd ewY;oku ugha ekursA mUgksaus Li"V fy[kk gS&^^vkius ekbZ ykMZ ! tc ls Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Hkkjr esa ièkkjs gaS] cqycqyksa dk LoIu gh ns[kk gS ;k lpeqp dksbZ djus ;ksX; dk;Z Hkh fd;k gS\ [kkyh viuk [;ky gh iwjk fd;k gS ;k ;gk¡ dh çtk ds fy, dqN drZO;ikyu Hkh fd;kA**12 foDVksfj;k&Lekjd ds lehi cuh ewfrZ;ksa ds lanHkZ esa xqIrth fy[krs gSa&^^;g ewfrZ;ka fdl çdkj ds Le`fr&fpÉ gSa\ bl nfjæ ns'k ds /u dh ,d <sjh gS] tks fdlh dke ugha vk ldrhA& ;g dqN fo'ks"k if{k;ksa ds dqN nsj foJke ysus ds vM~Ms ls c<+dj vkSj dqN ugha gSA**13 nwljs fpV~Bs ^Jheku dk Lokxr* esa xqIrth us ykMZ dtZu ds nksckjk Hkkjr dk xouZj&tujy cudj vkus ij dydÙks esa gq, ,d 'kkunkj tqywl ij O;aX; djrs gq, fy[kk Fkk&^^fnYyh esa gkfFk;ksa dh lokjh gks pqdus ij Hkh dydÙks esa jks'kuh vkSj ?kksM+kxkM+h dk rkj tek Fkk] dqN yksx dgrs gSa fd ftl dke dks ykMZ dtZu idM+rs gSa] iwjk djds NksM+rs gaAS fnYyh njckj esa dqN ckrksa dh dlj jg xbZ FkhA mn;iqj ds egkjk.kk u rks gkfFk;ksa ds tqywl esa lkFk py lds u njckj esa gkftj gksdj lykeh nsus dk ekSdk mudks feykA blh çdkj cM+knS k ujs'k Hkh gkfFk;ksa ds tqywl esa 'kkfey u FksA**14 ekuks bUgha lc dk;ks± dks iwjk djus ds fy, jktdh; oSHko dk çn'kZu fd;k x;k FkkA rhljs fpV~Bs ^okbljk; dk drZO;* ds çkjafHkd 'kCn bl çdkj gSa&^^Hkxoku vkidk eaxy djs vkSj bl ifrr ns'k ds eaxy dh bPNk vkids ân; esa mRiUu gksA**15 ;g gS og 'kqHk lans'k vkSj drZO;fu"Bk tkxzr djus dk ijke'kZ tks xw¡xh çtk dk odhy Hkkjr ds 'kkld dks ns jgk gSA xqIrth ekurs Fks] 'kklu lgkuqHkwfr vkSj çse ds lkFk vf/d O;ofLFkr vkSj LFkk;h jgrk gSA neu vkSj 'kks"k.k ij vk/kfjr 'kklu dh ykSg&fHkfÙk;k Hkh çtk ds çdksi ls HkLe gks tkrh gSA ykMZ dtZu vkSj fdpuj }kjk lhek çkar ij iQkSth nhokj cukus dh vk;kstu ij oks fy[krs gSa&^^vki vkSj fdpuj feydj iQkSyknh nhokj cukrs gSa] rqe ls ,d cgqr etcwr nhokj ykMZ dSfux cuk x,------vkt 46 o"kZ gks x,] og nhokj vVy [kM+h gSA og LoxhZ; egkjkuh dk ?kks"k.kk&i=k gS----ogh Hkkjro"kZ ds fy, iQkSyknh nhokj gSA**16 pkSFks fpV~Bs ^ihNs er iQsafd;s* xqIrth dtZu ds okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 75

nwljh ckj Hkkjr vkus dh ?kVuk dks dkuZokfyl ds nksckjk xouZj cudj vkus ls tksM+dj rqyukRed wBk dgdj lkjs mPp in vaxsztksa dks ns fn, FksA bl voLFkk dks y{; djds xqIrth us Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa tkfr dk xkSjo crkrs gq, ykMZ dtZu ls dgk Fkkμ^^---ftldh iqjkuh lH;rk vkSj fo|k dh vkykspuk djds fo}ku vkSj cqf¼eku yksx vkt Hkh eqX/ gksrs gSa] ftlus lfn;ksa bl i`Foh ij v[k.M 'kklu djds lH;rk vkSj euq";Ro dk çpkj fd;k] og tkfr D;k ihNs gVk nsus vkSj èkwy esa feyk nsus ;ksX; gSA**17 xqIrth ds ;s 'kCn muds ns'kçse ,oa tkrh;&vfHkeku ds ifjpk;d gSaA dtZu tc vius tkrh; voxq.kksa dk ifjR;kx ugha dj lds vkSj mYVs Hkkjrh;ksa dh ;ksX;rk vkSj cqf¼eÙkk ij lUnsg dh n`f"V ls ns[kus yxs rc xqIrth mUgsa pqukSrh nsrs gq, fy[kk&^^vki ijh{kk dj nsf[k, fd Hkkjroklh lpeqp mu Åaps&ls&Åaps dkekas dks dj ldrs gSa ;k ugha] ftudks vkids ltkrh; dj ldrs gSa\ Je esa] cqf¼ esa] fo|k esa] dke esa] oDr`rk esa] lfg".kqrk esa] fdlh Hkh dke esa bl ns'k ds fuoklh lalkj ds fdlh Hkh tkfr ds vknfe;ksa ls ihNs jgus okys ugha gSA**18 mUgksaus dtZu ds dk;ks± ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, fy[kk fd&^^ykMZ fyVu us çsl&,DV cukdj nslh v[kckjksa dh xnZu ukih Fkh] ykMZ dtZu us ljdkjh [kcjksa dks xqIr j[kus dk dkuwu cukdj v[kckjksa ds gkFk&iSj dkV fn,A ykMZ fyVu us gfFk;kjksa dks Nhu ysus dk dkuwu cukdj bl ns'k ds iq#"kksa dks fL=k;ksa ds rqY; cuk fn;kA ykMZ dtZu us dye dks Hkh gfFk;kj le>kA blls ;wfuoflZVh ,DV cuk;kA ftlls vkils vki yksaxkas ds gkFkksa ls dye NwV iM+sxhA**19 ykMZ dtZu ds bu dk;ks± ds fo"k; esa tuer dh vfHkO;atuk xqIrth ds 'kCnksa esa gks tkrh gSA ik¡poas fpV~Bs ^vk'kk dk var* esa Hkkjrh; tyok;q dk çHkko fn[kkrs gq, ;g crk;k x;k gS fd tks Hkh ckgj ls vPNs fopkj ysdj Hkkjr esa dk;Z djus vkrk gS] ;gka vkdj Hkkjrh; ued dk çHkko iM+rs gh oks ns'kfgr&fojksèkh dk;Z djus yxrk gSA dtZu ij iM+s Hkkjrh; tyok;q ds çHkko dk mYys[k djrs gq, xqIrth ,d&nks ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu djrs gSaμ^^dydÙks esa inkiZ.k djrs 76 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

gh vkius ;gka ds E;qfufliy dkWjiksjs'ku dh Lok/hurk dh lekfIr dhA tc ;g çHkko dqN vkSj c<+k] rks vdky&ihfM+rksa dh lgk;rk djrs le; vkidh le> esa vkus yxk fd bl ns'k ds fdrus gh vHkkxs lpeqp vHkkxs ugha] oju~ vPNh etnwjh ds ykyp esa tcjnLrh vdky ihfM+rksa esa feydj n;kyq ljdkj dks gSjku djrs gSaA blls etnwjh dM+h dh xbZA ----blh çdkj tc çHkko rst gqvk] rks vkius vdky dh rjiQ ls vka[kksa ij iV~Vh cka/dj fnYyh&njckj fd;kA var dks xr o"kZ vkius ;g Hkh lkiQ dg fn;k fd cgqr ls ,sls gaS] ftudks iSnkb'kh rkSj ls vaxzst gh ikus ds ;ksX; gSA**20 LokFkZ] tkrh;rk vkSj lkEçnkf;drkoknh uhfr dk blls vfèkd lqUnj mnkgj.k vU;=k feyuk laHko ugha gSA Hkkjr dks neu vkSj vR;kpkj ds cy ij ijk/hu j[kus okys rFkk viuh Lok/hurk ds mikld vaxzst lkezkT;okfn;ksa dks yydkjrs gq, xqIrth us fy[kk Fkk&^^Hkkjroklh vius ns'k eas Lokèkhu u jg ldsa vkSj Lok/hurk ds vf/dkj u çkIr djs ;g D;ksa\-----D;k Lok/hurk bldk uke gS fd vius fy, Lokèkhurk ilUn dh tk, vkSj nwljksa ds fy, xqykeh\ ;g rks Lokèkhurk ugha ladh.kZrk vkSj LokFkZijrk gSA**21 NBk fpV~Bk ^,d nqjk'kk* dk mís'; Hkkjrh;ksa dh ml Hkkouk dk mUewyu djuk gS] tks ;g le>rs Fks fd oSèkkfud lq/kjksa rFkk 'kkafriw.kZ lk/uksa }kjk Hkkjr dks vaxzstksa ls Lok/hurk fey tk,xh vkSj mudh nklrk dh Ük`a[kyk fofPNUu gks tk,xhA lkrosa fpV~Bs ^fonkbZ laHkk"k.k* esa Hkkjrh;ksa ds ,d fof'k"V xq.k vkSj vaxzstksa dh d`r?urk dk vPNk çdk'ku fd;k x;k gSA vkBosa fpV~Bs ^cax&foPNsn* esa dtZu ds >wB] vkReç'kalk vkSj vekU;rk ij djkjh pksV dh xbZ gSA cax&foHkktu dh lEiw.kZ ;kstuk dks rqxydh [k;ky] [kkyh [;kyh yM+kbZ vkSj cqycqy mM+kus dk [ksy crkrs gq, vkius fy[kk Fkk&^^lc T;kas dk R;ksa gSA caxns'k dh Hkwfe tgk¡ Fkh] ogha gS vkSj mldk gj ,d uxj vkSj xk¡o tgk¡ Fkk] ogha gSA dydÙkk mBkdj psjkiw¡th ds igkM+ ij ugha j[k fn;k x;k vkSj f'kykax mM+dj gqxyh ds iqy ij ugha vk cSBkA ---fdlh ckr esa dksbZ iQdZ ugha iM+kA [kkyh [;kyh yM+kbZ gSA**22 Li"V gS dtZu ds Hkkjr&fojks/h dk;ks± dks xqIrth us fdruh fueZerk ds lkFk vkykspuk dh gSA vr% bu Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

fpV~Bksa dk viuk ,sfrgkfld egÙo gSA cdkSy MkW uRFkuflag] ^^fu%langs ;s fpVBs ys[kd dh jktuhfrd&psruk] ns'kçse fuHkZ;rk] vkRe&R;kx] LokfHkeku] okDiVqrk] ifjJe'khyrk vkSj gkL;&fç;rk ds vR;qÙke fun'kZu gSA**23 f'ko'kaHkq ds ;s fpV~Bs mPpdksfV dh fopkj'khyrk]

mRdV ns'kçse] vHkwriwoZ ,sfrgkfld Kku] ij&nq[k&dkrjrk] fuHkhZdrk vkSj xqIrth ds vkRe&cfynku dh Hkkouk ds |ksrd gSA 'kks/ Nk=k] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh

lUnHkZ&lwph 1- fot;sUæ Lukrd] f'ko'kaHkq ds fpV~B]s Hkwfedk] i`"B&5 2- xq # eq [ k fugky fla g ] yS a M ekdZ bu ba f M;u dkWfULV~V;w'kuy ,aM us'kuy MsoyksiesUV] Hkkx 1] 1600&1919] i`"B&68 3- vkj-,l- etwenkj vkfn] ,u ,Mokal fgLVªh vko bafM;k] Hkkx&3]i`"B&768 4- bZ'ojh çlkn vkfn] , fgLVªh vko ekWMuZ bafM;k] 1740&1950] i`"B&229 5- t;pan fo|kyadkj] bfrgkl ços'k] i`"B&700 6- ogh--ogh--]i`"B&772 7- vkj-,l- etwenkj vkfn] ,u ,Mokal fgLVªh vko bf.M;k] Hkkx&3] i`"B&810 8- Jhus=k ikaMs] Hkkjr dk c`gn bfrgkl dh :ijs[kk] i`"B&10 9- Jhjke'kekZ] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh :ijs[kk] f}rh; Hkkx] 1526 bZLoh ls orZeku dky rd] i`"B&358 10- MkW- uRFkuflag] ckyeqdqan xqIr % thou vkSj lkfgR;] i`"B&280

11- ckyeqdqan xqIr] f'ko'kaHkq ds fpV~Bs] cuke ykMZ dtZu] i`"B&8 12- ogh] i`"B&7 13- ogh] i`"B&10 14- ckyeqdqan xqIr] f'ko'kaHkq ds fpV~Bs] Jheku dk Lokxr] i`"B&14 15- ckyeqdqan xqIr] okbljk; dk drZO;] i`"B&17 16- ogh] i`"B&21 17- ckyeqdnaq xqIr] f'ko'kaHkq ds fpV~B]s ihNs er iQsfa d;s] i`"B&27 18- ogh] i`"B&27 19- Hkkjrfe=k] ykMZ dtZu vkSj fyVu] lu 1904 bZLoh 20- ckyeqdqan xqIr] f'ko'kaHkq ds fpV~Bs] vk'kk dk var] i`"B&32 21- Hkkjrfe=k] xhnM+ Hkcdh] lu 1907 bZLoh 22- ckyeqdqan xqIr] f'ko'kaHkq ds fpV~Bs] cax foPNsn] i`"B&55 23- MkW- uRFkuflag] ckyeqdqan xqIr % thou vkSj lkfgR;] i`"B&308

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 77

'kksèk&i=k

ukjh lekt dk iqutkZxj.k dh t:jr MkW- iq"ikatfy

oS

fnd dky dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA oSfnd iwod Z ky 2000 B.C. & 1000 B.C. rFkk i'pdky 1000 B.C. & 600 B.C. efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd] 'kS{kf.kd] jktuhfrd {ks=k esa vDlj iq#"kksa ls derj u FkhA iq#"k&efgyk esa fyax ds vk/kj ij dksbZ foHksn ugha fd;k tkrk FkkA ;gk¡ rd dh ml iwoZ oSfnd dky esa csVh ds tUe dh vk'kk dh tkrh FkhA ml dky esa thou dh Lora=krk ds vk/kj ij vkSjrksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk Fkk& (i) cãokfnuh & blesa oks efgyk,a vkrh Fkha ftUgsa 'kknh] x`gLFk thou dh vis{kk Kku vtZu ,oa izlkj dks thou dk y{; Lohdkj djrh FkhaA ,slh efgyk,a vkthou vfookfgr jgdj Kku izlkj fd;k djrh FkhaA mnkgj.kkFkZ& ?kks"kk] vikyk] fo'ojkA lHkh us ½Xosn esa dksbZ u dksbZ lwDr fy[kk gSA (ii) lR;okfnuh & oks efgyk,a tks x`gLFk thou ds lkFk&lkFk izlkj djrh FkhaA blesa xkxhZ] eS=kh] izrhFk;h] yksieqnzk bR;kfn gSaA xkxhZ us gh ;kKoyD; dks 'kkL=kkFkZ esa gjk;k FkkA ijUrq /hjs&/hjs le; chrus ds lkFk i'p&oSfnd dky 1000 B.C. - 600 B.C. esa osn dh dbZ jpukvksa ds lwDrksa dks efgyk fojks/h ½f"k;ksa us cny MkykA tgka&tgka vkSjrksa dh lekurk] vf/dkj] Lora=krk dh ckr fy[kh x;h Fkh] mu lwfDr;ksa dks foijhr
bls cnydj fy[k fn;k x;k & bZ'oj us vkSjr dh jpuk ;kSu lq[k izkIr djus ds fy, cuk;k gSA ;tqZosn 16%44 & ^^ukjh ,d 'kfDr gS] bls ;q¼ esa Hkkx ysuk] bldk vf/dkj gSA** bls cnydj fy[k fn;k x;k & ukjh dk vius ifr dh lsok] Hkkstu cukuk ,oa ifr dks [kq'k j[kuk dÙkZO; gSA ftl rjg dqjku esa ukjh fojks/h fu;e /eZ etgc ds Bsdsnkjksa us cny Mkys] Bhd mlh izdkj dh udjkRed] fl¼kar osn ds lwDr ds :i esa jp fn, x,A tgk¡ euq us ukjh Lora=krk dh ckr dh ogha ml okD; dks cnydj ukjh ijra=krk dh ckr fy[kdj lekt esa izlkfjr fd;k x;kA mnkgj.kkFkZ ukjh dks ckY;koLFkk esa firk] ;qokoLFkk esa ifr ,oa o`¼koLFkk esa iq=k ds 'kj.kkFkZ jguk pkfg,A ukjh dks Lora=k] vkRefuHkZj jgus dk vf/dkj ugha gSA blh otg ls] tgka ,d le; Fkk tc Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh thou'kSyh] thou&ewY; mPp FksA efgykvksa dks jktnjckj esa cSBus] fopkj j[kus] osn&xzFa kksa dks i<+u&s i<+kus viuh bPNkuqlkj fookg djus ds lkFk&lkFk oks lkjs vf/dkj izkIr Fks tks ,d iq#"k dks FksA ogha vkt ds le; esa vkSjr gksuk xoZ ugha] xqukg dk ,glkl fnyk;k tkrk gSA detksj] vlgk;] nks;e ntsZ dk le rel="nofollow">k tkrk gSA gj dne ij vieku] vlqj{kk] le>kSrk] ijra=krk] HksnHkkoA njvly ,slh fLFkfr vpkud ls ugha cuhA blds ihNs lfn;ksa dk vkSjrksa ds f[kykiQ neudkjh nq"pØ] cscqfu;kn] [kks[kys rFkk }S"k ls izsfjr gksdj cuk;s x;s oks fu;e gSa tks cM+s insZ ij xyr yksxksa ds cSB tkus ds dkj.k cuha rFkk bls lekt fcuk lksps&le>s vey esa ykrk x;kA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

bl rjg 'keZ&g;k ds insZ esa jgusokyh vkSjrksa dks pfj=koku ,oa vf/dkj] Lora=krk] dk;Z{ks=k esa ;ksxnku nsusokyh vkSjrksa dks pfj=kghu ekuus dh lkekftd jhfr cu x;hA ijarq le; us iqu% djoV fy;k vkSj lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds f[kykiQ dbZ egku lektlsod lkeus vk;sA foosdkuan] T;ksfrck iQwys] n;kuan ljLorh] enj Vsjslk] dbZ O;fDrRo lkeus vk;s vkSj varr% ukjh lekurk dks izkFkfedrk feyus yxhA ijarq vkt Hkh Hkzw.k gR;k] ngst izFkk] ngst gR;k] cky&fookg] ukjh fgalk] cykRdkj] ;kSu 'kks"k.k] ukjh dks oLrq ek=k le>uk] foykflrk dk i;kZ; le>uk] ukjh Lora=krk ij dVk{k tSlh leL;k;sa ;FkkfLFkfr cuh gqbZ gSaA dgus dks rks ge vkt vk/qfud Hkkjr ;qx esa th jgs gSa] tgka cM+s&cM+s dk;ZØeksa esa ukjh Lora=krk&vf/dkj dh ckr dh tkrh gS ijarq vHkh Hkh ukjh dks vius vfLrRo dks thus ds fy, tkus fdrus dVk{k lquus iM+rs gSaA ukjh vf/dkj ,oa Lora=krk dh ckr lHkh djsaxs exj tc viuh csVh] iRuh] cgu] cgq dks Lora=krk&lekurk nsus dh ckr vkrh gS rks 99» (fuukuos izfr'kr) iq#"k oxZ vius dne ihNs dj ysrs gSaA buds dFkuh&djuh esa tehu vkleku dk varj fcYdqy Li"V fn[k iM+rk gSA ukjh dks Lora=k rks dgk tkrk gS ijarq muds ikao esa gtkjksa cukoVh bTtr ds uke ij csfM+;ka Mky nh tkrh gSa_ mM+us dk vf/dkj rks fn;k tkrk gS ijarq nksuksa ia[k drj fn, tkrs gSa_ lius ns[kus dk vf/dkj rks fn;k tkrk gS ijarq iwjs djus ds volj ugha fn, tkrsA fiQj dSlk vkèkqfud Hkkjr\ tgka ukjh ek¡] cgu] cgq] csVh rks gS exj ukjh gh ugha gSA ,d ukjh dks ukjh gksus ds vf/dkj ls oafpr dj] LokFkZo'k lekt ml ij fofHkUu laca/ksa dk pksyk igukrk gks] mls lH;&vk/qfud lekt dSls ekuk tk ldrk gS\ csVh MkDVj cus exj i<+us ds fy, ckgj uk tk;s] csVh uke dek;s] exj lekt ds chp uk tk;sA csVh lkglh cus exj vkRefuHkZj u cusa] D;k ;g laHko gS\ D;k ,slh vk'kk j[kuk csrqdkiu lk izrhr ugha gksrk\ Hkkjr esa yxHkx 80» ekrk&firk vkt ds le; esa
(2i) dqN ekrk&firk viuh csVh dks blfy, ugha

i<+krs fd mls vius iSjksa ij [kM+k gksuk gS vFkok viuk Hkfo"; cukuk gS cfYd blfy, i<+krs gSa mudk Lo;a dk uke gks] vge dh iqf"V gksA (2ii) dqN ek¡&cki csVh dks fliQZ blfy, fMxzh fnyokrs gaS rkfd 'kknh gks ik;sA mUgsa csVh dh Hkfo"; dk ugha] mldh bPNkvksa&ykylkvksa dh ugha] cfYd 'kknh dh fiQØ gksrh gSA (2ii) dqN ek¡&cki viuh csVh dks i<+krs gaS rkfd lekt mudk etkd uk cuk;s fd mldh csVh i<+h&fy[kh ugha gSA ,sls gh dbZ dkj.k gaS tks ;g ckr lkeus ykrh gS fd csfV;ksa dks f'kf{kr djuk csfV;ksa ds Hkfo"; dks lqjf{kr djus ds fy, ugha cfYd lkekftd ncko] eku&e;kZnk ,oa naHk dh LokFkZiwfrZ ds fy, gks jgh gSA vc ge ckr djrs gaS fd D;ksa vktdy cykRdkj] NsM+[kkjh] ukjh mRihM+u] ?kjsyw fgalk] ,flM vVSd ds ekeys c<+ jgs gSaA blds dbZ lkjs dkj.k gSa] ftls uhps lHkh ekeyksa ij izdk'k Mkyk tk jgk gSA (3i) ek¡&firk@ifjokj }kjk Hksniw.kZ cPpksa dk ikyu iks"k.k %& (d) dbZ ?kjksa esa csVh dh vis{kk csVksa dks T;knk Lora=krk] I;kj fn;k tkrk gSA ek¡&cki csVksa dks [kqyh NwV ns nsrs gSaA ?kj ls tc ethZ rc fudyus dh tcfd csfV;ksa ds ikao esa le; dh ikcanh dk tathj cka/ fn;k tkrk gSA csfV;ksa dk nksLrksa ds lkFk ikVhZ esa tkuk] nsj jkr dks ukSdjh ij eukgh gksrh gS tcfd csVksa ds fy, dqN Hkh lykg ughaA ;g lc ns[k csVksa esa ;g le> curh tkrh gS fd csfV;k¡ vFkok efgykvksa dks Lor=kark ugha gS viuh ethZ ls dgha vkus&tkus dhA vxj dksbZ ,slk djrh gS rks xyr gSA ,slh ekufldrk rS;kj gksus dh otg ls tc fdlh yM+dh dks ?kqers ns[krk gS rks iQfCr;k¡ djrk gS] HkhM+ dk iQk;nk mBkdj 'kkjhfjd NsM+[kkuh rFkk jkr esa cykRdkj dk t?kU; vijk/ djus ls Hkh ugha fgpdrkA ([k) ;g vDlj ns[kk tkrk gS fd ek¡ csfV;ksa dks lh[k ns jgh gksrh gS fd fdlh ls g¡ldj ckr ugha djuk pkfg,] nksLrksa ds lkFk dgha ?kweuk ;k [kkuk ugha pkfg,A okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 79

tc csVk ek¡ }kjk cgu dks ,slh lh[k nsrs lqurk gS rks mlds ekufld iVy ij ;g ckr Ni tkrh gS fd ;fn dksbZ yM+dh mlls ckr djsa] pkgs fdlh eqís ij gh D;ksa u lgh] ;k ?kwerh gS rks og yM+dh laLdkjghu gSA og ;g Hkwy tkrk gS fd yM+dk gks ;k yM+dh nksuksa gh lkekftd izk.kh gSaA g¡luk] cksyuk] pyuk lkekftd xfrfof/ dk ,d Hkkx gS uk fd laLdkj dk rjktwA (x) ekrk&firk }kjk cPpksa dks leku vf/dkj] lEeku dh lh[k u nsuk Hkh ,d cM+h otg gS ukjh leL;k mRiUu djus esa! csfV;ksa dks cpiu ls gh ?kj dk lkjk dke djok;k tkrk gS] fliQZ bl cgkus fd rqEgsa ,d&fnu llqjky tkuk gSA ekrk,a Lo;a ek¡ dk iQ”kZ vnk uk dj csfV;ksa dk cpiu Nhu mUgsa gh ek¡ dk ntkZ cuk nsrh gSA ,sls esa csVksa ij ;g vlj iM+rk gS fd vkSjrsa ?kj ds dkeksa ,oa pgkjnhokjh rd gh lhfer gksuh pkfg,A iQyLo:i mUgsa dkedkth efgyk,a vFkok jkr esa tk jgh efgykvksa ds izfr udkjkRed Hkkouk tkxrh gSA (?k) dbZ ?kjksa esa ;gka rd gksrk gS fd csfV;ksa dks i<+kbZ ?kj dk dke djus ds lkFk&lkFk vius Hkkb;ksa ds diM+s lkiQ djus gksrs gSa] [kkuk nsuk gksrk gS bR;kfnA ftlls csVksa esa [kqn dks yM+fd;ksa ls Åaps ntsZ dk gksus dk naHk iSnk gksus yxrk gSA iQyLo:i tc dksbZ yM+dh NsM+[kkuh dk fojks/ djrh gS rks bls yM+ds viuk vieku le> ysrs gSaA vr% ;fn ek¡ csVk&csVh dks cjkcjh dk gd ns rks ,slh ekufldrk cusxh gh ugha vkSj uk gh ,flM vVsd ds ekeys lkeus vk,axsA (Ä) vf/dka'k ?kjksa esa ek¡ csVs dks fxykl Hkj&Hkj dj nw/ fiykrh gS vkSj csVh dks ,d di nw/ Hkh vius gkFkksa ls nsuk xokjk ugha le>rhA ;fn csVk] csVh ds dkeksa esa enn djs rks mls euk dj fn;k tkrk gS] ekuksa csVh mldh csVh ugha] ukSdkjkuh gksA ,slh eukso`fÙk cuk yh tkrh gS fd csfV;ksa us ?kj dk lkjk cks> mBkus ds fy, gh tUe fy;k gS] mudk viuk dksbZ O;fDrxr vfLrRo gh ugha gS! (3ii) lekt }kjk Hksniw.kZ O;ogkj %& lekt esa vf/drj oSls iq#"kksa ,oa efgykvksa dh la[;k gS tks ^ukjh* dks ukjh ds :i esa ugha cfYd laca/ksa ds edM+tky dk :i ekurs gSaA rqe esjh iRuh gks blfy, ;gka er 80 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

tkvks] ogka er tkvks! rqe esjh cgq gks ,slk er iguks&oSlk er iguksA rqe esjh cgu gks ;s er djks] rqe esjh csVh gks esjh ckr ekuksA dksbZ ;s lksprk gh ugha fd og [kqn Hkh dqN gSA lekt us iq#"kksa dks vktkn thou ,oa L=kh ds fy, pgkjnhokjh Js"B cryk;kA D;k ;g mfpr gS\ vxj dqN vktknh nh Hkh rks mlesa brus ikcafn;ksa ds lkFk fd ,glkl gh ugha gksrk fd ;g vktknh gS! mnkgj.kLo:i ukjh dks jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysus dk vf/dkj fn;k x;kA bl vk/kj ij ;fn dksbZ vkSjr eqf[k;k curh gS] rks mlds vius vFkok ifr mls ;g dgdj Lo;a dk;Z laHkkyrk gS fd rqe ugha dj ldksxhA ijarq ;fn og Lo;a dke djuk izkjaHk djrh gS rks mlds pfj=k ij gh viuksa rFkk lekt }kjk maxfy;k¡ mBus yxrh gSaA D;k ;g nks;e ntsZ dh lksp ugha gS\ D;k ;g iq#"kksa dk Nykokek=k ugha gS fd mlus viuh iRuh dks lekurk nh gSA iwoZ jk"Vªifr ,-ih- vCnqy dyke th dk dguk Fkk fd yM+dk vkSj yM+dh vFkok csVk vkSj csVh nksuksa ml i{kh ds ia[kksa dh rjg gSa ftudk fodkl ,dlkFk&,d leku gksuh pkfg,A rHkh i{kh mM+ ldrk gS vFkkZr ns'k fodkl dj ldrk gSA1 bls ;FkkZFk esa rCnhy djus ds fy, ?kj esa ekrk&firk }kjk lpsrrk ,oa fu"i{krkiwoZd cPpksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k djuk t:jh gSA lekt dh fod`r n`f"Vdks.k dks le; ds lkFk cnyus dh t:jr gS! lH; lekt dks jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/h us cM+s gh mfpr ifjn`'; esa ifjHkkftr fd;k gS&^^lH; lekt mls gh dgk tk ldrk gS] tgka dh vkSjrsa fcuk Mj&Hk; ds vkèkh jkr dks ohjku lM+d ij py ldsA**2 ckiw ds le; lH; lekt dk liuk rHkh lkdkj gks ldrk gS tc dkuwu esa la'kks/u ykdj dM+s dkuwu dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk,A ukjh dk izR;sd {ks=k esa iq#"kksa ds leku la[;k esa ;ksxnku dks c<+kok fn;k tk,A pkgs og f'{kk dk {ks=k gks vFkok [ksy dkA ukjh dks vkRefuHkZj cukus ds lkFk&lkFk lkglh cukus dh igy uk dsoy ljdkj cfYd lekt] ifjokj }kjk Hkh gksuh pkfg,A u;s&u;s rduhd] ,Il ukjh&lqj{kk ls lacaf/r btkn djus pkfg,A ;fn dksbZ iRuh csVk tUe ugha nsrh rks mls ?kj ls fudky fn;k tk jgk gS] ekufld izrkM+uk nh tkrh gS] Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

vFkok rykd ns fn;k tkrk gSA3 tcfd foKku ;g fl¼ dj pqdk gS fd fyax fu/kZj.k esa efgyk ugha] iq#"k Øksekstkse ftEesnkj gksrk gSA fiQj L=kh dks naM D;ksa\ dbZ ek¡&cki csVk fliQZ blfy, pkgrs gaS rkfd mudk oa'k vkxs c<+sA4 D;k oa'k fliQZ csVs gh c<+k ldrs gSa\ csfV;ksa ds jaxksa esa mlds ek¡&cki dk gh [kwu gS fiQj mls ;g vf/dkj D;ksa ugha\ dqN dk rdZ gS csVk o`¼koLFkk dk lgkjk gksrk gSA5 ijarq ;g Hkwy tkrs gaS fd vkt ds le; esa csVk Hkh igys i<+us ds fy, vkSj fiQj ukSdjh ds fy, eka&firk ls nwj gh jgrk gSA lsok rks mldh cgq ;k csVh gh djrh gSA csVs rks ikl jgdj Hkh lsok ugha djrs] cgq gh lsok djrh gSA ,sls esa Hkzw.k gR;k D;ksa\ tc csfV;ka gh ugha jgsaxh rks fiQj lsok rks nwj dh ckr gS] lekt dk vfLrRo gh lekIr gks tk,xkA dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k jksd 1994 esa dkuwu ds :i esa ikfjr gqbZ] ngst ds fy, tykus lacaf/r 1860 /kjk 304&B ikfjr fd;k x;kA6 ijarq fiQj Hkh leL;k tSlh dh oSlh gh cuh gqbZ gSA blds fy, dM+s dkuwu ds

lkFk&lkFk] fod`r lksp dks cnyus dh t:jr gSA gekjk lafo/ku gj rjg ds HksnHkko dks [kRe dj] lekurk&Lora=krk dk vf/dkj nsrk gSA7 bldk /jkry ij ifj.kke ykus ds fy, dbZ igywvksa ij dk;Z djus dh t:jr gS! bls fiQYe ^fiad* dh vkstLoh dfork }kjk n'kkZuk pkgwaxh& ^^rw [kqn dh [kkst esa fudy] rw fdlfy, grk'k gSA rw py] rsjs otwn dh] le; dks Hkh ryk'k gSAA tks rq>ls fyiVh osnuk,a] le> uk budks vL=k rwA ;s osnuk,a fi?ky ds] cuk yks budks 'kkL=k rwAA pfj=k tc ifo=k gS] rks D;wa gS ;s n'kk rsjhA ;s ikfi;ksa dks gd ugha] dh ys ijh{kk rsjhAA tykdj HkLe dj mls] tks Øwjrk dk ty gSA rw vkjrh dh ykS ugha] rw Øks/ dh e'kky gSAA pwuj dks mM+k èot cuk] xxu Hkh daidaik,xkA vxj rsjh pquj fxjh rks ,d Hkwdai vk,xkAA rw [kqn dh [kkst esa fudy] rw fdlfy, grk'k gSAA ex/ fo'ofo|ky; cks/x;k] fcgkj

lanHkZ lwph 1- baVjusV 2- xwxy MkV dkWe 3- Appiah, kwame Anthony. 2016. "Wars Against

Modern India, Rawdt Publication. Larsen, Mattias, Neelamber Hattli and Parnille Gooch. International Interest, Uncertainity and Discrimination. (2006). The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961" Retrieved 24 Dec. 2016. Convention for the Elimination of All forms of Discrinination Against Women" United Nations, Retriecued 29 April 2014.

4.

Women", in The Honor Code: How Moral Resolutions Happen, New york : ww. Norton and Co. Chapter 4, pp. 137-172. Abc Sekhar, Tv: Neelambar Hattee (2010) unwanted Dauthers : Gender Discrimination in

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

5.

6. 7.

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 81

'kksèk&i=k

MkW- mfoZtk 'kekZ

fefFkys'oj ds dFkk lkfgR; dk lkaLd`frd ewY;kadu

ifjHkk"kk esa ekuo thou dh Hkwr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; dh fufèk lekfgr gS] ftlesa mlds ,oa iwoZtksa ds jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] èkkfeZd] oSKkfud] dyk lkSUn;Z cksèk vFkkZr leLr thouewY; izfrèofur gksrs gSaA fefFkys'oj ds dFkk&lkfgR; esa gesa lekt dk lgh niZ.k fn[krk gSA vr% muds dFkk&lkfgR; ds fu:i.k gsrq ge lkaLd`frd ewY;kadu dh xR;kRed iz.kkyh ysaxs ftlds vUrxZr lekt o lkfgR; dk lgh ewY;kadu gksxkA fefFkys'oj dk dFkk lkfgR; o lekt & orZeku dFkkdkjksa esa LoukeèkU; fefFkys'oj ,d ,sls dFkkdkj gS] ftUgksaus fcgkj ds xzkeh.k lekt dh jx&jx dks igpkuk gS ,oa lgt 'kSyh esa mls izLrqr fd;k gSA mUgksaus u dsoy xzkeh.k lekt esa O;kIr lekt esa O;kIr dqjhfr;ksa] dqiFz kkvksa ] eku&vieku] vigj.k&gR;k] cykRdkj] pksjh] MdSrh dk fu}ZU} fp=k.k fd;k gS oju~ 'kgj thou dh d`f=kerk feF;k vkpj.k] Hkz"Vkpkj] laons ughurk] LokFkZfyIlk dks Hkh Loj fn;k gSA ;gha dkj.k gS fd mUgksaus ikfjokfjd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] vkfFkZd] uSfrd lEcUèkksa o ekU;rkvksa lkaLd`frd fu:i.k dk vfHkizk; % laLd`fr 'kCn ds lkFk&lkFk jktuhfrd mBkiBd dks Hkh tk¡pk&ij[kk cgqr O;kid gS] ^lkfgR;* lekt dh lkaLd`frd èkjksgj gSA muds liQy dFkkdkj gksus dk izek.k ;g gS fd gS vkSj lkfgR;dkj lekt dh bdkbZA jpukdkj lkekftd jktuhfrd "kM~;a=kksa ds lkFk&lkFk] ikfjokfjd lEcUèkksa] ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls vuqHkwfr xzg.k dj dkO;&l`tu djrk gS vlkekftd fØ;kdykiksa] oa'kokn] ehfM;k dh lgHkkfxrk mlds dkO; esa orZeku ds lkFk Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; dk ds fp=k.k esa Hkh os liQy jgsA ukjh 'kks"k.k] nfyr psruk bfrgkl izfrHkkf"kr gksrk gSA lekt lkfgR;dkj dh psruk ds lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd ykpkjh Hkh muds lkfgR; esa dks tkxzr djrk gS vkSj bl izdkj lkfgR; vkSj lekt fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA dh thou ;k=kk ,d nwljs ij vkfJr gSA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr lkekftd] jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk dks le;≤ ij èkkfeZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd ,oa fp=k.k fefFkys'oj ds lkfgR; esa lkekftd leL;kvksa ds vkfFkZd ifjorZuksa us izHkkfor fd;kA laLd`fr dh O;kid lh Hkh lekt dk fp=k ;fn ns[kuk gks rks ml le; ds lkfgR; dk fo'ys"k.k djuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA lkfgR; fdruk izHkkoh gS bldk fu.kZ; ml lkfgR; dk lkaLd`frd fu:i.k djus ls gksrk gSA fefFkys'oj ,d ,sls dFkkdkj gSa] ftUgksaus vius lkfgR; dks lekt dk Loj cuk fn;kA muds dFkk lkfgR; dk lakLd`frd fu:i.k fo'ks"kdj muds lkfgR; esa fpf=kr leL;kvksa dks geus izLrqr 'kksèki=k dk fo"k; cuk;k gSA fo"k; dk mís'; 1- izLrqr 'kksèki=k ds ekè;e ls ge fefFkys'oj ds dFkk&lkfgR; dks tku ldsaxsA 2- fefFkys'oj ds dFkk lkfgR; esa fpf=kr izeq[k leL;kvksa ij izdk'k Mky ldsaxsA 3- fefFkys'oj ds dFkk&lkfgR; ij lekt ds iM+us okys izHkko dks le> ldsaxsA 4- laLd`fr] lekt o lkfgR; ds ijLij lEcUèk dks le>us dk iz;kl djsaxsA

fd

82 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd leL;k;sa tks lekt o laLd`fr ds fy, fn'kk ifjorZd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS] dk Ik;kZIr fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA rRdkyhu lekt o jktuhfr dks tkuus ds fy, vko';d gS fd rRdkyhu dqjhfr;ksa vaèkfo'oklksa o leL;kvksa dks tkuk tk;sA tkfrokn Hkkjrh; lekt vusd tkfr;ksa dk lfEefyr :i gSA blesa mPp vkSj fuEu lHkh tkfr;ksa dk lekos'k feyrk gSA fefFkys'oj dk ekuuk gS fd ^^tkfrxr vlekurk vkSj mis{kk gekjs lekt dh ,d cM+h leL;k jgh gSA ysfdu lÙkk ds d.kZèkkjksa us gekjh bl leL;k dks lqy>kus vkSj lekèkku <w¡<us dh vis{kk bls vkSj xgjk fn;k gSA vc tkfr ds uke ij pquko thrs tkrs gSaA tkfr dh lsuk;sa cuus yxh gSaA tkfr iwNdj gR;k;sa dh tk jgh gSaA eSa fcgkj dh ftl tehu ls vkrk gw¡ ogk¡ ,sls dbZ tkfrxr cM+s ujlagkj gq,] ftlus iwjh ekuork dks ngyk fn;k gSA** fefFkys'oj ds ^;g vUr ugha* miU;kl esa tkfrokn dk [kqyk fp=k.k gqvk gSA ^^[koklMhg xk¡o esa cM+Vksyh vkSj dgkj Vksyh nks Vksfy;k¡ gSaA bl cM+s xkao dh vkcknh dk ,d cM+k fgLlk tkfr fo'ks"k ds yksxksa ;kfu tehankjksa ls f?kjk gS vkSj vYila[;d dgkj&Vksyh ds lkr vkB ?kj] ftuesa ukbZ] èkksch] c<+bZ rFkk dqEgkj vkfn gSa] tehankjksa ds cfugkj&pjokg cudj mudh lsok djrs gSaA yyu dgkj ds eqf[k;k curs gh dgkj Vksyh esa tku vk x;hA vc os vius vfèkdkjksa ds izfr lpsr gks mBsaA ij cM+Vksyh ds yksxksa ds fy;s rks os iufivkM Hkj FksA ftl fnu cM+Vksyh ds yksx m[kM+dj VwV iM+s] mlh fnu o xk¡o ds uD'ks ls dgkjVksyh dk uke gh feV tk;saA og mUgsa cckZn rks vius fy;s ugha djrs gSa fd dgj Vksyh ls gh mUgsa cfugkj&pjokg izkIr gksrs gSaA viuh lsok ds fy;s gh rks mUgksaus mUgsa clk;k gSA dgkjVksyh dh fL=k;ksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds lkFk cnlywdh vkSj cykRdkj vkfn dh ?kVuk,¡ izk;% gksrh jgrh gSaA ujksÙke dgkj dh csVh pqfu;k ds lkFk tc ,slk djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k rks u dsoy pqfu;k us eq¡grksM+ tokc fn;k oju~ ujksÙke us Fkkus esa fjiksVZ Hkh ntZ djk;hA ^^la;ksx vPNk FkkA nks fnu igys gh iqjkus njksxk dh txg ,d u;k njksxk vk x;k Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

FkkA ;g u;k njksxk ujksÙke tSls yksxksa ds oxZ ls gh vk;k Fkk] blfy;s ujksÙke ds dsl esa mlus iwjh #fp yh rFkk viuk Hkjiwj lg;ksx nsus dk vk'oklu ns dsl ntZ dj fy;kA** nwljs i{k ds yksx mlds ikl #i;s ysdj igq¡ps ijUrq mlus csjgeh ls #i;s >Vd fn;sA nwljh vksj tks[ku uked uo;qod us ujksÙke dk iwjh rjg lkFk fn;k vkSj ,d volj ij ujksÙke ds csVs cqarq dh tku Hkh cpkbZA bl lcls izHkkfor gks ujksÙke viuh csVh pqfu;k dh 'kknh tks[ku ls djus dks rS;kj gks x;k ijUrq yksxksa us mlls dguk 'kq: dj fn;k] ^^vly dgkj ugha gS tks[ku] devly gSA mldk cki dgkj t:j Fkk] ij mldh ekbZ rks jtokfju FkhA** tkfr ds vkèkkj ij tks[ku dks udkjus dk fopkj ujksÙke us lksp fy;k] ^^tkfr vkSj oa'k rks cki ls pyrk gSA vius xk¡o vkSj xokj esa tks[ku dgkj ds :i esa izfl¼ gS] jtokj ds #i esa ughaA** vr% og ;g 'kknh djds jgsxkA 'kknh ds ckn pqfu;k tks[ku ds lkFk igys mlds ?kj igkM+iqj esa jgh vkSj ckn esa j?kqukFkiqj esaA j?kqukFkiqj dh fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds eè; dk;LFk tkfr dh i`Fkd~rk dqN nwljs
,d vkneh cudj thuk pkgrs gSa tkfr cudj ugha] ijUrq lekt ds yksxksa us mUgsa oekZ ds :i esa ,d tkfr cudj thus ds fy;s foo'k fd;kA ukSdjh esa tkus ds ckn 'kq:&'kq: esa mUgksaus viuh tkfr fdlh dks ugha crk;hA yksx cjkcj bl nsg esa yxs jgs fd vkf[kj ^^;g oekZ VkbfVy dk vkneh fdl tkfr dk gS\ leL;k ;g Fkh fd dbZ tkfr;ksa ds yksx oekZ VkbZfVy j[krs gSaA [kqn oekZ th Hkkstiqj ftys ds ftl {ks=k ls vk;s Fks ogk¡ dk;LFk] Hkwfegj] c<+bZ vkfn tkfr;k¡ oekZ VkbZfVy j[krh gSA** fcuk tkfr tkus dh dksbZ Hkh mudh lgk;rk djus dks rS;kj u FkkA vr% tkfrokn ,d Hk;adj leL;k ds #i esa izdV gksrk gSA [kwuh la?k"kZ fefFkys'oj lekt dks mlds lgh :i esa iwjh lPpkbZ ds lkFk izLrqr djrs gSaA fefFkys'oj [kwuh la?k"kZ ds fo"k; esa Li"V fy[krs gSa & ^^esjk xk¡o izsepUn vkSj js.kq dk xk¡o ugha jg x;k FkkA og xk¡o rks ;q¼LFky cuk gqvk FkkA gkV&cktkj ls ykSVrs ;k [ksr&[kfygku esa lks;s yksxksa ds lj èkM+ ls vyx dkV fn;s tkrs FksA rel="nofollow">ksaiM+huqek ?kjksa esa vkx yxkdj lkewfgd uj&lagkj dks vatke ns fn;k tkrk FkkA** ^;q¼LFky* miU;kl esa Å¡ph&uhph nksuksa tkfr;ksa ds eè; [kwuh la?k"kZ fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS] ftlesa Å¡ph tkfr ds eqjkjh flag ds pkj vkneh ?kk;y gq,] tcfd pekjksa ds fliQZ nks vknfe;ksa dks gYdh pksVsa vk;haA [kkl ckr ;g gqbZ fd pekj Vksyh dh vksj ls pyh xksyh lhèks eqjkjh flaj ds cM+s csVs dks yx x;h] tks fxjrs gh ej x;kA ^;g vUr ugha* miU;kl esa gfjgjiqj xk¡o esa ekjs x;s fxu pkSèkjh vkSj NBq mikè;k; blh la?k"kZ ds ifj.kke gSaA ^ekVh dgs dqEgkj ls* miU;kl dk igyk [kwuh la?k"kZ dykorh dh e`R;q ds lkFk gh 'kq: gksrk gS rks nwljk equhyky vkSj mlds pkpk ds cPpksa ds lkFk vkthou pyrk jgrk gSA Pkksjh MdSrh Xkzkeh.k thou ds os liQy fprsjs gaS bl dkj.k xzkeh.k thou dh leL;k,a lgt gh fn[krh gaAS fefFkys'oj us gh lkèkkj.k pksjh dk rks dgha tcjnLr pksjh&MdSrh dk o.kZu fd;k gSA os crkrs gSa fd ^^o"kZ 1960 esa tc eSa NksVk Fkk vkSj ek¡ ds lkFk xk¡o esa jgrk Fkk] ,d jkr 84 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

gekjs ;gk¡ Hkh"k.k MdSrh gqbZ FkhA yqVsjs esjh ek¡ ds xgus] diM+s rFkk nhnh dh 'kknh ds fy;s ?kj esa lafpr #i;s] crZu] vukt vkfn lc ys x;s FksA mUgksaus ek¡ dh Nkrh esa nqcds ge NksVs cPpksa dks Hkkys dh uksad ls ?ksj j[kk Fkk vkSj èkedk;k Fkk fd vxj dksbZ vkokt dh rks muds Hkkys gekjs vkj&ikj gks tk;saxsA ml jkr firkth vkjk esa FksA tc os xk¡o vk;s rks ;g irk yxrs nsj ugha yxh fd MdSr ckgj ds ugha] xkao ds gh FksA** ys[kd ds eu dh ijs'kkuh ;g Fkh fd os u rks èkuoku Fks u gh fdlh ls mudh nq'euh FkhA fiQj ,slh ?kVuk muds lkFk D;ksa ?kVhA bldk mÙkj mUgksaus ^;g vUr ugha* miU;kl ds bUæklu JhokLro th ds ?kj esa iM+h MdSrh ds ekè;e ls fn;k gS D;ksafd ^^izfrdkj dh {kerk ls oafpr FksA** ^>qfu;k* miU;kl esa ^^ftl rjg gjuke ds ejus dh [kcj lqcg ds rM+ds gh iwjs xk¡o esa iQSy x;h Fkh mlh rjg vkt nwljh lqcg luluh dh rjg ;g [kcj Hkh iwjs xk¡o esa nkSM+ x;h fd jkr esa jk.kk cgknqj flag [kfygku ls xsgw¡ ds ipkl cksjs xk;c gks x;sA** ^;g vUr ugha* miU;kl esa bUæklu JhokLro ds igys cSy pksjh gksrs gSa] fiQj dq¡, Hkh ^^jgV* xk;c gks tkrh gSA bruk ugha] tc muds [ksrksa esa èkku dh iQly rS;kj gks x;h] rc èkku&pksj lfØ; gks x;sA ^mezdSn* dgkuh dk ljuk ujs'k if.Mr ds ?kj las?k ekjus ds fy;s cgqr fnuksa ls lksprk vk jgk gSA dbZ ckj fdlh u fdlh dke ds cgkus tkdj lc dqN ns[k vk;k gSA ,d fnu jkr esa py iM+k mlh vksj lsaèkekjh dj ?kj esa ?kqldj bRehuku ls eu gh eu ctjaxcyh dk uke ysdj cDlsa fudkyus yxrkA ^,d jkr ,dk,d* dgkuh esa f[kM+dh ds ikl lks jgs Fks fd vkØked eqæk esa nks rhu udkciks'k O;fDr;ksa us f[kM+dh dh lyk[kksa ls nks yEch cUnwdsa ?kqlkdj muds cnu ls lVk nhaA mUgksaus viuh csVh vpZuk dh 'kknh ds fy;s #i;s vkSj xgus tqVk j[ks FksA cUnwd dh vkokt lqurs gh eqgYys okys viuh&viuh [kqyh f[kM+fd;k¡ cUn djus yxsA v#.ks'k th dh iRuh us dqaft;k¡ yqVsjksa ds lkeus iQsadrs gq;s dgk fd ^^tks dqN gS] lc ml dejs esa gSaA gesa NksM+ nhft;s vkSj tks ys tkuk gks ys tkb;sA** blls Li"V gksrk gS fd pksjh&MdSrh xkao dk ;FkkFkZ gSA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

vigj.k&cykRdkj fefFkys'oj us vigj.k&cykRdkj ds Hkh vusd gJ mifLFkr fd;s gaAS ^;g vUr ugha* miU;kl esa igys bUæklu JhokLro th dh iRuh vkSj csVs ds vigj.k dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS rks ckn esa tks[ku dk vigj.k dj fy;k tkrk gSA ^ekVh dgs dqEgkj ls* miU;kl esa Hkh fjtoku ds csVs ijeksn dk vijg.k djds iSlksa dh ekax dh tkrh gSA blh izdkj ^lks nqfoèkk ikjl ugha tkur* dgkuh esa bUænso us pUæek lsB ds NksVs iq=k dk vigj.k djds fiQjkSrh ds :i esa yk[kksa #i;ksa dh ek¡x dh FkhA lsB th us #i;s u nsdj iqfyl dh lgk;rk yhA cl] yqVsjksa us muds iq=k dh gR;k dj nhA blds ckn ^^bUænso dkyst tkrh ,d lqUnj ;qorh dk eq¡g cUn dj vius lkfFk;ksa lfgr mls ysdj ykirk gks x;kA ml yM+dh ds ek¡ cki jksrs&NriVkrs vkSj mls [kkstrs jgs ysfdu mldk dgha irk u pykA ?kVuk ds vkBosa fnu jsyos ykbZu ds fdukjs ml yM+dh dh dVh gqbZ yk'k feyhA** ^,d jkr ,dk,d* dgkuh esa Hkh pksj yqVsjs ?kj dh dq¡ft;k¡ ys ysus ds ckn csVh vpZuk dh vksj ladsr djds ,dne cksy mBs& ^^bl NksdM+h dks NksM+dj rqe lc ml dejs esa pys tkvksA** ekrk&firk] HkkbZ&pkpk lc gDds&cDdsA lcus vpZuk dks vius chp esa ys fy;kA os 'kksgns viuh ek¡x ds izfr vkSj vkSj vfèkd Øwj gksrs tk jgs FksA& ^^bl Nksdjh dks rks ge ys gh ysaxs] rqe lcksa dk iksLVekVZe Hkh dj nsaxsA** ek¡ muds iSjksa iM+us yxh ij os 'kksgns vc tksj&tcjnLrh ij mrk# gksus yxsA rHkh ckgj njokts ij xkao ds yksx vk tqVsA muls Hk;Hkhr gks os 'kksgjs Hkkx x;sA bl izdkj vigj.k cykRdkj ds dfri; mnkgj.k izLrqr djds dFkkdkj us vekuoh;rk dk ladsr fd;k gSA vkrad fefFkys'oj dk ekuuk gS fd lekt esa dksbZ u dksbZ lewg] laxBu vFkok O;fDr ,slk vo'; gksrk gS] tks vius dk;ks± }kjk nwljksa dks izrkfM+r] nq%[kh vkSj Hk;Hkhr djrk jgrk gSA ^ekVh dgs dqEgkj ls* miU;kl esa iQsadu dh èkedh ls ifjokjtu vUnj gh vUnj ngy mBkA equhyky Hkh vfu"B dh vk'kadk ls dgus yxh] ^^ml xq.Ms dh ckr rqEgas xN ysuh pkfg;s FkhA vc Hkxoku Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

tkus Å dk djsaxs\ gekjk eu èkcM+k jgk gSA ,g xk¡o esa bZ foifÙk dgk¡ ls vk x;hA** ^lks nqfoèkk ikjl ufga tkur* dgkuh esa ^^yksx tkurs Fks fd bUænso viuh Øwjrk ds vkxs cPps] cw<s+ ;k L=kh fdlh dh Hkh ijokg ugha djrk gSA ysfdu mlds vkrad ls Hk;Hkhr yksx [kqydj mldh Øwjrk dk fojksèk Hkh ugha dj ikrs FksA** ^^xk¡o dk ?kj** dgkuh esa lpu yky tc 'kgj ls xk¡o igqa¡prk gS rks ns[krk gS fd mlds ?kj ij mny flag us viuk vkfèkiR; tek fy;k gSA ^^mnyflag xk¡o dk [kwa[kkj O;fDr] ftldh vkxs dks fudyh dBksj Nkrh] gkFk&ik¡o dh dlh gqbZ ek¡lisf'k;k¡ vkSj >cjs dqÙks dh rjg jks;sankj 'kjhjA** lcds eu esa Hk; iSnk djrkA ^'ks"k ftUnxh* dgkuh dh cw<+h L=kh ljuk bruh Hk;Hkhr gS fd ^^og dk¡ius yxrh gSA mlls [kM+k ugha jgk tkrk gS vcA èkM+ke ls foNkou ls vk fxjrh gSA** bl izdkj dFkkdkj us vkrad ds lkFk&lkFk mlds nq"ifj.kkeksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gSA 'kks"k.k Hkkjrh; lekt esa gksus okys 'kks"k.k dks dFkkdkj us nks #iksa esa fpf=kr fd;k gSA ,d ukSdjksa vkSj etnwjksa dk ekfydksa }kjk fd;s tkus okyk 'kks"k.k] nwljk&L=kh dk 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.kA ^,d vkSj gR;k* dgkuh dk ukSdj ekfyd }kjk nh x;h yEch iQsgfjr ysdj cktkj x;kA ykSVrs esa mls ikxy dqÙks us dkV fy;k ijUrq ck;sa ?kqVus ds uhps gks jgs jDr lzko vkSj uqp x;s ekal dh Hk;adj ihM+k dks Hkwyrs gq;s og tYnh&tYnh dne c<+krk vk jgk Fkk fd mls ,dk,d ^^vius ekfyd gjiky flag dh os reke Hkn~nh xkfy;k¡ ;kn vkus yxh Fkha] ftldh ihM+k bl ?kqVus dh ihM+k ls dbZ xquk T;knk FkhaA** ^cgknqj* dgkuh dk ukSdj ekfyd ls ugha] ekyfdu ls ijs'kku gS tks xUns tukus diM+s èkksus ds fy;s nsdj ijs'kku djrh gSA ^nsj rd* dgkuh dk jeqvk Hkh ekyfdu ls ijs'kku gSA dgus dks rks og egsUæ flag ds vkWfiQl esa pijklh gS] ij jkr&fnu muds ?kj esa gh [kVrk gSA ^es?kuk dk fu.kZ;* dgkuh dk es?kuk 'kgj esa etnwjh djus tkrk gSA mls fdruk nck;k lrk;k tkrk gSA mlds lkFk fdrus vR;kpkj&vukpkj gksrs gSa] ysfdu dHkh Hkh ckcw yksx mldh lgk;rk ugha djrsA vUr esa og vius gd ds okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 85

fy;s 'kgj esa yM+kbZ dj cSBrk gSA fL=k;ksa dk 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k ;gk¡ ekStwn gSA dgkfu;ksa es ^oSrj.kh HkkSth* ujs'k cgw ^Hkksj gksus ls igys* rFkk miU;klksa esa ^nqfu;k* dh >qfu;k rFkk ^;g vUr ugha** dh pqfu;k ,sls gh mnkgj.k gSaA ^,d vkSj gR;k* dgkuh esa txslj viuh csVh vkSj iRuh ds lkFk gksus okys vR;kpkjksa dk Lej.k dj jgk FkkA vHkh ijlksa dh gh ,d ?kVuk mls ;kn vk x;h & >qfu;k iq#ckjh Vksys ls vk jgh FkhA rislj ckck ds [kaMgj ds ikl gfjpj.k dk yM+dk mls idM+dj cykr [kaMgj esa ys tkus yxk FkkA >qfu;k ds jksus fpYykus ij gfjpj.k dk yM+dk mlds ?kM+h pqjkus ds vijkèk esa ihVus dh ckr dg jgk FkkA tc txslj dks irk pyk rks og csVh dks NqM+kus ogk¡ igq¡pkA vc gfjpj.k dk yM+dk nqfu;k dks NksM+ txslj ij VwV iM+k FkkA ^^dldj nks rekps mlds xky ij yxk;s FksA og ekFkk >qdk;s pqipki pyk vk;k FkkA** bl izdkj fuEu oxZ dk u dsoy vkfFkZd o 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k gksrk gS oju~ ekufld 'kks"k.k Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA fj'or&csjktxkjh fefFkys'oj us fj'or dh dekbZ dks ^Åifj;k vk;* #i esa izLrqr djrs gq;s fy[kk gS fd ^lk;kl* dgkuh ds baLisDVj yksfgr flag dk in gh ,slk Fkk] ftlesa osru dh vis{kk Åifj;k vk; egRoiw.kZ FkhA ;g mudh Åifj;k vk; dk gh deky Fkk fd ^^vius [kLrkgky ?kj dks mUgksaus iDds dh nqeaftyh bekjr esa rCnhy dj fn;k FkkA** nwljs LFkku ij fj'or dks ^èkucy* dh laKk nsrs gq;s dFkkdkj ^;g vUr ugha* miU;kl esa Li"V djrs gSa fd ^[koklMhg ds yksx iqfyl vkSj Fkkus ds [ksy ls ifjfpr FksA vius Nksdjksa dh otg ls xSjt:jh ekeys esa tucy dh txg èkucy :ih vL=k ds iz;ksx ds fy;s ckèkd gks x;s gSaA* ^,d xk¡o dh vUrdZFkk* dgkuh esa crk;k x;k gS fd ^^ljdkj dh vksj ls xkao ds fy;s o`¼koLFkk isa'ku] Lora=krk lsukuh isa'ku] csjktxkjh HkRrs vkfn dh Hkh O;oLFkk gS] ysfdu bu lqfoèkkvksa dh izkfIr ds fy;s gdnkjksa dks brus O;fDr;ksa vkSj njoktksa ls gksdj xqtjuk iM+rk gS fd ijs'kku gks tkrs gSaA bl ;k=kk esa gj txg ?kwl dh jkf'k fuèkkZfjr dh tk pqdh gSA bl lanHkZ esa ysus okys dks nsus iM+ tkrs gSaA** 86 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

fj'or us csjkstxkjh dks Hkh c<+k;k gSA iSls okys dgha ukSdjh dk tqxkM+ cSBk ysrs gSa] ijUrq xjhc rkdrs jg tkrs gSaA ^izsr dh tV* dgkuh dk vfues'k csjkstxkjh dk na'k >syrk jgk gSA ijUrq ^mldk fe=k lEiUu ?kj dk ;qod gksus ds pyrs ,d dkyst esa yx x;kA dkys izcUèkdksa }kjk Mksus'ku dh fuèkkZfjr jkf'k mlds firk th us ns nh FkhA* ^dlwj* dgkuh dk jesUnj ^^bUVjO;qvksa esa tkdj tku pqdk gS fd vfèkdka'k oSls gh yM+dksa dks ukSdfj;k¡ feyrh gSa] ftuds ;gk¡ iq'rksa ls ukSdfj;ksa dh ijEijk pyh vk jgh gSA fdlh fdlku ds csVs dks dHkh dHkkj gh dksbZ ukSdjh fey ikrh gS] ykWVjh ds fVdV dh rjgA** ^rhu pkj* dgkuh ds rhuksa fe=k csjkstxkj gS blfy;s xk¡o ds ,d ekSgYys ds uqDdM+ ij cSBs rk'k [ksyrs vkSj vkrh&tkrh yM+fd;ksa dks NsM+rs jgrsA ^chp jkLrs esa* dgkuh dk ujsu vkSj mldk cM+k HkkbZ nksuksa csjkstxkj gSaA cM+s HkkbZ us lkspk Fkk fd ^^cq<+kis esa ckcw dks xys dh Vhu yVdkdj
ck<+ dh fouk'kyhyk dk izHkko loZ=k nqxZUèk ds :i esa iQSy jgk FkkA ck<+ dh pisV esa ejs yksx] i{kh vkSj eky eos'kh txg&txg lM+ jgs FksA ?kjksa ds vUnj cps dqps vukt lM+ pqds FksA ftlls pkjksa vksj dk okrkoj.k nwf"kr gks jgk FkkA gok esa nqxZUèk iSnk gks x;h FkhA ifj.kkeLo#i yksx chekj gksus yxsA ^^viuh lfØ;rk esa ns[krs gh ns[krs blus egkekjh dk :i ys fy;kA 'kq#vkr vius ?kjksa esa ykSVs xaxkokfl;ksa ls gqbZA lHkh dks gM~Mh rksM+ nnZ vkSj [kwc tksjksa dk cq[kkj yxkA fiQj gkFk ikao iVdrs og ejht nks ls rhu ds vUnj gh ekSr ds eq¡g esa pys tkrsA ekSr ds bl rk.Mo us iwjs bykds esa gk&gkdkj epk fn;kA** bl izdkj ck<+ ds ckn egkekjh dk rk.Mo xw¡t mBkA ce&foLiQksV fefFkys'oj us orZeku jktuhfrd O;oLFkk o vkradokn ij Hkh izgkj fd;kA mUgksua s orZeku esa gksus okys ce&foLiQksVksa dk Hkh ladsr fd;k gSA ^^xk¡o dk ?kj** dgkuh dk lpuyky cEcbZ pyk x;k ijUrq ogk¡ gq;s ce&foLiQksV ds ckn og vius xk¡o ykSV x;kA og crkrk gS fd ^^foLiQksV bruk Hk;adj vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh Fkk fd iUæg chl ?kjksa dk ukeksfu'kku rd feV x;kA mlesa jgus okyksa dh yk'k dk irk&fBdkuk rd ugha pykA** ce foLiQksV dh lwpuk jsfM;ks vkSj lekpkj i=kksa esa le; ls nh x;h FkhA 'kgjh laosnughu ,oa vtuch;r fefFkys'oj us xzkeh.k thou ds lkFk&lkFk 'kgjh thou dks Hkh ikl ls ns[kk] le>k vkSj Hkksxk gSA ^^xk¡o dk ?kj** dgkuh dk lpuyky cEcbZ 'kgj dh vtuch;r] vkrad vkSj vkReh;ghu ljksdkjksa ls Åcdj vius xk¡o ykSVk FkkA ^'ks"k ftanxh* dgkuh ds iVuk lfpoky; ds DydZ ifr viuh iRuh ls lnk ;gh dgrs jgs & ^^;gk¡ ('kgj esa) rks fdlh dks fdlh ls dksbZ eryc ughaA lc dqN iSlk gh gS ;gk¡A euq";rk uke dh dksbZ pht ugha] gj txg fliQZ eDdkjh gS & iQjscA** ^py [kqljksa ?kj vius* dgkuh dh ek¡ dks ^^vius ukSdjh'kqnk csVksa ds lkFk** 'kgfj;k¡ ?kj lpeqp muds fy;s rkM+ dh Nk¡o lkfcr gq;sA** ukSdjh esa vkus ds ckn ek¡&cki dh ethZ ds f[kykiQ muds csVksa us 'kgfj;k Nksdfj;ksa ls C;kg Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

jpk;k FkkA C;kg ds ckn ls gh csVs dVrs x;s FksA chekj firk dh mis{kk esa tc mUgsa yksdykt dk [;ky ugha jgk] rks ek¡ dk D;k [;ky\ ^,d vkSj e`R;qat;* ds jk?ko 'kj.k fgeky; dh rjkbZ ls ykSVdj tc vius 'kgj vkrs gSaA vkSj vius edku dh [kkst djrs gSa rc lEidZ esa vkus okys izR;sd 'kgjh O;fDr ls mUgsa f>M+fd;ka gh feyrh gSaA ^dqpyrh gqbZ yk'k* dk ifr vkWfiQl ls vius ?kj tYnh igq¡puk pkgrk gS D;ksafd iRuh chekj gS] ftls MkWDVj dks fn[kkuk gSA tc og 'kgj ds LVs'ku ls xk¡o tkus ds fy;s fVdVokys dkmaVj ij igq¡prk gS rks yEch ykbZu ns[kdj vkxs [kM+s dbZ O;fDr;ksa ls fVdV ysus dk vuqjksèk djrk gS] ijUrq lHkh mls f>M+d nsrs gSaA vUr esa tc og dkmaVj ds Hkhrj okys ckcw ls fxM+fxM+krk gS rks og f>M+dh nsrk dgrk gS & yxrk gS iqfyl cqykuh iM+sxhA rqe cdokl djrs jgksxsA vkf[kj esa og O;fDr ogha [kM+k jg tkrk gS vkSj xkM+h py nsrh gSA vekuoh;rk dh ijkdk"BkA vekuoh;rk dk nwljk izek.k ^loky* dgkuh esa iVuk taD'ku dh ?kVuk gS] tc ^^dbZ fHk[keaxs fpFkM+s esa fyiVs ,d vikfgtuqek O;fDr dks iSjksa ls ?kfd;k jgs Fks rFkk xkyh cd jgs FksA** dq"B jksx ls xzLr ;g O;fDr yqM+drk gqvk ftl LFkku ij igq¡prk] ogk¡ ls fiQj nwljs O;fDr;ksa }kjk èkfd;k fn;k tkrkA fu"d"kZ fefFkys'oj dFkkdkj ds :i esa lekt dks niZ.k cukus esa liQy jgs gSaA mudh dgkfu;ksa esa fpf=kr ik=k] ifjfLFkfr ltho gks mBrh gSaA ;gh mudh liQyrk gSA lekt] laLd`fr dk leUo; lkfgR; esa Lor% gh ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA lekt dk bruk lgt fp=k.k ,d laosnu'khy dFkkdkj gh dj ldrk gS tks fefFkys'oj us fd;k gSA ,lksfl,V izksiQslj fgUnh foHkkx] ,l-Mh- dkWyst xkft;kckn lanHkZ lwph 1- fefFkys'oj] lkfgR; fpUru vkSj l`tu] i`- 163 Hkkjrh; KkuihB] u;h fnYyh] izFke laLdj.kA 2- fefFkys'oj] ;g vUr ugha] i`- 61&62 fdrkc?kj izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh laLdj.k 2000 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 87

3456789101112131415161718-

ogha] i`- 93 ogh] i`- 104 ogh] i`- 105 ogha] i`- 254 fefFkys'oj] Hkksj gksus ls igys (dgkuh laxgz ) i`84 Hkkjrh; KkuihB u;h fnYyh] laLdj.k 1994 ;q¼LFky (miU;kl) usiF; ls i`- 14] jktdey izdk'ku u;h fnYyh laLdj.k 1981A Pky [kqljks ?kj vkius (dgkuh laxgz ) i`-] 16] Hkkjrh; KkuihB u;h fnYyh laLdj.k 2000 nwljk egkHkkjr (dgkuh laxzg) i`- 110 us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml] u;h fnYyh laLdj.k 1969 lkfgR; fparu vkSj l`tu] i`- 137&138 ;g vUr ugha] i`- 239 >qfu;k] i`- 53] lanHkZ izdk'ku oh-&8] uohu 'kgknjk] fnYyh&110030 laLdj.k 1980 nwljk egkHkkjr i`- 50 Hkksj gksus ls igys] i`- 222 Okgh] i`- 132 Okgh] i`- 222 ekVh dgs dqEgkj ls] i`- 183 Hkkjrh; KkuihB u;h fnYyh laLdj.k 2000A

88 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

19- Hkkstj gkus ls igys] i`- 131 20- Pky [kqljks ?kj vkius] i`- 53 21- Ckkcw th (dgkuh laxgz ) i`0 59] e;wj isij cSDl ,&95] lsDVj&5] uks,Mk] laLdj.k 1976 22- Okgh] i`- 22 23- Eks?kuk dk fu.kZ; (dgkuh laxzg) i`- 4] us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh] laLdj.k 1980 24- Ckkcw th] i`- 29 25- Pky [kqljks ?kj vkius] i`- 42 26- ;g vUr ugha] i`- 94 27- Hkksj gksus ls igys] i`- 216&17 28- Pky [kqljks ?kj vkius] i`- 39 29- Eks?kuk dk fu.kZ;] i`- 58 30- Ckkcw th] i`- 33 31- Eks?kuk dk fu.kZ;] i`- 56 32- ekVh dgs dqEgkj ls] i`- 34 33- ogh] i`- 35 34- py [kqljks ?kj vkius] i`- 52 35- ckcw th] i`- 55 36- py [kqljks ?kj vkius] i`- 12 37- ogh] i`- 84 38- lkfgR;ke`re] vad&5] 2014 i`- 188

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

'kksèk&i=k

ikf.kuh; O;kdj.ks ifjHkk"kk.kka egRoe~ vfuydqekjik.Ms;% Ld`rokÄ~e;s O;kdj.k'kkL=kL; efgek izkphudkykn~ v|koè;{kq..k:is.k izpfyrk¿fLrA vf[kykuka Kku& foKkujk'khuka vkdjRosu osnk% orZUrsA osnkÄ~xkuka vÄ~xRosu "kMÄ~xkfu vkpk;ZS% Lohd`rkfu] rkfu pSrkfu lfUrA r|Fkk& NUn% iknkS rq osnL;] gLrkS dYiks¿Fk iB~;rs T;ksfr"kke;ua p{kqfu#ZDra] Jks=keqP;rsA f'k{kk ?kzk.ka rq osnL;] eq[ka O;kdj.ka Le`re~ rLekr~ lkÄ~xe/hR;So] czãyksds egh;rs1AA f'k{kk xzUFks"kq mDrs"kq "kV~LoÄ~xs"kq osniq#"kL; eq[k:is.k O;kdj.k'kkL=ke~ mjjhd`re~A Hkxork ir×tfyuk egkHkk";s¿fi ;FkksDra& iz/kua p "kV~LoÄ~xs"kq O;kdj.ke~A iz/kus p Ñrks ;Ru% iQyoku~ Hkofr2AA laLd`r txfr ;kfu O;kdj.k'kkL=kf.k miyH;Urs rs"kq ikf.kuh;a O;kdj.ka loksZRd`"Ve~ vfHkere~A rL; o.kZ'kq¼rk Hkk"kk;k% /kRoU;fl¼kUr% iz;ksxfo/;'p oSf'k"V~; ;qDrk% lfUrA 'kCnkukeUok[;kuØes lkèkq'kCnfoospukFk± O;kdj.k& 'kkL=ks¿fLeu~ lw=kk.kka "kM~fo/Roa Lohd`re~A rFkkfg&laKklw=ka] ifjHkk"kklw=ka] fof/lw=ka] fu;elw=ka] vfrns'klw=ka] vfèkdkjlw=k×pA mDr×p & laKk p ifjHkk"kk p fof/fUkZ;e ,o pA vfrns'kks¿f/dkj'p "kM~fo/a lw=ky{k.ke~3AA ifjHkk"kk rq lk{kkn~ fof/'kkL=kRokr~ ifjxzkgd'kkL=keso ^^ifjrks O;ki`rka Hkk"kka ifjHkk"kka izp{krs**4 dkfufpr~ ifjHkk"kklw=kkf.k ;Fkkμbdks xq.ko`¼h (1-1-3)] vk|UrkSVfdrkS (1-1-46)] vkns% ijL; (1-1-54) bR;knhfuA ifjHkk"kk O;kdj.k'kkL=kL; izeq[keÄ~xe~ μ ^^vfu;es

la

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

fu;edkfj.kh ifjHkk"kk**5 lk p f=kfoèkk lw=k:ikμ lw=kKkfirkμU;k;fl¼k pA lk f=kfoèkk¿fi pdkjkUrjs.k f}fo/kμfyÄ~xorh] foè;Ä~x'ks"kHkwrk pA ,dns'kfLFkrk¿fi lEiw . kZ ' kkL=kiz d kf'kdk fyÄ~ x orh vko';dLFkys rÙkf}è;Ä~x:ika foè;Ä~x'ks"kHkwrsfrA ;FkksDre~& ,dLFk% lfork nsoks ;Fkk fo'oizdk'kd% rFkk fyÄ~xorh 'kkL=kesdL;kfr iznhi;sr~A ,dkfi iqa'pyh iqalka ;FkSdsda iz;kfr p foè;Ä~x'ks"kHkwrk rn~fof/a izR;uqxPNfr6AA rPp ikf.kuh;s 'kkL=ks ^;Fkksí's ka laKkifjHkk"ka dk;Zdkya laKkifjHkk"ka*7 psfr izksDre~A ,rklka ifjHkk"kk.kka Lo:i& feRFkeoxUrO;e~ & lw=k:ikfRedk% ifjHkk"kk% & ;k% ifjHkk"kk% lw=k:is.k 'kCnkuq'kklus fuc¼k% rk% lw=k:ikfRedk% ifjHkk"kk% dF;UrsA ;Fkkμ"k"Bh LFkkus ;ksxk8 (1-1-49) vUrkfnoPp9 (6-184) foizfr"ks/s ija dk;Ze~10 (1-4-2)A 1- inkÄ~xkf/dkjs rL; p rnUrL; pA 2- lokZs }U}ks foHkk"k;Sdon~ HkofrA 3- iqu% izlÄ~xfoKkukfRl¼e~A 4- Dofpnsdns'kks¿I;uqorZrs bR;kn;%A lw=kKkfirk% ifjHkk"kk% & 1- O;k[;kurksfo'ks"kizfrifÙkuZ fg lUnsgkny{k.ke~ 2- dk;ZeuqHkou~ fg dk;hZ fufeÙkr;k ukJh;rs 3- m.kkn;ks¿O;qRiUukfu izkfrifndkfu 4- vd`O;wgk% ikf.kuh;k% 5- izd`fronuqdj.ka HkofrA okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 89

U;k;fl¼k% ifjHkk"kk% & 1- xkS.keq[;;kseqZ[;s dk;Z lEizR;;%A 2- ;su ukIkzkIrs ;ks fof/jkjH;rs l rL; ck/dks HkofrA 3- ,dns'kfod`r& euU;or~ 4- ,dkUrk% vuqcU/k% 5- vusdkUrk% vuqcUèk%A Hkk";dkj% egf"kZir×tfy% opufl¼k¿fi ifjHkk"kk izksDroku~ r|Fkk& 1- vUrjÄ~xcfgjÄ~x;ksjUrjÄ~x cyor~ 2- miin foHkDrs% dkjdfoHkfDrcZyh;lh 3- ;fLeu~fof/Lrnknkoy~ xzg.ks 4- ;Fkksís'kalaKkifjHkk"ke~ 5- dk;Zdkya laKkifjHkk"ke~A ifjHkk"kk ,dL;So drqZ% d`fr% ukfLr fdUrq rklka ewyUrq izkphu lw=kkf.krÙkn~ O;k[;kuopukfu lfUrA rsuSoiwoZdkys ;k% ifjHkk"kk% opu:is.k ifBrk% vklu~ rk% vfi ijofrZdkys lw=k:is.k la?kfVrk%A v=k vkpk;Z lhjnsoL;kfi opua |ksrrsμ^^ifjHkk"kk fg uke u lk{kkRikf.kuh;opukfu fda rfgZ \ ukukpk;kZ.kke~**11A O;kdj.k'kkL=kL; izoDrkj% cgOk% vkpk;kZ% O;k[;kule;s lw=kkFkZLi"VkFk± ifjHkk"kk% izkDs rk%A vkpk;Zikf.kfu% ifjHkk"kkikBL; ,dksuf=ka'krres (2900) oSØekCns izopu×pdkjA fdUrq rRd`r ifjHkk"kkikBL; ewyLo:ia rq v/quk u izkI;rsA lEizfr dkR;k;uir×tfyμ}kjk opu:is.k ifBrkuke~ okpfudh ifjHkk"kkHkk"kk.kka fefJr:is.k laxzg% miyH;rsA egf"kZ% ikf.kuh% lw=kKkfirk% U;k;fl¼k% ifjHkk"kk% izksDroku~A rsuSoksDre~ &ifjHkk"kkikB% vkpk;Zs.k izksDrks u rq d`r%A r|Fkkμ^^ifjHkk"kk uke u lk{kkRikf.kuh; opukfu** bR;qDre~A vL;k;kesok'k;ks ;RifjHkk"kk fg nh?kZdkykuqHkotfurk u rq l|So d`rsfrA rk'p U;k;fl¼k% ,oA ;k'p [kyq ikf.kuh; lw=kKkfirk% rkLrq ikf.kuh;opukU;so vFkok izpfyrk ,o ifjHkk"kk% Lolw=kkuqdwya Hkxork laLd`R; izksDrsfrA egf"kZ ikf.kfu% izkDs r% ifjHkk"kkikBks¿fi f'k";S% laxg` hr%A ifjHkk"kklw=kk.kka dfri;s"kq gLrys[ks"kq ifjHkk"kklw=kf.k ikf.kfud`rkfu bfr opuknfi fl¼~;frA ;qf/f"Bjehekald egkHkkxsu Lodh;s laLd`rO;kdj.k'kkL=ksfrgkls Li"Vhd`re~A r|Fkk xzUFks12& 1- vfM;kj gLrys[klaxgz L; lwphi=ks (Hkkx 2] i`"Bla[;k 90 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

72 bZ'oh;s 1928) ifjHkk"kklw=kk.kka fufnZ"Vs gLrys[ks fyf[kre~μ ^^ifjHkk"kk lw=kkf.k ikf.kfud`rkfu**A 2- ifjHkk"kkikBL; fo"k;s egkHkk";s ir×tfyuk izksDr ;n~ ifjHkk"kk% ikf.kfuizksDrk% r|Fkk&egkHkk";e~ (1-4-2) ^^ifB";fr g~;kpk;Z% ld`n~xrkSfoizfr"ks/s ;n~ ckf/ra rn~ ckf/reso** bfrA vusu opusukfi ifjHkk"kk;k% dr`ZRoa fl¼~;frA O;kdj.kegkHkk";s vkpk;Z'kCnsu ikf.kus%] dkR;k;uL; p xzg.ka HkofrA lEiw.kZ egkHkk";s dq=kfpnfi ifjHkk"ks;a okfrZd:is.k u ifBrkfLr vrks¿=k iz;qDr vkpk;Zinsu egf"kZ% ikf.kfu% ,o cks/% Hkorhfr foKk;rsA 1- oSKkfudegRoe~ ifjHkk"kk;k% OkkD;e;Rokr~ r=k okD;L;So izkèkkU;e~A okD;a foKkra lr~ fof'k"VkFkZμ cks/dfefr] rn~ okD;foKkua ifjHkk"kk;k% oSKkfudRoa cks/;frA rPp okD;foKkua Hkk"kkfoKkusu ,Ok eq[;r;kfof'k"VkFkZ% miknh;rsA u dsoyesrn~ laLd`rHkk"kk;keso] vfirq loZ=kSo Hkk"kk;ka okD;Sjos leqfprcksèkks tk;rsA rFkk p okD; xzkekfn"kq Hkk"kk Hkk"k.kk; Hkk"kk;k% O;kd`frokZD;s"kq HkofrA okD;kuka p O;kd`fr% ins"kq] inkuka p O;kd`fr% izd`frμizR;;s"kq rs"kk×p o.ksZ"kq O;kdj.ksu O;qRifÙk% fØ;rsA ,oeso rÙknZFkkuka rÙknFkZs"kq O;kd`fr% o.kkZLrq dspu lkFkZdk% èkkrqizR;;kfn fu"iUuk% dspu leqnk;:ik% dspu p ,dns'kfLFkrk% ?kViVkfnLFkk% fujFkZdk% HkofUrA bRFka Hkwrkfu okD;kfu yksds iz;qT;ekukfu lfUrA fo"k;s¿fLeu~ Hkr`Zgfj.kk¿fi izksDre~& ins u o.kkZ fo|Urso.kZs"o;ok u pA okD;kr~ inkukeR;Ura izfoosdks u d'pu~13AA ^^èofufuns'Z kkr~ ns'kkUrja xUraq fdefi ekè;eeis{krs** bfr HkkSfrdoSKkfudkuke~ fl¼kUr%A 2- ykSfddegRoe~ O;insf'konsdfLeu~μyksds ;Fkk ,diq=klRos rfLeUuso T;s"BRoeè;eRodfu"BRokfnμO;ogkj%] cgqiq=klRos rq ,dfLeu~ rFkk O;ogkj% u HkofrA ,oeso 'kkL=ks¿fi vusdo.kZlÙos uSdfLeu~ vnUrRokfnO;ogkj% ,do.kZs Rou;kjhR;k u HkoR;soA ,dns'kfod`reuU;or~&^^fNUus iqPNs 'kqfu 'ok ,o uk'oks u p xnZHk%** bfr ykSfddU;k;% ,o vL;k% ifjHkk"kk;k% ewyefLrA vrks ykSfddU;k;fl¼s¿;e~ ifjHkk"kkA ;L; ,dns'k% ,dks¿o;o% fod`r% l% vU;or~ u Hkofr Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

vfirq rnso HkofrA ;FkkμfNÂiqPN% 'ok & 'ok ,o Hkofr u v'oks u p xnZHk%A izkxnhO;rks¿.k~ (4-1-83) bfr lw=ks Hkk";dkjs.kifBrkA ;L; p y{k.kkUrjs.k fufeÙka fogU;rs u rnfuR;e~ & yksds ;Fkk & ckfylwxzho;ks% ;q¼layXu;ks% Hkxork Jhjkes.k ckfyfu grs¿fi lwxzhoL; ckfyu% izkcY;a u O;ogjfUrA ,oeso 'kkL=ks¿fi y{;kuqjks/kr~ O;oLFkk cksè;e~A ;L; Yk{k.kkUrjs.k fufeÙka fogU;rs rnI;fuR;e~& ;Fkk Hkxor% Jhd`".kL; lkgkÕ;ekfJR; ik.Mok% dkSjoku~ foftroUr% rFkkfi rs dkSjokis{k;k izcyk O;ofß;UrsA lkEizfrdkHkkos HkwriwoZxfr% μ dkdon~ nsonÙkL; x`gfefr U;k;ewfyds;e~ ;Fkk & lkEizfrddkdL;kHkkos¿fi Hkwriwod Z kd;qDrL; x`gL; xzg.ka rFkSo 'kkL=ks¿fi y{;kuqjksèkkr~ cksè;e~A ,d;ksxfufnZ"Vkuka lg ok izo`fÙk% lg ok fuo`fÙk% & lekts dfLeaf'pn~ vkS|ksfxdlaLFkkus ,ddk;Zfu;qDrkuka cgwuka deZdjk.kka yksds lgSodk;sZ ;Fkkle;a izo`fÙk% &fuo`fÙk'p HkofrA rFkSo 'kkL=ks¿fi ijLijfUorkFkZd inkuka lgSo vuqo`fÙk% fuo`fÙk'p HkofrA 3- 'kkL=kh;egRoe~ ifjHkk"kk% fof/lw=kk.kka lgkf;dk% HkofUrA ;=k & dq=kkfi fof/lw=kkf.k dk;± dqofZ Ur r=k ;fn dkfpnO;oLFkk vkxPNfr

rfgZ ifjHkk"kk lw=kkf.k r=k rkeO;oLFkkeigjfUrA ;Fkk&eqfu=k;a14 ueLd`R;] ueL;fr nsoku~ bR;knkS ^deZf.k f}rh;k*15 (23-2) bR;usu f}rh;k foHkfDr% HkofrA fdUrq v=k ue% inL; ;ksxkr~ ^ue% LofLrLokgkLoèkkyao"kV~;ksxkPp^6 (2-3-16) bR;usu lw=ks.k prq F khZ foHkfDr% iz k Irk HkofrA vL;keoLFkk;ke~ ^miinfoHkDrs% dkjdfoHkfDr% cyh;lh* ,"kk ifjHkk"kk r=kkxR; miinfoHfkDr% prqFkhZa fuf"k¼~; dkjdfoHkfDra f}rh;ka foHkDrs% vkfn'kfrA ,rnfrfjP;k¿fi ifjHkk"kk% lfUrA ;Fkk&Dofpn~ fod`fr% izd`fra x`g~.kkfr] xzg.kork izkfrifndsu rnUrfof/ukZfLr] fufnZ';ekuL;ns'kkHkofUr] ;=kkusdfo/ekUr;± r=k LFkkur~ vkUr;Za cyh;%] dk;Zfo'ks"klk/uslgkf;dk%] xzg.kork izkfrifndsu rnUrfof/ukZfLr] Dofpn~ fod`fr% izdf` ra x`g.~ kkfr bR;kn;%A bRFka vfu;es fu;edkfj.kk cgqfo/k% ifjHkk"kk% ije~ fonq"kka ukxs'ksu ifjHkk"ksUnq'ks[kjs xzUFks leqnhfjrk%AA

lUnHkZxzUFklwfp& 1- ikf.kuh; f'k{kk] 'yksd la[;k & 40] 41 2- ir×tfyegkHkk";s i'i'kkfÉds] i`"Bla[;k& 23] pkS[kEHkk laLd`r izfr"Bku] fnYyhA 3- ufUnds'ojdkfjdk;ke~A 4- Lokehn;kuUnljLorh&ikfjHkkf"kds i`"Bla[;k& 4] izdk'kd% vk;ZlkfgR; e.My&vtesj] 2012A 5- ;qf/f"Bjehekald% &laLd`rO;kdj.k'kkL=ksfrgkls] f}rh;ksHkkx%] i`"B&242 6- ir×tfyegkHkk";s & (5-1-16) 7- ifjHkk"ksUnq'ks[kjsA 8- ikf.kuh; v"Vkè;k;h] i`"Bla[;k & 6 dSyk'k fo|k

izdk'kuA r=kSo i`"Bla[;k & 176A r=kSo i`"Bla[;k & 22A vkpk;Zlhjnso%&ifjHkk"kko`ÙkkS i`"Bla[;k &186A laLd`rO;kdj.k 'kkL=kL;sfrgkls] i`"B & 312A okD;inh;sA oS;kdj.kfl¼kUrdkSeq|ka] eÄ~xykpj.ks i`"B &1 eksrhyky oukjlhnkl izdk'kuA ikf.kuh; v"Vkè;kÕ;ke~ i`"Bla[;k & 39 dSyk'k fo|k izdk'ku ½f"kds'kA r=kSo i`"Bla[;k & 40A

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

'kks/PNk=k% (O;kdj.k foHkkx%) funsZ'kd% &Mk- cuekyh fo'oky% jk"Vªh; la- laLFkkue~ (ek- fo- fo-) xÄ~xkukFk >k ifjlj% iz;kx%

910111213141516-

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 91

Research Paper

Mental Discipline and Wisdom in Buddhist Perspective Pinky Baishya n today's technologically and scientifically developed society, people enjoy life full of pleasures but together with this sense of pleasure they have the feeling of fear, hatred, jealously and insecurity. People both mentally and physically are not satisfied with what they own. We hear about various types of crimes committed by people against fellow humans. Also the humanity in human is declining. The negative feelings and mental states are directly linked to a person's mind. Buddhist Dhamma provides a therapy for liberating the mind from mental corruption and dilemmas and provide guidance for Human Quality Development. Human Quality Development encompasses mental, emotional, physical and spiritual development. For this a person has to become aware of one self. For development self, person can take refuge in the teachings of Buddha which emphasize on selfdevelopment, self-reliance and compassion for all beings. There is a need to develop healthy selfconcept, which can be derived from within. Instead of judging oneself on the basis of opinions of others, self-esteem must result from self-reflection, selfanalysis and self-acceptance. A healthy self-concept enables a person to have confidence and peace and hence an ability to handle whatever comes their way. In order to possess a positive or healthy selfconcept a person must: Know oneself, Loveoneself, and be true to oneself. For building a healthy self we can take refuge in teachings of Gautam Buddha. Concept of Anatman- The impermanent Self Gautam Buddha put forth the concept of 'Anatta' or

I

92 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

'anatman' which says that self is impermanent. Everything in this world exists on its own and is not permanent but exists for a moment. So why the attachment to things and people? He emphasized on understanding the true nature of things or events. Studying Buddhism means studying oneself i.e. understanding the very nature of mind. Gautam Buddha focused on day-to-day life of an individual. He showed the path towards making a peaceful and healthy mind. When Buddha talks about the sufferings of life, he is not only talking about the superficial physical sufferings of life but also the suffering of mind that arise due to the dissatisfied nature of human mind. No matter how much a person might get but he will continue to be dissatisfied. This unceasing desire for more and more is the root cause of suffering. Buddhist psychology describes six basic emotions that frustrate the human mind and lead to mental and physical suffering: ignorance, attachment, anger, pride, deluded doubt and distorted views. Ignorance Ignorance is represented by an image of a blind woman who blunders forward; unable to see where she is going. So ignorance is blindness, not seeing. It is a scarcity of insight into thetruth of things. It means, "not knowing completely" the truth of life i.e. four noble truths.People are not aware that everything is in this world is impermanent be it success or failure. They do not perceive actuality that means of life. Unconscious impulses This condition or state is represented by a potter. Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Just as potter forms clay into somethingnew, an action begins a sequence that leads to new consequences. Once place into motion, thepotter's wheel continues to spin without much effort. Likewise, Associate in Nursing actioncreates a predisposition within the mind. Consciousness Depending on the existence of these impulses produced in past lives, there arises the Consciousness called "relinking" which becomes the basis of this present life. Represented bya monkey goingfrom window to window. That is an individual is trapped in the wheel of life. Taking birth again and facing pleasant and unpleasant experiences based on past lives actions. Mind and body Dependent upon relinking-consciousness there is the arising of Mindbody. Depicted by folkssitting in an exceedingly boat with one among them steering. The boat symbolizes form, and its occupants, the mental aggregates. Mind is doing the work of handling or steering the boatof psychophysical states on the river of cravings, while body is the passive passenger. So themajor part of human body is the mind. Individual should learn to control mind. If humanmind is uncontrollable it will lead to craving of things and dissatisfied mind .For completecontrol of mind there is need to practice meditation to develop mindfulness. Six Sense Bases With the coming into existence of mind-body, there is the arising of the Six Sense-spheres, which is depicted, by a house with six windows and a door. The senses are the portalswhereby an individual gain an impression of the world. Each ofthe sensesisthe manifestation of desires to experience things in a particular way. These six senses square measure eye; ear, nose, tongue, touch and mind, and these are the bases for the reception of the various sorts of information which each can gather in the presence of the correct conditions. This data falls below six headings appreciate the six spheres: sights, sounds, smells, tastes, tangibles and thoughts. Beyond these six spheres of sense and their corresponding six Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

objective spheres, we know nothing. All our expertise is prescribed by the senses and their objects with the mind counted because the sixth. The fifths outer senses collect knowledge solely within the gift however mind, the sixth, where this information is collected and processed. So this calls for controlling the six senses and creating a balance between the mind and the senses. Contact The six sense-spheres results in the next link Contact. This is depicted by a couple embracing, the contract of the sense organs with there objects. With this link, the psychophysical organism begins to interact with the world. Here comes the stage of sexual conduct. But when this need of sex becomes uncontrollable this leads to wrong deeds of sexual misconduct. Feeling Feelings are symbolized by an eye pierced by an arrow. Even a awfully little condition causes an excellent deal of feeling within the eye. Likewise, no matter what kind of feeling people experience, painful or pleasurable, they are driven by it and conditioned by it. Their actions are being guided by them. Conception Represented by a woman in late pregnancy. Just as she is about to bring forth a fully developed child, the karma that will produce the next lifetime, is fully potential zed though not yet manifest. Birth This link is represented by the woman giving birth to a child. Birth, as one might expect, is shown as a mother in the process of childbirth, a painful business and a reminder of how dukkha cannot be avoided in any life. Aging and death The final link is painted by a dying person. Ageing is each progressive, occurring every moment of our lifetime, and degenerative which leads to death. It means nothing is permanent so one should not cling to different things. In this world those who take birth okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 93

have to go one day. So what matters is the good deeds that person should perform when he is alive. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar aforesaid that, "The Buddha's method was to change the mind of man: to alter his disposition: so that whatever man does, it voluntarily without the use of the force or compulsion. His main means to alter the disposition of man was this

Dhamma. The Buddha's way was not to force people to do what they didn't wish to do, though it absolutely was sensible for them. His way was to alter the deposition of men so that they would do voluntarily what they would not otherwise do." Research Scholar Buddhist Studies, Delhi University, Delhi

Bibliography 1. Dharmapada : 2ndeda. London 1900. 2. Takakusu : The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy Honolulu, 1956. 3. NCERT Psychology Class 12. 4. C. Spearmen. Psychology Down the Ages, Vol. I. (New York : Macmillan & Company Ltd.,

1957). Introduction to Foundations of Indian psychology - R. M. Matthijs Cornelissen, Girishwar Misra, Suneet Varma. A Short History of Indian Psychology-V. George Mathew.

94 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

5.

6.

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

'kksèk&i=k

oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkj esa çfrikfnr tkfrO;fÙkQ foe'kZ lksgu dqekj·

MkW- lUè;k jkBkSj··

dj.k fudk; esa ,d çfrf"Br fl¼kar gS& u dsoyk çÑfr% ç;ksÙkQO;k u p dsoy% 1 çR;;% O;ogkj esa dsoy çÑfr dk vFkok dsoy çR;; dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl fl¼kUr ds vuqlkj oS;kdj.k çÑfr&çR;;fof'k"V inksa dk gh O;ogkj esa ç;ksx djrs gSaA dsoy çÑfr vFkok dsoy çR;; dk ughaA inksa dh çÑfr nks çdkj dh gksrh gSa& ^uke:i* çÑfr vkSj ^/krq:i* çÑfrA oS;kdj.k /krq :i çÑfr dk vFkZ iQy vkSj O;kikj Lohdkj djrs gSaA2 fdlh O;fÙkQ] oLrq ,oa LFkku ds cksèkd laKk 'kCn dks ^uke* dgk tkrk gSA laKk 'kCnksa dks uke blfy;s dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s çk;% ^/krq:i* çÑfr ds O;kikj vFkZ ds çfr ueu djrs gSa&uefr LokFkZa fo'ks"k.khdjksfr /kRoFkZa çrhfr ukeksP;rsA lw=kdkj ikf.kfu us ^uke:i* çÑfr ds fy, çkfrifnd 'kCn dk O;ogkj fd;k gS&vFkZon/krqjizR;;% izkfrifnde~3 tks 'kCn /krq ugha gSa] çR;; ;k çR;;kUr ugha gSa rFkk vFkZ dk cks/ djkrs gSa] os çkfrifnd dgs tkrs gSaA çkfrifnd ls gksus okys cks/ vFkkZr~ çkfrifnd dk mPpkj.k djus ij fu;r :i ls ftl vFkZ dh çrhfr gksrh gS] ogh çkfrifndkFkZ gSA4 O;kdj.k'kkL=k esa çkfrifnd rFkk uke çk;% lekukFkZd gSaA yksd O;ogkj esa bUgha ds fy, ^'kCn* bl in dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA HkrZ`gfj 'kCn dks czã:i Lohdkj djrs gq, xzUFkkjEHk esa o.kZu djrs gSa & vukfnfu/ua czã 'kCnrÙoa ;n{kje~A foorZrs¿FkZHkkosu çfØ;k txrks ;r%AA5

O;k

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

vFkkZr~ 'kCn czã vkfn vkSj var ls jfgr gS] v{kj gS] mldk gh vFkZ :i esa foorZ gksrk gS] ftlls bl lalkj dk dk;Z pyrk gS A dkO;kn'kZdkj us rks ;gk¡ rd dg fn;k fd ;fn 'kCn:i T;ksfr bl lalkj esa u çnhIr jgs rks rhuksa yksdksa esa va/dkj gh jgs & bneU/Ure% ÑRLua tk;sr~ Hkqou=k;Ek~A ;fn 'kCnkÞo;a T;ksfrjklalkjkUu nhI;rsAA6 bl lalkj dks ,d lw=k esa /kj.k djus dh 'kfÙkQ 'kCnksa esa gh gSA 'kCn gh vFkZcks/ dk lk/u gSaA O;kdj.k n'kZu ds fopkj {ks=k esa Hkh ^'kCn* lnk ml èofu ds fy, ç;ksx gksrk gS ftlds mPpkj.k ls fdlh fo'ks"k vFkZ dk Kku gksrk gSA HkrZ`gfj us ,sls 'kCnksa ds fy, miknku 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA okpd 'kCn dks miknku dgrs gSa D;ksafd mlls vFkZ dk xzg.k gksrk gS ir×tfy us 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS fd ftlds mPpkj.k ls lkLuk] ykÄ~xy w ] ddqn] oqj vkSj lhax okys dk cks/ gksrk gks] og 'kCn gSA7 blesa lkLuk] ykÄ~xwy vkfn dk mYyso xks 'kCn ds çlax ls ir×tfy us fd;k gS mls gVk nsus ij muds er esa 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk dk Lo:i bl çdkj gksxk %& ;suksPpkfjrsu (dL;fpRk~) lEçR;;ks Hkofr l 'kCn%A blesa mPpkj.k vkSj laçR;; ;g nksuksa 'kCn 'kCn ds y{k.k ij çdk'k Mkyrs gSaA 'kCn og gS tks mPpfjr gksrk gks vkSj fdlh vFkZ dk çR;k;d gksA ir×tfy us 'kCn dks èoU;kRed Hkh ekuk gS fd ftlds mPpkj.k ls yksd esa vFkZ dh çrhfr gksrh gS og èofu 'kCn gSA8 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 95

bl 'kCn ds mPpkj.k ls ftl inkFkZ dh çrhfr gksrh gS og mldk vFkZ gS%& ;fLeaLrwPpfjrs 'kCns ;nk ;ks¿FkZ% çrh;rsA rekgqjFkZ% rL;So ukU;nFkZL; y{k.kEk~AA ukxs'k ds vuqlkj leLr 'kCn ftl ço`fr&fufeÙk ls vFkkZr~ ftl okP; vFkZ ds cks/u ds fy, ç;ksx dks çkIr gksrs gSa ogh ço`fÙk&fufeÙk :i vFkZ (okP; vFkZ) mu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ gSA çkfrifnd ;k 'kCn ds mPpkj.k djus ij fu;r :i ls ftl vFkZ dh çrhfr gksrh gS ogh çkfrifndkFkZ gSA9 'kCn dk mPpkj.k djus ij fu;r :i ls ftl vFkZ dh çrhfr gksrh gS] og vFkZ fdlh 'kCn fo'ks"k ds lkFk fdlh lEcU/ ls tqM+k gqvk gSA oÙkQk vkSj Jksrk ijLij Hkko lEçs"k.k ds fy, 'kCn dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA bu nksuksa dh ftKklk vkSj foo{kk Hkh 'kCn }kjk gh mi'kfer gksrh gS rFkk ç;ksÙkQk vkSj xzghrk ds eè; ,d mís'; ds lk/u ds :i esa ç;qÙkQ gksrk gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS& 'kCn :i lk/u dk ç;ksx vFkZ :i lkè; ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vr% okD;inh;dkj us fyok gS & 'kCn% dkj.keFkZL;10 'kCn vFkZ Kku dk dkj.k gSA ,d vksj rks 'kCn dks czã ekudj vFkZ dks mldk foorZ ekuk x;k gSA ogha nwljh vksj vFkZ dh iwoZ fLFkfr Lohdkj dj 'kCn dks mls çdkf'kr djus dk lkèku ekuk x;k gSA 'kCnkFkZ ds lEcU/ esa ewy leL;k ;g gS fd 'kCnkFkZ dk rkRi;Z D;k gS\ 'kCnkFkZ ds Lo:i dk lw{e fpUru lglzkfCn;ksa ls gksrk jgk gSA iq#"k fodYi ds vk/kj HkrZ`gfj us iwokZpk;ks± ds 'kCnkFkZ (çkfrifndkFkZ) fo"k;d fl¼kUrksa dks ikap] pkj vkSj rhu :i esa ekuk gSA11 bl Hksn dk vk/kj foHkfÙkQ dk okpd ;k |ksrd gksus dk fookn FkkA oS;kdj.kksa ds er esa çkfrifndkFkZ ls LokFkZ] tkfr] O;fÙkQ] fyax] la[;k] vkSj dkjd dk vfHkèku FkkA egku~ oS;kdj.k vkpk;Z dkS.MHkêð us mijksÙkQ lHkh erksa dh ;qfÙkQ;qÙkQ ijh{kk dh gS rFkk lHkh erksa ds vkyksd esa vFkZ fo"k;d fdlh ekU; fl¼kar dh LFkkiuk djus dk ç;kl fd;kA mUgksaus oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkj ds prqFkZ fu.kZ; esa ukekFkZ ;k çkfrifndkFkZ fo"k;d foospu 96 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

fd;k gS%& ,da f}da f=kda pkFk prq"da i×pda rFkkA ukekFkZ bfr loZs¿eh i{kk% 'kkL=ks fu:firk%AA12 dfri; fo}ku~ dsoy tkfr dks gh ukekFkZ ekudj ^,de~ çkfrifndkFkZ%* ;g fl¼kar fu/kZfjr djrs gSa rFkk dqN fo}ku~ tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ nksuksa dks gh ukekFkZ ekudj ^f}da çkfrifndkFkZ%* ;g mn~?kks"k djrs gSa rks dqN fo}ku~ tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ ds lkFk lkFk fyax bl f=kd dks ukekFkZ ekurs gSaA vU; fo}kuksa ds }kjk tkfr] O;fÙkQ] fyax vkSj la[;k ;g prq"d gh ukekFkZ gS rks fdUgha ds }kjk buesa dkjd dks vkSj tksM+dj ^i×k~pda çkfrifndkFkZ%* ;g fl¼kUr lqfLFkj gksrk gSA O;kdj.k'kkL=k esa tkfr] O;fÙkQ] fyax] la[;k] vkSj dkjd & bu ik¡p vFkks± dks ukekFkZ ;k çkfrifndkFkZ ekuk x;k gSA ;gk¡ oS;kdj.kHkw"klkj esa çfrikfnr çFke nks i{kksa ds vkyksd esa nh x;ha ;qfÙkQ;ksa dh leh{kk djsaxsA çFke i{k ds vuqlkj çkfrifnd dk vFkZ tkfr vFkok O;fÙkQ gksrk gS ,oa f}rh; i{k ds vuqlkj çkfrifnd dk vFkZ tkfrfof'k"V O;fÙkQ gksrk gSA çkfrifnd dh okpdrk 'kfÙkQ tkfr esa ekuh tk; ;k O;fÙkQ esa vFkkZr~ mPpfjr 'kCn ls tkfr dk cks/ gksrk gS ;k O;fÙkQ dk\ bl fo"k; esa ehekaldksa] uS;kf;dksa rFkk oS;kdj.kksa esa i;kZIr erHksn gSaA bl laca/ esa rhu i{k fopkj.kh; gSa%& 1- uke ls tkfr vFkZ dh mifLFkfr gksrh gS& (tkfr'kfÙkQokn) 2- uke ls O;fÙkQ vFkZ dh mifLFkfr gksrh gS& (O;fÙkQ'kfÙkQokn) 3- uke ls tkfrfof'k"V O;fÙkQ vFkZ dh mifLFkfr gksrh gS& (tkfrfof'k"VO;fÙkQ'kfÙkQokn) bu i{kksa ij ;qfÙkQ;qÙkQ fopkj djus ls iwoZ tkfr ;k O;fÙkQ dk 'kkL=kh; y{k.k tku ysuk vko';d gSA egkHkk";dkj us tkfr dks vkÑfr vkSj O;fÙkQ dks æO; dh laKk ls vfHkfgr fd;k gSA13 HkrZ`gfj ds vuqlkj æO; dk y{k.k gS fd ftldks y{; esa jodj ^;g gS*& bl çdkj oLrq ladsrd loZuke dk ç;ksx gksrk gS] ml vFkZ dks æO; dgrs gSaA gsykjkt us laf{kIr :i esa dg fn;k gS& ^^bna rRk~¸ (;g og gS) bl çdkj loZuke ds }kjk cks/u ;ksX; dks æO; dgrs gSaA14 blds vfrfjÙkQ æO; dk ikjekfFkZd i{k Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Hkh gksrk gS ftldk y{k.k gfj us fd;k gS& vkRek] oLrq] LoHkko vkSj rÙo & ;s lc æO; ds i;kZ;okph 'kCn gSaA ;g æO; fuR; gksrk gSA vkRek oLrq LoHkko'p 'kjhja rRofeR;fi A æO;feR;L; i;kZ;kLrPp fuR;fefr Le`rEk~AA15 Hkk";dkj us lkLukykaxwyddqnoqjfo"kk.;FkZ:i xks dks æO; ekuk gS16 æO; ;k xq.kkfn ds fNUu gks tkus ij Hkh tks fNUu&fHkUu u gks] ,sls æO;LFk lkekU;Hkwr rÙo dks tkfr ekuk gS fd ;ÙkfPNUus"ofNUua fHkUus"ofHkUua lkekU;Hkwra l 'kCn%A usR;kg vkÑfrukZe lkA17 oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkj ds Vhdkdkj vkpk;Z 'kadj'kkL=kh ekurs gSa fd tkfr in inkFkZ esa jgus okyk vlk/kj.k /eZ18 (tks nwljs inkFkZ esa u jgrs gq, mlh inkFkZ esa jgus okyk gS) vFkok 'kCn dk ço`fr fufeÙk gS] muds er esa tkfr fuR;] ,d rFkk vusd esa leok; laca/ ls jgus okyh ugha gS cfYd inkFkZ esa jgus okyk vlk/kj.k /eZ gh tkfr gSA19 blfy, 'kÄ~dj'kkL=kh çnÙk tkfr ds y{k.k dks ekuus ij vkdk'kRo] vHkkoRo] vkfn esa vO;kfIrnks"k ugha gksrkA mÙkQ y{k.kksa ds foospu ls Li"V gS fd og vf/dj.k ftlls ,d gh oLrq dk Kku gks] O;fÙkQ gS vkSj og rÙo tks vusd oLrqvksa esa leku :i ls çkIr gksrk gS] tkfr gSA blhfy, bUgsa rr~ (O;fÙkQ) vkSj rÙkk (tkfr) ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA tkfr'kfÙkQokn%& çkfrifndkFkZ fo"k;d foospu djrs gq, dkS.MHkêð us loZçFke ehekaldksa ds i{k ^tkfr'kfÙkQokn* dk çfriknu fd;k gSA ehekaldksa ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh 'kCn dk ç;ksx O;fÙkQ ds vFkZ esa ugha gksrk gS] vfirq tkfr ds vFkZ esa gksrk gSA ,d gh ^xks* 'kCn vusd ^xks* O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, ç;qÙkQ gksrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ vius tkfr ls i`Fkd~ ;k fofPNUu ugha jg ldrkA nwljk dkj.k ;g gS fd fdlh Hkh 'kCn ds mPpkj.k ls loZçFke tkfr dk gh Kku gksrk gS] rnuUrj O;fÙkQ dkA tSls ^xks*] ^?kV*] 'kCnksPpkj.k ls iwoZ cqf¼ esa ^xkslkekU;* ;k ^?kVlkekU;* dh mifLFkfr gksrh gS] rnuUrj ^xks* fo'ks"k ;k ^?kV* fo'ks"k dhA vr% Li"V gS fd ehekald uke (çkfrifnd) dh okpdrk 'kfÙkQ tkfr esa ekurs gSaA blfy;s ehekaldksa Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

ds vuqlkj çkfrifnd dk vFkZ tkfr gSA egkHkk";dkj ir×tfy us ^l#ik.kkesd'ks"k ,dfoHkÙkQkS*20 lw=k ds Hkk"; esa tkfroknh oktI;k;u ds er dk mYys[k fd;k gSA oktI;k;u us 'kCn ds vFkZ dks tkfr ekuus ds i{k esa fuEu rdZ çLrqr fd;s gSaA21 (û) ^xks* 'kCn ds dgus ij uhy] ihr 'kqDykfn jfgr ^xks* lkekU; dk cks/ gksrk gSA (ü) ^xks* ds Kku ls xks ek=k dk Kku gks tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k] dky ;k o.kZ okyh xks dk Kku gks tkrk gSA (ý) /eZ'kkL=kkfn esa tkfr dks gh vk/kj ekudj deZ dk fo/ku fu"ks/ fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ^u czkã.ka gU;kRk~* vkfn 'kkL=kkns'kksa ls czkã.k ek=k dh gR;k dk fu"ks/ fd;k x;k gSA ;fn O;fÙkQ dks vFkZ ekuk tk;s rks fdlh ,d czkã.k dh gR;k u djus ls gh /eZ'kkL=k ds vkns'k dk ikyu gks tk;sxkA ijUrq ,slk ugha gksrkA vr% 'kCn dk vFkZ tkfr gh gSA ,d gh tkfr vusd LFkyksa ij dSls çkIr gks ldrh gS\ bldk lek/ku nsrs gq;s dgk gS fd tSls ,d gh bUæ vusdksa ;Kksa esa ;qxir~ mifLFkr gksrk gS mlh çdkj tkfr Hkh vusd=k ,d lkFk mifLFkr gksrh gSA ;gk¡ 'kadk dh xbZ gS fd ;fn tkfr'kfÙkQokn dks Lohdkj djus ij yksd&O;ogkj esa rks leLr fØ;k;sa ;k ço`fÙk&fuo`fÙk O;fÙkQ esa gh gksrh gSaA tSls ^xkeku;* ^iqLrda iB* vkfn okD;ksa esa vku;u vkSj iBu vkfn fØ;k;sa O;fÙkQ esa gh lEHko gSa u fd tkfr esaA vr% tkfr'kfÙkQi{k esa Hkh O;fÙkQ dh mifLFkfr ekuuh gh iM+rh gSA bl lUnHkZ esa tSfefu dk ekuuk gS fd O;fÙkQ viuh tkfr ls i`Fkd~ ugha gSA tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ vfoHkÙkQ :i esa jgrs gSaA tkfr esa O;fÙkQ jgrk gS vkSj O;fÙkQ esa tkfrA tkfr ;k O;fÙkQ dh i`Fkd~ lÙkk vuqiyC/ gSA vr% tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ esa vfoukHkko lEcU/ gSA O;fÙkQcks/d 'kCn Hkh dsoy O;fÙkQ dk cks/ ugha djkrk vfirq æO; (O;fÙkQ) esa jgus okyh tkfr dk Hkh cks/ djkrk gS vkSj ogh mldk çeqo vFkZ gksrk gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd tSfefu ds vuqlkj leok; lEcU/ ls ;k vk/kjkèks; lEcU/ ls tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ nksuksa dh mifLFkfr gksrh gSA bl lEcU/ esa oS;kdj.kHkw"k.klkj ds dkf'kdkVhdkdkj okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 97

gfjjke dkys us mYys[k fd;k gS22 fd 'kCn ls tkfr:i vFkZ dh mifLFkfr gksrh gS] O;fÙkQ dh ughaA O;fÙkQ dk Kku vk{ksi ls gksrk gS A ;g vk{ksi vuqeku ;k vFkkZifÙk ds }kjk gksrk gSA tSls& ^ihuks nsonÙkks fnok u HkqÄ~ÙkQs* (eksVk nsonÙk fnu esa Hkkstu ugha djrk gSA) ;gk¡ dgk x;k gS fd nsonÙk eksVk gS fdUrq fnu esa Hkkstu ugha djrk rks eksVk dSls gS\ ;g vlaxfr gSA vr% bl vFkkZifÙk ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ^og jkf=k esa vo'; gh i;kZIr Hkkstu djrk gS*A dqekfjy Hkêð ds vuqlkj vFkkZifÙk ls O;fÙkQ dk cks/ gksrk gS& ^xkeku;* dgus ij ^xks* tkfr dk vku;u lEHko ugha gSA vr% vFkkZifÙk }kjk rfUu:fir xks O;fÙkQ dk vku;u gksrk gSA HkrZ`gfj us dqekfjyHkêð ds bl er dk o.Mu djrs gq, dgk gS fd %& D;k 'kCn ls 'kCn dk] 'kCn ls vFkZ dk vFkok vFkZ ls vFkZ dk vk{ksi gksrk gS\ ;fn vius vFkZ ds çfriknu ds fy, 'kCn dk vk{ksi gksrk gS] rks vU;kFkZ çfriknu ds fy, 'kCn ls 'kCn dk vk{ksi ugh gks ldrkA vFkZ ls Hkh 'kCn dk vk{ksi ugha gks ldrk D;ksafd vU;kFkZ dh vU; 'kCn ls okpdrk fl¼ ugha gksrh vkSj ;gh nks"k 'kCn ls vFkZ ds vk{ksi esa vkrk gS D;ksafd 'kCn ls 'kCnkUrj ds okP; vFkZ dk okP;&okpd Hkko lEcU/ ugha gksrkA vFkZ esa vFkZ dk Hkh vk{ksi ugha gks ldrk D;ksafd og lk{kkr~ vuqeku gSA og 'kCn ds vFkZ dk vFkZ ugha gks ldrkA23 blds vfrfjÙkQ oS;kdj.k vFkZcks/ ds fy, vk{ksi vkfn rÙo Lohdkj ugha djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj ,d in ds gh çdj.kkfn ds vuqlkj 'kCnkFkZ ls vfrfjÙkQ vFkZ dk Kku gks tkrk gSA24 dqekfjy Hkêð tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ dk lEcU/ LokHkkfod ekurs gSa] Ñf=ke ughaA fcuk tkfr ds O;fÙkQ dk cks/ ugha gks ldrk vkSj mlh çdkj fouk fdlh vk/kjHkwr O;fÙkQ ds tkfr dk Kku ugha gks ldrkA O;fÙkQ ds fcuk mldk dksbZ egÙo ughaA vr% tkfr lnSo O;fÙkQ esa gh miyC/ gSA O;fÙkQ ds fcuk tkfr dh çrhfr oSls gh ugha gks ldrh tSls vkdk'k dh ^fi.Ms"oso lk lkekU;e~ ukUrjkx`árs u ákdk'kon~ bPNfUr lkekU;e~ uke fdapu~A* dqekfjyHkêð ds vuqlkj çR;sd Kku esa nks rÙo jgrs 98 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

gSa&vuqo`fÙk vkSj O;ko`fÙkA };kRed Kku ds vHkko esa tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ nksuksa dh flf¼ ugha gks ldrhA muds vuqlkj çR;sd Kku esa ,d va'k vuqo`fÙk dk jgrk gS vkSj vuqo`fÙk ls gh ^xksRo* tkfr dk cks/ gksrk gSA ,d va'k O;ko`fÙk dk jgrk gS ftlds dkj.k inkFkZ ls vU; dh O;ko`fÙk gks tkrh gSA25 ;Fkk ^xks* ds Kku ls v'okfn dh O;ko`fÙk gks tkrh gSA vr% fdlh 'kCn ds vFkZKku esa vuqo`fÙk vkSj O;ko`fÙk nksuksa dks ekuuk vko';d gSA rc Kku ds bu nksuksa va'kksa ds jgrs gq;s vuqo`fÙk ds fy, tkfr vkSj O;ko`fÙk ds fy, O;fÙkQ dks ekuuk vko';d gSA bl çdkj tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ nksuksa ls ;qÙkQ Kku gksrk gSA dqekfjy Hkêð ds vuqlkj tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ nksuksa dk Kku eq[; gh gksrk gSA dksbZ Hkh eq[; vFkok xkS.k ugha gksrkA nksuksa gh Kku lR; vkSj n`<+ gksrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd fdlh Hkh Kku (tkfr ;k O;fÙkQ) esa HkzkfUr ugha gksrh gSA HkzkfUr rks HkzkfUrokfn;ksa dks gksrh gS] ehekaldksa dks ughaA26 dqekfjy ds vuqlkj O;fÙkQ dks u ekudj dsoy tkfr dk vkSj tkfr dks u ekurs gq, dsoy O;fÙkQ dk Kku ugha gksrk gSA tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ esa ijLij u gksus ds dkj.k tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ nksuksa dk Kku ,d lkFk gh gksrk gSA çHkkdj feJ mÙkQ erksa ls lger ugha gSaA muds vuqlkj O;fÙkQ ds u"V gks tkus ij tkfr ;k rks u"V gks tk;sxh ;k ml O;fÙkQ ls i`Fkd~ gks tk;sxhA tkfr fuR; gSA vr% og u"V ugha gks ldrhA vfirq mlds u"V gks tkus ij ml O;fÙkQ ls mldk lEcU/ foPNsn gks tkrk gSA çHkkdj ds vuqlkj O;fÙkQ vkSj tkfr dk lEcU/ vukfn ;k vuUr ugha gS& çHkkdj ds vuq;kf;;ksa ds vuqlkj 'kCn ls tkfr dk cks/ gksrk gS vkSj mlds fo'ks"k.k :i esa O;fÙkQ dk Lej.k gksrk gS A rc O;fÙkQfo"k;d 'kkCncks/ gksrk gSA O;fÙkQjfgr tkfr dk fufoZdYi Kku lEHko ugha gSa& ^çHkkdjkLrq tkfr'kfÙkQKkuknso çdkjs.k O;ÙkQ% Lej.k 'kkCncksèk'p] u rq fufoZdYia :ia tkfrLej.ke~ fufoZdYiku& H;qixekr~*A27 vLrq] çHkkdj ds er esa 'kCn ls tkfr:i fo'ks"; dk cks/ gksrk gS vkSj mlds fo'ks"k.k :i esa O;fÙkQ dk Lej.k gksrk gSA lHkh tkfroknh ehekald ;su&dsu&çdkjs.k tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ mHk; dh mifLFkfr 'kCn ls ekurs gSa] fdUrq tkfr Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

dks eq[; ;k fo'ks"; ekurs gSa vkSj O;fÙkQ dks xkS.k fo'ks"k.k ;k vuqLe`r vFkZ ekurs gSaA bl çdkj O;fÙkQ dks ço`fÙk&fuo`fÙk ds :i esa Lohdkj djus ds ç'u dk lek/ku nsrs gSaA ,slh fDy"V dYiuk ds ckn Hkh ehekald tkfr dks gh inkFkZ D;ksa ekurs gSa\ blds dkj.k dk mYyso djrs gq;s xaxs'k mikè;k; dk er gS fd tkfr dks inkFkZ ekuus esa yk?ko gS vkSj O;fÙkQ dks ekuus esa xkSjo & ^Hkêðers rq tkfrjso 'kD;k yk?kokRk~A* ;fn O;fÙkQ esa 'kfÙkQ ekuh tk;s rks vuUr O;fÙkQ;ksa ds okpd vuUr 'kCnksa esa 'kfÙkQ ekuuh iM+sxh ftlesa vkuUR; nks"k gks tk,xkA lkFk gh O;fHkpkj nks"k Hkh gSA ,d O;fÙkQ esa 'kfÙkQKku gksus ij ml tkfr ds vU; O;fÙkQ esa Hkh mlh (iwoZ KkrkFkZ 'kCn) dh 'kfÙkQ dk Kku gksus yxsxk A vr% O;fÙkQi{k ekuus ij gksus okys vkuUR; vkSj O;fHkpkj nks"kksa ds fuokj.kkFkZ tkfr dks gh vFkZ ekuuk lehphu gSA lEHkor% vkpk;Z dkS.MHkêð us xaxs'k mikè;k; ds blh er ds vuqlkj tkfrokn i{k ds leFkZu esa ehekaldksa dk çFke gsrq yk?ko fn;k gSA28 bl çlax esa 'kÄ~dj'kkL=kh dgrs gSa fd D;ksafd O;fÙkQ vuar gS rFkk Hkwr] Hkfo";r~ o orZekudkfyd O;fÙkQ;ksa dh ,d lkFk mifLFkfr vlEHko gS blfy, mu mu O;fÙkQ;ksa esa ,d lkFk 'kfÙkQxzg Hkh vlEHko gksxk29] rc mudh n`f"V esa 'kCnksa esa vuar 'kfÙkQ dh dYiuk djuh iM+sxh ijUrq tkfr esa 'kCn dh 'kfÙkQ ekuus ij tkfr ,d gh gS] ,slk ekuus esa yk?ko gS] vuar 'kfÙkQ;ksa dh dYiuk ugha djuh iM+sxhA vU;Fkk xkSjo nks"k ds ifjgkj ds fy;s ;fn ,d gh O;fÙkQ esa 'kfÙkQ eku yh tk; rks ;g Hkh mfpr ugha gS] blls vU; O;fÙkQ;ksa esa 'kfÙkQ dk vHkko gksus ls mudk cks/ ugha gks ik;sxk] blhfy, tkfr ds ,d gksus rFkk ekuus esa yk?ko gksus ls tkfr dks gh okP; ekuuk mfpr gSA30 O;fÙkQokfn;ksa ds erkuqlkj yksd O;ogkj esa ^xke~ vku;* tSls okD;ksa esa 'kCnksa ls O;fÙkQ dk gh cks/ vfHkçsr gS] tkfr dk ughaA bl er dks tkfroknh Lohdkj ugha djrsA muds vuqlkj tc uke dh okpdrk 'kfÙkQ tkfr esa gh ekusaxs rks ^xke~ vku;* tSls ç;ksxksa esa (xks) O;fÙkQ dk Kku dSls gksxk\ bldh ;qfÙkQ;qÙkQ leh{kk vkpk;Z 'kadj'kkL=kh us dh gSA mudk dFku gS fd ^xke~ vku;* tSls LFkyksa esa vku;u vkfn fØ;kvksa dk vUo; Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

tkfr esa laHko ugha gSA vr% tkfr ds vkJ;Hkwr O;fÙkQ esa xks tSls 'kCnksa esa y{k.kk ekudj O;fÙkQ dk cks/ gks tk,xkA bl çdkj O;fÙkQcks/ ds LFkyksa esa y{k.kk o`fÙk ds }kjk tkfr dk vkJ; O;fÙkQ gh gksrk gSA blhfy, LokJ;Ro&lEcU/ ls O;fÙkQ dk Kku gks tk,xkA vr% ehekaldksa ds tkfr'kfÙkQokn ds fl¼kar esa dksbZ nks"k ugha gSA iqu% ;gk¡ ç'u mifLFkr fd;k x;k gS fd ;|fi O;fÙkQ vusd gSa] ijUrq çR;sd O;fÙkQ vyx&vyx rks ,d gh gSA ftl rjg tkfr'kfÙkQokn esa O;fÙkQ;ksa ds cks/ ds fy, y{k.kk o`fÙk dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA mlh çdkj O;fÙkQ'kfÙkQokn esa Hkh O;fÙkQ esa 'kCn dh 'kfÙkQ ekurs gq, y{k.kk ds }kjk vU; O;fÙkQ;ksa dk Kku laHko gSA blh rjg tc nksuksa esa gh y{k.kk 'kfÙkQ dk vkJ; ysuk iM+rk gS rks fiQj tkfr'kfÙkQokn dks ekuus esa D;k yk?ko gS\31 rFkk ;g Bhd gS fd O;fÙkQokn ds vuqlkj ,d O;fÙkQ esa 'kfÙkQ ekuus ij lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa dk cks/ ugha gks ikrk gS fdUrq tkfr'kfÙkQokn ds i{k esa rks tkfr ds mifLFkr jgus ij Hkh O;fÙkQ esa 'kfÙkQ ds vHkko ds dkj.k ,d O;fÙkQ dk Hkh cks/ lEHko ugha gS] rc dSls ekuk tk;s fd tkfr esa 'kfÙkQ ekuus ij lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa dk cks/ gks tk;sxkA32 bl çdkj tc tkfr'kfÙkQokn rFkk O;fÙkQ'kfÙkQokn nksuksa esa gh leku o`fÙk dk vkJ; fy;k tkrk gS] nksuksa esa gh fofuxeuk33 dk vHkko gSA bl ç'u dk mÙkj 'kÄ~dj 'kkL=kh nsrs gSa fd 'kCn dh fdlh ,d O;fÙkQ esa 'kfÙkQ ekurs gq, nwljs vU; O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, ftl y{k.kk o`fÙk dk vkJ; fy;k tkrk gS] mlesa Lo&leosr&vkJ;Ro lEcU/ dh dYiuk djuh iM+rh gSA Lo vFkkZr~ xks O;fÙkQ tSls ^ihys jax okyh xk;* mlesa leok; laca/ ls jgus okyh ^xksRo* tkfr] mldk vkJ; gS vU; 'osr xks vkfn O;fÙkQA bl çdkj O;fÙkQ fo'ks"k esa leqnk; laca/ ls jgus okyh tkfr ds vkJ;Hkwr vU; O;fÙkQ;ksa dk cks/ xkS tSls 'kCnksa ls laHko gks ikrk gSA ijarq tkfr esa 'kCn dh 'kfÙkQ ekurs gq, O;fÙkQ ds cks/ ds fy, ftl y{k.kk o`fÙk dk vkJ; fy;k tkrk gSA mlesa ftl laca/ dh dYiuk djuh iM+rh gS og gS& LokJ;Ro lEcU/A Lo vFkkZr~ tkfr] mldk vkJ; vFkkZr~ O;fÙkQA ;g LokJ;Ro lEcU/ O;fÙkQi{k esa dfYir Lo&leosr&vkJ;Ro laca/ dh okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 99

vis{kk y?kq gSA tkfr'kfÙkQokn dks ekuus esa LokJ;Ro laca/ esa yk?ko gksus ls ;gh fofuxed gSA bls gh 'kkÄ~dj 'kkL=kh us tkfr'kfÙkQ i{k esa lfUuÑ"Vk y{k.kk rFkk O;fÙkQ i{k esa foçÑ"Vk y{k.kk dgk gSA34 vfHkçk; ;g gS fd y{k.kk Lo'kD;laca/ gksrh gSA tkfr'kfÙkQi{k esa Lo'kD;lEcU/ ls O;fÙkQ dk cks/ gksrk gSA tSls Lo dk vFkZ gS xks'kCn] Lo'kD; gS xksRo tkfr vkSj mlls lEcfUèkr gS ldy xksO;fÙkQA bl çdkj tkfr i{k esa tkfr ls y{k.kk ds }kjk ldy O;fÙkQ;ksa dk cks/ gks tkrk gSA ;gk¡ 'kD;lEcU/ lehi gksus ls lafuÑ"V gSA O;fÙkQ'kfÙkQi{k esa Lo dk vFkZ gS xks 'kCn] Lo'kD; gS ihr xks O;fÙkQ (ihys jax dh xk;) vkSj mldk lEcU/ nwljs O;fÙkQ esa lk{kkr~ ugha gS cfYd ml xksO;fÙkQ esa leok; lEcU/ ls jgus okyh xksRo tkfr ds }kjk nwljs xks O;fÙkQ ds lkFk lEcU/ gSA blfy, Lo'kD; ^ihr xks O;fÙkQ* esa leosr xksRo dk lEcU/ 'osr] Ñ".k vkfn vU; xks O;fÙkQ;ksa esa lehi u gksus ls foçÑ"V gSA bl çdkj tkfr'kfÙkQokn esa Lo'kD;lEcU/:i y{k.kk lafuÑ"V gSA O;fÙkQ'kfÙkQokn esa LoleosrkJ;:i y{k.kk foçÑ"V gS blfy, foçÑ"Vk y{k.kk dh vis{kk lafuÑ"Vk y{k.kk ekuus esa yk?ko gSA ;gh tkfr'kfÙkQi{k dks ekuus esa fofuxed gSA vr% tkfr esa gh 'kfÙkQ ekuuh pkfg,A35 tkfr'kfÙkQokn ,oa O;fÙkQ'kfÙkQokn & bu nksuksa esa ls ,d i{k dks p;u djus dh vis{kk ;fn uke dh tkfrfof'k"V O;fÙkQ esa 'kfÙkQ eku yh tk, rks ehekaldksa ds er esa ;g mfpr ugha gS D;ksafd muds vuqlkj tc rd fo'ks"k.k (tkfr) dk Kku ugha gksrk rc rd fo'ks"; (O;fÙkQ) dk Kku ugha gks ldrk36 vFkkZr~ fof'k"V Kku ds çfr fo'ks"k.k dk Kku dkj.k gksrk gSA blfy, ç/ku gksus ds dkj.k fo'ks"k.k (tkfr) esa gh 'kCn dh vfHk/k 'kfÙkQ ekuuh pkfg,A vfHkçk; ;g gS fd uke viuh vfHk/k 'kfÙkQ ls tkfr dk cks/ djkrk gS rFkk O;fÙkQ dk y{k.kk o`fÙk ls cks/ gksrk gSA vfi p 'kCn dh vfHk/k 'kfÙkQ fo'ks"k.k vFkkZr~ tkfr dks gh dgdj fojr gks tkrh gSA37 vr% fo'ks"; vFkkZr~ O;fÙkQ dks og ugha dg ikrh vFkok ;g dgk tk;s fd vfHk/k 'kfÙkQ fo'ks"k.k va'k dks dg dj {kh.k gks x;hA blfy;s fo'ks"; dk vfHk/k ls 100 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

'kfÙkQ ls cks/ ugha gks ldrkA vr% fo'ks"; vFkkZr~ O;fÙkQ ds cks/ ds fy;s y{k.kk o`fÙk dk vkJ; ysuk gh iÄsxkA tSls ^xke~ vku;* vkfn LFkkuksa ij xksRo tkfr dk vku;u lEHko ugha gS] xksRo tkfr ds vkJ;Hkwr O;fÙkQ dk lgkJ;Ro lEcU/ ls y{k.kk ds }kjk cks/ gks tk;sxk rFkk mlh y{;kFkZ O;fÙkQ esa foHkfÙkQ ds vFkZ dk Hkh lEcU/ gks tk;sxk D;ksafd çÑR;FkZ dk çR;;kFkZ ds lkFk vUo; gksrk gSA38 bl çdkj tkfr dks ukekFkZ ekuuk mfpr ,oa yk?ko ls ;qÙkQ gSA vr% yk?ko gksus ds dkj.k tkfr esa gh uke dh gSA O;fÙkQ'kfÙkQokn %& O;fÙkQokn ds lUnHkZ esa loZçFke laxzgdkj vkpk;Z O;kfM ds gh fopkj çkIr gksrs gSa ftUgksaus loZçFke dsoy O;fÙkQ dks gh 'kCn dk vFkZ ekuk gS rFkk O;fÙkQ&i{k esa bl çdkj rdZ fn;s gSa%& (1) O;fÙkQ dks gh 'kCnkFkZ ekuus ij 'kCn ls fyax vkSj opu dk fo/ku gksrk gSA tSls uj&ukjh] cky&ckyk vkfn (fyax ds mnkgj.k)] ckyd%&ckydk% vkfn (opu ds mnkgj.k)A ;fn tkfr dks uke dk vFkZ ekuk tk;s rks mlls fyax vkSj opu dk fo/ku ugha fd;k tk ldsxkA (2) yksd&O;ogkj esa ço`fÙk&fuo`fÙk O;fÙkQ esa gh gksrh gS] tkfr esa ughaA tSls&^xk; ykvks*] ^iqLrd i<+ks* vkfn dgus ij xk; O;fÙkQ yk;h tkrh gS vkSj 'iqLrd O;fÙkQ i<+h tkrh gSA u rks 'xksRo' tkfr ykbZ tkrh gS vkSj u gh iqLrdRo tkfr i<+h tkrh gSA (3) ,d tkfr ,d le; esa ,d gh LFkku esa jg ldrh gS] vusd LFkkuksa esa ughaA tSls & ,d ^xks* (tkfr) ,d gh le; esa eFkqjk vkSj cukjl nksuksa LFkkuksa esa ugha jg ldrh gSA (4) 'kCn dk vFkZ tkfr ekuus ij ,d xks ds ejus ij fo'o dh lHkh xk;ksa dh ej tkuk pkfg;s vkSj ,d ds mRiUu gksus ij lHkh dks mRiUu gks tkuk pkfg;sA (5) lalkj esa çR;sd O;fÙkQ esa fofHkUurk ;k vfHkUurh jgrh gS vkSj mlh ds vk/kj ij foxzg dh tkrh gSA tkfr ekuus ij ;s ijLij fojks/h xq.k (,d gh tkfr esa) dSls jg ldsaxs\ (6) vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa esa O;fÙkQ&foHksn dks gh eku dj ,d 'ks"k gksrk gS ^vk{kk% iknk%* vkfnA39 Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

oLrqr% O;fÙkQokn ds i{k esa O;kfM us lHkh lEHkkfor rdks± ds vk/kj ij vius er dks çkS<+rk ds lkFk çfrikfnr fd;k gSA O;fÙkQokn dk leFkZu djrs gq;s uS;kf;d xkSre us Hkh blh er dk leFkZu fd;k gSA40 bl çdkj yksd&O;ogkj fofu'p;kfRedk inkFkZo`fÙk O;fÙkQ esa jgrh gSA vr,o 'xks' in ls fofo/ vFkks± dk dFku gksrk gS&xkS% fr"Bfr] xoka lewg%] pkS=kk; xka nnkfr] czkã.kL; xkS%] foa'kfr xfo] vo/Zr~ xkS%] 'kqDyk xkS%] xkSxk± tu;fr] bR;kfn ç;ksx LFkyksa ij Øe'k% tkfrHksnd O;fÙkQ] O;fÙkQHksn æO; dk R;kx] lEcU/ Hksn] la[;k] vip;] o.kZ] vuqcU/ vkfn dk ç;ksx O;fÙkQ esa gh laHko gS] tkfr esa ughaA vr% O;fÙkQ esa gh 'kfÙkQ ekuh tkuh pkfg;sA tkfrokn ds lEcU/ esa nks"k dh mn~Hkkouk djrs gq, vkpk;Z 'kadj 'kkL=kh dsoy O;fÙkQ dks gh ukekFkZ ekuuk pfg,¸ bl fl¼kUr ds i{k dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj ^?kVe~ vku;*& ?kM+k ys vkvks] ,slk dgus ij ?kV ls ;qÙkQ O;fÙkQ gh yk;k tkrk gS] ?kVRo tkfr dks dksbZ mBkdj ugha ykrk vkSj u ?kVRo tkfr ?kV dks NksM+dj vkrh gh gSA41 ?kV O;fÙkQ gh vkrk gS rFkk ?kV esa leok;&lEcU/ ls jgus okyh ?kVRo tkfr ?kV ds lkFk Lor% pyh vkrh gSA ,oe~ ?kVRo tkfr esa ?kV 'kCn dh 'kfÙkQ ugha gSA vr% O;fÙkQ gh ukekFkZ gSA O;fÙkQ dks ukekFkZ ekuus ds i{k 'kÄ~dj'kkL=kh ikf.kfu ds ^v.kqfnRlo.kZL; pkçR;;%*42 lw=k esa v.k~ xzg.k vkSj ^l:ik.kkesd'ks"k ,dfoHkÙkQkS*43 ,d'ks"k dk vkjEHk ;s nks çek.k çLrqr djrs gSaA ;fn vkpk;Z ikf.kfu dks tkfr esa gh 'kfÙkQ ekuuk vHkh"V gksrk rks nksuksa gh lw=k O;FkZ fl¼ gksrs] blh çdkj ^vL; PokS*44] ^,jp~*45 lw=kksa esa vBkjg çdkj ds vdkj dk xzg.k tkfr dks ukekFkZ ekudj fd;k x;k gSA ^v.kqfnRlo.kZL; pkçR;;%* lw=k esa v.k~ ds ç;ksx ls ikf.kfu dks Hkh O;fÙkQokn gh vHkh"V gSA46 uke dk lEcU/h dsoy O;fÙkQ gSA O;fÙkQ esa fo'ks"k.k tkfr lEcfUèkrkoPNsnd gS og ,d gS vkSj ltkrh; lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa esa ,d lkFk leok;&lEcU/ ls jgrh gSA blfy, tkfr dh eè;LFkrk ls ,d 'kfÙkQ ls lc O;fÙkQ;ksa dk cks/ gksrk gSA bl çdkj O;fÙkQ&i{k esa tks vuUr 'kfÙkQ dYiuk:i xkSjo nks"k Hkh ugha vkrkA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

O;fÙkQ dks okP; eku ysus ij vkSj tkfr dks eè;LFk Lohdkj dj ysus ij ;g ç'u mifLFkr gksrk gS fd ?kVRotkfr dks Hkh ?kV 'kCn dk okP; ekuk tk;s ;k ugha\ ;fn ekuk tk;s rks ?kV 'kCn dk 'kD;rkoPNsnd ?kVRotkfr gS vkSj cqf¼ fo'ks"k.k dks NksM+dj fo'ks"; dks xzg.k ugha djrh47] bl U;k; ls tkfr gh okP; D;ksa u eku yh tk;s\ rks lek/ku nsrs gSa fd ugha] ,slk lEHko ugha gS D;ksafd tkfr okP; u gksus ij Hkh mifLFkr gks tk;sxhA tSls&?kV dk;Z gS vkSj mldk dkj.k n.M gSA vr% n.MRo /eZ dkj.krkoPNsnd gqvkA og n.MRo n.M dk lkFk dHkh ugha NksM+rk vkSj n.M ds lkFk gh mifLFkr gks tkrk gSA vkSj tSls& ^xÄ~xk;ka ?kks"k%* bl okD; ds xaxk in dh rhj esa y{k.kk gksus ls ;|fi y{; dsoy rhj gS] fiQj Hkh y{;rkoPNsnd gksus ls rhjRo Lor% mifLFkr gks tkrk gSA ;gh ckr ?kVRotkfr dh mifLFkfr esa Hkh laHko gSA48 vkpk;Z dkS.MHkêð us HkrZ`gfj dh dkfjdk }kjk ;qfÙkQ iwoZd O;fÙkQi{k esa Hkh ehekaldksa }kjk yxk;s x;s vkuUR; vkSj O;fHkpkj nks"k dks nwj dj fn;k gS& vkuUR;s¿fi fg Hkkokuke~ ,da ÑRoksiy{k.ke~A 'kCn% lqdjlEcU/% u p O;fHkpfj";frAA49 vFkkZr~ lHkh ltkrh; vusd inkFkks± ds okpd tks vusd 'kCn gSa] bu lHkh 'kCnksa ds ltkrh; inkFkks± ij ,d tkfr cSBh jgrh gS] ogh inksa ls vFkks± dks tksM+us okyh dM+h gSA bl vFkZ esa fLFkr dM+h ls ,d 'kCn dks tksM+ nsus ls fdlh ,d in ls mlds lEiw.kZ vFkks± dk cks/ gks tkrk gS vkSj vkuUR; rFkk O;fHkpkj nks"k Hkh ugha mBrs] tSls& ?kV in dh ?kVRoksiyf{kr ?kV inkFkZ esa 'kfÙkQ gSA blh ,d 'kfÙkQ ds Kku ls lEiw.kZ ?kV inkFkks± dk Kku gks tkrk gSA ftlls vkuUR; vkSj O;fHkpkj nksuksa nks"k mifLFkr ugha gksrsA bl çdkj O;fÙkQ dks ukekFkZ eku ysus ij dksbZ nks"k ugha gSA tkfrfof'k"VO;fÙkQokn%& vkpk;Z dkS.MHkêð tkfr'kfÙkQokn rFkk O;fÙkQ'kfÙkQokn ij ;qfÙkQ;qÙkQ ppkZ djds ,d vU; er ds fo"k; esa dgrs gSa fd dqN vkpk;Z tkfr vkSj O;fÙkQ nksuksa i{kksa ij fopkj djds ^tkfrfof'k"VO;fÙkQ* bl er dks lek/ku ds :i esa çLrqr djrs gSaA tSls xks 'kCn dk vFkZ gS okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 101

xksRotkfrfof'k"V xksA egÙoiw.kZ ;g gS fd ^tkfrfof'k"V xks O;fÙkQ*& ;gh vFkZ cks/ gksrk gSA xksfof'k"V tkfr* ;g vFkZ ughaA D;ksafd xks vkfn inksa ls xks fof'k"V xksRo tkfr& bl çdkj cks/ ugha gksrkA rf}"k;d 'kkCncks/ esa rf}"k;d 'kfÙkQ dk Kku dkj.k gksrk gSA tSls ?kVfo"k;d 'kkCncks/ esa ?kVfo"k;d 'kfÙkQ dk Kku dkj.k gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ?kV in ls ?kVRofof'k"V ?kV dk cks/ gksrk gSA vfHkçk; ;g gS fd 'kfÙkQ Kku dkj.k gS vkSj O;fÙkQ dk Kku dk;Z gSA ;gk¡ 'kfÙkQKku ftl /eZ ls fof'k"V gksrs gq, Kku dk dkj.k gS og dkj.krkoPNsnd /eZ gSA ?kVRofof'k"V Kku esa ?kVRofo"k;d 'kfÙkQKku dkj.k gS vkSj ogh dkj.krkoPNsnd gSA 'kfÙkQ ds rhu fo"k; gSa& 1- 'kCn 2- vFkZ rFkk 3- cks/A buesa ls 'kCn cks/fu"BtU;rkfu:fir tudrk:i'kfÙkQ dk fo"k; gksus ls okpd gSA vFkZ intU; cks/ dk fo"k; gksus ls 'kfÙkQ dk fo"k; gS vkSj okP; gSA bl çdkj 'kfÙkQKkufu"B cks/dkj.krk ds fo"k; gksus ij] fo"k;rk laca/ ls intU; cks/ ds fo"k; xks vkfn gSa muesa jgus okyh fo"k;rkoPNsfndk xksRo vkfn tkfr ,d gh gSA ;fn ;g Lohdkj djsaxs fd tkfrfof'k"VO;fÙkQ esa 'kfÙkQ gS rks tSls ^xks* in ls xksRoçdkjd xksfo'ks";d 'kkCncks/ ,slk ekuus ij ^xksRoRo çdkjd* ^xksRofo'ks";d* 'kkCncks/ Hkh gksus yxsxkA D;ksafd ?kVRofof'k"V?kV ds Kku ds gksus ij ?kVRoka'k esa ?kVRoRo vkfn çdkj gksrk gSA O;fÙkQ esa 'kfÙkQ Lohdkj djus ij çkIr vkuUR; rFkk O;fHkpkj nks"kksa ds fuokj.kkFkZ dqekfjyHkêð ekurs gSa fd ?kV vkfn O;fÙkQ;ksa esa tkfr miy{k.k gS vkSj budk LoHkko gS fd vius lHkh vkJ;ksa dks 'kfÙkQ dk fo"k; cukrk gSA ijarq Lo;a 'kfÙkQ xzg dk rFkk cks/ dk fo"k; ugha gksrkA tSls xksRo vkfn lkekU; y{k.kk ls gh ,slk fuf'pr gksrk gS fd lHkh xks vkfn O;fÙkQ;ksa esa 'kfÙkQ gSA O;fÙkQ'kfÙkQokn ds leFkZu esa dqekfjyHkêð v#.kkfèkdj.k esa dgrs gSa fd ?kVkfn O;fÙkQ vuUr gSa rc Hkh mu ?kV vkfn O;fÙkQ;ksa esa vuqxr /eZ Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS tks Lo;a 'kD; u gksrs gq, Hkh vFkkZr~ 'kD; (xks) dk O;korZd gksrk gS vFkkZr xks ls fHkUu dks O;ko`Ùk djrk gSA ,slk ekuus ij mls 'kD;rkoPNsnd:i ekuuk pkfg,A 102 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

'kCn xks vkfn :i gksrk gSA ftlesa xks okP; lEcU/ gksrk gSA ftlls 'kfÙkQ dk tks O;fÙkQ fo"k;d ugha tSls v'o mldk cks/ ugha djkrkA tkfr dks ukekFkZ ekuus ij ^xka nnkfr* bu okD; ç;ksxksa esa nku vkfn ds lkFk vUo; (lEcU/) ds fy, O;fÙkQ dk Kku vko';d gS vkSj O;fÙkQ'kfÙkQokn esa 'kD;rkoPNsnd:i miy{k.k tkfr dk vkJ; ysuk vko';d gSA blhfy, nksuksa i{kksa dh vis{kk fof'k"V'kfÙkQokn dks eku ysuk pkfg,A milagkj%& egkHkk"; ds vè;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd igys oktI;k;u uke ds vkpk;Z gq, Fks tks 'kCn dks tkfr dk okpd ekurs FksA &vkÑR;fHk/kukn~ ok ,da foHkÙkQkS oktI;k;u%50] bl er ds foijhr vkpk;Z O;kfM ftUgksaus laHkor% ,d yko 'yksdksa okys ^laxzg* uked egku xzUFk dh jpuk dh Fkh] os ;g ekurs Fks fd 'kCn æO; fo'ks"k ds okpd gksrs gSa& æO;kfHk/kue~ O;kfM%A bl çdkj ,d oxZ tkfr i{k dk iks"kd gS rks nwljk oxZ O;fÙkQ dkA vkpk;Z ikf.kfu us volj laxfr ds vuqlkj nksuksa gh i{kksa dks viuk;k gSA tkfr i{k dh n`f"V ls& tkR;k[;k;kesdfLeUcgqopueU;rjlL;kEk~51 ¹tkfr (leku mRifÙk) ds dFku gksus ij ,d vFkZ esa fodYi ls cgqopu gksrk gSº lw=k dh jpuk dh rFkk O;fÙkQ ;k æO; i{k dh n`f"V ls& l:ik.kkesd'ks"k ,dfoHkÙkQkS (,d foHkfÙkQ esa leku Lo:i 'kCnksa esa ,d 'ks"k jgrk gS rFkk vU; dk yksi gks tkrk gS) lw=k dh jpuk Hkh vkpk;Z ikf.kfu us gh dhA okfrZddkj dkR;k;u us Hkh vkÑfr vFkok tkfr i{k dks gh è;ku esa j[kdj&^vkÑfr xzg.kkn~ fl¼Ek~*52 vFkok ^lo.kZs¿.xzg.keifjHkk";& ekÑfrxzg.kkRk~*53 tSls okfrZdksa dks rFkk O;fÙkQ i{k dh n`f"V ls & ^:ilkekU;k}k*54 tSls okfrZdksa dh jpuk dhA egkHkk";dkj ir×tfy ds vuqlkj Hkh tkfr okpd xks vkfn 'kCnksa ls tkfr Hkh dgh tkrh gS rFkk æO; ;k O;fÙkQ HkhA 55 bl çdkj mi;ZqÙkQ erksa ds i;kZykspu ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd 'kCnkFkZ esa tkfr dk vfLrRo loZrksHkkosu jgrk gh gS] pkgs og O;fÙkQokpd 'kCn gks fdEok tkfrokpdA lHkh 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ :i ls dsoy tkfrokpd Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

ekuus ;k dsoy O;fÙkQokpd ekuus ij vo'; gh dqN vlek/s; foçfrifÙk;k¡ mRiUu gksrh gSaA blhfy;s oS;kdj.k ir×k~tfy ]dkR;k;u] HkrZ`gfj rFkk dkS.MHkêð us oÙkQk dh bPNkuqlkj dgha ij 'kCn dks tkfrcks/d rks dgha ij O;fÙkQ&cks/d ekurs gq, tkfr&O;fÙkQ mHk; dks inkFkZ Lohdkj fd;k gSA ·'kks/PNk=k fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh ··,lksfl,V izksiQslj] galjkt egkfo|ky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh lanHkZ lwph 1- Ek-Hkk-1-2-64 2- iQyO;kikj;ks/kZrqjkJ;s rq frÄ% Le`r%A iQys ç/kua O;kikjfLrÄFkZLrq fo'ks"k.ke~AA oS-Hkw- lkj i`- 8 3- Ek-Hkk-1-2-45 4- fu;rksifLFkfrd% çkfrifndkFkZ%A oS-fl-dkS-dkjd çdj.k lw=k 532 5- ok-i- 1-1 6- dkO;kn'kZ 1-4 7- ;suksPpkfjrsu lkLukykÄ~xwy ddqnoqjfo"kkf.kuka lEçR;;ks Hkofr l 'kCn%A e-Hkk-i`-17 8- çrhrinkFkZdks yksds èofu% 'kCn% bR;qP;rsA e-Hkk-i`19 9- fu;rksifLFkfrd% çkfrifndkFkZ% oS-fl-dkS-dkjd çdj.k lw=k 532 10- ok-i- 3-332 11- i×pd% çkfrifndkFkZ % ] prq " d%] f=kd bfr iq#"kfodYik/hu ,oa çdkj% i{kHksn%A ok-i 1-26 gfjo`fÙk 12- oS-Hkw-lkj dkfjdk 25 13- fda iqu% vkÑfr% inkFkZ% vkgksfLon æO;e~A e-Hkk1-2-64 14- bna rfnfr loZuke çR;oe'kZ ;ksX;a æO;Ek~A ok-igsykjkt Vhdk i`- 289 15- ok-i-gsykjkt Vhdk i`- 289 16- fda ;ÙkRlkLukykÄ~xy w ddqnoqjfo"kk.;FkZ:ia l 'kCn%\ Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

171819-

202122-

23-

24-

25-

26-

2728-

29-

30-

3132-

usR;kg] æO;a uke rRk~A e-Hkk- i`- 14 Ek-Hkk- Ik`- 16 vlk/kj.kRoa p rRinkFkZrs jo`fÙkRos lfr rRinkFkZof` ÙkRoEk~ 'kkÄ~djh Vhdk] ukekFkZ fu.kZ; i`-216 tkfrinsuk=k rÙkRinkFkZxrklk/kj.kks /ekZs foof{kr%] u rq fuR;Ros lfr ,dRos p lR;usdleosrRo:ik tkfr%A 'kkÄ~djh Vhdk i`-216 ik-1-2-64 Ek-Hkk- 1-2-64 rs u rYyf{kRkO;ÙkQs % fØ;klEcUèkcks / ukA O;DR;kkÑR;ksjHksns ok okD;kFkZ"s kq foof{kr% ? dkf'kdk Vhdk] i` 305 ikjkF;Z L ;fof'k"VRokUu 'kCnkPNCnlfUuf/%A ukFkkZPNCnL; lkfUuè; u 'kCnknFkZlfUuf/%AA ok-i2-336 ,dineso 'kCnkUrjS% lEcU/eUrjs.k çdj.kkfno'kkr~ rÙknFkZ çR;k;u fuiq.kfeR;so eUrO;Ek~A ogh] Vhdk iq.;jkt oLrq cqf¼fgZ loZ=k O;ko`R;kuqxkfRedkA tk;rs ákRedRosu fouk l p u fl¼~;frAA 'yksdokfrZd] vkÑfrokn& 5 ukI;Urjk HkzkfUr:ipkjs.kkoxE;rsA n`<+Rokr~ cq¼sHkzkZfUrLrr~ HkzkfUrokfnukEk~AA 'yksdokfrZd vkÑfrokn] 7 'kfDrokn i`-160 'kCnkuka tkrkS 'kfÙkQykZ?kokRk~] tkrsjsdRosuSdfo"kf;.;k%'kÙkQsjI;SdRosu yk?kokfnfr Hkko%] 'kkÄ~djh Vhdk] i`-216 Hkw r Hkfo";RorZ e kuka xks O ;ÙkQhukeuUrRokns d nks & ifLFkR;laHkosu rkorh"kq-----------xkSjoRk~A 'kkÄ~djhVhdk i`-216 tkrsjd s Rosud S fo"k;d'kÙkQsjI;sdRolaHa kosu yk?kokÙkL;k% ,o okP;RoL;ksfprRokfnR;FkZ%- 'kkÄ~djh Vhdk i`216 tkfr'kfÙkQO;fÙkQ'kfÙkQi{k;ksjfo'ks"kkTtkfr'kfÙkQokn ,o dFka i{kikr\ 'kkÄ~djh Vhdk i`- 217 tkfr 'kfÙkQi{ks¿fi 'kDR;k tkrs#ifLFkrkofi O;ÙkQkS 'kDR;Hkkos u S d L;k vfi O;ÙkQs j uq i LFkkukRdFka okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 103

333435-

36373839-

4041-

ldyO;fÙkQlaxgz %A 'kkÄ~djhVhdk] i`- 217 vU;rjdks f Vfu'pk;d;q f ÙkQ'kw U ;RofeR;FkZ % A 'kkÄ~djhVhdk] i`- 217 tkfr'kfÙkQi{ks lfUuÑ"Vk y{k.kk O;fÙkQi{ks foçÑ"Vk y{k.ksfr]'kkÄ~djhVhdk] i`-218 ,oa fg ,dL;keso O;ÙkQkS 'kÙkQ~;H;qixes O;ÙkQ~;Urjs y{k.kk;ka Lo&leosrkJ;Roa lalxZ bfr xkSjoe~ tkR;k rq lg&vkJ;Roeso lalxZ bfr yk?koEk~A & oS-Hkwlkj i`-218 ukx`ghrfo'ks"k.kk cqf¼foZ'ks";eoxkgr bfrA 'kkÄ~djh Vhdk] i`-218 fo'ks";a ukfHk/k xPNsr~ {kh.k'kfÙkQfoZ'ks"k.ksA dk-ç-] mYyklA 2 dkfjdk&10 dh o`fÙk çR;;kuka çÑR;FkZfUorLokFkZcks/dRoe~ oS-Hkw-lkj i` 219 æO;kfHk/kua O;kfM%A rFkk p fyaxopuflf¼%A pksnuklq p rL;kjEHkkr~A u pkSdeusdkf/dj.kLFka ;qxir~A fouk'ks çknqHkkZos p loZa rFkk L;kr~A vfLr p oS:I;e~A rFkk p foxzg%A O;FkZs"kq p eqÙkQla'k;Ek~A e-Hkk-1-2-64 ;k 'kCnlewgifjR;kxifjxzg la[;ko`¼kip;o.kZleklkuq& cU/ukO;ÙkQkoqipkjkr~ O;fÙkQ%A U;k- lw=k 2-2-62 ?kVeku;sfr ç;kstdokD;Jo.kkuUrja

104 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

4243444546-

474849505152535455-

ç;ksT;pkS=kdrZ`d?kVku;ukfn:iO;ogkjs.k O;ÙkQkoso 'kfÙkQxzgL; fu'p;kfnR;FkZ%A 'kkÄ~djh Vhdk] i` 220] tkrkoku;ukoguu;ksjlaHkokfnfr psRk~A 'kkÄ~djh Vhdk] i` 216 Ikk- 1-1-69 Ikk- 1-2-64 Ikk- 7-4-32 Ikk- 3-3-56 rTtkR;ofPNUufo'ks";rkd'kfÙkQxzgL; dkj.kRokr~ ^vL; PokS* ^,jp*-----------bR;uqeh;r bfr Hkko%A 'kkÄ~djhVhdk i` 219&20 fo'ks";a ukfHk/k xPNsR{kh.k'kfÙkQfoZ'ks"k.ks] 'kkÄ~djh Vhdk i` 219 vUo;O;frjsdkfnuk ?kVa çfr n.ML; dkj.kRos x`ghrs] ---------Lohdkjs ck/dkHkkokr~ ] 'kkÄ~djhVhdk i` 221 'kkÄ~djhVhdk i` 221 Ek-Hkk-1-2-64 Ikk- 1-2-58 Ek-Hkk-Hkkx i`-98 Ek-Hkk-1-1-69 Ek-Hkk-Hkkx i`-100 Ek-Hkk-1-2-58

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Research Paper

Concept of Pilgrimage in Buddhism Rajesh Kumar Rai

INTRODUCTION The idea of a pilgrimage came from the Buddha himself over 2500 years ago. Ananda concern that the monks would no longer be able to see the Buddha and pay their respects after his Parinibbana, Buddha advisedreligious disciples to visit Four Places. The sight of which will inspire faith and religious urgency after He was gone.Theseplaces are called Samvejaniya-thana in Palior places that arouse awareness and fear of impermanence. In Buddhism, understanding plays a key role in one’s spiritual progress. Therefore, for the intending pilgrim, it is imperative to understand that a pilgrimage is essentially a spiritual journey in veneration of the Blessed One. This act of veneration purifies one’s thoughts, speech and action and through it, many noble qualities. The idea of a pilgrimage came from the Buddha himself because, at the time of his Mahaparinibbana, he advised his disciples to visit four places that may be for their inspiration when he was not there. Asoka as a firm believer of the exhortation of the Buddha embarked upon the holy pilgrimages of Buddhism. He visited atthamahathanani (eight great places) the four sacred places related to life event of the Buddha Lumbini, Bodhgaya, Sarnath and Kusinara and four places of the Buddha miraclesSavatthi, Sankissa, Rajagaha and Vesali His Dhammayatas were literally a landmark because where ever he went, he built stupas, raised pillars generally with inscriptions to commemorate the aim of his yatas. These pillars are monolithically made of Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

polished Chunar sandstone and surmounted with animal capital which has helped to a great extent to identify the exact location and purpose of his yatas. Concept of Pilgrimage in Buddhism Pilgrimages are not just tourist place. Pilgrimages are important part of Buddhist.They is deeply committed to faith of Buddhist religion. Buddha speaks specifically about the importance of pilgrimages. Pilgrimage came from the Buddha himself because at the time of his Mahaparinibbana, Buddha on the advice of Bhikkhu Upagupta. He advised The Buddha himself explained his followers to visit what are now known as the four great places of pilgrimage: Lumbini, Bodhgaya, Sarnath and Kushinagar. They are four holy pilgrimage places. Pilgrimages are important part of the lives of many Buddhist monk and teachers. Many great teachers of the Buddhist tradition maintained the practice of pilgrimage and paying respect to the holy sites. Nagarjuna, father of the Mahayana, restored the temple in Bodhgaya and protected the Bodhi tree, while the great Indian master Atisha, later on as important as Nagarjuna to the Tibetan tradition, also often visited Bodhgaya and indeed attained many realizations. The idea of his disciples to visit four places that may be for their inspiration when he was not there. Buddha advised his disciples and lay men to must visit four placesLumbini, Bodhgaya, Sarnath and Kusinara. Buddhist Emperor Asoka built thousands of Stupas and Viharas for Buddhist followers. Gautama Buddha was said to have four sites most okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 105

worthy of pilgrimage for his followers, saying that they would produce a feeling of spiritual urgency. In the later commentarial tradition, four other sites are also to a special status because Buddha had performed a certain miracle there and it became important Buddhist pilgrimage sites in ancient India. The eight famous Buddhist place in ancient time and also present time. These places called as the Attha-mahathanani (The Eight Great Places) in Pali. The Eight Great Places name are Lumbini , BodhGaya, Sarnath, Kusinara , Sravasti , Rajgir, Sankassa and Vaishali . The eight great paths divide in to two path the first four places Lumbini, Bodhgaya, Sarnath and Kusinagar that the most significant history of the Buddha’s life. And four other sites associated with special events and miraclesand it’sbecame a focus for pilgrimage. Eight Great Places of Pilgrimage. 1. Lumbini: (Birthplace of the Buddha) To the Buddhist religion lumbani is very important pilgrimage place. Lumbini was the birthplace of the Buddha and is now located near the Nepal-India border. Lumbani has a Pillar marks the spot of Asoka’s visit to Lumbini. 2. Bodhgaya: (The site of Buddha’s enlightenment) Bodhgaya is the most important Buddhist pilgrimage site in world and it is very important of the main four pilgrimage sites related to the life of Buddha. Bodhgaya attracts thousands of visitors and Buddhist monks from all over the world. Buddha gained enlightenment, sitting under a pipal tree also known as the Bodhi tree. The site has undergone many changes over the centuries. Many Buddhist masters are travelling to Bodhgaya. In 2002 Mahabodhi Temple became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Lots of Buddhist temple and monasteries in Bodhgaya. Present time Bodhgaya is a very important site lots of Buddhist monk and layman visit this place 3. Sarnath: (The place of the first turning of the Wheel of Dharma) After attaining Enlightenment the Buddha leaving Uruvela (Bodhgaya), travelled to the Isipatana (Sarnath) is the site of the Isipatana where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma after his enlightenment.

106 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Sarnath is one of four holy Buddhist sites. Inisipatana Buddha gave the first preaching to the five monks was his first preaching, called the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. It was here that the Buddha also established sangha. After create sangha Buddha sent monk to all directions to travel alone and teach the Dharma. 4. Kusinagara: (The Place where Buddha entered Mahaparinibbana) Kusinagara was capital of the Malla kingdom. In kushinagar Gautama Buddha attained Parinirvana and was cremated. After his death, the Buddha’s body was cremated at the temple of the Mallas. His remains were divided into eight parts which were subsequently placed under eight stupas in different parts of the country. Many of the stupas and viharas at Kushinagara. The four sites are the holy places by the Buddha and place of four principal miracles. 5. Savatthi: (Where the Buddha performed the Twin Miracle) The Buddha spent much of his monastic life in Sravasti. Sravasti was capital of Kosala kingdom. It was here that six non-believers challenged the Buddha to perform a miracle whereupon he levitated on a thousand petalled lotuses, caused fire to shoot from his shoulders and water to flow from his feet and then multiplied himself. 6. Sankasia: (Where the Buddha descended from Tavatimsa) Sankasia in the present day Farrukhabad district (u.p.) is one of the more destroyed but important Buddhist pilgrimage spot. King Asoka developed this place and installed one of his famous Pillars of Asoka in the city. According to the Buddhist text, The Buddha returned to earth, after preaching the Abhidhamma Pitaka. 7. Rajagaha: (The Place of where the Buddha tamed the drunken elephant) Rajgir was the capital of the Magadh Mahajanpad. The Buddha spent several months meditating and preaching at Rajgir, converting the king of Magadha. Devadatta, one of the Buddha’s disciples, attempted to kill the Buddha and snatch Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

leadership by the wild elephant known as Nalagiri. The Buddha faced the charging elephant and subdued him. It was also the venue for the first Buddhist council. 8. Vesali: (Where a band of monkeys dug a pond for the Buddha) Vesali is a prominent Buddhist site in India. Vesali was the capital of the Licchavi . The Buddha also visited the city on many occasions. Vesali was the venue of the second Buddhist council. According to ancient story, several monkeys dug up a tank for his comfortable stay and offered him a bowl of honey.

Map of Eight Great Places Importance of pilgrimage in modern perspective Pilgrimage is a spiritual tradition found in the history of nearly every major religion. Is pilgrimage still significant today for communities of faith? Pilgrimage tourism is the third largest foreign exchange earner for India. In this informational proposed research work, we explore the purpose of modern pilgrimage. Pilgrimage traveling is very important in Buddhism from ancient times to modern times. Today we can see what type of Buddhism combined with modern society has made possible by pilgrimage destinations. Because the present time important pilgrimage site as a means of understanding the wisdom of Lord Buddha. In modern times the Lord Buddha’s teachings and understand their functions, the most important methods to visit the pilgrimage site. International interest in pilgrimage increased with the Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

1956 celebration of the Buddha Jayanti, the 2500th anniversary of the Buddha’s enlightenment.This event served as a historical indicator for the revival of Buddhism to the sacred places. In modern society pilgrimage sites has been play the important role. Buddhism making it a world religion reconizing it by UNESCO. Impact of Buddhist sites on Indian society and economy Buddhism exercised profound influence in shaping the various aspects of Indian society and economy. The ethical code of Buddhism was also simpler based on charity, purity, self-sacrifice, and truthfulness and control over passions. It laid great emphasis on love, equality and non-violence.Buddhism could not eject Brahmanism from its high position. It certainly jolted it and inspired institutional changes in Indian society. Buddhism Promote of social equality and social justice. In these causes Buddhism to cross the borders of Indian subcontinent and became a world religion. These reasons, many people are coming in Buddhism. In present time Buddhism is the fourth largest religion in the world and fifth largest religion in India. Present time many different Buddhist pilgrimage places are affecting of Indian society.As we know, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar became Buddhist along with about 500,000 followers on 14 October 1956. Because Buddhism is very simple and very scientific, so many peoples attract this religion. According to the Indian government, survey 0.8 % (2001) Buddhist population in India. These few years Buddhist population increase in Indian society. Buddhist sites play an important role in economy; it is an important segment of the country’s economy especially in terms of its contribution towards foreign exchange earnings, generation of additional income and creation of employment opportunities. Today’s Majjhima Desa attracts millions of pilgrims from around the world and is saturated with internationally flavored Buddhist temples and monasteries, hotels, restaurants, shopping plazas, and charitable institutions. These pilgrimage sites, Lots of Buddhism follower come in India and visit Buddhist pilgrimage site. In these cause many business started okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 107

near in Buddhist sacred places and many more small business for the local peoples, and he help our society and country. We know that, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh where “religious tourism” is the prime factor of its economy. The Mahabodhi temple and Great Sanchi Stupa, and other Buddhist places. Both are declare as a World Heritage Site by UNECSO. The Asoka Pillar at

Sarnath has a four-lion capital, which was later adopted as the national emblem of the modern Indian republic. Research Scholar Gautam Buddha University School of Buddhist Studies And Civilization Great Noida Email – [email protected]

Bibliography: • Thapar, Romila, Asoka & the Decline of the Mauryas, p.160,Oup, New Delhi, 2000 • Watters, Thomas, On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India, II, 28, New Delhi, 2004 (reprint) • Cunningham, Alexander, the Ancient Geography of India, Vol. I, Buddhist Period352-59, • New Delhi, 2000 (reprintAgrawal, V. S., Studies in Indian Art, p.63, Varanasi, 2003 • Beal, Samuel, Travels of Fah-Hien & Sung-Yun from China to India, pp.62-64, New Delhi, 2005 (reprint) • Malalasekera, G.P., Dictionary of Pal+ Proper Names, II, p.722, New Delhi, 2007 • King Asoka and Buddhism : historical and literary studies , Buddhist Publication Society 1994 - 161 pages • Asoka Maurya Balkrishna Govind Gokhale 1966 - 194 pages

•

108 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

• • •

• • • • •

Asoka Mookerji Radhakumud Motilal Banarsidass Publishe, 1995 - Religion - 289 pages Main Buddhist Pilgrimage in India , Dr. Priy Sen Singh Walking with the Buddha: Buddhist pilgrimages in India India. Ministry of Tourism Buddhist monks and monasteries of India Sukumar Dutt Motilal Banarsidass Publishe, 1988, Religion - 397 pages 2500 years of Buddhism Prof. P. V. Bapat Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1976 Religion - 439 page Buddhist Pilgrimage — Chan Khoon San. The Edicts of Asoka,” trans. Ven. S. Dhammika (Buddhist Publication Society, Sri Lanka: 1993). Asoka the great D. C. Ahir B.R. Pub. Corp., 01-Sep-1995 - 228 pages

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

'kksèk&i=k

jSnkl ds lkfgR; esa lkekftd ewY; MkW dqlqe yrk

jS

nkl ;k jfonkl dchj ds ckn fuxqZ.k HkfDr /kjk esa lcls cM+s lUr vkSj dfo gSaA jSnkl dh vusd d`fr;ksa esa muds vusd uke ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa muds ,sls vusd uke izpfyr gaS ftuesa mPpkj.k dh n`f"V ls cgqr FkksM+k vUrj gSA jSnkl (iatkc) jfonkl (vk/qfud) j;nkl] (chdkusj dh izfr;ksa esa) jf;nkl vkfn uke bl mPpkj.k dh fHkUurk dks gh izdV djrs gaAS blfy, yksd izpyu vkSj lqfoèkk dh n`f"V ls mudk ewyuke jSnkl gh Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA ehjkckbZ us vusd inksa esa mUgsa xq: :i esa ;kn fd;k gS & tSls& ^^xq: feY;k jSnkl th nhUgh Kku dh xqVdh** ehjkckbZ vkSj /Uuk us cM+h J¼k vkSj vknj ds lkFk jSnkl dk Lej.k fd;k gSA dchj dh rjg jSnkl Hkh dk'kh ds jgusokys ekus tkrs gSaA jSnklh lEiznk; esa ;g fo'okl izdV gS fd mudk tUe ek?k iwf.kZek dks jfookj ds fnu gqvk gS& ^^pkSng lkS rSrhl dh ek?k lwnh ianjkl] nqf[k;ksa ds dY;k.kfgr izxVs Jh jfonkl** jSnkl ds 40 in xq: xzUFk lkfgc esa ladfyr gSaA mudh okf.k;kas dk ,d laxgz osyosfM;j izsl iz;kx ls Hkh izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA muds dkO; lkfgR; esa izk;% lHkh izo`fÙk;ksa dk fodkl gqvk gSA jSnkl lkekftd HksnHkko dks ns[kdj cgqr nq%[kh FksA blfy, vius vki dks bZ'oj ds 'kj.k esa lefiZr dj nsuk mudh fu;fr cu x;hA os jksth&jksVh ds fy, twrk xk¡Bus dk dke djrs FksA fdUrq Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

os brus n;kyq vkSj mnkj Fks fd bZ'oj HkDr vkSj xjhcksa dks eqÝr esa gh twrk cukdj ns nsrs FksA lEHko gS jksth dk vkSj dksbZ mik; ;k HkfDr ds fy, vuqdwy o`fÙk u le>dj os cseu ls twrk xk¡Bus dk dke djrs gksa D;ksafd mUgksaus fy[kk gS & ^^pejNk xk¡B u tubZ yksx xBkos iughA**1 MWk- gtkjh izlkn f}osnh dk dFku gS ^^vukMEcj lgt 'kSyh vkSj fujhg vkRe leiZ.k ds {ks=k esa jSnkl ds lkFk de lUrkas dh rqyuk dh tk ldrh gSA mudh dfork dk ,d mnkgj.k izLrqr gS & ^^vc dSls NwVs jke uke jV ykxh izHkqth rqe pUnu ge ikuh tkdh vax vax ckl lekuhA**2 dk'kh vkjEHk ls gh Hkkjr dh lkaLd`frd jkt/kuh jgh gSA fdUrq ;g vthc la;ksx gS fd tks czkã.k&/eZ dk'kh esa iQyk&iQwyk mldk fojks/ Hkh ;gha ls gqvkA jSnkl us vius lkfgR; esa Hkkjrh; lekt dh tkfr O;oLFkk ij esa ?kksj {kksi vkSj nq%[k izdV fd;k gS & ^^tkr tkr esa tkr gS T;ksa dsyu ds ikrA jfonkl euq[k uk tqj lds] tc yx tkr u tkrAA**3 ;g tkfr O;oLFkk euq";rk dks [kk jgh gSA tks orZeku lekt esa vkt Hkh blds fodjky :i ns[kus dks fey jgs gaSA gka le;kuqlkj mlds 'kks"k.k ds rjhds o :i cny x;s gSaA ftldh jSnkl dks fpUrk Hkh Fkh jSnkl th okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 109

dgrs gaS & ^^tkr ikar ds iQsj esa mykf> jgw;ksa lc yksxA Ekuq"krk dks [kkr gqbZ] jfonkl tkfr dfj yksxA**4 lar jSnkl vius le; ds izfl¼ egkRek FksA dchj us lUru esa jfonkl lUr dgdj mudh efgek Lohdkj dh gSA jSnkl us Hkh vius inksa esa tkr&ikar vkSj Å¡p&uhp ds HksnHkko dks HkfDr esa ck/d ekurs gq, mldk [kaMu fd;k gSA mUgksaus ^^½f"k ckYehfd dh uhp tkfr dk gokyk nsrs gq, mudh HkfDr dks egku crk;k gSA nqfnZu esa 'oip ds ?kj dqRrs dk ekal [kkus okys fo'okfe=k tSls ikSjkf.kd ½f"kvksa dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, mUgkasus dgk fd lkjh ifo=krkvksa ds ckotwn deZdkaMh czkã.k ogka rd ugha igqap ldrs] tgka ;s uhps dgs tkus okys HkDr igqap pqds gSaA blfy, HkfDr esa tkfr&dqtkfr dk HksnHkko O;FkZ gSA vU;Fkk vtkfey] xf.kdk vkSj xt tSls fud`"V izk.kh bZ'oj ds fiz; ugha gq, gksrsA**5 jSnkl dgrs gaS fd ^^lalkj esa czkã.k&'kwnz] jktk&jad] Åap&uhp] vo.kZ&lo.kZ dksbZ ugha gSA ftl dqy esa bZ'oj HkDr vkSj lk/q gksrs gSa] ogh dqy lcls ifo=k gS] pkgs og czkã.k dk gks ;k pkaMky dkA bZ'oj HkfDr ds ckn czkã.k] {kf=k;] oS';] 'kwnz] Mkse] pkaMky vkSj eqlyeku

(eysPN) vkfn lHkh ifo=k gks tkrs gaSA**6 tc bZ'oj dh utj esa lHkh cjkcj gSa izd`fr us dksbZ HksnHkko ugha fd;k] lcdks leku gok] ty /wi] o"kkZ] vkdk'k vkfn leku fn;k rks euq";&euq"; esa HksnHkko dSlk\ jSnkl dgrs gSa& ^^tUe] tkfr] dqy] /eZ] deZ vkSj O;olk; dk izse vkSj HkfDr ls dksbZ lEcU/ ugha gSA HkDr ds lkeus 'kwjohj] {k=kifr jktk vkSj Js"B ls Js"B czkã.k Hkh rqPN vkSj csdkj gSA HkDr lkjs HksnHkkokas vkSj lekt dh folaxfr;ksa ls dey (iqjbu) ds iÙks dh rjg fufyZIr vkSj ifo=k jgrk gSA**7 jSnkl dh egrk (egRo) ge blh ckr ls yxk ldrs gSa fd os viuh lk/uk vkSj HkfDRk ekxZ esa brus izfl¼ gq, fd mudh tkfr ds yksx viuh tkfr dk uke gh mUgha ds uke ij jSnkl ;k jfonkl j[kuk 'kq: dj fn;k ;g uke Js"Brk ds lkFk&lkFk ml egku lUr ds izfr J¼k Hkko dk lwpd Hkh gS vkSj lkekftd ewY; HkhA vflLVsV izksiQslj] fgUnh foHkkx] Jhjkefd'kqu ih-th- dkyst xksdqy] djlM+k] okjk.klh

lUnHkZ lwph 1- jSnkl dh ok.kh] csycsfM;j izsl] bykgkckn in 31 2- eè; ;qxhu dkO;] MkW- lR;ukjk;.k flag] i`"B 142 3- lwr u dikl % MkW- /eZohj] ok.kh izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] i`"B 206

45-

110 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

67-

ogh] i`"B 206 nfyr lkfgR; dk lekt'kkL=k] gfjukjk;.k Bkdqj] i`"B 399 ogh] i`"B 399 ogh] i`"B 399 o 400 lsA

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Research Paper

Hoang Thi Ngoc Lan

Buddhism and Bodhisattvas Human Life

umans in Buddhism are the subjects of an extensive commentarial literature that examines the nature and qualities of a human life from the point of view of humans’ ability to achieve enlightenment. In Buddhism, humans are just one type of sentient being, that is a being with a mindstream. In Buddhism, humans have a very special status: only a human can attain enlightenment as a fully enlightened Buddha. Enlightenment as an arhat can be attained from the realms of the £uddhŠvŠsa deities. A bodhisattva can appear in many different types of lives, for instance as an animal or as a deva. Buddhas, however, are always human. Qualities of human life The status of life as a human, at first is seen as very important. In the hierarchy of Buddhist cosmology it is low but not entirely at the bottom. It is not intrinsically marked by extremes of happiness or suffering, but all the states of consciousness in the universe, from hellish suffering to divine joy to serene tranquility can be experienced within the human world. Humans can be seen as highly favored, in that they have an immediate reason to seek out the Dharma and yet also have the means to listen to it and follow it. Among the lower realms, Pretas (aka hungry ghosts), and dwellers in the Narakas (Buddhist hell(s)) are gripped by pain and fear, and can only endure their lot but cannot better themselves. Animals are intellectually unable to understand the Dharma in full. The way of life of the Asuras is dominated by

H

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

violence and antithetical to the teachings of the Dharma. Most of the Brahmas and Devas simply enjoy reaping the fruits of their past actions and think that they are immortal and forever to be happy and so they don’t try to practice the Dharma. When their past karmas have all had their result, these devas will fall into lower worlds and suffer again. The lowest sorts of devas deal with strife, love, and loss just as humans do, but even so they lack the spur of imminent mortality that can lead humans to seek, not merely a better future life, but an escape from sansŠra altogether. However, there are stories of beings in these realms deciding to practice and reaching enlightenment. For this reason, life in the world of humans is known as “the precious human rebirth”. Born close to the pivot point of happiness and suffering, humans have a unique capacity for moral choices with long term significance.The human rebirth is said to be extremely rare. The Majjhima Nikaya (129 Balapandita Sutta) compares it to a wooden cattle-yoke floating on the waves of the sea, tossed this way and that by the winds and currents. The likelihood of a blind turtle, rising from the depths of the ocean to the surface once in a hundred years, putting its head through the hole in the yoke is considered greater than that of a being in the animal realm, hungry ghost realm or hell realm achieving rebirth as a human. This is because, according to the sutta, in these realms there is no Dhamma (Sanskrit Dharma), no practicing what is right, no doing what is wholesome, and no performing okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 111

of merit. However it is generally implied that if one is already living as a human they will continue to be reborn in the human world based on good works and so they will be one again and again as long as they are moral and good in the ways described in Buddhist rules regardless of whether or not they are Buddhist themselves. The idea is that one must be good and moral because falling below the human realm is dangerous as the odds of one becoming a human again with any great frequency is slim.Among humans there are also better and worse conditions for attaining enlightenment. Besides being born as a human, the favorable conditions for obtaining enlightenment are: • Being born a human at a time when a Buddha has arisen, has taught the Dharma, and has left a Sangha that carries on the teachings; at such times there is a chance to learn the Dharma. • Being born a human in countries where the Dharma is known. Buddhist commentaries contrast the “central lands” where Buddhism is known and can be practiced (originally just northern India, but now including a much larger portion of the globe) with “border countries” where Buddhism is unknown or cannot be practiced due to legal or practical impediments, for instance, a lack of qualified teachers. Technically a “central land” is one which possesses any one of the Buddhist sanghas of bhikcus, bhikcuG™s, upŠsakas or upŠsikŠs. • Being born a human who has the physical and intellectual capacity to grasp the basic message of the Dharma. • Accepting the relationship between good or evil actions and their consequences, believing that good actions will lead to a happier life, a better rebirth or to enlightenment. • Confidence in the moral teachings conveyed in the Vinaya. • Avoiding crimes against people and against the Dharma. • Having sincere compassion for other people. Just as it is difficult to obtain birth as a human, it is also difficult to be born at the time when a Buddha’s teaching is still available. Out of the infinite kalpas

112 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

(incredibly long periods) in time, most have no Buddhas appearing in them at all. The present kalpa is called “Fortunate” because it is said that 1,000 Buddhas will appear in it, something that is very unusual. For this reason, Buddhist teachers say that one’s present condition as a human should be valued very highly, and not allowed to slide by, as the combination of existence as a human and the presence of a Buddha’s teaching may not come again for a very long time. Any human, in this view, who finds himself or herself in a position to learn the Dharma, would be remiss if he or she did not take advantage of it. This view also stands in contrast to those who would claim that, if one is to be reborn multiple times, there is no need to worry about one’s actions in this life as they can always be amended in the future; rather, there is no assurance that in a long series of lives one will ever obtain the right circumstances for enlightenment, so it is important to seize the day. Myth of human origins :-According to the Aggañña Sutta (DN.27), humans originated at the beginning of the current kalpa as deva-like beings reborn from the ÊbhŠsvara deva-realm. They were then beings shining in their own light, capable of moving through the air without mechanical aid, living for a very long time, and not requiring sustenance. Over time, they acquired a taste for physical nutriment, and as they consumed it, their bodies became heavier and more like human bodies; they lost their ability to shine, and began to acquire differences in their appearance. Their length of life decreased, they differentiated into two sexes and became sexually active. Following this, greed, theft and violence arose among them, and they consequently established social distinctions and government and elected a king to rule them, called MahŠsammata, “the great appointed one”. Some of the kings of India in the Buddha´s day claimed descent from him. Nature of the human realm In the visionary picture of the human realm presented in Buddhist cosmology, humans live on four continents which are, relatively speaking, small islands in a vast ocean that surrounds the axial worldRefereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

mountain of Sumeru, and fills most of the Earth’s surface. The ocean is in turn surrounded by a circular mountain wall called CakravŠa (Sanskrit) or CakkavŠa (PŠli) which marks the horizontal limit of the earth. Because of the immenseness of the ocean, the continents cannot be reached from each other by ordinary sailing vessels, although in the past, when the cakravartin kings ruled, communication between

the continents was possible by means of the treasure called the cakraratna (PŠlicakkaratana), which a cakravartin and his retinue could use to fly through the air between the continents. Research Scholar Department of Buddhist Studies University of Delhi

Sources • sGam.po.pa, The Jewel Ornament of Liberation, Chapter 2, translated by H.V. Guenther. JOL • NgorchenKonchogLhundrub, The Beautiful Ornament of the Three Visions, translated by LobsangDagpa and Jay Goldberg, Section A2. BOTV • G.P. Malalasekara, Dictionary of PŠli Proper Names • Thus Have I Heard: The Long Discourse of the Buddha, translated by Maurice Walshe. DN

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 113

'kksèk&i=k

ri] rilh vkSj riLp;kZ % ,d fo'ys"k.k dYiuk dqekjh

jrh; lekt esa lfn;ksa ls vusd lkaLd`frd ijEijk fo|eku jgs gSa muds vuq:i èkkfeZd fu"Bk ,oa fo'okl Hkh fofofèk jgh gSA izkphudky ls gh ,d vksj ckS¼ èkeZ ,oa tSu èkeZ rFkk nwljh vksj lukru èkeZ ;k Hkkxor èkeZ dk fodkl gqvk gSA NBh 'krkCnh bZiw- esa lkekftd ,oa ykSfdd thou dk usr`Ro jktkvksa] ½fROt;ksa] mikè;k;ksa] vkpk;ks± ds vuq:i pyrh Fkh tks 'kfDr vkSj èku ls vFkok nsorkvksa dh d`ik ls vius vkSj nwljksa ds fy;s Hkksx vkSj lqfoèkk,a tqVkus esa nÙkfpÙk Fks rFkk muds iz;Ru ls lkezkT; foLr`r ,oa le`¼ gks jgs FksA nwljh vksj lekt ds bl izo`fÙk i{k dh loZFkk vogsyuk djrs gq;s vusd Jo.k] ckã.k] eq.Md (vFkok fHk{kq) tfVy vkfn thou ds nq[k ls rIr lekt ds le{k fuo`fÙk ,oa 'kkafr dk vkn'kZ mifLFkr dj jgs Fks tks ml ;qx ds èkkfeZd thou dk lEHkor% lcls egRoiw.kZ rF; FkkA fHk{kq thou esa fo'kqf¼ dks thou dk y{; fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gS bldh izkfIr dk mik; Hkh crk;k x;k gS& vYikgkj] lalkjR;kx] ;K] vfXu ifjp;kZ] fu"deZ ri] ri'p;kZ] è;ku vkfnA ri dk vFkZ gksrk gS riuk ;k iznhfIr gksuk vFkkZr 'kjhj dks rik dj rstLoh cu tkukA vkjEHk esa ri dk :i gksrk Fkk vkRela;e] rkiltu vkReksd"kZ ds fy;s 'kjhj dks vkRe la;e ,oa vkReihM+u ds }kjk 'kjhj vkSj eu ij n`<+rk LFkkfir djus yxsA bl p;kZ ds fy;s yksx vj.;oklh cuus yxs rFkk og LFkku vj.;Hkwfe ls riksHkwfe esa cny x;hA ri og lkèku gS ftuesa O;fDr

Hkk

114 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

vkRe la;e ds }kjk vius y{; ds ekxZ dks lqxe cukrk gSA eq.Mdksa mifu"kn esa ri dks czãKku izkfIr dk lkèku crk;k x;k gS vkSj dgk x;k gS fd czãKkuh dk f'k{kk izkIr dj f'k{kk ij fuHkZj jguk pkfg;sA ri'p;kZ esa ;ksxkH;kl dk izeq[k LFkku jgk gS rFkk ;ksx dh vuUr 'kfDr ij yksxksa dk n`<+ fo'okl Hkh jgk gSA oLrqr% lkèkkj.k euq"; dh n`f"V esa ri nSoh 'kfDr izkIr djus dk lkèku Fkk ijUrq foosd'khy O;fDr rks vkè;kfRed Kku dh ftKklk ls izsfjr gksdj gh laU;kl ekxZ ds ifFkd curs Fks tkokyksmifu"kn esa dgk x;k gS fd ftl le; eu esa oSjkX; dh Hkkouk mRiUu gks tk, mlh {k.k izoT;k xzg.k dj ysuh pkfg,A bl le; lkalkfjd lq[k&Hkksxksa dh {k.kHkaxqjrk ds dkj.k gh euq"; ds ân; esa oSjkX; mRiUu dh Hkkouk tkx`fr gqbZ rFkk os vj.;oklh cuus yxsA ckS¼ tkrd dFkkvksa esa bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;k gS fd lkalkfjd fo"k;&okluk,a euq"; dks vèkksxfr ds ekxZ esa ys pyrh gS] vr% oSjkX; gh vkReksRd"kZ dk Js"Bre ekxZ gSA ,slk ekuk tkus yxkA oSjkX; ds ewy esa izsjd 'kfDr vkRe ftKklk gh FkhA nh?kZfudk;] efT>e& fudk;] la;qDr fodk;] FksjxkFkk] FksjhxkFkk] lqÙk fuikr vkfn ikfy xzaFkksa esa lkalkfjd thou dh fu%lkjrk crykrh gqbZ oSjkX; thou dh egÙkk ds xhr ,oa o.kZu fd;s x;s gSA riksekxZ vius fodkl esa pkj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS&1- ,d voèkwr lkèkuk] 2- rkil lkèkuk] 3riLoh lkèkuk vkSj 4- ;ksx lkèkukA ftuesa Øe'k% ri ds Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

lw{e izdkjksa dk mi;ksx gksrk x;k] ri dk Lo:Ik cká ls vkH;Urj curk x;kA lkèkuk nsg&neu ls fpÙko`fÙk ds fujksèk dh vksj c<+rh xbZA tSu&lkèkuk riLoh ,oa ;ksx&lkèkuk dk lefUor :Ik esa izfrfufèkRo djrh gS tcfd ckS¼ ,oa xhrk ds vkpkj&n'kZu ;ksx&lkèkuk dk izfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA tSu lkèkuk dk riLoh&ekxZ rkil&ekxZ dk gh vfgald laLdj.k gSA ckS¼ vkSj tSu fopkj.k esa tks fopkj&Hksn gS] mlds ihNs ,d ,sfrgkfld dkj.k gSA ;fn efT>efudk; ds cq¼ ds ml dFku dks ,sfrgkfld ewY; dk le>k tk;s rks ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd c`¼ us vius izkjfEHkd thou esa cMs+ dBksj ri fd;s FksA cq¼ ri dh mRdV dksfV ij igq¡ps Fks] ijUrq tc mldk ifj.kke muds fy, lUrks"kizn ugha vk;k] rc os è;kuekxZ dh vksj vfHkeq[k gq,A czkã.kèkekZEcyh esa rkil dks nks oxZ esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA izFke oxZ okuizfLFk;ksa rFkk laU;kfl;ksa dk rFkk nwljk ifjczktd dk FkkA lkE;iQylqÙk rFkk egkifjfuokZ.k lqIr ds vuqlkj cq¼dky esa N% izeq[k rkil lEiznk;ksa dh izfrf"Bk Fkh blds vfrfjDr eq.Mlkod] ifjczktd] tfVy ekxfUnd rsnf.Md] nsoèkkfeZd] nsoofrd] filkfpYyd] vpsyd] ,dlkfVd vkfn FksA bu fofHkUu rkil lEiznk;ksa esa lS¼kfUrd fojksèk Fks ysfdu cká vkpj.k ,oa tgk¡ rd fHk{kq thou ds vuq'kklu dk lacUèk gS buesa i;kZIr lekurk,a FkhaA rkil ds izeq[k vkpk;ks± esa x.klRFkk ;k lkLrk dgk tkrk FkkA buesa ri'p;ksZ ds vuq:i ri ds Lo:i esa varj FkkA dqN dBksjre ri ds i{kikfr Fks dqN eè;e ekxZ ds i{kikfr FksA os thou ds izfr vius nk'kZfud n`f"Vdks.k ds vuq:i ri dks viukrs Fks muds oL=k ,oa cky esa varj Fks rkil thou oLrqr% lkalkfjd Hkksx foykl dk R;kx FkkA vr% og ,slk oL=k èkkj.k djsa ftlls og u rks vkd"kZd fn[k lds vkSj u lalkj ds izfr fdlh eksg dk vkHkkl gksA rkil dks nwj ls gh ns[kdj vkHkkl gks tkrk Fkk fd os x`g R;kxh gSaA ifjozktd&ifjozktdksa ds laHkor% nks oxZ Fks& czkã.k ifjozktd vkSj vU; rSfFkZd ifjozktdA czkã.k ifjozktd izk;% laU;kfl;ksas dks dgk tkrk FkkA tkrd dFkkvksa esa rkilksa rFkk ifjozktdksa ds tks fooj.k miYcèk gS muds vkèkkj ij mUgas okuizLFkh ,oa laU;klh ekuk tk;sxkA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

tkrdksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd czkã.k rkil vkpk;ks± ds vkJeksa esa f'k";ksa dk te?kV jgrk FkkA rkil vkpk;ks± ds lfUudV ik¡p&ik¡p lkS f'k";ks dh eaMyh tek gksus ds mYys[k feyrss gSaA m:osy dk';i ds f'k";ksa dh la[;k ik¡p lkS FkhA muds nks Hkzkrkvksa ds Hkh Øe'k% 300 vkSj 200 f'k"; FksA rhuksa HkkbZ;ksa us vius&vius f'k"; lewgksa ds lkFk m:csyk esa vkJe LFkfir fd;s FksA lTt; ifjozktd jktx`g ds fudV vius 250 f'k";ksa ds lkFk ckl djrs FksA 28 rkilkssa izèkku vkpk;kZ dks x.klRFkk dgk tkrk FkkA 21 lRFkk laKk ls czkã.k vFkok vkczkã.k lHkh izdkj ds rkil leqnk; ds izèkku dk cksèk gksrk gSA Hkxoku cq¼ Hkh lRFkk dgykrs FksA fudk;ksa esa 45 izeq[k rkilksa ds uke mYys[k feyrs gaS ftuesa vfèkdka'k czkã.k ifjozktd izrhr gksrs gaAS buds uke gSa& vfxoPNxksÙk] vftr] vUu&Hkkj] vuqxkj] mXxgek.k] mfÙk;] mifrLl] dr`;u] dUnjd] dq.Mfy;] dksduqn] tEcq[kknd] frEc:d] nh?ku[k] ufUn;] fuxzksèk] ifVdiqÙk] iykf;] ifoBBdksfyr] ilwj] fiyksrd] isLl] iksBBikn] iksrfyiqÙk] iksrfy;] HkxoxksÙk] fexflj] ekxfUn;] eksfy;lhod] oPNxksr] ojèkj] os[kul] ldqy&mnkf;] lTt;] lTK] land] lfHk;] leUndkfu] le.kdkfu] ljHk] lkeaMd] lqfpeq[kh] lwrok] lqHkn rFkk lqlheA buesa vusd vius le; ds izeq[k èkkfeZd usrk ekus tkrs FksA vkSj turk ij mudk cM+k izHkko FkkA ;g loZFkk vlafnXèk gS fd bu ifjoztdksa }kjk cq¼ dk izHkqRo Lohdkj djuk ckS¼er ds izlkj dk izeq[k dkj.k gqvkA esjs }kjk izLrqr bl 'kksèk vkys[k dk eq[; mís'; ml vkn'kZ dh vksj bafxr djrk gS tks vkt ds oS'ohdj.k mifuos'khdj.k] cktkjokn vkfn ds dkj.k lekt bu okrkoj.kksa esa ryyhu gksrs tk jgk gSA esjk è;s; ml nk'kZfud ijEijk dh fopkjksa dks ekul iVy ij ykuk gS ftlesa vkRevuq'kklu vkRelarqf"B dk Hkko gSA rilfLo;ksa dk laU;kl thou dk fodkl èkeZ dk ewy cht osn es ik;k tkrk gS vkSj oSfnd n'kZu ds loZJs"B xzaFk mifu"knksa ls mldk Li"V leFkZu gksrk gSA tSlk Åij dg pqds gSa oSfnd èkeZ dk dsanz ½f"k Fkk] tks ri ds }kjk lR; dk lk{kkr vuqHko djus dh ;ksX;rk j[krk Fkk] tks (½f"k 10@109@4 vkfn) blls og okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 115

nsosf"kr eqfu (nsoksa ls izsj.kk ik;k gqvk)] ^foiz* euh"kh dk in izkIr djuk FkkA Lo;a vkj.;dksa dh jpuk vj.;ksa ds vkJeksa esa gqbZ tgk¡ mifu"knksa dh lEefr esa ijkfoèkk osnkar vkfRed Kku ds ftKklq dks vo'; ,dkarokl djuk pkfg, (eqaMd mifu"kn)A tks czãfon gksrk gS] og eqfu gks tkrk gSA dsoy czãyksd dh dkeuk ls eqfu viuk ?kj R;kx nsrs gSaA ,slk tkudj izkphu le; ds yksxksa us larku dh bPNk ugha dh vkSj iztk] èku vkSj u,&u, yksxksa dh bPNk R;kx djds fHk{kq ds :i esa fopj.k fd;kA rc fHk{kkpj.k (HkS{kpÕ;kZ) vkSj lalkj dk R;kx bl Jfrizfrikfnr èkeZ dks Lefr;ksa us ,d i¼fr dk :i fn;k vkSj izR;sd fganw ds fy;s ('kwnz dks NksM+dj)] vFkkZr o.kkZJe èkeZ ds ekuus okys izR;sd fganw ds fy;s vko';d foèkku fd;k fd og vius thou dk mÙkjkèkZ nks vkJeksa es fcrk,μizFke okuizLFk] ;k oS[kkul laKd vkJe esa vkSj mlds ckn ifjozktd ;k fHk{kq] ;fr (euq] 5@137)] ;k ekSuh (vkiLrac] 2@9@21@1) ;k fHk{kkpj.k djusokys laU;klh ds :i esaA blls Hkh vfèkd ;g fd czkã.k i¼fr esa ri dk thou dsoy o;kso¼ x`gLFkksa ds fy, u Fkk_ mldk }kj mu uo;qqodksa ds fy, Hkh [kqyk Fkk tks vè;kRe dh [kkst esa lalkj ls fojDr gks tkrs vkSj rc uSf"Bd czãpkjh dk in izkIr djrs FksA bl izdkj czkã.k&èkeZ dh lkekU; O;oLFkk esa yxHkx vkèks ls vfèkd lekt ds fy, lalkj ls fojr gksdj lR; dh ftKklk esa Kkfu;ksa ds iFk&izn'kZu esa] fHk{kq ;k riLoh dk thou O;rhr djuk fofèkor FkkA tks fHk{kq ;k ifjozktdksa ds thou&ozrksa vkSj fu;eksa ds laxzg&xzaFk Kkr gksrs gSaA ikf.kfu us dkeZfnu% vkSj ikjk'kjh % bu nks izdkj ds fHk{kqvksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gSA laHkor% ikjk'kjh laiznk; egÙoiw.kZ FkkA cq¼ us Hkh ikjk'kjh; uked ,d czkã.k vkpk;Z ds er dk foospu fd;k Fkk (efT>e] 3@298)A xkSre vkSj ckSèkk;u ds izkphure èkeZ&lw=kksa esa Hkh fo[kul ds dgs gq, lw=k&xzaFk dk mYys[k vkrk gS] ftldk ikyu oS[kkul ;k okuizLFkh fHk{kq djrs FksA oS[kkul 'kkL=k dk uke Jke.kd Hkh Fkk] D;ksafd og vius Je.kksa ds fy; mfÌ"CV FkkA dqN fHk{kq&èkeks± dk] tks ckS¼&èkeZ ls Hkh igys ds Fks] mYys[k ;gka lehphu gksxk] ;|fi mudk ladsr igys Hkh fd;k tk pqdk gS_ (1) 116 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

xkSre dk ;g vkns'k fd faHk{kq o"kkZ ½rq esa fdlh ,d LFkku ij jgs (èkzo'khyks o"kkZlq)_ (2) mudk ;g vkns'k fd fHk{kq O;ogkj&oLrqvksa dk lap; u djsa_ izkf.kfgalk] ;gka rd fd cht&fgalk Hkh u djsa_ (3) fHk{kk ds lacaèk esa muds crk, gq, fu;e_ vFkok (4) oL=k ls Nuk gqvk ikuh ihus ds lacaèk esa ckSèkk;u dk dFkuA bl izdkj fHk{kqèkeZ okuizLFk vkSj ifjozktd laU;kfl;ksa ds thou esa ewrZ gqvk Fkk] ftuds vius&vius fo'ks"k fu;e FksA nksuksa esa varj ;k Fkk fd okuizLFk xkao ls ckgj] ikl ds txay esa vkJe cukdj ,d LFkku ij jgrk Fkk] fadarq ifjozktd lnk fopkjrk jgrk Fkk] vkSj ^^o"kkZ dks NksM+dj fdlh vU; ½rq esa nks jkr ,d LFkku ij u fVdrk Fkk** (xkSre] iwoksZ}r)A fdarq lalkj R;kx nsus ds fo"k; esas nksuksa ds fopkjksa esa ekSfyd ,drk FkhA ikfy&xzaFkksa esa bls vkxkj ls vuxkfjdkoLFkk esa ifjozkftr gksuk dgk gSA (vxkjLek vuxkkfj;a iCctfr&nhèk] 1@60 vkfn)A ifjozktdksa dh ,d fo'ks"krk ;gh Fkh fd os nk'kZfud fparu vkSj KkUk&lacaèkh fopkj&fofue; ls izse djrs FksA mifu"knksa esa blds dbZ mYYks[k gSa fd fo}ku O;fDr&:Ik esa vFkok dbZ feydj ns'k esa fopjrs FksA vkSj foèkk ds izfl¼ dsanzksa esa 'kkL=kkFkZ djrs gq, Kku dk foLrkj djrs FksA Jqfr;ksa esa mUgasa pjd vkpk;Z dgk gS] vFkkZr~ fopj.k djus okys fo}ku_ Le`fr;ksa esa mUgasa ifjozktd dgk x;k gS xzaFkksa esa tks fp=k [khapk x;k gS] mlls Kkr gksrk gS fd ou ds 'kkar vkSj ,dkar izns'k esa fLFkr vkJe eas izfl¼ vkpk;Z ds pkjksa vksj f'k";ksa dk leqnk; ,d=k gks tkrk Fkk vkSj os mlds lkFk ou ds dan&ewy&iQy [kkrs gq, fuokl djrs Fks_ è;ku] iapegk;K] rid vH;kl (ri%'khy%) djrs Fks vFkok vius vkpk;Z ls vius fo'ks"k lw=k ;k 'kkL=k ds ewy xzaFkksa vkSj fl¼karksa dk vè;;u djrs FksA nwljs Js.kh ds fHk{kq vFkkZr~ ifjozktd] fHk{kk ekaxdj] vfXuiDo vkgkj Lohdkj djds thou fcrkrs Fks] vkSj okuizLFk vkSj laU;kfl;ksa ds laidZ esa vkrs gq, ml izdkj ds laoknksa esa fujr jgrs Fks ftuesa vusd x`gLFk Hkh vkd`"V gksrs FksA ^^,sls gh nh?ku[k cq¼ ds ikl x,] cq¼ ldqynkf; ds ikl x,] cs[kuLl (D;k og èkeZlw=k esa dfFkr oS[kkul Fks) cq¼ dh lsok esa mifLFkr gq, vkSj mlh izdkj dsfu; Hkh_ ,oa iksrfyiwÙk lfef} Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

dh lsok esa mifLFkr gq,** (jkbl MsfoMl] cq¼dkyhu Hkkjr] i`- 142)A laU;kl&thou dk fodkl laU;kl&thou ds vfLrRo ds izek.k ½Xosn dky ls gh feyus yxrs gSaA ½Xosn esa eqfu;ksa vkSj ;fr;ksa ds mYys[k gS] tks ml ;qx esa rkil FksA os ds'k c<+k;s jgrs vkSj 'kkjhfjd LoPNrk ds izfr mnklhu jgrs FksA ,srjs;&czkã.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ;s riLoh e`xpeZ èkkj.k djrs] 'eJq c<+krs] ri djrs rFkk lkalkfjd lq[kksHkksxksa ls fojr jgk djrs FksaA3 ,srjso&czkã.k ls bl ckr ds Hkh ladsr feyrs gSa fd ml le; rd rkil&lEiznk; lekt esa yksdfiz; u gks ik;k FkkA blls rkil&thou ds lEcUèk esa ;g 'kadk mRiUu gS fd D;k ;g voZfnd lkèkuk Fkh\ gM+Iik;qxhu eqgjksa esa vkfn&i'kqifrukFk rFkk 'eJq&;qDr iqjksfgrksa ds fp=k.k bl fopkj dks izJ; nsrs gSa fd laHkor% gM+Iik laLd`fr esa ri dh izfr"Bk FkhA oSfnd vk;Z bu rifLo;ksa ds xans jgu&lgu dks ilan ugha djrs FksA èku] oSHko] L=kh] iq=k vkfn miyfCèk;ksa dks fo'ks"k egRo nsus ds dkj.k oSfnd vk;Z vkjaHk esa rkil&thou ds izfr fo'ks"k vuqjDr ugha Fks] ijUrq dkykUrj esa tc vk;Z&vk;Z rj Hksn dk vUr gks x;k] rks vk;ks± us ri dks u;k :Ik nsdj viuk fy;kA vc vè;kfRed miyfCèk;ksa ds fy, ri ,oa x`gR;kx dh vuok;Zrk ij cy fn;k tkus yxkA vkJe&fl¼kUr ds vkèkkj ij thou dk oxhZdj.k dj O;fDr ds fy, x`gR;kx dks vfuok;Z cuk fn;k x;k] ijUrq NkanksX;&mifu"kn ds le; rd okuizLFk vkSj laU;kl ds Hksn dk dksbZ Li"V ladsr ugha nh[krk gSA mifu"knksa ls izrhr gksrk gS fd lkèkkj.kr;k yksx i;kZIr le; rd x`gLFk&thou fcrk dj ou dh vksj izLFkku djrs Fks tgk¡ os eks{k&izkfIr ds fy, lkèkuk&lkèkukjr gks tkrs FksA ;kKoYD; eqfu us x`gLr&vkJe ds volku ij laU;kl xzg.k fd;k FkkA Hkq.Mksdksifi"kn us ri dks czãKku&izkfIr dk lkèku cryk;k gS vkSj dgk gS fd czãKkuh dks fHk{kkUu ij fuHkZj jguk pkfg,A bl izlax esa vkJeksa ij fopkj ugha fd;k x;k gS] ijUrq tkckyksifu"k esa prqjkJeksa ds mYys[k ds lkFk ;s fopkj Hkh O;Dr fd;s x;s gSa fd O;fDr dks Øe'k% iwoZorhZ rhuksa vkJeksa dk lsou djds laU;kl esa izos'k Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

djuk pkfg,] vFkok ftl {k.k ân; esa oSjkX; mRiUu gks tk;s] mlh {k.k izozT;k xzg.k dj ysuh pkfg,A blls izrhr gksrk gS fd mu fnuksa nksuksa izdkj dh izFkk,¡ FkhaA vkè;kfeRed fparu ds Øe esa tc ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k fd lHkh bfUnz;&tU; lq[k&Hkksx {kf.kd gS_ LFkk;h lq[k dk mn~xe rks loZO;kih] vukfn] vuUr czã dh vuqHkwfr gS] rks lekt esa laU;klh&oxZ dh izfr"Bk c<+us yxhA mifu"kn~dky esa fo'ks"k vkè;kfRed fparu gksus ds dkj.k vusd nk'kZfud fopkjèkkjkvksa dk mn; gqvk vkSj blh Øe esa cq¼&dky esa Hkh ,sls erksa dk izknqHkkZo gqvk ftlesa x`gR;kx dks vR;fèkd egRo fn;k x;kA izozT;k dks egRo iznku djus okys uohu nk'kZfud fopkjksa dks ekuus okyksa ds thou dk y{; gh cny x;kA tu&lkèkkj.k dh LokHkkfod psruk dks egRoiw.kZ nh[kus okyh oLrqvksa dk mu yksxksa ds thou esa dksbZ egÙo ugha jgk tks 'kk'or lR; dh [kkst esa rYyhu gks x;sA mUgksaus oSfnd ;Kksa rFkk vU; èkkfeZd ckãkMacjksa dks thokRek ds mRd"kZ ds fy,] vleFkZ ik;kA vr% czã&ftKklq vj.;oklh cuus yxsA laHkor% loZizFke czkã.kksa us lkalkfjd thou dk ifjR;kx dj fHk{kqvksa rFkk okuizfLFk;ksa ds :i esa eks{k dk ekxZ <wa<+uk vkjEHk fd;k] ijUrq vU; o.kksaZ ds fy, bl ekxZ dk }kj can Fkk] bldk Hkh dksbZ izek.k ugha feyrkA vr,o ;g vuqeku yxkuk vuqi;qDr ugha gksxk fd lHkh o.kksZa ds vkRe&ftKklqvksa rFkk eks{kkdkaf{k;ksa ds fy, izozT; dk }kj mUeqDr Fkk] ;|fi x`gR;kfx;ksa esa czkã.kksa dh la[;k vfèkd jgh gksxhA ckS¼&xzaFkksa eas of.kZr Ng le.k ;k ckS¼sÙkj vkpk;Z ds vfrfjDr ikfy&xzFkksa esa dbZ vU; vkpk;Z dk o.kZu gS] ftuds vius vuq;k;h Fks tks fo|k vkSj ri ds fy, izfl¼ Fks] tks ml dky ds fofHkUu lkaLd`frd dsanzksa esa] tSls ifrÎku] ekfglfr] mTtsuh] xksu}] ^osfnlkoulHk;*] dkslkach] lkdsr] lkoRFkh] lsrO;] dfiyoRFkq] dqflukjk] ikok oslkyh vkSj eXèk tuin ds iqj vkfn esa ?kwers FksA os lc tVk j[krs vkSj e`xpeZ vks<+rs Fks (ikjk;uoXx)A bu vkpk;ks± ds uke vkSj Hkh feyrs gSa % czkã.k vkpk;Z lsy] ftlds 300 f'k"; Fks] padh] rk:D[k vkSj muds f'k"; Hkkj}kt] iksD[kjlkfr vkSj mudk f'k"; okls¼] tk.kqLlksf.k] rksnsÕ;] tks lc rhu osnksa vkSj lacafèkr fo"k;ksa okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 117

ds ekus gq, fo}ku FksA (lqÙkfuikr] 594)A rsfoTt lqÙk esa (nh?kfudk;] 1@235) okls¼ ds dbZ czkã.k laiznk;] ;tqosZn ds v?o;qZ vkSj rSfÙkjh; uked pj.k] lkeosn dk NkanksX; uked pj.k vkSj ½Xosn ds og~o`p pj.k dk mYys[k fd;k gSA xzaFkksa es cgqr&ls ,sls ifjozktdksa dk Hkh o.kZu gS ftuls cq¼ dk laidZ gqvkA iksÍikn ls] tks vius 300 f'k";ksa ds lkFk efYydkjke esa jgrk Fkk] cq¼ us HksaV dh Fkh (nh?k] 1@187)A HkXxksÙk vuqfi; esa jgrk Fkk] ftlls feyus ij cq¼ dks lwpuk feyh fd fyPNkfoiqÙk lquD[kÙk peRdkj u fn[kkus ds dkj.k mls NksM+dj pyk x;k Fkk] fuxzksèk] jktx`g esa fxT>dwV ds lehi vkJe esa vius f'k";ksa ds lkFk jgrk FkkA cq¼ Hkh ogha Bgjs Fks vkSj og muls feyus vk;kA efY>e fudk; esa bu vkpk;ks± ds uke gS] tk.kqLlksf.k vkSj fiyksfrd (oPNxksÙk] tks oS'kkyh ds ikl ,diqaMfjdk xk¡o ds ifjCcktdkjke esa jgrk Fkk] vkfXxopNxksr vkSj egkoPNxksÙk (nh?ku[k_ ekxafn; dq: tuin esa_ land] tks vius f'ka";kas ds lkFk dkslkach esa jgrk Fkk vkSj ftlus cq¼ ds ykHk vkSj ;'k ls fp<+dj mudk vuq;k;h gksuk vLohdkj fd;k] iksryhiqÙkks] ftlus ckS¼&fHk{kq fdlh mins'k ls vger gksdj mldk lkFk NksM+ fn;k] vUuHkkj] ldqynk;h vkSj vU; vkpk;Z] tks lfIiuh unh ds fdukjs fdlh cM+s ifjozktd&dsUnz esa jgrs Fks (vuqxkj] ldqyankf; tks jktx`g ds ikl osyqou esa cus gq, eksjfuoki] ds ifjozktdkjke esa jgrs Fks vkSj ftuds fo"k; esa] feyus ij cq¼ ls dgk x;k Fkk fd os leLr vkpk;ks± esa (Ng Je.k vkpk;ks± dks ysdj) lcls vfèkd izfrf"Br Fks D;ksafd og LoYi Hkkstu] lkèkkj.k os'k] ifjfer ifjxzg] lkèkkj.k fuokl vkSj ,dkar thou ls larq"V Fks_ lej.k eafMdk dk iq=k mXxkgekuksa] tks efYydkjke esa jgrk Fkk] tgka mlls JkoLrh ds LFkkfir iapdax us cq¼ ds n'kZu ds fy, tkrs gq, jkLrs esa HksaV dh vkSj cq¼ us ftlds mins'k dk [kaMu fd;k ds fuokl;ksx; je.kh; LFky dgk x;k gSA bu LFkyksa ds dkj.k jktx`g ifjoktdksa ds Bgjus dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj ogka lnk ifjozktdksa dk te?kV jgrk FkkA dbZ ifjozktd jktx`g ds LFkk;h fuoklh cu x;s FksA m:osyk (cksèkx;k) esa fujatuk (uhyktu &iQyxw) unh ds rV ij ,d vfr euksgj vkJe Fkk tgka 118 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Luku&gsrq lqUnj lksikuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA tks unh ds fueZy ty esa >ydrs jgrs FksA oS'kkyh esa egkou] xksred&pSR;] mnsu&pSR;] pkiky pSR; rFkk cgqiqr&pSR; vfr je.kh; LFky FksA ^^egkou Hkxoku cq¼ fiz; fuokl&LFkku Fkk vkSj os ogka dwVkxkj'kkyk esa okl djrs FksA** ukyUnk rFkk pEik esa Øe'k% iok&fjdkezou rFkk xxZjk iq"dj.kh (xXxjk&iksD'kj.kh) ifjozktdksa ds fiz; fuokl&LFky ekus tkrs FksA JkoLrh esa izfl¼ tsrou FkkA bl izdkj mu fnuksa ds uxjksa ds fudV vusd euks;qXèkdkjh LFky Fks tks rkilksa ds fuokl ds loZFkk mi;qDr FksA bu LFkkuksa esa okl djus okys rkil ekè;kÉ&os=k esa uxj rFkk xzke esa fHkKkUu ds fy;s tkrs FksA eè;kÉ&fHkKk dk fooku tSu] ckS¼ rFkk czkã.k] rhuksa lEiznk;ksa ds fHkKqvksa ds fy;s leku :i ls fd;k x;k gSA cq¼ us fHkKqvksa dks eè;kÉ&Hkkstu ds fy;s miklksa ds vkea=k.k ;nk&dnk Lohdkj djus dh vuqefr nh vkSj vkt Hkh fgUnw laU;kfl;ksa esa ;g izFkk izpfyr gSA lEHkor% ;g O;oLFkk cq¼ dky esa jgh gksxhA ckS¼ksa us cq¼ ds thou dky esa gh dgha&dgha LFkk;h fogkj cukuk izkjEHk dj fn;k FkkA bl Øeh esa tsrou esa fogkj fuekZ.k djk;k x;k] ijUrq dqN le; rd fogkjksa dh la[;k vi;kZIr cuh jghA ckS¼&fHkKq o"kkZdky esa Hkh izk;% i.kZ&'kkykvksa esa gh okl djrs FksA bu i.kZ'kkykvksa ds vkdkj&izdkj dk Kku cjkcj dh xqiQkvksa vkSj lkaph rFkk Hkkjgqr ds rksj.kksa esa mRdh.kZ fp=kksa ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls ifjozktdksa dh la[;k Hkh ux.; ugha Fkh tks xzkeksa ,oa uxjksa ds fudV ds vkoklksa dks ri'p;kZ ds fy;s ckèkd ekurs FksA vr% os lèku ou&izns'kksa esa dqfV;k cukdj rkil&thou O;rhr djrs&os vj.; ds 'kkar okrkoj.k dks gh viuh vkè;kfRed lkèkuk ds fy;s loksZre ekurs FksA nh?k&fudk; ds dLli&lh&gukn&lqr rFkk mnqEcjhd lhgukn&lqr] dfri; tkrdksa rFkk lqr&fuikr esa bu rkilksa ds thou dk fooj.k miyCèk gksrk gSA ouksa esa miyCèk 'kkd] uhokj] ewy] iQykfn vkgkj ij os thou&fuokZg djrs FksA èkeZ'kkL=k ds vuqlkj okuizfLFk;ksa dks ou esa izkIr gksus okys dUn&ewy] iQy rFkk vUu ij thou&fuokZg djuk pkfg,A xzkeksa rFkk uxjkas ls lqnwj ouksa ds fuoklh rkilksa ds fy;s fu;fer fHkKkVu laHko u gksus Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

ds dkj.k os le;≤ ij xzke&uxjksa esa eq[;r;k ued vkSj fljdk laxzg djus vk tkrs FksA os izk;% xzke&uxjksa ds fudV gh o"kkZokl djrs vkSj ikol&½rq ds var esa iqu% vj.;ksa esa vko';d lkexzh ds lkFk pys tkrs FksA fofHkUu er ds rkilksa ds oL=k rFkk ckákd`fr esa mudh ri'p;kZ ds vuq:i U;wukfèkd vUrj Li"V gks tkrk FkkA fofHkUu èkeZ&lEiznk;ksa ds chp ri ds Lo:i ,oa mldh mxzrk ds lEcUèk esa erHksn FkkA dqN dBksjre ri ds i{kikrh Fks] rks dqN blds fojksèkhA tSu] vkthfod rFkk vpsyd (vpsy=kuXu) dBksjre ri dk leFkZu djrs FksA fuxZzUFkksa us uxUrk&fuokj.k ds fy;s oL=k èkkj.k rd dk fojksèk fd;kA dbZ rkil peZ] oYdy] ds'kdEcy] v'oiqPN ds dEcy] mywdia[k] ?kkl bR;kfn ds oL=k iguk djrs FksA 'e'kku&Hkwfe vkSj dwMs+ ds <sj ls izkIr phFkM+ksa dks tksM+dj cuk;k x;k oL=k Hkh iguk tkrk FkkA ckS¼&fHk{kq Hkh ikalqdwy oL=k èkkj.k djrs Fks] ijUrq xzke&uxjksa esa izk;% tkrs jgus ds dkj.k mUgksaus ikalqdwy oL=k ds LFkku ij eksVs diM+s dk dk"kk; oL=k iguuk mi;qDr le>kA ckS¼ eè;eekxhZ Fks] bl dkj.k Hkh mUgkasus oL=k ds lEcUèk esa ;g O;oLFkk dh gksA èkeZ'kkL=k ds leku ikfy&fiVd esa Hkh czkã.k rkilksa dks cYdyèkkjh rFkk ve`xpeZèkkjh fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA os dk"k; o.kZ ds iqjkus vkSj eksVs oL=k Hkh iguk djrs FksA dksbZ rkil dSlk oL=k igus ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk Fkk fd og fdl izdkj dk ri ilan djrk Fkk] rkil&thou oLrqr% lkalkfjd Hkksx&foykl dk R;kx Fkk] vr% laU;klh ds fy;s ;g vfuok;Z gks x;k fd og ,slk oL=k èkkj.k djs ftlls og u rks vkd"kZd gh nh[ks vkSj u mlls mlesa lalkj ds izfr fdlh izdkj ds eksg dk vkHkkl feysA rkil dks nwj ls gh ns[kdj le> fy;k tkrk Fkk fd dksbZ x`gR;kxh vk jgk gSA tkrd dFkkvksa esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd og cYdy rFk e`xpeZ igurk] dHkh&dHkh viuh tVkvksa dks flj ds mij xzaFkh cukdj ckaèkrk vkSj ihB ij nks Vksdfj;ksa dks MaMs esa ckaèk dj yVdk;s jgrkA tSlk fd Åij dgk x;k gS] okuizLFkh vkSj laU;klh ds vUrj dks dsoy èkeZ'kkL=k esa Li"V fd;k x;k gSA rnuqlkj okuizLFkh ds fy;s ds'k] 'eJq] eqN vkSj uk[kwu c<+kus dk foèkku gS] Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

ij laU;klh vFkok fHk{kq ds fy;s ds'k] 'eJq] ewaN vkSj uk[kwu ugha j[kus dkA fgUnw&laU;klh vkSj ckS¼&fHk{kq leku :i ls------ izeq[k rkil lEiznk;& ikfy&fiVd esa rkil lEiznk;ksa dh dbZ lwfp;ka feyrh gSaA ckS¼&xzaFkksa ls bl ckr dk Hkh dksbZ ladsr ugha feyrk fd fdlh o.kZ&fo'ks"k vFkok tkfr ds vkèkkj ij fdlh O;fDr dks rkil&thou ls oafpr gksuk iM+rk FkkA vkjafHkd ;qx esa tc czkã.kksa us oSjkX; dk ekxZ viukuk 'kq: fd;k rks {kf=k;ksa us Hkh mudk lkFk fn;kA {kf=k; ujs'kksa us jktoSHko dk ifjR;kx dj oS[kul Lohdkj fd;kA èkeZ'kkL=k esa 'kwnz dks laU;kl vkJe dk vfèkdkjh ugha ekuk x;k gSA bldk vfèkdkj f}tkfrek=k dks fn;k x;k gSA oLrqr% 'kwnz ds fy, oSnkè;;u rFkk osnea=kksa }kjk èkkfeZd deks± dk fu"ksèk gqvk FkkA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd tc czkã.kksa us oS[kkul thou dks fu;ec¼ fd;k] rks mUgkasus 'kwnz dks bl thou ls oafpr j[kkA laU;klh dh viuh dksbZ tkfr ugha jg tkrh gSA ftl {k.k O;fDr izozT;k xzg.k dj ysrk gS] og dsoy laU;klh jg tkrk gSA vr% ftu 'kwnzksa dks czkã.kksa us lnk vius ls ghu le>k] mUgsa laU;klh ds :i esa leku in nsuk mUgsa Lohdkj ugha gqvkA izfrdwy lkekftd okrkoj.k ds dkj.k 'kwnz ;nk&dnk gh laU;klh gqvk djrs Fks] vr% mudk mYys[k ugha feyrkA dV~VjiafFk;ksa ds fopkj esa ;|fi 'kwnz laU;kl&thou dk vfèkdkjh ugha ekuk x;k] ijUrq Kku dks dHkh ckaèk dj ugha j[kk x;kA lPpk Kku rks vUrj dh pht gS tks Lor% iQwV iM+rk gS] vr% blesa fdlh o.kZ dk ,dkfèkdkj ugha gks ldkA dfri; fopkjdksa us ;g vuqHko fd;k fd 'kwnz&o.kZ esa tUe ikus ls gh O;fDrfo"ks'k dk vkè;kfRed Kku&txr~ esa izos'k ikus ds vfèkdkj ls oafpr j[kuk vuqfpr gksxkA cq¼&dky esa vusd okn izpfyr gq, ftuds lHkh tkfr;ksa ds fy, vkè;kfRed txr~ dk }kj mUeqDr j[kk x;kA bu oknksa dk izknqHkkZo iwoZ;qx ds nk'kZfud fparu ds iQyLo:i gh gqvk vkSj dFku loZFkk mi;qDr ugha gS fd ckS¼&èkeZ ds mn; ds dkj.k gh lHkh tkfr ds yksxksa dks rkil thou esa izos'k dk vfèkdkj fey ik;kA cq¼&iwoZ lekt esa Hkh ekuorkoknh n`f"Vdks.k viukus okys mnkjpsrk fopkjdksa dk vHkko ugha FkkA okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 119

ekraxtkrd esa ekrax uked pakM+ky dh dFkk gS] ftls KkulEiUu riLoh gksus ds dkj.k lekt ds lHkh oxZ ls vknj izkIr gqvk FkkA 'kwnz] nkl rFkk pkaMky tc rkil cu tkrs Fks] mudk mfpr lEeku fd;k tkrk FkkA vr,oa ;g fu.kZ; djuk lgh gksxk fd lekt dk mnkjoknh oxZ lHkh tkfr;ksa ds fy, laU;kl dk }kj mUeqDr j[kus ds i{k esa FkkA laU;kl&thou dk vuq'kklu tkrdksa esa okuizfLFk;ksa rFkk laU;kfl;ksa dk vUrj vLi"V gSA bu nksuksa vkJfe;ksa ds vUrj dks èkeZ'kkL=k esa gh Li"V fd;k x;k gSA tkrdksa esa budk fefJr fooj.k feyrk gSA okuizLFkh ds :Ik esa vj.;okl djus vkSj laU;kl&Ikn dks izkIr dk eks{k dh rS;kjh dh voLFkk ds vyx o.kZu tkrdksa esa ugha fd;s x;sA dqN yksx czãp;Z&vkJe lekIr djus ds iwoZ gh lkalkfjd thou ls fojDr gks vj.;oklh cu tkrs Fks] rks dqN yksx czãp;Z&vkJe dh ifjlekfIr ij] vkSj dqN yksx x`gLFk&vkJe ds vius nkf;Roksa dks iw.kZ dj x`gR;kxh curs FksA ;|fi x`gLFk izk;% lUrkuykHk ds i'pkr~ ou dk ekxZ viukrs Fks] ij ;fn blds iwoZ gh mUgsa lkalkfjd thou ls oSjkX; gks tkrk] rks muds x`gR;kx djus esa fdlh izdkj dk izfrcUèk ugha FkkA dHkh&dHkh x`gLFk viuh iRuh rFkk larku ds lkFk vj.;oklh cu tkrs FksA tkrdksa ds bl fooj.k esa vkSj èkeZ'kkL=k dh O;oLFkk esa cM+k lkE; nh[krk gSA ckSèkk;u&èkeZlw=k ds vuqlkj czãp;Z&vkJe lekIr djds vFkok x`gLFk&vkJe dh lekfIr ij ;k okuizLFk&vkJe lekIr djds vFkok x`gLFk&vkJe dh lekfIr ij ;k okuizLFk&vkJe ls laU;kl esa izos'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkiLrEc rFkk of'k"B czãp;Z&vkJe lekIr djds vFkok x`gLFk&thou ls izoftr gksus dh NwV iznku djrs gaAS ijorhZ èkeZ'kkL=kdkjksa us x`gLFk&vkJe dh ifjlekfIr ds iwoZ izoT;k xzg.k djus dk fu"ksèk fd;k gSA euq ds er esa tcrd O;fDr x`gLFk&thou ds nkf;Roksa ls eqDr ugha gks tkrk] mls laU;kl dk vfèkdkj ugha gSA bl fu"ksèk dk izeq[k dkj.k ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd cq¼&;qx esa x`gR;kfx;ksa dh vfr'k; la[;k&o`f¼ ds iQyLo:Ik ikfjokfjd thou esa v'kakfr ,oa vO;OkLFkk iQSyus yxh FkhA 120 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

uSfrd thou esa ri ri uSfrd thou dk vkst gS] 'kfDr gSA uSfrdrk dh vkRek gSA uSfrdrk dh lS¼kfUrd la?k"kZ'khy thou esa R;kx dh Hkkouk gh ri gSA] nwljs ri dk ,d vFkZ gksrk gSμiz;Ru] iz;kl vFkZ esa Hkh gS] tgka rd Hkkjrh; uSfrd fopkjèkkjkvksa dh] vkpkj&n'kZuksa dh ckr gS] muesa ls yxHkx lHkh dk tUe ^riL;k* dh xksn esa gqvk] ri ds Lo:Ik ds lEcUèk esa fopkj&Hksn gks ldrk gS] ysfdu riL;k ds rF; ls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ri&lkèkuk Hkkjrh; thou ,oa laLd`fr dk izk.k gSA Jh Hkjrflag mikè;k; ds 'kCnksa esa ^^Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa tks dqN Hkh 'kk'or gS] tks dqN Hkh mnkÙk ,oa egRoiw.kZ rRo gS] og lc riL;k ls gh lEHkwr gS] riL;k ls gh bl jk"Vª dk cy ;k vkst mRiUu gqvk gS----riL;k Hkkjrh; n'kZu'kkL=k dh gh ugha] fdUrq mlds leLr bfrgkl dh izLrkouk gS---izR;sd fpUru'khy iz.kkyh pkgs og vkè;kfRed gks pkgs vkfèkHkkSfrd] lHkh riL;k dh Hkkouk ls vuqizkf.kr gS--- mlds osn] osnkax] n'kZu] iqjk.k] èkeZ'kkL=k vkfn lHkh fo|k ds {ks=k thou dh lkèkuk:Ik riL;k ds ,dfu"B mikld gSaA** Hkkjrh; uSfrd thou ;k vkpkj&n'kZu esa ri ds egRo dks vfèkd Li"V djrs gq, dkdk dkysydj fy[krs gSa] ^^cq¼dkyhu fHk{kqvksa dh ri'p;kZ ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik gh v'kksd ds lkezkT; dk vkSj ekS;Z (dkyhu) laLd`fr dk foLrkj gks ik;kA 'kadjkpk;Z dh ri'p;kZ ls fgUnw èkeZ dk laLdj.k gqvkA egkohj dh riL;k ls vfgalk èkeZ dk izpkj gqvkA rikse; thou iz.kkyh gh Hkkjrh; uSfrdrk dk mTToy i{k gS vkSj mlds fcuk Hkkjrh; vkpkj&n'kZu dks pkgs og tSu] ckS¼ ;k fgUnw vkpkj&n'kZu gks] leqfpr :Ik ls le>k ugha tk ldrkA tSu rhFk±djksa ,oa fo'ks"kdj egkohj dk thou gh] tSu&lkèkuk esa ri ds LFkku dk fuèkkZj.k djus ds gsrq ,d lcyre lk{; gSA egkohj ds lkèkukdky (lk<s+ ckjg o"kZ) esa yxHkx X;kjg o"kZ rks fujkgkj fxus tk ldrs gSaA egkohj dk ;g lkjk lkèkuk&dky Lokè;k;] vkRe&fpUru] è;ku vkSj dk;ksRlxZ ls Hkjk gSA ftl vkpkj&n'kZu dk 'kkLrk vius tkx`r thou esa ri dk ,slk mTToyre mnkgj.k izLrqr djrk gks] tSu&lkèkuk leRo;ksx dh Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

lkèkuk gS vkSj ;gh leRo;ksx vkpj.k ds O;kogkfjd {ks=k esa vfgalk cu tkrk gS] vkSj ;gh vfgalk fu"ksèkkRed lkèkuk&{ks=k esa la;e dgh tkrh gS vkSj la;e gh fØ;kRed :Ik esa ri gSA vfgalk] la;e vkSj ri viuh xgu foospuk esa ,d nwljs ds Ik;kZ;okph gh izrhr gksrs gSaA vfgalk] la;e vkSj ri feydj gh èkeZ ds lexz Lo:Ik dks mifLFkr djrs gSaA ri vkSj la;e ls ;qDr vfgalk&èkeZ dh eaxye;rk dk mn~?kks"k djrs gq, tSukpk;Z dgrs gSa&^èkeZ eaxye; gS] dkSu lk èkeZ\ vfgalk] la;e vkSj rie; èkeZ gh loksZRd`"V eaxye; gSA** tSu&lkèkuk dk y{; 'kq¼ vkRe&rRo dh miyfCèk gS] vkRek dk 'kqf¼dj.k gSA ysfdu ;g 'kqf¼dj.k D;k gS\ tSu n'kZu ;g ekurk gS fd izk.kh dkf;d] okfpd ,oa ekufld fØ;kvksa ds ekè;e ls deZ oxZ.kkvksa ds iqn~xyksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrk gSA ckS¼ lkèkuk&i¼fr esa ri dk LFkku ;g Li"V rF; gS fd ^ri* 'kCn vkpkj ds ftl dBksj vFkZ esa tSu vkSj fgUnw ijEijk esa iz;qDr gqvk gS] og ckS¼ lkèkuk esa mldh eè;eekxhZ lkèkuk ds dkj.k mrus dBksj vFkZ esa iz;qDr ugha gqvk gSA ckS¼ lkèkuk esa ri dk vFkZ gS&fpÙk 'kqf¼ dk lrr iz;klA ckS¼&lkèkuk ri dks iz;Ru Hkxoku cq¼ egkeaxylqÙk esa dgrs gSa fd ri% czãp;Z] vk;ZlR;ksa dk n'kZu vkSj fuokZ.k dk lk{kkRdkj ;s mÙke eaxy gSA blh izdkj dkflHkkj}ktlqÙk esa rFkkxr dgrs gSa] eSa J¼k dk cht cksrk gwa] ml ij ri'p;kZ dh o`f"V gksrh gS& 'kjhj ok.kh ls la;e j[krk gwa vkSj vkgkj ls fu;fer jgdj lR; }kjk eSa (eu&nks"kksa dh) xksM+kbZ djrk gwaA fnV~fBoTtlqÙk esa 'kkLrk dgrs gSa] ^^fdlh ri ;k ozr ds djus ls fdlh ds dq'ky èkeZ c<+rs gSa] vdq'ky èkeZ ?kVrs gSa] rks mls vo'; djuk pkfg,A** cq¼ Lo;a vius dks riLoh dgrs gSa&^czkã.k] ;gh dkj.k gS fd ftlls eSa riLoh gwaA* cq¼ dk thou rks dfBure riL;kvksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA efT>efudk; egklhguknlqÙk esa cq¼ lkfjiqÙk ls viuh dfBu ri'p;kZ dk foLr`r o.kZu djrs gSaA bruk gh ugha] lqÙkfuikr ds ioTtklqÙk (3@5) esa cq¼ fcafclkj (jktk Jsf.kd) ls dgrs gSa fd vc eSa ri'p;kZ ds fy, tk jgk gwa] ml ekxZ esa esjk eu jerk gSA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

ckS¼&lkèkuk esa ri dk iz;kstu ikidkjd vdq'ky èkeksaZ dks rik Mkyuk gSA cq¼ dgrs gSa ^^gs flag] ,d Ik;kZ; ,slk gS ftlls lR;oknh euq"; eq>s riLoh dg ldsA** og Ik;kZ; dkSu lk gS\ gs flag] eSa dgrk gwa fd ikidkjd vdq'ky èkeksZa dks rik Mkyk tk;sA ftlds ikidkjd vdq'ky èkeZ xy x;s] u"V gks x;s] fiQj mRiUu ugha gksrs] mls eSa riLoh dgrk gwaA** bl izdkj ckS¼ lkèkuk esa Hkh tSu&lkèkuk ds leku vkRek dh vdq'ky fpÙko`fÙk;ksa ;k iki oklukvksa ds {kh.k djus ds fy, ri Lohd`r jgk gSA ckS¼ lkfgR; esa ri dk ^efT>efudk;* ds dUnjdlqÙk esa xhrk ds leku ri dh Js"Brk ,oa fud`"Vrk ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA ogka cq¼ dgrs gSa fd ^pkj izdkj ds euq"; gksrs gSa (1) ,d os tks vkReUri gSa ijUrq ijUri ugha gSaA bl oxZ ds vUnj dBksj ri'p;kZ djus okys riLohx.k vkrs gSa tks Lo;a dks d"V nsrs gaS] ysfdu nwljs dks ughaA (2) nwljs os tks ijUri gS vkReUri ughaA bl oxZ esa cfèkd rFkk Ik'kq cfy nsus okys vkrs gSa tks nwljksa dks gh d"V nsrs gSaA (3) rhljs os tks vkReUri Hkh gSa vkSj ijUri Hkh vFkkZr~ os yksx tks Lo;a Hkh d"V mBkrs gSa vkSj nwljksa dks Hkh d"V nsrs gSa] tSls&ri'p;kZ lfgr djus okysA (4) pkSFks os tks vkReUri Hkh ugha gSa vkSj ijUri Hkh ugha gSa vFkkZr~ os yksx tks u rks Lo;a dks d"V nsrs gSa vkSj u vkSjksa dks gh d"V nsrs gSaA cq¼ Hkh xhrk ds leku ;g dgrs gSa fd ftl ri esa Lo;a dks Hkh d"V fn;k tkrk gS vkSj nwljs dks Hkh d"V fn;k tkrk gS] og fud`"V gSA xhrk ,sls ri dks rkel dgrh gSA cq¼ vius Jkodksa dks pkSFks izdkj ds ri ds lEcUèk esa mins'k nsrs gSa vkSj eè;e ekxZ ds fl¼kUr ds vkèkkj ij ,sls gh ri dks Js"B crkrs gS] ftuesa u rks LoihM+u gS] u ij&ihM+uA oSfnd lkèkuk pkgs izkjfEHkd dky esa ri izèkku (fuo`fÙkijd) u jgh gks] ysfdu fodklpj.k esa Je.k&ijEijk ls izHkkfor gks] lefUor gks] rikse; lkèkuk ls ;qDr gks x;h] oSfnd ½f"k ri dh egÙkk dk lcyre 'kCnksa esa mn~?kks"k djrs gSaA os dgrs gSa] riL;k ls gh ½r vkSj lR; mRiUu gq,] riL;k ls gh osn mRiUu gq,] riL;k ls gh czã [kkstk tkrk gS] riL;k ls gh e`R;q ij fot; ik;h tkrh gS vkSj czãyksd izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 121

riL;k ds }kjk gh riLoh&tu yksd&dY;k.k dk fopkj djrs gaS vkSj riL;k ls gh yksd esa fot; izkIr dh tkrh gSA bruk gh ugha] os rks ri :Ik lkèku dks lkè; ds rqY; ekurs gq, dgrs gSa&^^ri gh czã gSA** xhrk esa Hkh ri ds ;ksxkRed Lo:Ik ij gh vfèkd cy fn;k x;k gSA xhrk esa ri dh efgek rks cgqr xk;h xbZ gS] riL;k ls gh czã dks tkuksA eq.Mdksifu"kn~ ds rhljs eq.Md esa dgk gS] ;g vkRek (tks T;ksfreZ; vkSj 'kq¼ gS) riL;k vkSj lR; ds }kjk gh ik;k tkrk gSA oSfnd ijEijk esa tgka ri vkè;kfRed 'kqf¼ vFkok vkRe&'kqf¼ dk lkèku gS ogha mlds }kjk gksus okyh 'kjhj vkSj bfUnz;ksa dh 'kqf¼ ds egRo dk Hkh vadu fd;k x;k gSA ri dh 'kq¼rk ,oa uSfrd thou esa mldh mikns;rk dh n`f"V ls ri ds rhu Lrj ;k foHkkx xhrk esa of.kZr gSa&1- lkfRod ri] 2- jktl ri vkSj 3- rkel riA xhrk dgrk gS fd mi;qDZ r rhuksa izdkj dk ri J¼kiwod Z ] iQy dh vkdka{kk ls jfgr ,oa fu"dke Hkko ls fd;k tkrk gS rc og lkfRod ri dgk tkrk gSA ysfdu tks ri lRdkj] eku&izfr"Bk vFkok fn[kkos ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS rks og jktl ri dgk tkrk gSA ;|fi xhrk esa vu'ku (miokl) dh vis{kk Åuksnjh ri dks gh vfèkd egRo fn;k x;k gSA xhrk ;gka ij eè;ekxZ viukrh gSA xhrk dgrk gS] ;ksx u vfèkd [kkus okys yksxksa ds fy, lEHko gS] u fcYdqy gh u [kkus okys ds fy, lEHko gSA ;qDrkgkj&fogkj okyk gh ;ksx dh lkèkuk ljyrkiwod Z dj ldrk gSA Ekgf"kZ iratfy us ri] Lokè;k; ,oa bZ'oj&izkf.kèkku bu rhuksa dks fØ;k&;ksx dgk gSA ri dk ewY;kdu& ^ri* 'kCn ,d vFkZ esa R;kx&Hkkouk dks O;Dr djrk gSA R;kx pkgs og oS;fDrd LokFkZ ,oa fgrksa dk gks] pkgs oS;fDrd lq[kksiyfCèk;ksa dk gks] ri dgk tk ldrk gSA ri ek=k R;kxuk gh ugha gS] miyCèk djuk Hkh gSA ri dk dsoy foltZukRed ewY; ekuuk Hkze gksxkA Hkkjrh; vkpkj&n'kuksa us tgka ri ds foltZukRed

122 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

ewY;ksa dh xq.k&XkkFkk xk;h gS] ogha mlds l`tukRed ewY; dks Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA oSfnd ijEijk esa ri dks yksd&dY;k.k dk foèkku djus okyk dgk x;k gSA xhrk dh yksd&laxgz dh vkSj tSu ijEijk dh oS;ko`R; ;k la?k&lsok dh voèkkj.kk,a ri ds yksd&dY;k.kdkjh i{k dks gh rks vfHkO;Dr djrh gSaA ckS¼ ijEijk tc ^^cgqtu fgrk; cgqtu lq[kk;** dk mn~?kks"k nsrh gS rc og Hkh ri ds foèkk;d ewY; dk gh foèkku djrh gSA ,d riLoh ds vkRedY;k.k esa yksd&dY;k.k lekfo"V jgrk gS vkSj mldk yksd&dY;k.k vkRe&dY;k.k gh gksrk gSA Rki] pkgs og bfUnz;&la;e gks] fpÙk&fujksèk gks vFkok yksd&dY;k.k ;k cgqtufgr gks] mlds egRo ls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mldk oS;fDrd thou ds fy, ,oa lekt ds fy, egRo gS Hkkjrh; ½f"k;ksa us ges'kk ri dks fojkV~ vFkZ esa gh ns[kk gSA ;gka J¼k] Kku] vfgalk] czãp;Z] vktZo] eknZo] {kek] la;e] lekfèk] lR;] Lokè;k;] vè;;u] lsok] lRdkj vkfn lHkh 'kqHk xq.kksa dks ri eku fy;k x;k gSA vkt mlds O;kid izpkj dk ,dek=k dkj.k mldh lsok&Hkkouk gh rks gSA euq"; ds fy, lsokHkko ,d vko';d rRo gS tks vius izkjfEHkd {ks=k esa ifjokj ls izkjEHk gksdj ^olqèkSo dqVEq cde* rd dk fo'kkky vkn'kZ izLrqr djrk gSA ri vkpj.k esa O;Dr gksrk gSA og vkpj.k gh gSA ri dk ;gh thoUr vkSj tkx`r 'kk'or Lo:Ik gS tks lkoZtuhu vkSj lkoZdkfyd gSA lHkh lkèkuk&i¼fr;ka bls ekudj pyrh gSa vkSj ns'k dky ds vuqlkj blds fdlh ,d }kjk ls lkèkdksa dks ri ds bl HkO; egy esa ykus dk iz;kl djrh gSa] tgka lkèkd vius ijekRe Lo:Ik dk n'kZu djrk gS] vkReu~] czã ;k bZ'oj dk lk{kkRdkj djrk gSA ri ,d ,slk iz'kLr ;ksx gS tks vkRek dks ijekRek ls tksM+ nsrk gS] vkRek dk ifj"dkj dj mls ijekRe&Lo:Ik cuk nsrk gSA ih-,pMh- ckS¼ vè;;u foHkkx fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Research Paper

Trin Hngoc Dong

CONCEPT OF ETHICS IN RELIGION Most religions have an ethical component, often derived from purported supernatural relevation or guidance. According to Simon Blackburn, “For many people, ethics is not only tied up with religion, but is completely settled by it. Such people do not need to think too much about ethics, because there is an authoritative code of instructions, a handbook of how to live.”1 Ethics, which is a major branch of philosophy, encompasses right conduct and good life. It is significantly broader than the common conception of analyzing right and wrong. A central aspect of ethics is “the good life”, the life worth living or life that is simply satisfying, which is held by many philosophers to be more important than traditional moral conduct.2 Some assert that religion is necessary to life ethically. Blackburn states that, there are those who “would say that we can only flourish under the umbrella of a strong social order, cemented by common adherence to a particular religious tradition”.3 SOCRATES Socrates, Ancient Greek c. 469 BC–399 was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, BC4

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Concept of Ethics and Buddhist Ethics

especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Many would claim that Plato’s dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity.5 Through his portrayal in Plato’s dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who also lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus. The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions are asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand. It is Plato’s Socrates that also made important and lasting contributions to the fields of epistemology and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains strong in providing a foundation for much western philosophy that followed. The Socratic problem As Socrates did not write philosophical texts, the knowledge of the man, his life, and his philosophy is entirely based on writings by his students and contemporaries. Foremost among them is Plato; however, works by Xenophon, Aristotle, and Aristophanes also provide important insights.6 The difficulty of finding the “real” Socrates arises because these works are often philosophical okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 123

or dramatic texts rather than straightforward histories. Aside from Thucydides (who makes no mention of Socrates or philosophers in general) and Xenophon, there are in fact no straightforward histories contemporary with Socrates that dealt with his own time and place. A corollary of this is that sources that do mention Socrates do not necessarily claim to be historically accurate, and are often partisan (those who prosecuted and convicted Socrates have left no testament). Historians therefore face the challenge of reconciling the various texts that come from these men to create an accurate and consistent account of Socrates’ life and work. The result of such an effort is not necessarily realistic, merely consistent. Plato is frequently viewed as the most informative source about Socrates’ life and philosophy.7 As Martin Cohen has put it, Plato, the idealist, offers “an idol, a master figure, for philosophy. A Saint, a prophet of the ‘Sun-God’, a teacher condemned for his teachings as a heretic.”8 It is also clear from other writings and historical artifacts, however, that Socrates was not simply a character, or an invention, of Plato. The testimony of Xenophon and Aristotle, alongside some of Aristophanes’ work (especially The Clouds), is useful in fleshing out a perception of Socrates beyond Plato’s work. Carnelian gem imprint representing Socrates, Rome, 1st century BC-1st century AD. Details about Socrates can be derived from three contemporary sources: the dialogues of Plato and Xenophon (both devotees of Socrates), and the plays of Aristophanes. He has been depicted by some scholars, including Eric Havelock and Walter Ong, as a champion of oral modes of communication, standing up at the dawn of writing against its haphazard diffusion.9 According to Plato, Socrates’ father was Sophroniscus10 and his mother Phaenarete,11 a midwife. Though she was characterized as undesirable in temperament, Socrates married Xanthippe,12 who was much younger than he. She bore for him three sons,13 Lamprocles, Sophroniscus and Menexenus. His friend Crito of

124 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Alopece criticized him for abandoning his sons when he refused to try to escape before his execution.14 It is unclear how Socrates earned a living. Ancient texts seem to indicate that Socrates did not work. Socrates lived during the time of the transition from the height of the Athenian hegemony to its decline with the defeat by Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian War. At a time when Athens sought to stabilize and recover from its humiliating defeat, the Athenian public may have been entertaining doubts about democracy as an efficient form of government. Socrates appears to have been a critic of democracy, and some scholars interpret his trial as an expression of political infighting. Claiming loyalty to his city, Socrates clashed with the current course of Athenian politics and society.15 According to Plato’s Apology, Socrates’ life as the “gadfly” of Athens began when his friend Chaerephon asked the oracle at Delphi if anyone was wiser than Socrates; the Oracle responded that noone was wiser. Socrates believed that what the Oracle had said was a paradox, because he believed he possessed no wisdom whatsoever. Socrates’ death is described at the end of Plato’s Phaedo. Socrates turned down the pleas of Crito to attempt an escape from prison. After drinking the poison, he was instructed to walk around until his legs felt numb. After he lay down, the man who administered the poison pinched his foot. Socrates could no longer feel his legs. The numbness slowly crept up his body until it reached his heart. Shortly before his death, Socrates speaks his last words to Crito: “Crito, we owe a rooster to Asclepius. Please, don’t forget to pay the debt.” Asclepius was the Greek god for curing illness, and it is likely Socrates’ last words meant that death is the cure—and freedom, of the soul from the body. Socratic Method Perhaps his most important contribution to Western thought is his dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method or method of “elenchus”, which he largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts such as the Good and Justice. Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

It was first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues. To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek. The influence of this approach is most strongly felt today in the use of the scientific method, in which hypothesis is the first stage. The development and practice of this method is one of Socrates’ most enduring contributions, and is a key factor in earning his mantle as the father of political philosophy, ethicsor moral philosophy, and as a figurehead of all the central themes in Western philosophy. To illustrate the use of the Socratic method; a series of questions are posed to help a person or group to determine their underlying beliefs and the extent of their knowledge. The Socratic method is a negative method of hypothesis elimination, in that

better hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and eliminating those that lead to contradictions. It was designed to force one to examine one’s own beliefs and the validity of such beliefs. In fact, Socrates once said, “I know you won’t believe me, but the highest form of Human Excellence is to question oneself and others.”16 An alternative interpretation of the dialectic is that it is a method for direct perception of the Form of the Good. Philosopher Karl Popper describes the dialectic as “the art of intellectual intuition, of visualising the divine originals, the Forms or Ideas, of unveiling the Great Mystery behind the common man’s everyday world of appearances.”17

References 1. Simon, Blackburn (2001), Ethics: A very short Introduction, Oxford University Press, p.9. 2. Singer, P. (1993), Practical Ethics, Cambridge University Press, p.10 3. Simon, Blackburn (2001), Ethics: A very short Introduction, Oxford University Press, p.60. 4. “Socrates”, 1911, Enclopaedia Britannica. 5. Sarah Kofman, Socrates: Fictions of a Philosopher 1998 ISBN 0-8014-3551-X. 6. Many other writers added to the fashion of Socratic dialogues (edited SQkratikoilogoi) at the time. In addition to Plato and Xenophon, each of the following is created by some source as having added to the genre: Acshines, Bryson, Ceber, Crito, Euclid Megara and Phaedo, it is unlikely Plato the first in this field (Vlastos; p.52). 7. May, on Socrates Hardot, P. (1995) Philosophy

as a way of life, Oxford Blackwells, p.93. Martin Cohen, Philosophical Tales (2008) ISBN 1-4051-4037-2. ONG: pp.78-79. Plato, Laches 180d, Euthydemus 297-e, Liippias Major 298-c. Plato, Thaectetus 149a, Alcibiades 1 131e. Xenophon, “Symposium”, 2-10. Plato Phaedo, 116-B. Plato, “Crito” 45c-45e. Here it telling to refer to Thucydides 93:82.8) ‘Rekless Gudacity came to be considered the courage of a loyal ally, prudent hesitation, specious cowardice; Moderation was held to be a cloak for unmanliness …. Suspected Plato apology 24-27. Plato, Apology, pp.24-27. Coppens Phillip, “Socrates, that the question”, p.18.

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Research Scholar Department of Buddhist Studies

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16. 17.

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 125

'kksèk&i=k

fgUnh nfyr lkfgR; esa L=kh % n'kk vkSj fn'kk MkW dqlqe yrk

Hkk

jrh; lekt izkphu dky ls gh viuh laLd`fr ,oa ijEijkvksa ds fy, fo'o iVy ij cuk gqvk gSA og viuh fofHkUurkvksa es Hkh ,drk dh lkasèkh egd ls iwjs fo'o leqnk; dks lh[k nsrk vk jgk gSA og oSfnd ;qxksa ls ysdj orZeku le; rd vius ckSf¼d Js"Brk] mPp vkn'kZ] ekuoh; laLd`fr ,oa izkS|ksfxd o lapkj ekè;eksa ds mRd`"V fodkl ls nqfu;k dk fljekSj cuk gqvk gSA fdUrq bu fof'k"Vrkvkas ds ckotwn Hkh mleas dqN ,slh folaxfr;k¡ iuirh pyh vk jgh gSa tks mlds eku dks dgha u dgha èkwy èkwflr dj nsrh gSA bl izdkj dh ,d lkekftd folaxfr gS o.kZ O;oLFkk vkSj NwvkNwrA tks vius gh lekt ds ,d ,sls oxZ dks lfn;ksa ls ujdh; thou thus ds fy, etcwj dj nh gSA og lfn;ksa ls ncs dqpys] 'kks"k.k] vekuoh; vR;kpkj dk f'kdkj gks jgs gSaA fliQZ blfy, dh os fuEu oxZ ds gSa ftUgsa Hkkjrh; lekt nfyr ds uke ls lEcksfèkr fd;k gSA mUgsa vius gh lekt esa Lora=kkrk iwoZd thus dk vfèkdkj ugha gSA izLrqr ys[k fgUnh lkfgR; es ,ssls gh nfyr lekt ds fL=kk;ksa dh n'kk ds fLFkfr dh dksjh lPpkbZ izLrqr djus dk iz;kl ek=k gSA izLrqr iafDr esa lkfgy yqfèk;kuoh us Bhd gha dgk gS & vkSjr us tUe fn;k iq#"kksa dks] iq#"kksa us mUgsa cktkj fn;kA tc Hkh pkgk elyk&dqpyk] tc Hkh pkgk nqRdkj fn;kAA vkt gekjk ns'k dkiQh rjDdh dj jgk gS] ;gk¡ rd 126 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

fd ekuo pkan rd igq¡p x;k gSA fdUrq ukjh ds izfr mldk n`f"Vdks.k tl dk rl cuk gqvk gSA vkfndky ls ysdj vkèkqfud dky rd ds ukjh thou dk xgu vè;;u djus ds mijkUr ;gh fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd Hkkjr ekrk uke ls iqdkjs tkus okys gekjs ns'k dks leLr fL=k;k¡ vkt Hkh vusd izdkj ds vR;kpkj ls xzLr gSA [kkldj nfyr lekt dh fL=k;k¡ D;ksafd nfyr lekt dh ;s fL=k;k¡ ;FkkFkZ esa nfyrksa dh nfyr gSA D;ksafd ns[kk tk;s rks nfyr fL=k;ksa ij mPp tkfr ds yksxksa ls ysdj Lo;a muds ifr o ifjokj ds gj lnL; fdlh u fdlh :Ik esa vfèkdkj trkrs gSaA dqN blh rjg dk o.kZu gesa 'kf'k fueZyk dh dfork dh bu iafDr;ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ftlesa og dgrh gS & dgrs gSa dksbZ eq>s cukdj ihnk [khap&[khap dj cSBsaxs Mky dj udsy eq>s gkdsaxs&upk,axsA bl izdkj nfyr L=kh nSukanhu thou esa vusd izdkj ls neu dh f'kdkj gks jgh gSA yM+dh ds :Ik esa iSnk gksus ds dkj.k ?kj esa vLi`'; tkfr esa cM+s gksus ds dkj.k xyh essa] og dne&dne ij viekfur gksrh gSA**1 nfyr L=kh ij 'kks"k.k vkt Hkh ljsvke ns[kk tk jgk gSA vfèkdka'kr% nfyr fL=k;k¡ uhp tkfr ds gksus ds dkj.k og vfèkdka'k lo.kZ iq#"kksa dh ;kruk dk f'kdkj gksrh gSA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

lkFk gh nqjkpkjh] vR;kpkjh] cykRdkjh lo.kZ] iq#"kksa dh gol dk f'kdkj Hkh curh gS nfyr L=kh ,d rjiQ tgk¡ lo.kks± ds vR;kpkj dh f'kdkj curh gS] ogha nwljh vksj ifjokj ds fgalk vieku dh Hkh f'kdkj curh gSA bl izdkj ns[kk tk;s rks ^^nfyr ukjh dh fLFkfr euqoknh O;oLFkk esa rhljs ntsZ dh gks xbZA pwafd ml ij nfyr iq#"kksa dk ugha] cfYd lo.kZ iq#"kksa dk vfèkdkj ekuk tkrk FkkA fo|kè;;u] KkuktZu] laifÙk vtZu tSls leLr ekuokfèkdkjksa ls oafpr nfyr lekt xjhch] 'kks"k.k o nfyr gksus dh ihM+k dks >sy jgh gS lkFk gh ml ij NqvkNwr vkSj Å¡p&uhp dk dgj Hkh gSA ,sls esa og viuh iRuh ds lrhRo dh j{kk dSls dj ikrkA tc fd dfFkr lo.kZ lekt nfyr ukjh ds ;qokoLFkk esa izos'k djrs gh ml ij fx¼ n`f"V j[kuk izkjaHk dj nsrk gS vkSj ekSdk feyrs gh mls vius èku] cy ,oa ,s'o;Z ds cy ij viuh vad'kkf;uh cuk ysuk] vius ?kjksa esa tcnZLrh djuk vfèkdkj ekurs jgs gSa] muls th Hkj dj [ksyrs FksA ml le; u muds lkeus NqvkNwr vkM+s vkrk gS vkSj u gh èkeZ o tkfrA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd nfyr iq#"k dks laqnj ukjh j[kus dk Hkh dksbZ vfèkdkj ugha FkkA bls foMacuk gh dgk tk,xk fd ,d vksj tgk¡ lo.kZ lekt dh fL=k;ksa esa ij&iq#"k dh vksj ns[kuk vkSj mldh Nk;k iM+rk Hkh iki vkSj èkeZ fojksèkh le>k tkrk Fkk] ogh nfyr ukfj;ksa esa ij&iq#"k dks viuk loZLo yqVk nsus ij etcwj gksuk iM+rk gSA bl ?k`f.kr fLFkfr dks viuh fu;fr ekuus ds ihNs nfyr oxZ dh n;uh; vkfFkZd fLFkfr ,oa lkekftd foo'krk,a gh jgh] vU;Fkk dkSu ukjh viuh bPNk ls viuh bTtr yqVokus dks rS;kj gksrh gSA og tkurh Fkh fd mlds yk[k fojksèk djus ds ckotwn Hkh og viuh ykt ugha cpk ik,xhA**2 izkphu dky ls Hkkjrh; lekt esa nfyr fL=k;ksa ds 'kks"k.k dh vekuoh; ifjikVh pyh vk jgh gSA og ifjikVh mUgha fod`fr;ksa ds lkFk vkt Hkh lekt esa fo|eku gSA ftlds pyrs nfyr fL=k;ksa dk eukscy fxjrk gS vkSj blls mudh ekuoh; xfjekiw.kZ vfLerk vkgr gksrh gSA dqN blh rjg ds Hkkoksa ds n`'; gesa fgUnh nfyr lkfgR; esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrs gSa&viuh pfpZr if=kdk ;q¼jr vke vkneh ds eap ls ns'k dh Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

reke Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dks u dsoy fgUnh ikBdksa ds chp ykus okyh cfYd mls dsUnz esa LFkkfir djus okyh jef.kdk xqIrk dh dgkuh og&tqBkbZ dh ppkZ dj jgs gSaA ^cgq&tqBkbZ* viuh NksVh&lh dFkk iQyd ij lkeUrh 'kks"k.k vkSj vR;kpkj rys ncs nfyr lekt dks og =kkln dFkk dgrh gS] ftls lqudj ekuork rkj&rkj gks tkrh gS] u dsoy 'keZ ls flj >qd tkrk gS] cfYd Hkosa Hkh ru tkrh gSaA og lekt dSlk gksxk] ftlesa cgq,¡ bl ckr ij xoZ vkSj larks"k dj jgh gks fd pyks gesa rks toku Bkdqj us tqBk;k Fkk] bls cw<+s Bkdqj tqBk,axsA Hkkjrh; lekt esa vkSjr lekt dh lcls cM+h bTtr vkSj e;kZnk jgh gSA mldh j{kk enZ viuh tku ij [ksydj Hkh djrs jgs gSaA exj ;gk¡ rks mUgha eku&e;kZnkvksa dks iSjksa rys dqpyk tk jgk gSA lkeUrh f'kdats esa dldj mls ,sls rksM+&ejksM+ fn;k x;k gS fd ogha VwVu&?kwVu ogha eku&enZu mudh fu;fr cu x;h gSA fL=k;k¡ rks foo'k gS fdrq enZ Hkh 'kks"k.k lgus dks etcwj gSA ,slh vekuoh; izFkkvksa dk vo'ks"k vHkh rd xkaoksa esa dgha&dgha ns[kus dks feyrk jgk gSA ^cgw&tqBkbZ* dk nfyr lekt ,slh gh vekuoh; izFkk dk f'kdkj gSA dFkk dk Hkwxksy fcgkj ds prjk vkSj gtkjhckx {ks=k dk vkfnoklh nfyr vkSj eqlgj cgqy xkao dk gSA xkao esa tks Hkh u;h nqYgu vkrh gS] mldh igyh Mksyh Bkdqj ds ?kj ij gh mrjrh gSA xkSus dh igyh jkr mls Bkdqj dh nqYgu cudj gh jguk iM+rk gSA mlds ckn Bkdqj dk twBu cudj og viuh ifr ds ?kj tkrh gSA bl jLe dks cgw&tqBkbZ dgrs gSaA fdlh tekus esa dsjy ds lekt esa Hkh dqN ,sls gh jLe izpfyr Fks] ftlesa 'kknh ds iwoZ toku yM+fd;ksa dks uEcwnjhikn czkã.k ;qodksa }kjk ;kSu&Hkax djkdj ifo=k djok;k tkrk FkkA o.kZ&O;oLFkk tfur ;g Bdkslyk vkSj vUèkfo'okl ;gk¡ Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS fdUrq vk'p;Z dh ckr rks ;s gS fd ogk¡ bls lkekftd Lohd`fr izkIr Fkh ftlds rgr vaèkfo'okl vkLFkk cudj dke dj jgk FkkA fdUrq ;gk¡ LosPNk ls dqN Hkh ugha gks jgk gSA lc dqN Bkdqj dh ethZ ijA ih<+h&nj ih<+h ;g lkeUrh izFkk pyh vk jgh gSA ;gk¡ ds nfyr lekt dh dksbZ Hkh vkSjr Bkdqj [kkunku ls ugha okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 127

cph gSA ek¡ vkSj nknh;k¡ cM+s Bkdqjksa dh tqBkbZ gqbZ gS rks cgq,a NksVs Bkdqjksa dhA tqBh rks lHkh gSaA blfy, ;kSurk dk oxZ fdlh dks ugha gSA bl dgkuh ds jkèkw ds csVs ekèkksa dh 'kknh gks pqdh gSA fdUrq cgw&tqBkbZ ds Hk; ls csVh okys csVh dh fonkbZ ugha djrsA xkSus dk fnu Hkh r; ugha gks ik jgk gSA vkf[kj esa fnu rks r; gks tkrk gS] Bkdqj xguk tscj dk usx Hkh iwjk dj nsrk gSA jkèkw ckjkr ysdj yM+dh ds xk¡o igq¡prk gSA fdUrq yM+dh okys yM+dh fonk djus ls igys 'krZ yxk nsrk gS fd csVh lhèks vius ifr ds ?kj tk;sxh] Bkdqj ds ?kj ughaA mldh Mksyh Bkdqj ds ;gk¡ ugha mrjsxhA jkèkw Mj tkrk gSA og viuh cM+h irksgw dh nqxfZ r ns[k pqdk gSA D;ksafd mldh Mksyh Hkh Bkdqj ds ?kj gh mrjh FkhA igyh jkr Hkh mlus ogha fcrk;h FkhA fdUrq mlds ckn cM+s csVs us cgw dks ogk¡ tkus ls euk dj fn;k FkkA Øwj Bkdqj us cgw dks tcnZLrh viuh ?kj esa j[k fy;k FkkA vkSj mldk cM+k csVk ikxy gksdj dgha Hkkx x;k FkkA ekèkksa dks Mj gS fd dgha NksVs csVs ds lkFk Hkh---A ekèkksa Hkh vleatl esa gSA yM+dh dk cki eqdqan HkbZ;k¡ dksfy;jh esa dke djrk gSA mldk csVk lktw dkyst esa i<+rk gSA og viuh cgu dks fonk djus ls lkiQ euk dj nsrk gSA xk¡o ds lHkh nfyr toku bdV~Bs gks tkrs gSaA nqYgk cuk ekèkksa dk eu vUnj ls fonzksg rks dj jgk gS] fdUrq Bkdqj dk lkeuk djus dh fgEer ugha gksrhA ikl xk¡o ds ;kno o dksbjh Vksyh ds yksxksa ls enn dk vk'oklu feyrk gSA vkf[kj esa lHkh ;qod gkFk esa ykBh&Hkkyk ysdj yM+dh dh Mksyh ds lkFk tkrs gSaA vkf[kj xkao dh csVh tks gSA mldh bTtr dh gj rjg ls j{kk gksuh pkfg,A vkf[kj esa yM+dh dh Mksyh mlds llqjky igqaprh gSA ?kj Mksyh igqaprs gh coky ep tkrk gSA D;ksafd ogk¡ Bkdqj dk yBSr vk tkrk gSA Mksyh mrjus gh ugha nsrkA ij ;qodksa ds lkeus mldk dqN ugha pyrkA ;qodksa ds lkFk ek/ksa Hkh fuHkhZd gksdj cksy mBk ^^ugha tk;sxh Mksyh] Bkdqj ds ;gkaA** bl xk¡o esa cksyus dk dksbZ fjokt gh ugha FkkA D;ksafd ogk¡ xkao esa fdlh dks Hkh ,slh vkokt dh vknr ugha FkhA ogk¡ dh xfy;ksa] jkLrksa] lM+dksa vkSj [ksrksa dh èkwy us ikaoksa ls fyiVuk gh lh[kk Fkk] flj ij p<+uk 128 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

ughaA tSls ;gk¡ ds unh&ukyksa esa ck<+ ugha vkrh os rks fliQZ lw[kuk gh tSls tkurh gS cl blfy, os lw[k tkrh gSA tc nfyrksa dh ;g n'kk gS rks ,d nfyr L=kh dh n'kk D;k gksxhA ;g iz'u ,d 'kwy dh rjg vkt Hkh pwHkrh gSA dqN blh rjg ds Hkkoksa dks n'kkZrh gSA eksgunkl uSfe'kjk; dh dgkuh ^jhfr* vkSj vkseizdk'k ckYehfd dh dgkuh ^;g vUr ugha* bu dgkfu;ksa esa Hkh ubZ ih<+h ds ;qokvksa esa vius ifjokj vkSj lekt dh ukfj;ksa ij gks jgs nSfgd 'kks"k.k ds fo#¼ la?k"kZ djus dh 'kfDr dks n'kkZrk x;k gS ftlesa nfyr L=kh ij gks jgs bl rjg ds nSfud o vekuoh; n'kk fLFkfr dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA Z ksa ls pyh vk jgh ^jhfr*4 dk uk;d vius iwot ml lkearh jhfr dks rksM+rk gS] ftlesa uofookfgrk dks Hkh igyh jkr tehankj ds ?kj xqtkjuh iM+rh gSA vkseizdk'k ckYehfd dh dgkuh ^;g var ugha*5 dh ukf;dk fcjek ds lkFk cykRdkj djus ds bjkns ls dh xbZ NsM+[kkuh dks mtkxj fd;k x;k gSA fcjek dk HkkbZ vkSj mlds fe=k tc Fkkus esa fjiksVZ ntZ djus x, rks iqfyr us fjiksVZ rks ugha fy[kh cfYd iqfyl baLisDVj us dVk{k djrs gq, dgk&^^NsM+[kkuh gqbZ gS----cykRdkj rks ugha gqvk--- rqe yksx ckr dk craxM+ cuk jgs gksA xk¡o esa jktuhfr iQSykdj 'kkfUr Hkax djuk pkgrs gksA eSa vius bykds esa xqaMkxnhZ ugha gksus nwaxk--- pyrs cuksA**6 dqN {k.k muds ckgj fudyus dk bartkj fd;kA os Vl ls el ugha gq, rks dqfVy eqnzk cukdj cksyk] ^^iQwy f[kysxk rks HkkSjs eaMjk;saxs gh---A**7 ns[kk tk;s rks iqfyl baLisDVj ds :Ik esa ;gk¡ ,d lo.kZ iq#"k ds lkearh pfj=k mtkxj gqvk gSA ;gk¡ mldk dFku mldh eu%fLFkfr dks n'kkZrk gSA ;gk¡ ukjh dh n'kk ,d ukjh gksus ds dkj.k viekfur ugha gks jgh gSA cfYd mlds ihNs mldk nfyr L=kh gksuk izeq[k gSA ;fn ge f}t tkfr ds iqfyl baLisDVj dks ;g irk py tk, dh ftl uo;kSouk dks iQwy vkSj ml ij HkkSjs eaMjkus dh ckr djds og bruk [kq'k gks jgk gS ;fn ogh ;qorh mldh ?kj ifjokj ;k tkfr dh gksrh rks D;k og ,sls gh [kq'kh ds lkFk mDr O;aX; djrk\ ;g rks n'kk gS ,d ukjh vkSj nfyr ukjh dh gSA okLro esa og bl rjg dk vijkèk djus okys dk Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

[kwu djus dk iz;kl djrkA bl rjg ;g dgkuh gekjs ns'k esa dkuwu&O;oLFkk dk vax ekuh tkus okyh iqfyl esa tkfr Hksn dk vkijkfèkd ekufldrk dks n'kkZrh gSA blh rjg dh dgkuh gS nfyr L=kh vrjksa dh ^vrjks* MkW- dqlqe fo;ksxh dh dgkuh ^vafre c;ku*8 dh ik=kk gSA tks xkao ds izèkku Bkdqj ds csVs jktsUnz }kjk cykRdkj ds bjkns ls fd, x, fuanuh; O;ogkj dk tokc mlds f'k'u dks dkV dj nsrh gSA jktsUnz dh gR;k dk 'kd leLr xkao ij fd;k x;k lkFk gh iqfyl dh n`f"V vrjksa ij Hkh iM+hA blds fy, njksxk us mls c;ku nsus gsrq Fkkus pyus dks dgkA bl ij xk¡o dh yM+dh gksus ds dkj.k xkaookfl;ksa ds vkifÙk dhA rHkh vrjksa ngkM+ dj cksyh&^^xkao okys vkSj flib;k rw Hkh lquA T;ksa gh vrjksa vius ?kj dh vksj nkSM+h rks iqfyl ihNs&ihNs nkSM+ pyh dgha----A rHkh xkao ds ljiap us dgk&^^njksxk th ihNs er nkSM+ksA vkSj njksxk ogha VV~Vw ljh[ks fBBd dj jg x;kA tSls gh vrjksa dkxt dk caMy ysdj vkbZ njksxk dh ckagsa fcu xbZA vrjksa taxy dh HkhM+ ds chp vkdj cksyh&^^xkao okyksa lquks ! njksxk dks c;ku pkfg, rks lquksA esjk c;kuA** vrjksa us dkxt ds caMy esa ls fudkydj jktsUnz dk dVk gqvk iq#"kRo ygjk fn;kA9 blh rjg eaxyh dgkuh dh ukf;dk eaxyh dh n'kk fLFkfr Hkh dqN ,slh gh gS] nfyr tks BgjhA ^eaxyh*10 dgkuh dh ukf;dk ,d foèkok etnwj gSA og ?kfM+;kyh lgkuqHkwfr izdV djus okys Bsdsnkj ds fo'okl esa vkdj mlds los±V DokVZj esa jgus yxrh gS] ysfdu Bsdsnkj dh lgkuqHkwfr ,d "kM~;a=k FkhA og mls laj{k.k nsus dh vkM+ esa mldk Hk{k.k djuk pkgrk Fkk og mlds b'kkjs dks 'kh?kz le> tkrh gSA mlds d`R; dk og fojksèk djrh gSA Bsdsnkj eaxyh ds fojksèk ntZ djus ij xjtk& ^^esjs vkJ; esa jgdj eq>s gh vka[kas fn[kk jgh gS] pkaMky dgha dhA ftanxh Hkj lkfo=kh gh cuh jgsxhA ns[krk gw¡ dSls cprh gS vkSj dkSu cpkrk gS rq>sA** dgrs gq, eaxyh dh vksj >iVk vkSj viuh ckagksa esa tdM+uk pkgkA ysfdu eaxyh 'ksjuh dh Hkkafr >iVh ^^eaxyh us iQqrhZ ls viuk ?kwa?kV gVk fy;k vkSj vko ns[kk u rko] vius pwYgs ds ikl iM+h tykou dh eksVh ydM+h mBkbZ vkSj ns ekjh Bsdsnkj ds flj esaA Bsdsnkj dks eaxyh ds vanj Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

fNih bl ukjh&'kfDRk dk Hkku ugha FkkA flj esa pksV yxus ls og ogha cslqèk gksdj fxj iM+kA**11 vPNh ckr rks ;g gS fd eaxyh flLVe ds lM+siu esa tdM+rh ughaA mls U;k; feyrk gS vkSj lkFk gh feyrh gS nfyr L=kh dks ubZ fn'kk o ubZ 'kfDrA dqN blh rjg dh dgkuh gS ^vaxkjk* dh ukf;dk teuk dhA teuk dks Bkdqj ds cM+s iq=k lqesj flag vkSj mlds pkpk uRFkw flag }kjk nSfgd 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+rk gSA mls viuksa o ijk;ksa ds lkeus viekfur gksuk iM+rk gSA vkf[kj D;ksa] tcfd mldk dksbZ vijkèk Hkh ugha gksrk gSA lqesj flag lo.kZrk ds vgadkj esa Mwck gSA dgkuhdkj ds vuqlkj teuk vius lkFk vijkèk dk cnyk bl izdkj ysrh gS&^^og mifLFkr HkhM++ esa ls mBdj ?kj esa xbZ vkSj dksus esa iM+h njkrh mBk ykbZa ljdkj vkSj iqfyl ftls ltk ugha ns ikbZA mls teuk us ltk ns nhA viuk izfr'kksèk iwjk fd;kA mlus lqesj flag ds iq#"kRo ds izrhd vax dks gh dkV dj 'kjhj ls vyx dj fn;k og rM+Ikrk jgk FkkA tc mldk cpuk laHko ugha FkkA ;fn cp Hkh tkrk rks mldh ftanxh ekSr ls Hkh cnrj gksxhA vc og fdlh vNwr&xjhc yM+dh dh bTtr ls ugha [ksy ik,xk mlds fd, dh bruh gh ltk dkiQh FkhA**12 lwjt iky pkSgku dh dgkuh ^vkt dh vfgY;k*13 dh ukf;dk vaxwjh Hkh blh rjg vius vieku dk tokc nsrh gSA iafMr panzHkku vkSj dkys igyoku dh utjksa esa nfyr ukjh ek=k HkksX; oLrq gSA os mldh laqnjrk ij eksfgr gksdj viuh dkekfXu dks 'kkar djkus dk iz;kl djrs gSa] fdarq vaxwjh us bu yksxksa dks dHkh ekSdk ugha fn;kA iafMr panzHkku "kM~;a=k iwoZd mlds ifr xasnk dks ,d jkr ds fy, rglhynkj ds ikl dLck esa Hkst nsrk gSA mlds ckn nksuksa us ;kstukuqlkj mlds ?kj jkr ds vaèksjs esa geyk cksy fn;kA ia- panzHkku dks vius ?kj esa ns[k dj og Øksfèkr gksrh gq, cksyh&^^Bgj gjkeh] dehus iafMr! nwljs dh cgw&csfV;ksa ij cqjh utj j[kus okys] fudy esjs ?kj ls ckgjA** ^^vaxwjh rw Bgjh vui<+ vkSjr! vc eSa rq>s dSls le>kÅa fd eSa rks ogh dk;Z djus vk;k gw¡ tks gekjs nsork 'kq: ls djrs vk, gSaA** iafMr panzHkku us vaxwjh dks le>krs gq, dgkA ^^rq>s nsorkvksa dk uke ysrs ykt ugha vkrhA Hkyk crk rks okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 129

lgh] ,slk uhp dke rsjs dkSu ls nsork us fd;k\** vaxwjh laHkyrs gq, cksyhA ^^vjh ixyh] rw bls uhp dke dgrh gSA ;g cM+k midkj gS] rqe yksxksa ij ges'kk gekjs nsorkvksa ds nsork banz vfgY;k ij Hkh ,slk gh midkj fd;s FksA rsjh rjg vfgY;k Hkh cgqr lqanj jgh gksxhA** vaxwjh Hkw[ks HksfM+, ls viuk cpko djus dk iz;kl djrh jghA tc cpuk eqf'dy yxk rks&^^pkSds esa j[kk njkar vc mlds gkFk esa FkkA vaxwjh us t[eh 'ksjuh dk :Ik èkkj.k dj fy;k FkkA mlus igyk izgkj panzHkku ds gkFkksa ij fd;kA oks gkFk tks vaxwjh dh bTtr ywVus ds fy, vkxs c<+ jgs FksA vkt dh vfgY;k ds okj ls pUnzHkku [kwu ls yFk&iFk gks pqds FksA**14 dgkuhdkj lwjtiky pkSgku bl dgkuh esa ,sfrgkfld lk{; dk lgkjk ysdj ^vfgY;k* dks nfyr L=kh lkfcr djrs gSa tks bfrgkl esa banz }kjk csbTtr gqbZ FkhA ukjh xk¡oksa ds xSj&nfyr tehnkj] eqf[k;k] izèkku vkSj ljiap bR;kfn dh fx¼ n`f"V ls rks ?kk;y gksrh gh gSA 'kgjksa] dLcksa ds ykyk vkSj lsBksa dh dqn`f"V ls nfyr ukjh Nyh tkrh jgh gSA jRu dqekj lkaHkfj;k dh dgkuh ^f{kfrt* dh ukf;dk jsorhA ^f{kfrt*15 dh jsorh nks nks txg Ny dk f'kdkj gksrh gSA llqjky esa tehnkj dh gol dh f'kdkj gksrh gS] vkSj lkl&cgw [ksr esa ?kkl Nhy jgh Fkh] vkSj ogka ukud flag vkrk gSA og jsorh dh cqf<+;k (cqtqxZ) lkl dks nwljs [ksr esa tkuoj Hkxkus dk vkns'k nsdj mls Vkyk] fiQj vdsyh jsorh ij Hkw[ks tkuoj dh rjg >iVkA ukud flag dh míaMrk dks fuEu vuqPNsn }kjk ge le> ldrs gSa&^^ukud flag ekuoh; lnkpkj vkSj lnk'k;rk dh lhek yka?kdj csgwnxh vkSj èk`"Vrk ij mrj vk;kA mlus jsorh dk gkFk idM+ fy;kA og ngy mBhA jsorh fpYykbZ rks ugha ysfdu NqM+kus ds fy, NViVkus yxhA vc ukud flag us mls vius ckagksa ds vkxks'k esa lesV fy;k FkkA bl oDr fujhg vkSj vlgk; jsorh dh n'kk fNidyh ds eqg esa iQalh frryh tSlh gks xbZ FkhA**16 fdUrq jsorh viuh cpko djrs gq, ukud flag dh ukd ij [kqjik dk okj fd;k ftlls mldh ukd dV dj yVd xbZA ?kk;y ukud flag HkkxkA ;gk¡ jsorh us lkgliwoZd vius vfLerk cpk rks yh] fdUrq ukud flag ds vkrad us mUgsa xk¡o NksM+us ij 130 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

etcwj dj fn;kA jsorh tehnkj ds paxqy ls cpdj 'kgj esa ifr lksHkk ds lkFk etnwjh djus vkrh gS rks ;gk¡ Hkh ml ij o`¼ ykyk lq[k izlkn dh fx¼ n`f"V iM+rh gS] D;ksafd mlds ifr lksHkk dh >ksiM+h ds ihNs ykyk ds ?kj dk fiNokM+k FkkA og viuh cw<+h nsg dh ijokg u dj lqcg&'kke jsorh dks ân;dkfydk ds :Ik esa ns[krk FkkA og jsorh dh vksj vka[k nckrk] rks dHkh tsc ctkrk] dkuh ds VkIl fn[kkrk] rks dHkh iSaMy dh pSu pqVdh esa idM+dj jsorh dh vksj lqykrkA Hkkafr&Hkkafr ds izyksHku nsdj mlus jsorh dks iVkus dh yk[k dksf'k'k dh] ysfdu og Fkh fd mldh vksj vka[k mBkdj Hkh ugha ns[krh FkhA ns[kk tk;s rks ;gk¡ jsorh dk pfj=koku gksuk fpf=kr gksrk gS] tks Ny&cy nksuksa ls vius vkidks ;kSu 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksus ls rks cpk ysrh gS] fdUrq ykyk ds ân; esa fNih ØksfèkkfXu dh yiVksa ls og cqjh rjg >qyl tkrh gSA lnhZ yxus ls mlds ifr lksHkk dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA ifr dh yk'k ij fcy[krh jsorh ij ifr dh gR;k dk feF;k vkjksi yxk dj iqfyl mldks mRihfM+r dj fxjÝrkj djrh gSA ;gk¡ Hkh iqfyl dh n`f"V esa nfyr ukjh dh fcMacukiw.kZ n'kk fLFkfr dh >yd ge fuEu laokn esa ns[k ldrs gSaA tgka og dgrk gS&^^eSa lc tkurk gw¡ ,slh èkaèksokfy;ksa dks diM+ksa dh rjg ls vkneh cnyrh gSaA ,d dks ekjk rks nwljs ls vka[k yM+kbZA bl gR;kfju dks xkM+h esa MkyksaA**17 Fkkus igqaprs gh lc dqN mxy nsxhA njksxk us flikfg;ksa dh vksj ns[kkA ,d flikgh jsorh dk gkFk idM+dj mls ?klhVus yxk rks flikgh ds lkjs gkFk [kwu ls lu x,A jsorh us lksHkk ds fo;ksx esa tks pwfM+;ka iQksM+h Fkha mlds dkp dykbZ esa èkal jgs FksA flikgh us jsorh dk gkFk NksM+dj gFksyh ns[kh rks mlds ân; esa n;k meM+hA njksxk us mls dÙkZO; ls foeq[k gksrk ik;k rks vka[ksa yky dj vkns'k dh vogsyuk djus ds ckjs esa mls psrk fn;kA flikgh us jsorh dh dykbZ dks fiQj idM+ fy;k vkSj xkM+h dh vksj ?klhV dj ys tkus yxkA jsorh vius cPps dks Nkrh ls nck dj èkjrh ls fpid xbZA jsorh ds bl izfrfØ;k dks ns[k njksxk us mldh ihB ij ,slk MaMk ekjk fd cspkjh ds uhy mHkj vkbZ Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

MaMs dh rh{.k ekj ls og rM+Ik mBh dgha nwljk MaMk u cjl iM+s] og Lo;a gh xkM+h dh vksj py nhA bl izdkj ns[kk tk;s rks ;gk¡ f{kfrt dgkuh dh ukf;dk jgh ,d nfyr ukjh dh osnuk cgqr gh ;FkkFkZ n'kk esa mHkj dj lkeus vkbZ gSA rkTtqc rks ;g gS fd lkekftd lksp dk Lrj vkSj dkuwu&O;oLFkk dk fcac Hkh ;gk¡ lVhd :Ik ls mHkjk gSA ;gk¡ vijkèkh gh fujijkèk dks vijkèk ds vkjksi esa iQalkrk gSA jsorh dk vijkèk ykyk ds izyksHku esa u iQaluk FkkA ykyk mls vijkèkh lkfcr dj gh nsrk gSA fu"d"kZr% ge dg ldrs gaS fd ys[ku us lekt esa ykyk lq[k izlkn tSls iwathifr;ksa vkSj dkuwu&O;oLFkk dh eq[kkSVsèkkjh j{kd iqfyl dks ladh.kZ ekufldrk dks fn[kkus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ftlesa nfyr jsorh dks jksVh ds fy, xk¡o ls 'kgj Hkkxdj etnwjh djus vkuk iM+rk gSA og xk¡o vkSj 'kgj nksuksa gh txg Nyh vkSj Bxh tkrh gSA og viuh nsg vkSj fnekx nksuksa ij nfyr fojksèkh lekt&O;oLFkk ds izgkj dks >syrh gS] lPpkbZ rks ;g gS fd og funksZ"k gS og lhèkh] ljy] LokfHkekuh vkSj ln~pfj=k L=kh gSA 'kk;n ;gh mldh detksjh gS ;k vijkèk\ iz'u mBrk gS fd okLro esa D;k

nfyr fL=k;ksa dk ln~pfj=k vkSj bZekunkj cuuk vijkèk gS\ bl vijkèk dh ltk jsorh tSlh vusd nfyr fL=k;ksa dks vkf[kj dc rd >syuh iM+sxh\ fu"d"kZ :Ik esa ns[kk tk;s rks izkphu dky ls ysdj vkt rd ds lkfgR; o lekt esa ukjh dh fLFkfr ges'kk n;uh; gh jgh gS] fdUrq oDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds leku gks mudh n'kk o fn'kk esa Hkh cnyko ns[kk x;k gSA dHkh rks mUgsa nsorkvksa ds cjkcj mikfèk nh tkrh gS] rks dHkh mUgsa vcyk crk;k tkrk gSA dHkh mUgsa Lora=krk dh mikfèk nh tkrh gS rks dHkh ijkèkhurk dhA fdUrq nfyr L=kh dh n'kk fLFkfr esa dksbZ vUrj ugha vkrk mUgsa dy Hkh lekt esa nfyr gh le>k tkrk Fkk vkSj vkt HkhA mudh n'kk fLFkfr tSlh izkphu lkfgR; esa Fkh] vkt Hkh oSlh gh gS tSlk O;ogkj muds lkFk dy gksrk FkkA oSlk gh O;ogkj muds lkFk vkt Hkh gksrk gS] 'kks"k.k ogh ij rjhds uohu gSAa vkf[kj bruk vUrj D;ks\a D;kafs d os tkfr ls vfHk'kkfir gS\ ;k muds jDr dk jax vyx gS dqN ,sls gh 'kCn vkt Hkh muds tsgu esa pqHkrs gSa loky cudjA vflLVsV izksiQslj] fgUnh foHkkx] Jhjkefd'kqu ih-th- dkyst xksdqy] djlM+k] okjk.klh

lanHkZ lwph 1- ,d dkedkth nfyr efgyk] eaxkyiwjh fLFkfr fuokl ij ckrphr ds vkèkkj ij 2- Hkkjrh; ukjh ds m¼kjd % MkW- vEcsMdj MkWdqlqe es?koky] HkkjrjRu MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj tUe 'krkCnh o"kZ 1891&1991] i`- 54&55 3- nfyr lkfgR; dk lekt'kkL=k] gfjukjk;.k Bkdqj i`-&442A 4- eksgu nkl uSfe'kjk; jhr] xfjek Hkkjrh; ekpZ] 1988A 5- ?kqliSfB;s] vkseizdk'k okYehfd i`- 21 6- ogh] i`- 24 lsA 7- ogh] i`- 25 lA 8- la- MkW- dqlqe fo;ksxh& la- vafr c;ku] pfpZr nfyr dgkfu;k¡ (dgkuh laxgz ) 1997A

9- ogh] i`- 95A 10- MkW- dqlqe es?koky& eaxyh] vaxqÙkj] tq-@v-@fl1994A 11- oghA 12- MkW- dqlqe es?koky & eaxyh] vaxqÙkj tq-@v-@fl1995] i`- 43 13- lwjtiky pkSgku & vaxqÙkj] Hkk'kk] lsrw] vizSy&twu] 1998] la- MkW- vack 'kadj ukxjA 14- lwjtiky pkSgku & vkt dh vfgY;k tw-@v-@l-] 1995] i`- 46&47 15- jRu dqekj lkaHkfj;k & f{kfrt] lqeu fyih] uoacj& 1995 16- jRudqekj lkaHkfj;k & f{kfrt] lqeu fyfi] cacbZ] uoacj & 1995] i`- 30 17- ogh] i`- 33 lsA

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 131

Research Paper

Huynh Chi Hue

The Noble Eightfold Middle Path – Self Mortification and Hedonism

The Noble Eightfold Path is the last of The Four Noble Truths, the central teachings of Buddhism. It is called noble (ariya) because it ennobles one who practices it; and it is called a path (magga) because it leads from one place to another, from the distress of samsara to the freedom of Nibbana. The Noble Eightfold Middle Path is also sometimes called the ‘Middle Way’ because it advocates a life-style that avoids both self-mortification and hedonism. The steps on the Eightfold Path are Right Understanding, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness and Right Concentration. Traditionally the Noble Eightfold Path is divided into three parts – Virtue, Concentration and Wisdom. Another useful way to divide it is as intellectual training, ethical training and psychological training. The Eightfold Path 1. Right Understanding, sammaditthi The first part of the Eightfold Middle Path is Right Understanding. It includes the Right Understanding of The Four Noble Truths, the truths of suffering and the cessation of suffering. This was explained in the last chapter. One begins with an understanding based on the logic of the teachings, then knowledge, then experience through meditation, and finally an Understanding through the wisdom of enlightenment experiences. All parts of the Eightfold Middle Path are worked on simultaneously, but there is somewhat of a

132 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

“beginning” and “ending” with Right Understanding. This is because a superficial understanding is at the start of the Path and a complete wisdom awakening understanding is at the end. “Bhikkhus, this is the forerunner and precursor of the rising of the sun, that is, the dawn. So too, bhikkhus, for a bhikkhu this is the forerunner and precursor of the breakthrough to the Four Noble Truths as they really are, that is, Right Understanding.” SamyuttaNikaya 56.37 2. Right Thought, sammasankappa The second part of the eightfold middle path is Right Thought. All of the parts are not in any particular order except that you start with Right Understanding and end with Right Understanding. All of the parts are to be performed simultaneously. The difference with Right Understanding is simply that you begin with some understanding of the Buddha’s teachings and end with an experiential understanding of the Buddha’s teachings. All the while all eight parts are treaded simultaneously. Right Thought includes thoughts of love and nonviolence extending to all beings. In vipassana meditation awareness is placed on thoughts with intent to cease thoughts so that the meditation remains in the present moment free from unwholesome thoughts. Right Thought basically refers to wholesome thoughts, which is closely tied to Right Understanding because it results eventually through the practice and attainment Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

of wisdom. The first two verses of the first chapter of the Dhammapada by the Buddha, are: “All we are is the result of what we have thought, it is founded on our thoughts, it is made up of our thoughts. If a man speaks or acts with a pure thought, happiness follows him like a shadow that never leaves him.” Our thoughts are as important to us as our actions because they make up who we are, thus, it becomes imperative that we keep our thoughts pure. An example is to imagine if your thoughts are filled with money and how to get more money. Greed becomes a big part of your life. It defines who you are. Your thoughts become fixated on money and this is who you become. Another example is a person with what is commonly called, “a one track mind.” Such a person focuses his mind and thoughts on only one topic. All of this person’s conversation tends to run on this one subject. It begins with the thoughts and then permeates to define that person. An optimistic person is one who sees things in a positive way. This person radiates happiness and loving kindness. Such a person greets people with a smile and it is from the heart and not just conformation to etiquette. This positive attitude had its start with good, positive thoughts. By keeping our thoughts wholesome and in the present we encourage only productive thoughts. Thoughts can then be useful and not counterproductive. Another quote from the Buddha in regard to the value of Right Thought is: “Your worst enemy can not harm you as much as your own thoughts, unguarded. But once mastered, no one can help you as much, not even your father or your mother.” (Dhammapada, chapter 3) 3. Right Speech, sammavaca One abstains from lies, hatred speech, and gossip. The famous saying puts it best, “one lie needs a thousand more to back it up.” When we lie we need to back up our story. This requires new lies to support the one we started. Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Hatred speech is bad in especially two ways. The Buddha said that when one person attacks another through speech, two people get hurt. The one being attacked gets hurt and the one delivering the attack also gets hurt. It is like throwing a hot coal on someone. Sure, the person getting hit with the hot coal gets hurt. But first you get hurt as you get burned picking up the hot coal. The Buddha said that the agitation in the mind and the heat in the body from anger are causing all kinds of distress to the person doing the insulting and speech filled with hatred. Modern science has since concurred with the Buddha that creating this stress in the body through violent hate filled speech causes an agitation that can cause heart disease and hypertension. Stress is one of the leading causes for heart related problems and early death. Engaging in insulting and hate filled speech only encourages the growth of this stress inside our bodies. The Buddha was also opposed to gossip and idle chatter. He knew that this leads to hearsay and rumors which can cause much stress and may not even be factual. He preferred attention to productive and wholesome conversations since idle and useless chatter do nothing to get us to the “other shore” (of enlightenment). 4. Right Action, sammakammanta No killing or causing to kill, no stealing, no sexual misconduct, no taking of narcotics or intoxicating drinks. Killing is considered one of the worst actions in any culture because it goes against nature. It involves the death of a being before their natural course. It is a crime against nature. As rational animals we must have an understanding of cause and effect. The Buddha knew that we must also avoid doing things which cause the death of beings too. The guideline against stealing or taking what is not earned or given to us is a valuable precept to live by so that we may be at peace with others. We do not want things stolen from us, so we do not steal or take from others. Sexual misconduct is engaging in any sexual activity if you are a monk or nun. For lay people, okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 133

sexual misconduct means not abusing sexual relations through force or coercion. Certain relationships are to be avoided such as between teacher and student, adult and minor, employer and employee. In general, relationships of superior to subordinate are not to engage in sexual relations since there is an obvious power relationship in play and for ethical considerations to other subordinates and possible favoritism. 5. Right Livelihood, sammaajiva Abstention from making a living that harms others, including trading weapons, trading in human beings (such as slavery), intoxicating drinks, narcotics, poisons, handling animal flesh such as a butcher, or killing animals. The Buddha taught and lived the philosophy of ahimsa, or nonviolence. The Buddha had great compassion for all beings, not just humans. The Buddha understood that all beings feel pain and can suffer. For these reasons, the Buddha was opposed to specific professions which are aimed at harming people, animals, and / or the environment. In the Buddha’s teachings, what matters most is the intention. Occupations which are specifically designed to harm another are not recommended. Some occupations which may appear to be harmful, may not be when you consider the intention. An example, is a casino black jack dealer. Gambling is certainly an activity that can end up doing much harm, with lost wages and wealth for a family. But, this is only if it gets to an addictive level. In moderation it can be a form of entertainment, just like watching television. A casino black jack dealer has no intention of creating a gambling addict anymore than a TV cable installer wants to create a TV watching addict. Therefore, a casino worker is not a wrong livelihood. 6. Right Effort, sammavayama The energetic will to prevent evil and unwholesome states of mind from arising. This has to do with the drive of the practitioner to seek to do good and reach insights of enlightenment. Two key words that best describe how the Buddha obtained enlightenment are persistence and determination. President Calvin

134 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Coolidge (30th president of the U.S.) had the following to say about persistence and determination: “Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not; nothing is more common than the unsuccessful man with talent. Genius will not; un-rewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not — the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination are omnipotent.” The above quote is not saying that genius and education do not produce success. The important point of the quote is that none of these traits ensure success like persistence and determination. “Therein, bhikkhus, the meditator who is both a thorough worker and a persistent worker regarding concentration is the chief . . . the most excellent of the kinds of meditators.” . Determination is the firm decision to do something. You have set yourself a goal and you really go for it. The Buddha sat under the Bodhi tree and vowed not to get up for anything until he was enlightened. He did not care if his “legs fell off” or even if he died. This is determination. Persistence is the effort to go for it, to keep at it in spite of obstacles that may arise. They are very related and that is why they are usually referred to in conversation and writing together. We all have experienced this in some form or another. Maybe it is something as simple as wanting to get an “A” grade on some test in school or college. We put all our effort into studying and especially the night before the test we stay up and cram for hours. The goal is set and the effort is put in to reach the goal. Someone may call you or there might be some other distraction. You put off or ignore the distraction and continue with your studies. In meditation practice there can be many distractions, from pain in the legs, to your mind wandering so much that it bothers you and stops you from meditating. Persistence is working through these obstacles anyway. Obstacles always arise in any endeavor. The more valuable the goal, it seems, the more obstacles that come up. Right Effort is this drive of persistence and determination. Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

7. Right Mindfulness, samma sati To be diligently aware, mindful and attentive with regard to activities of the body, sensations or feelings, activities of the mind, ideas, thoughts, conceptions, and emotions. The opposite of mindfulness would be something like forgetfulness or absent mindedness. To acquire more mindfulness in our daily activities we need to do the practice, which is insight meditation. This trains the body and the mind so that mindfulness can become more like second nature and be present in every moment. 8. Right Concentration, samma samadhi The practice of vipassana meditation is the Path that will make the Middle Way clear, understandable, and alleviate all suffering, not only for the hereafter, but right here and now in the present moment while we are still alive. There are actually two types of meditation as taught by the Buddha. They are samatha, which is the calm, tranquil technique and then there is vipassana, which is the type leading to Insight. Most meditation techniques in the Buddha’s time and before and even still today are primarily the samatha type. That is, they lead to a relaxed peaceful state and sometimes to great experiences of joy, bliss, even trance, but no ultimate Insight of enlightenment. Right Concentration primarily deals with the samatha type of meditation which is aimed at these highly concentrative states. But vipassana meditation, when done correctly, can provide the inner calm of samatha and also can lead to the Insight wisdom of vipassana. Concentration meditation techniques include many different meditation subjects. There are 40 different meditation subjects of samatha and four major techniques or foundations for vipassana. It can be direct one-pointedness concentration on a devotional figure. The common subject for beginners is awareness of breath. The meditator remains in the present moment focusing on the in and out breath of the body.

The mind and body become calm and free of negative thoughts. The different subjects and practices of vipassana are discussed more in later chapters. Right Understanding The Eightfold Middle Path consists of eight parts, but they are not stages. They are to be practiced as one, simultaneously. They are not commandments, but rather a voluntary guide for treading a Path to the Middle, avoiding extremes and awakening to Reality. Although the Eightfold Path is not progressive stages one necessarily begins with Right Understanding because without some concept of the Path or some acceptance of the Path based on logic or scientific analysis, one can not begin on the Middle Path. After diligent practice and with insights one comes back to Right Understanding, but this time with experiential wisdom. Thus, the Eightfold Middle Path is a full circle beginning with Right Understanding and ending with Right Understanding. The Threefold Summary of the Middle Path Meditation is the core of Buddhist practice since it provides SamŠdhi and leads to PaññŠ and also for the reasons and wisdom behind S‹la The Eightfold Middle Path has been summarized to the three main categories: 1. Wisdom (PaññŠ) 2. Morality (S‹la) 3. Concentration (SamŠdhi) Right Understanding and Right Thought come under the “Wisdom” category. Right Speech, Right Action, and Right Livelihood come under the “Morality” category. And Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration come under the “Concentration” category. The Eightfold Middle Path develops the categories of Wisdom, Morality, and Concentration. Department of Buddhist Studies University of Delhi

BIBLIOGRAPHY The Vinaya Pitaka Ed. H. Olderberg, 5 vols. London: PTS,

1879-1883. Translated references are from tr. I.B. Horner; The Book of the Discipline, 6 vols. London: PTS, 1938-1966; tr. T.W. Rhys Davids & H.

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 135

Oldenberg, Vinaya Texts, Vol 13, 17, 20, SBE, reprint, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: 1982-85. The D‹ghaNikŠya Ed. T.W. Rhys Davids& J.E. Carpenter, 3 Vols. PTS London, 1890-1911. Tr. T.W. & C.A.F. Rhys Davids; The Dialogues of the Buddha; 3 vols. 1899, 1910 & 1957 respectively (reprints), London: PTS. Also translated by M. Walshe, Thus Have I Heard: The KLong Discourses of the Buddha, London: Wisdom Publications, 1987. The MajjhimaNikŠya Ed. V. Trenckner& R. Chalmers, 3 vols. London: PTS, 1888-1896. Tr. I.B. Horner; The Collection of Middle Length Sayings, 3 vols. London: PTS, 1954-1959 (Reprints). Also tr. R. Chalmers, Further Dialogues of the Buddha, 2 vols, London: Sacred Books of the Buddhists Series, 1926-27; Also tr. Bhikkhu ÑŠnamoli and Bhikkhu Bodhi, The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha, Boston, Mass: Wisdom Publications, 1995. The AnguttaraNikŠya Ed. R. Morris & E. Hardy, 5 vols. London: PTS, 1885-1900. The translated references are from The Book of the Gradual Sayings, tr. F.L. Woodward: vols. I, II & V; E.M. Hare: vols. III & IV, London: PTS, 1955-1970 (Reprints). The SamyuttaNikŠya Ed. M.L. Feer, 5 vols. London: PTS, 1884-1898. Tr. C.A.F. Rhys Davids and S.S. Thera, vol. I; C.A.F. Rhys Davids& F.L. Woodward vols. III, IV, V. The Book of the Kindred Sayings; London:

136 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

PTS, 1950-1956 (Reprints). The KhuddakapŠtha Ed. H. Smith, London: PTS, 1915. Tr. with its commentary, Bhikkhu ÑŠnamoli, Minor Readings and Illustrator, London: PTS, 1960. The Sutta-NipŠta Eds. D. Andersen & H. Smith, reprint, London: PTS, 1984. Tr. K.R. Norman; The Group of Discourses, with alternative tr. by I.B. Horner & W. Rahula, London: PTS, 1984. The JŠtakas Ed. V. Fausböll, 7 vols. (7 vol. index by D. Anderson), Trubner & Co, London, 1877-1897. Tr. by various hands, 6 vols. The Jtaka or the Stories of the Buddha’s Former Births, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1895-1907. The Dhammapada Ed. & tr. Nrada Thera, Kuala Lumpur: Buddhist Missionary Society, 1978. The UdŠnam Ed. P. Steinthal, London: PTS, 1885. Tr. F.L. Woodward; Verses of Uplift, London: Oxford University Press, 1948. Tr. John D. Ireland, The Udana: Inspired Utterances of the Buddha, Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1990. The TheragŠthŠ Ed. K.R. Norman L.Alsdorf; London: PTS, 1966. Tr. with an intro. & notes K.r. Norman; Elders’ Verses II, London: PTS, 1971; tr. C.A.F. Rhys Davids& K.R. Norman, Poems of Early Buddhist Nuns, London: PTS, 1989.

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

iqLrd leh{kk

vUro±'kh

jkt dqekj

euksoSKkfud] lkaLd`frd ,oa izoklh; thou ds vk/kj ij iqLrd leh{kk rhl ds n'kd esa tUeh dFkkdkj m"kk fiz;Ecnk dh x.kuk lkfgR; txr esa mu dFkkdkjksa] miU;kldkjksa esa gksrh gS] ftUgksaus vk/qfud thou dh Åc] ?kqVu] la=kkl NViVkgV] ruko] dqaBk] fnx~Hkze vkSj vdsysiu dh fLFkfr dks euksoKS kfud :i ls igpkudj mudks l'kDr :i esa viuh jpukvksa esa csckdhiu ls vfHkO;fDr nh gSA ;gh muds lkfgfR;d O;fDrRo ,oa ys[ku dh igpku gSA buds ys[ku esa ,d [kkl ,oa vge~ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd muds dFkk lkfgR; esa ik¡posa n'kd ls vkBosa n'kd rd ds 'kgjh ;k uxjh;&ifjokjksa ,oa rRdkyhu lekt esa ?kfVr ?kVukvksa dk laosnuiw.kZ fp=k.k [kkl :i ls mifLFkr fd;k x;k gSA rRdkyhu le; ds 'kgjh thou esa c<+rh mnklh vkSj ruko;qDr thou dk vadu fiz;Ecnk us Øfed ,oa O;ofLFkr :i ls mifLFkr fd;k gSA ;g rks fo'okliwod Z Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS fd m"kk fiz;Ecnk dh jpukvksa esa 'kgjh ifjokjksa ds vR;Ur gh vuqHkwfriw.kZ fp=k dks laosnurkiwod Z mtkxj fd;k x;k gSA bruk gh ugha vR;k/qfud thou dh mnklh] vdsysiu] foykflrk dk Hkfo";] Åc] ?kqVu ,oa ruko;qDr thou dks vafdr djus esa rks m"kk fiz;Ecnk dks egkjr gkfly gSA bldk vPNk mnkgj.k vkSj blh thou dk vPNk fp=k bUgksua s viuh jpuk ^^vUroZ'a kh**(miU;kl) esa mtkxj fd;k gSA bl fp=k.k esa ftUnxh ds izekf.kd ;FkkFkZ dks] L=kh pfj=kksa dh nksgjh fLFkfr dks ewY;xr rukoksa dks oS;fDrd n`f"Vdks.k ls m"kk fiz;Ecnk us :ikarfjr fd;k Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

gSA Lora=krk ds ckn dh L=khoknh [okcksa ls iw.kZ mM+ku dks :ikarfjr ,oa fo'ysf"kr djus esa ;g miU;kl lkS iQhlnh [kjk mrjk gSA oSls Hkh 1950 ds ckn ds L=kh ds ys[ku dk dsUnz fcanq L=kh dk oSokfgd thou gh jgk gSA bruk gh ugha fookgksÙkj izes lEcU/ksa dk csckd fp=k.k ^vUroZ'a kh* esa feyrk gSA eq[; :i ls ysf[kdk us bl jpuk esa ik'pkR; laLd`fr ds pdkpkSa/ esa fdl rjg Hkkjrh; ;qok oxZ [kks tkuk pkgrk gSA bldks vR;Ur gh O;ofLFkr <+ax ls mifLFkr fd;k gSA irk ugha ;g ;qokoxZ ;g lkspus dh tger D;ksa ugh mBkuk pkgrs gSa fd bl pdkPkkSa/ esa [kks tkus ds dkj.k ikfjokfjd fo?kVu dh fLFkfr Hkh vk ldrh gS] ftlesa ?kqVdj mldk thou Hkh lekIr gks ldrk gSA m"kk fiz;Ecnk us vius bl miU;kl esa fofHkUu thoUr ik=kksa ds ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; ;qok oxksZa es ik'pkR; laLd`fr ds vkSipkfjd pdkPkkSa/ dk izHkko vkSj ubZ ifjfLFfr;ksa dks vU;ar gh xaHkhjrkiwoZd mtkxj fd;k gSA if'peh laLd`fr dks viukus dh rRijrk esa u;h ih<+h fdl rjg ls mRlqd gksrh gSA iqjkuh ih<+h dh gj ckr ls vlg;ksx dj viuk gh loZuk'k dj jgh gS] bldk lVhd fp=k.k bl miU;kl esa ysf[kdk us mifLFkr vkSj Li"V fd;k gSA blh Rojk dh ykylk esa u;h ih<+h volkn ,oa ruko dh vksj rks tk gh jgh gSA u;s pdkpkSa/ dh yyd esa vius vki dks ljkcksj djus dh pDdj esa viuh laLd`fr dks gh Hkwyk fn;k gSA ^vUroZa'kh* miU;kl vesjhdh izoklh Ikk=kksa vkSj ifjokjksa ds la?k"kZ dh nkLrka gSA tks reke Hkkjrh; eè;eoxhZ; okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 137

ds ifjokjksa yksx csgrj voljksa dh lEHkkouk dh rYkk'k esa fons'kksa dh vksj viuk #[k djrs gSaA miU;kl muds thou 'kSyh dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA fons'kksa dh pdkpkSaèk] nwljksa dh miyfC/;k¡ vkSj vf/d vk; dekus ds csgrj voljksa dh ryk'k esa la?ke; thou dks vkxs c<+krs gSaA vesjhdh izoklh ik=kksa dh ftanxh vkSj muds vkilh lacU/ksa dh vUrj osnuk ls xqtrs gq, fiQj 'kq: gksrk gS la?k"kZ'khy thou dk vkjEHkA fons'kksa esa cls Hkkjrh; ;qodksa ls eè;eoxhZ; ifjokjksa esa ;g fo'okl gS fd ,uvkj-vkbZ- ls fookg djuk vius vki esa lkSHkkX; dh ckr ekuh tkrh gSA ekuoksa eu esa vkdka'kk dh dksbZ lhek ugha gksrh gSA vius thou dks vkSj csgrj&vkSj&csgrj dh d'ked'k esa dHkh Hkh vlarks"k vkSj vf/d ikus dh ykylk cuh jgrh gS vkSj fiQj 'kq: gksrk gS eksgHkax dk vVwV flyflykA miU;kl ds vkjEHk dks gh miU;kldkj us ftu rdksaZ ds lkFk vfHkO;Dr fd;k gS fd ikBdx.k dks vuk;kl gh miU;kl dh iw.kZrk dk ,glkl gks tkrk gSA ysfdu csgrj dh ryk'k esa viuk loZuk'k dj ysuk fu;fr ugha cfYd vius fd;s dk ifj.kke gSA 21oha lnh ds igys n'kd esa fy[kh x;h ;g iqLrd 2004 esa ok.kh izdk'ku }kjk izdkf'kr dh xbZA ;g miU;kl 252 i`"B dh gkM+cksaM ckbfMax ls cuh gqbZ iqLrd gSA miU;kl ds dsanz esa Hkys gh iwjd ,oa lgk;d ik=kksa dh Hkjekj gks ysfdu blesa rhu eq[; ik=kksa dks dsUnz esa j[kdj miU;kl dks fy[kk x;k gSA ukf;dk cukjl dh jgus okyh ^pquequ* ;k ^ouJh* ;k ^ck¡lqjh* tks vesjhdk igq¡p dj ^okuk* gks tkrh gSA ^okuk* dk vkjfEHkd f'k{kk 9oha d{kk rd gh gSA vesjhdk izoklh gksus ds ckn esa og ukSdjh Ikkus ds fy, vkxs f'k{kk gkfly djrh gS buds firk iafMr =;Ecd IkkaMs; ftudh ,dykSrh larku okuk gSA okuk dk fookg fons'k esa cls ^f'kos'k fef'kj* ls gksrk gSA jbZl ifjokj ds ,dykSrs csVs f'kos'k ds nknk&ijnknk caxky ds jktifjokj ds jktiqjksfgr FksA bTtr] #rck] t+ehu&tk;nkn /ulEink ls lEiUu FksA twfu;j lkbZafVLV dh ukSdjh vesjhdk esa fey xbZ FkhA mudh bruh lkjh miyfC/;ka gh vuk;kl okuk vkSj mlds ifjokj dks vkdf"kZr dj fons'kksa dh pdkpkSa/ dh pkgr us eè;oxhZ; Hkkjrh; ifjokj dks viuh vksj 138 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

vkdf"kZr fd;kA okuk vius mTToy Hkfo"; ds fy, og f'kos'k dh gks tkrh gSA ekuo eu ds vkdk¡{kkvksa dh dksbZ lhek ugha gksrh gSA vkjEHk esa okuk vkSj f'kos'k dk nkEiR; thou Bhd gh pyrk gSA ysfdu /hjs&/hjs okuk dks vius thou esa vleFkZrkvksa dk ,glkl gksrk gSA vkSj mlds ckn ifjokj dks pykus dk la?k"kZ vkjEHk gksrk gS okuk dh viuh bPNk,¡ gSa fd ^viuk fuft ?kj] viuh xkM+h] tks vk;s fnu /ks[kk u ns] lekt esa lEekuA f'kos'k dh vPNh ukSdjhA ;g ugha fd gj lky u;s dakVSªDV dk bartkjA bl foHkkx ls ml foHkkx rd bruk iSlk fd fdlh pht+ dk nke u iwNuk iMs+A ;k=kk,¡] tSls fd vkSj yksx djrs gSa] iSysl vkWu Oghy] jktLFkku] dukZVd] dsjy] gSyfl;ksu dkWly] yUnu ! gksuks yqyw (i`"B 18)* reke [okb'ksa tUe ysrh gSaA buds nks cPpksa dk uke vkdk'k vkSj fodkl gSA f'kos'k ,d twfu;j lkbZafVLV tksfd ,d vLFkkbZ ukSdjh gSaA tks ,d foHkkx ls nwljs foHkkx vkSj u, dakVSªDV dk bartkjA lky Hkj djuk iM+rk gSA vkSj x`gLFkh dks tSls&rSls thou dh xkM+h dks vkxs c<+krs gSaA okuk esa vius ifr dh vleFkZrkvksa dk ne?kksVw ,glkl vkSj vkRen`f"V dh Hkh deh FkhA ^lc Bhd gks tk,xk* ds cl ij xkM+h pys tk jgh FkhA f'kos'k ij u tkus fdl nsork dh d`ik gS fd oDr t:jr ij ges'kk ^lc Bhd gks tkrk gSA* (i`"B 56) f'kos'k ,d laosnughu O;fDr gSA ^vath*] ^jkgqy*] ^'kkfyuh*] ^lkfjdk* vkSj ^lqcksèk* bl miU;kl ds vU; ik=k gSaA lc ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gSaA vkSj vius&vius jkLrksa dks ryk'krs gSaA la?k"kZ djrs gq, vkxs c<+rs gSaA ijUrq lHkh jkgqy dh rjg liQyrk dh lhf<+;ksa ij ugha p<+ ikrs gSaA vkSj u gh f'kos'k dh rjg VDdjkdj ygwyqgku gksdj dk#f.kd var dks izkIr gksrs gSaA vUroZa'kh miU;kl dh dgkuh okuk ds vkl&ikl gh ?kwerh gSA uk;d ^jkgqy* ds firk Ldwy vè;kid FksA vkSj jkgqy dh ek¡ dk nsgkar mlds tUe ds mijkar gh gks pqdk FkkA firk us nwljh 'kknh dhA foekrk us gh jkgqy dk ykyu&ikyu fd;kA jkgqy dh ,d NksVh cgu dk Hkh tUe gqvk tks jkgqy ls vkB lky NksVh FkhA jkgqy viuh foekrk dks pkph dgdj cqykrk FkkA mlds cpiu dh vPNh&cqjh ?kVuk,¡ mlds thou esa xqtjrh gSA jkgqy Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

cpiu ls ^jRuk* ls I;kj djrk gSA mlh ds lkFk thou fcrkuk pkgrk gSA vkSj 'kkjhfjd lEcU/ cukrk gSA jRuk dh ek¡ ,d pfj=kghu efgyk gS vkSj thou ;kiu djus ds fy, iku dh nqdku pykrh FkhA jkgqy dks i<+kbZ lekIr djds xk¡o okil vkus ij irk pyrk gS fd jRuk dh e`R;q gks xbZ gSA jkgqy ns[kus esa vR;f/d LekVZ] le>nkj vkSj uih&rqyh ckrs djus okyk O;fDr gSA jkgqy ls dbZ yM+fd;ka I;kj djrh FkhaA tSls 'kkfyuh vkSj fØLVhuA jkgqy vkSj f'kos'k nksuksa bykgkckn esa ,d lkFk ,e-,l-lh- dj jgs FksA rHkh ls budh vPNh nksLrh FkhA jkgqy us eSlsP;wlsVªl bULVhV~;wV vkWiQ VsduksykWth ls ih&,p-Mh- lekIr dj foaMlj] fo'ofo|ky; esa fjlpZ dakVSªDV ysus ds ckn izksiQslj dh tkWc feyhA f'kos'k dh fjlpZ chp esa gh #d xbZ izksiQslj muls larq"V ugha FksA f'kos'k us jkgqy dks vius lkFk jgus dk izLrko j[kkA jkgqy dks vc dSyhi+QkSfuZ;k dh lcls ukeh ;qfuoflZVh esa i<+kus vkSj fjlpZ djus dh ukSdjh feyhA f'kos'k vkSj okuk 'kknh gksus ds ckn vesjhdk ds foaMlj 'kgj esa cl tkrs gSaA okuk ogk¡ ds jgu&lgu esa vius vki dks cny ysrh gSA lkM+h ls LdVZ] fgUnh Hkk"kk ls vaxzsth Hkk"kk cksyukA vkSj cPps Hkh if'peh lH;rk esa us ds dkj.k okuk dkiQh nq%[kh vkSj vlgk; eglwl djrh gSA ^esjs ftu liuksa vkSj vk'kkvksa ds lkFk rqe eq>s C;kg dj yk, Fks] og fcuk iwjs gq, gh feV dj foyhu gks x,A eSa pkgrh Fkh vkSjksa dh rjg cM+k&lk ?kj] ubZ eksVj xkM+h] ck¡g Hkj lksus dh pwfM+;k¡] lekt esa bTt+r vkSj feyk D;k] eqÝr ds gjs dk¡p ds crZu] ,d ds Åij nks cPps&rqe jkSanrs jgs eq>sA viuh Hkw[k] viuh ykylk ds o'k_ vkSj eSa ,d ckj Hkh u dg ikbZ] ^^eq>s ;gk¡ Nqvks f'kos'k&eq>s vPNk yxsxkA vkSj rqEgkjs fnekx esa vk;k rd ugha fd okuk dh viuh lksp] viuk lq[k gks ldrk gSA (i`"B&99)* m"kk fiz;Ecnk ukf;dk ^okuk* dks vthc laØe.k Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

dh fLFkfr esa mifLFkr djrh gSA >wys dh rjg og >wy jgh gSA mlesa fujUrjrk dk vHkko gSA fiz;Ecnk us ftl ukf;dk dk fp=k mdsjk gS og vleatl esa gSA mls ;g irk gh ugha gS fd ftl ik'PkkR; jax esa og jax xbZ mlesa Nykok gSA ,d >wBh thou vkSj ikxyiu dh nkSM+ esa 'kkfey gSA f'kos'k tc pkgs ml ij viuk vkf/iR; D;ksa tek;sxkA D;k og mldk lkezkT; gS\ tc Hkh mldh bPNk gks fcuk esjh ethZ ds pkgs og Fkdh gks flj nnZ dj jgk gks mldks ukSprk jgsxkA og ^^vc eq>ls cnkZ'r ugh gksrk** mls vkxs dksbZ jkLrk ugha fn[krkA og viw.kZ :i ls VwV pqdh gSA jkgqy dh vksj >qdko] vkSj f'kos'k ds izfreu esa bZ";k Hkj nsrk gSA b/j jkgqy dk ,fDlMsUV gks tkrk gSA vkSj f'kos'k jkgqy dks vius ?kj ys vkrk gSA okuk jkgqy dh ns[kHkky ds nkSjku ,d nwljs dks eu gh eu ilUn djus yxrs gSaA 'kuS% 'kuS% okuk dk vkd"kZ.k c<+rk gh tkrk gSA ^NksVk&lk rwiQku jkgqy ds vUnj mBk vkSj mls >d>ksjrk gqvk Fke x;kA (i`"B&10)* ijUrq nksuksa gh vius eu ij dkcw j[krs gSaA jkgqy f'kos'k dh vkfFkZd enn Hkh djrk gSA vkSj okuk vkSj fØLVhu vkil esa leySafxd gksrs gSaA okuk vius eu ij dkcw ugha j[k ikrh gSA okuk viuh cukjl dh ewy laLd`fr ftlesa rgthc gS] laLdkj gS] viukiu gS] lkSgk¼Z gS dks iw.kZr% Hkwy pqdh gSA vius LokFkZ dks r`Ir djus ds fy, gj lhekvksa dks yka?kus dks rS;kj gSA orZeku pdkpkSa/ ,oa ,SÕ;k'k ls iw.kZ thou dks izkIr djus ds fy, Hkkjr ds eè;oxhZ; ifjokj dks vkSlr izfr'kr ;gh pkgrk gSA vkSj ;gk¡ ^okuk* dks fiz;Ecnk us bl oxZ ds izfrfuf/Ro ds :i esa mifLFkr fd;k gSA okuk dks lkfjdk] fØLVhu vkSj vath mls gkSalyk nsrh gSaA viuh i<+kbZ dks vkxs c<+k dj tkWc djus ds lkFk vius ifjokj dks lgh fn'kk ns ldrh gSA lkfjdk f'kos'k ds ?kj esa isabx xsLV cudj vkrh gSA lkfjdk ,d ikfdLrkuh ;qod ftldk uke tgk¡xhj gS ls izse djrh gSA ftldh igys gh 'kknh gks pqdh gSA tgk¡xhj mls vkWiQj nsrk gS fd ^eryc ;g fd ,d choh jgsxh ikfdLrku esa] vkSj pkgrs gSa fd eSa jgw¡ ;gk¡ (i`"B&76)* lkfjdk bl vkWiQj dks Bqdjk nsrh gSA vkSj Hkkjr esa vius ek¡&firk th ds ikl tkus dk fu.kZ; ysrh gSA ,d gknls esa lkfjdk dh e`R;q okuk ds lkeus gks tkrh gSA ftlls okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 139

okuk dk ekufld larqyu fcxM+ tkrk gSA MkW dqekj ds bykt ds fy, jkst vkrs gSaA f'kos'k crkrs gSa fd ^MkWDVj lkgc] og okuk dk gky crk jgs gSa ^^;k rks lksrh jgrh gS] vxj tkxrh gS rks ph[kus yxrh gS] eq> ij] cPpksa ijA tSls gesa ns[krs gh mls nkSjk&lk iM+us yxrk gSA (i`"B&89&90)* f'kos'k dks vglkl gksrk gS fd bl dekbZ ls okuk dh bPNkvksa dks iwjk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkjh ftUnxh ,sls gh raxh esa ugha xqtkjh tk ldrhA f'kos'k dh ukSdjh yxrh gS vkSj NqV tkrh gSA leL;k fnu ij fnu [kjkc gksrh tkrh gSA f'kos'k [kqn ijs'kku ugha yxrs vkjke ls nsj rd lksrs gaSA vkSj ets ls uk'rk djrs gSaA dHkh jkgqy ds ;gk¡ vkSj dHkh ;gk¡&ogk¡ ?kweus pys tkrs gSaA dqN u;k dke <¡w<+us dk iz;kl ugha djrsA okuk gh iwN ysrh gS fd dgha dqN gqvkA ^vc ;gh djuk gSA okuk dks lHkh dqN nsuk gS tks mldk izkI; gSA tks lc ifr ;gk¡ ifRu;ksa dks nsrs gSaA] ?kj] xkM+h] xgukA iSls ls gh ;gk¡ lekt esa bTt+r gS] vc vkxs ls og Hkh iSlk gh vftZr djsaxsA okuk esjh izk.k] esjh lh/h&lk/h Hkksyh&Hkkyh ,dne fo'okl djus okyh esjh okukA vc rqEgsa gh [kq'k d:¡xk (i`"B&117)* f'kos'k viuk u;k fct+usl vius u, ikVZuj vlye vgen ds lkFk vkjEHk djrk gSA vkSj okuk dks fct+usl ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA okuk fct+usl dh ckrksa ls 'kafdr gSA okuk tkurh gS fd vlye vkSj f'kos'k dk dksbZ esy ugha gSA ^rks rqe nwdku esa [kM+s gksdj cfu;kusa vkSj vVj&lVj cspksxs (i`"B&161)* b/j okuk dks Hkh ,d izkis VhZ dUlyVSUV dEiuh esa vfLlVsaV dh ukSdjh fey tkrh gSA f'kos'k u pkgrs gq, Hkh mldh tkWc dk fojks/ ugha dj ikrkA f'kos'k dh vPNh [kklh dekbZ gksus yxrh gSA mlds ckn og ?kj ifjorZu dj nwljk ?kj ys ysrs gSaA jkgqy ds lkFk jgus yxrs gSaA jkgqy okuk ds }kjk ,d vPNk ?kj [kjhnrk gSA f'kos'k okuk dks crkrk gS fd jkgqy 'kknh djus tk jgk gSA okuk dks tSls vk?kkr lk yxrk gSA okuk eu gh eu lksprh gS fd ^jkgqy fookg djsxk] dksbZ nwljh L=kh mldh ft+Unxh esa vk,xh tc rd jkgqy riLoh dh rjg jg jgk Fkk] okuk ds fny esa rlYyh Fkh fd og mldk ugha rks fdlh vkSj dk Hkh ughaA ^^jkgqy&D;k ge** okuk 140 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

iwNuk pkgrh gSA ^^rqe ,sls gh ugha jg ldrs tSls jgrs vk, gks\ rqEgsa deh fdldh gS] t+ehu tk;nkn] uke] bTt+r] iSl] vkdk'k&fodkl dks rqe muds cki ls vfèkd pkgrs gks&** (i`"B&185)* ^dHkh&dHkh og jkgqy dks >d>ksj dj dguk pkgrh gSA rqe gjfxt ugha dj ldrs! eSa djus ugha nw¡xh&eq>ls cjnk'r ugha gksxk& eSa ej tkÅ¡xh (i`"B&185)* jkgqy ds lkFk nsofiz;k dh 'kknh r; gks tkrh gSA nsofiz;k tks ns[kus esa lqUnj vkSj i<+h&fy[kh vkSj ysfdu rykd'kqnk gSA jkgqy dh NksVh cgu csch ds lkFk i<+rh FkhA ;s fj'rk csch ds }kjk gh yk;k x;k FkkA ckr iDdh gksus ds mijkar rhu&pkj eghuksa esa gh 'kknh gksuk r; fd;k x;kA okuk dk fny d'ked'k esa gSA vc D;k djs\ okuk ,d laLdkjh] iqjk.kiaFkh] jhfr&fjokt+ksa esa c¡/h ,d fgUnw L=kh gSA og f'kos'k ls c¡èkh gSA og ek¡ gSA cPps mlds pk¡n&lwjt gSa vkSj vc rks f'kos'k iSlk Hkh dekus yx x, gSaA (i`"B&185)* jkgqy Hkh pkgrk gS fd okuk dks vius I;kj dk ladsr nsA jkgqy ds igy djus ij [krjk gks ldrk FkkA mls xyr u le> ysA ;fn okuk ds fny esa jkgqy ds fy, txg gks Hkh rks f'kos'k dks ugha NksM+ ldrhA jkgqy vkWfiQl esa dke dj okil ?kj tk jgk FkkA rc gh VsfyiQksu dh ?akVh cth f'kos'k jkgqy dks VsfyiQksu ij crkrk gSA ^jkgqy* ^ykSV vk, rqe* ^jkgqy* lquks è;ku ls lquks] eSa cgqr ijs'kkuh esa iaQl x;k gw¡& ^rqe Bhd gks u\ (i`"B&206)* f'kos'k crkrs gSa fd tqYekbZ ds vikVZesaV ls ØSd dksdsu vkSj mls izkslsl djus dk lkeku ogk¡ ls feyk gS vkSj tqYebZ dks iqfyl idM+ ys x;h gSA vkSj f'kos'k dks <w¡<+ jgh gSA f'kos'k jkgqy dks le>krs gSa fd okuk vkSj cPpksa dks f'kdkxks dqN le; ds fy, ys tk,aA iqfyl vk,xh ?kj dh ryk'kh ysxhA vc jkgqy dks lc le> esa vkus yxrk gS fd nwdku ds uhps ØSd dksdsu dk O;kikj pyrk FkkA bruh NksVh lh nwdku ls bruh vkenuh dSls gks ldrh gSA bles f'kos'k dk lg;ksx vo'; jgk gksxkA D;ksafd blesa dPpk eky ykus ds fy, dkSyksjsMks dh ;k=kk dh gksxhA ,dne f'kos'k dh ?kfV;k ekufldrk >ydrh gSA ,d Hkh ckj ugha lkspk fd ifjokj dk D;k gksxkA jkgqy] okuk] cPpksa vkSj pkph dks vius lkFk f'kdkxks rqjUr ys tkrk gSA lHkh tkuus dh dksf'k'k djrs Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

fd vkf[kj gqvk D;k gSA ?kj esa 'kknh dk ekgkSyA vpkud lHkh dks tkuk iM+ jgk gSA nwj igq¡p dj lHkh gksVy esa vkjke djrs gSaA lHkh Fkds gq, FksA okuk us cPpksa vkSj pkph dks lqyk fn;kA rHkh okuk dk eu nsofiz;k dh lqgkx dh lkM+h igu] b=k yxkdj mlds iyax ds ikl vkdj [kM+h gks tkrh gSA jkgqy iyax ij ysVk gqvk fdrkc i<+ jgk FkkA vkSj jkgqy us viuk gkFk cM+k dj okuk dks viuh rjiQ [khaprk gSA vkSj okuk Hkh vius vki dks jksd ugha ikrh vkSj jkgqy ds lkFk varj&exu gks tkrh gSA jkgqy&^fdrus lkyksa ls eSa ;g pkgrk vk;k FkkA* okuk&^vkSj eSa HkhA 'kk;n mlh {k.k ls] tc tusÅ mRlo esa xkM+h esa p<+rs gq, rqEgkjh >yd ns[kh Fkh] eSa le>h fd&og pqi gks tkrh gS* (i`"B&215)* jkgqy vath ls iQksu ij irk djrk gSA f'kos'k vkSj vlye nksuksa dh fxjÝ+rkjh dk okjaV fudy pqdk gS okuk dks f'kos'k ds ckjs esa tc irk pyrk gSA rks mldh iSjksa rys tehu fudy tkrh gSA mls dqN le> ugha vkrk fd vc gekjk D;k gksxkA b/j jkgqy us pkph dks 'kknh dh rS;kjh djus ls euk dj fn;k vkSj dgk og nsofiz;k ls 'kknh ugha dj ldrkA pkph jkgqy ls 'kknh ls budkj djus dk dkj.k tkuuk pkgrh gSA ;g mldk viuk iQSlyk gSA jkgqy okuk dks ikus ds fy, nsofiz;k ls 'kknh ls budkj dj nsrk gSA nsofiz;k vkSj csch jkgqy dks cgqr le>krs gSaA jkgqy pV~Vku dh rjg vius iQSlys ij dk;e jgrk gSA vkSj okuk dks Hkh nsofiz;k vkSj csch ds xqLls dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA okuk dks nks"kh eku dj Hkyk&cqjk dgrh gSA jkgqy okuk ls 'kknh djus dk iQSlyk ysrk gSA vkSj mlds nksuksa cPpksa dks viukrk gSA pkph FkksM+k u uqDdj djus ds ckn eku tkrh gSA okuk ds thou dks tSls dksbZ jÝrkj fey tkrh gSA jkgqy vkSj okuk ;g tkurs gSa fd ,d fnu f'kos'k ls lkeuk djuk iM+sxkA rc okuk mldks D;k tokc nsxhA djhc N% lkr eghus ds ckn vpkud jkr dks f'kos'k okuk ds ikl igq¡prk gSA okuk mldks ns[k pkSad tkrh gSA vk¡[ksa /alh gqbZ] psgjs ij cM+h nk<+h vkSj dkiQh detksj fn[k jgs gSaA gkyr cgqr [kjkc gSA eu esa gtkjksa loky ,d lkFk dkSa/ tkrs gSaA okuk vius vki dks vlgk; eglwl dj jgh gSA okuk ^iqfyl dks vkReleiZ.k dj nks* f'kos'k vkReleiZ.k djus ls euk dj nsrk gSA Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

rc f'kos'k crkrk gS fd ^vc esjs ihNs gSa] iqfyl Hkh vkSj Mªx dkjVsy ds yksx Hkh&rc D;k okukA ge lc ekjs tk,¡xs& ge] rqe vkSj ;g cPps* okuk ?kcjk tkrh gSA f'kos'k okuk ds lkFk jguk pkgrk gSA ij okuk bUdkj dj nsrh gSA vkSj oks mlds lkFk ugha tk,xhA ^f'kos'k ph[ks&fpYyk, ugha] xkyh&xykSp Hkh ugha] ykaNuk&izrkM+uk Hkh ughaA* f'kos'k 'kkar eu ls ogha lksiQs ij cSB tkrk gSA ;s [kkeks'kh rwiQku ds vkus dk ladsr gSA okuk ds ân; esa f'kos'k ds izfr d#.kk meM+ jgh gSA okuk tkurh gS fd t+jk Hkh >qdh rks ik¡o m[kM+ tk,¡xsA okuk vius dejs esa pyh tkrh gSA lqcg tc mBrh gS rks f'kos'k vkRegR;k dj ysrk gSA f'kos'k us ;g Hkh ugha lkspk fd chch&cPpksa ij D;k chrsxhA okuk f'kos'k dh ekSr ls csgn nq[kh FkhA vHkh ^okuk* dks lgkuqHkwfr dh vko';drk gS] ysfdu ik'pkR; laLd`fr esa laosnuk dgk¡A ^okuk* ek¡ cuus okyh gSA ysfdu nnZ us mls rksM+dj j[k fn;k gS fd D;k gksxk esjk Hkfo";A ftlds izfr (jkgqy) mldk pqEcdh; vkd"kZ.k gSA og Hkh vHkh ck¡gsa iQSyk;s mlds ikl ugha gSA dgha u dgha nksuksa gh f'kos'k ds fo'okl dks rksM+us ds ftEesnkj gSA f'kos'k ds 'ko dks iqfyl ys x;h gSA igys iksLV&ekVZe gksxk fiQj vaR;sf"V gksxhA pdkpkSa/ dh vk¡/h esa tks cukjl dh okuk Hkfo"; ds lqugjs lius fc[kjrs gq, ns[k jgh FkhA nks cPps vkSj ,d xHkZ esa iy jgk (jkgqy dh larku) rhuksa dh vukFk ek¡A vc rks og fo/ok iRuh gSA cscl] cslgkjkA jkgqy Hkh vHkh ikl ugha gSA 'kk;n jkgqy dks vkLVªsfy;k vkSj czwusbZ ls vkus esa mls le; yxsA ysf[kdk us ;g Hkh euksoSKkfud :i ls fn;s gq, rdksZa ds ekè;e ls ;g n'kkZ;k gS fd D;k irk jkgqy Hkh ml foèkok] vukFk dks cPpksa ds lkFk viuk gh ysA og eqdj Hkh rks ldrk gSA ysfdu--jkgqy dks lw=kksa ls irk py gh tkrk gS fd f'kos'k us vkRegR;k dj yh gSA vc ugha gSA f'kos'k ds vaR;sf"V dh izfØ;k 'kq: gksuh gSA ogk¡ f'kos'k ds dqN [kkl fe=kksa ds vykok MkW dqekj] vath] MkW frydjkt dh iRuh] frfej Hkh gaSA nksuksa csVs vkdk'k&fodkl Hkh iQVh&iQVh vk¡[kksa ls vkSj dqEgyk, gq, psgjs ds lkFk ogk¡ mifLFkr gSaA ^okuk* bl le; ,dne fjDr gSA thou ds ,d can gksrs vè;k; dh rjg ekSu lk{khA vc dqN lkfFk;ksa us okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 141

f'kos'k ds rkcwr dks da/s ij mBk;k nkg&laLdkj dh vfUre fØ;k,a lEiUu gqbZA okrkoj.k esa fodkl ds jksus ds lkFk ,d gh 'kCn xwatrk jgk ik ¿¿ ik¿¿& fiz;Ecnk us tks ^okuk* dk :i [khapk gS mlesa Hkkjrh; laLdkj gSA nkg laLdkj ds ckn okuk dk fny fi?kyrk gqvk tSls Hkwfe ij vk fxjkA og fciQj mBhA lHkh us le>k;kA ,sls er jksvksA mldh vkRek dks 'kkafr ugha feysxhA vkt ftl Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dks rkd ij j[kdj ouJh] oklaqjh ^okuk* cudj fons'k esa ,s'k dk thou thus x;h FkhA og vkt [kkyh gkFk gSA lHkh ds eu esa ,d gh loky Fkk fd f'kos'k us vkRekgR;k D;ksa dh\ fdruk [kq'kgky thou FkkA okuk le> jgh Fkh fliQZ mlds vkRegR;k ds dkj.k dk fdlh dks irk ugha gSA okuk tkurh Fkh fd ^dkj.k* dsoy ,d\ nks"kh dsoy eSa --'kk;n jkgqy dks gh irk FkkA xHkZkoLFkk f'k'kq nkEiR; thou dk vadqj.k ugha cfYd uktk;t izse ftlls vkdf"kZr ,oa gol ds lkFk LFkkf;Ro ;k 'kk'orrk ugha cfYd futh LokFkZ vkSj Hkwy&HkwyS;k ls ,sÕ;k'kh dk Jf.kd vkd"kZ.k FkkA oSls Hkh vU; jpukvksa esa dFkk& lkfgR;dkj m"kk fiz;Ecnk us 'kgjh ifjokjksa dks cMs+ gh vuqHkwfr izo.k fp=k mtkxj fd;k gSA vk/qfud thou dh mnklh vdsysiu] mc] ruko vkSj ?kqVu dk vadu djus esa buds lkfgR; esa tks xgjs ;FkkFkZ cks/ dh vfHkO;fDr vR;Ur csckdiu ls feyrh gS og vU;=k nqyZHk gSA pdkpkSa/ esa [kks;h ^okuk* dk vfUre fu.kZ; izLrqr fd;k gS] okuk vc okLrfodrk ls ifjfpr gks pqdh gS vkSj Nykok thou dks lgtrk ls R;kxdj ik'pkR; laLd`fr ds pdkpkS/ a ] HkwyHkqy;S k vkSj fn[kkosiu ls fudyuk pkgrh gSA fiz;Ecnk us cscdrk ls okuk ds bl fu.kZ; dks vius bl miU;kl esa mifLFkr fd;k gS fd ^^vc og ;gk¡ ugha jgsaxsA** vc Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krk dh rjg og bu nksuksa cPpksa ds fy, tks f'kos'k ds lkFk lkr&iQsjs dh fu'kkuh gSA thuk pkgrh gSA okuk dks irk pyrk gS fd jkgqy lh/s mlds ikl vk jgk gSA okuk vleatl dh fLFkfr esa gSA jkgqy dh vkokt lqudj okuk dh nk:.k nq%[k vkSj vk¡[kksa esa vkalqvksa dh /kjk

142 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

izokfgr gks tkrh gSA nksuksa vleatl dh fLFkfr esa gSa fd dgk¡ ls [kkeks'kh dks rksMawA jkgqy dk viukiu vkSj lgkuqHkwfr ds nks 'kCnksa us fd ^^rqeus vdsys lcdqN >syk** blesa rqe ij xoZ djrk gw¡A bu 'kCnksa us tSls okuk dks u;k thou iznku fd;k gksA vkf[kj Fkh rks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa iyh c<+hA oSls gh mldk ân; nk:.k nq%[kksa ls lkxj esa Mwck gSA og bl laØe.k ,oa =kklnh dh n'kk ls fudyuk pkgrh gSA vius isV ds mHkkj dks Nqrh gS vkSj crkrh gS bl nksuksa dh fu'kkuhA rks jkgqy [kq'k gksrk gS Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ,d >yd ;gk¡ miU;kldkj us mifLFkr fd;k gSA tc mUgksaus okuk dh vk¡[kksa ls cgrs gq, vkalqvksa dks iksaNrk gSA mls lhus esa lesV ysrk gSA nksuksa ^okuk* ,oa jkgqy dk lEcU/ vkSj ^jkgqy* dk okuk dks viukus dk fgEer us bu nksuksa ds vrhr dks csjgeh ls dkV iQsadk gS] mls ,dne >wByk fn;k gSA bu nksuksa us ,d gksus dh Bku yh gS vkSj f'kos'k ds fuf"Ø; ij izfrfØ;k ls cpdj ,d nwljs ds vijk/h Hkko dks eu ls fudkydj orZeku dks Lohdkj djus ds fy;s eu ls izLrqr gksrs gSaA ;gh m"kk fiz;Ecnk ds bl miU;kl dk liQyrk dk mRd"kZ gSA vUr Hkyk rks lc HkykA ,slk lq[kkUr vUr djds m"kk fiz;Ecnk us nksuksa dks rhuksa vkdk'k] fodkl vkSj xHkZkoLFkk esa iy jgs f'k'kq dks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds viukiu dh tM+ esa ls tkdj vesfjdk ds ne ?kksVw thou ls ckgj fudkydj ,d ubZ lksp ,oa gok esa mM+us ds fy, vkLVsªfy;k tSls [kwclwjr ns'k esa LFkkfir dj fn;k gSA vesfjdkoklh ik=kksa vkSj eè;eoxhZ; ifjokjksa dh thou ds vkilh fj'rksa vkSj la?k"kksaZ dks xgjh varn`fZ "V vkSj i;Zos{k.k&lkeF;Z ls mn~?kkfVr djrk gS ;g miU;klA vuqHko dh izekf.kdrk vkSj xgu laosnuh;rk ls ;qDr jpukvksa dh Ük`a[kyk esa ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ dM+h gS vUroZa'khA leh{kkdkj jkt dqekj] 'kks/kFkhZ] fgUnh foHkkx] fla?kkfu;k fo'ofo|ky;] >qu>quw] jktLFkku E-mail: [email protected]

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Research Paper

Hoang Thi Ngoc Lan

X

uanzang is Chinese famous monk, who came to North India after climbing over Heil ing. At that time India was not unified and geographically divided into central, east, south, west and north parts, collectively named Five India. India was in the last peak time of Buddhism. However, Xuanzang was not the first monk or traveler to India from China, but the first traveler covering Five India. He first arrived in North India, Central India, and East India, from where he came to South India along the east coastline and then West India again and finally returned to central India. ln this journey, he arrived in more than 70 countries. He visited all Buddhist places and studied the Buddhist thought and arts and customs of the countries he covered. He attained rich experiences and information along the trip and sometimes dangerous and life- threatening experiences. Therefore, Buddhist cradle land gave him many pleasant surprises and gains. 1 When Xuanzang was 26 years old under the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the Emperor ordered the evacuation of population in Chang'an to the other places because of the worry an insufficient food supply in Chang'an caused by frost. Therefore, Xuanzang took this chance to leave Chang'an and started his journey to the west.2 Xuanzang left Chang'an along with a monk from Qinzhou then they came to Liang- Zhou where was an important city of West China and the necessary road connecting the east and the west with a lot of merchants coming from Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

The Pilgrimage Path of Xuanzang to Northwestern India

many countries. At that time the Tang Empire was set up and the regime was not stable. The northwest border area was often attacked by Turks tribes. Therefore, the central government ordered to block the border to prevent anyone leaving without permission.3 Xuanzang worried when there were many difficulties of the journey ahead. Unhappy his horse died from illness. Therefore, he bought a new horse, but he did not have a guide. Fortunately, there was a strong man from the West Region came to the temple where Xuanzang stayed to worship Buddha. Xuanzang accepted him as a Buddhist to take along Xuanzang to cross the five beacon towers, his name is Shi Pantuo.4 Then Shi Pantuo brought an old man who had come to the Yiwi Kingdom more than 30 times. The old men advised Xuanzang should not go because he would die in the journey. But Xuan Zang said that: "I swear I will go to the west for the gospel. If cannot reach India, I would never go back to the east and I will not regret even if I die on the journey".5 The old man was a horse that it had been the Yiwu Kingdom 15 times and he advised Xuanzang should exchange his horse. Xuanzang agreed to exchange horses. Thus Xuanzang and Shi Pantuo started in the night and came to the upper reaches of the river outside of Yumen Pass. However, Shi Pantuo worried that he would be punished by the government because of helping Xuanzang cross the border illegally and he wanted to go home because he greatly feared being involved. Therefore, Xuanzang left him to leave and okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 143

he had to try to cross the border by himself.6 He Overcame the desert alone. He saw a mirage in the desert showing several hundreds of cavalries with banners and weapons. The mirage was very clear from a long distance but disappeared when he got closer. He thought that they were robbers and then demon and monsters.7 Then Xuanzang came to Dunhuang, where the people would receive him warmly. However, everyone wanted Xuanzang came back Chang'an, but Xuanzang explained, he would like to India because the scriptures that he saw and heard were not clear. So that he would not ret urn whatever happened.8 However, the journey to the west was very long for Xuanzang. He had to cross the area controlled by Khan of the West Turks first, then Pamirs, and then cross the snow-covered mountain to India. The road that Xuanzang thought is called the Silk Road today. The Silk Road can be divided into the north, the central and the southern routes. Actually, Xuanzang took the north and the central one. He had to overcome a lot of difficulties and dangers, sometimes inhospitable natural environments and sometimes unfriendly or complex human relations. Besides, in the journey to West, Tangseng overcame 81 dangers before he reached to India and Xuanzang also experienced many dangers and difficulties and he observed and recorded information countries that he came.9 After leaving the border of Tang Dynasty, Xuanzang came the endless and unpopulated Moheyanqi desert. He got lost when he was drinking water and lost all the water supply for the next several days. In the daylight sandstorm often happen in the desert. The sand rolled up by the strong wind flies in the sky like rain. However, not having a drop of water for many nights and days, he could not sustain himself and lay down in the desert praying to Bodhisattva. At midnight there was a cool wind blew over and Xuanzang was refreshed. Finally, they found the green grass and a water source. So Xuanzang and his horse stayed there for a whole day for refreshment and then continued their journey with sufficient water and fodder.10 When Xuanzang came to the Yiwi Kingdom, it was an independent kingdom. Then Xuanzang stayed

144 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

in a temple where an old Chinese monk lived. When he knew Xuanzang came from China, he was excited that he could not wait to dress properly and greeted Xuanzang barefooted. He cried, "I could not expect today that I could see my countryman again" Xuanzang was moved deeply by the old monk. Besides, Xuanzang reached Gaochang's capital and king showed his mind that, "when I heard your name, I was so happy that I forgot eating and sleeping because I was so looking forward to seeing you. My wife and I did not go to bed when we learned you would arrive tonight. We prayed to Buddha and wait here especially for you" 11 o Hence, the king asked the dignitary to persuade Xuanzang to stay in Gaochang and give up his plan to India. Xuanzang did not accept. And Xuanzang said; "My journey to India is not for enshrinement or worship. I feel sad that China 's Buddhist scriptures are not complete. Many of my puzzles cannot be solved. So I swear I will go to India for the Buddhist scripture so that the Chinese Buddhist could learn Mahayana and I cannot give it up haft way. I hope you abandon the idea of making me stay here." 12 When Xuanzang was to start his journey again, the king arranged four young monks to accompany him and prepared everything and money enough for 20 years. The king wrote letters to the kings on the way and sent his officials to escort Xuanzang to Khan of the West Turk. Now X uanzang was not alone but with a team came to India.13 After crossing a river and several hundred miles, Xuanzang reached Qiuci kingdom ( Kuqa County, Xinjiang) and Qiuci was known as an important state on the Silk Road and the customs there were affected by India. at that time, the King, ministers, and dignitaries embraced Xuanzang with a red-carpet ceremony. While, the people set up tents, brought the important Buddhist statues and played music to welcome Xuanzang. Someone offered him a plate of fresh flowers and he scattered the flowers before the Buddhist statues deferentially.14 Then Xuanzang went on his journey and he had to cross the ice-covered mountain Lingshan Mountain that it covered by snow all year, the mountain often had snow landslides and was hard to Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

climb. It took seven clays for Xuanzang to get out of the mountain and they came to the capital of West Turk Suy-ab which it was known as an important border town of Tang.15 Besides, Xuanzang kept on his journey after leaving Suy-ab and then came to the southeast to Pamirs again when he crossed a lot of small states and regions. Then Xuanzang came to the Fuheluo Kingdom. There were many Buddhist temples in this Kingdom. At that time Xuanzang met a monk from North India in the Fuheluo Kingdom, called Huixing by Chinese. Xuanzang lived there for more than one month and discussed with Huixing on Buddhist doctrines. After leaving the Fuhel uo Kingdom, Xuanzang and Huixing crossed a large snow-covered mountain (a mountain of Hindu Kush, Afghanistan). Hence, the road was very hard and dangerous than Lingshan Mountain and some dese11s that he crossed before.16 Then they came to Bamiyan (nearby Bamiyan of Afghanistan). The King of Bamiyan invited Xuanzang to stay in the palace for clays. At this place, Xuanzang saw two huge Buddha statues, majestic and vivid. Therefore, we have known these Buddha statues were the renowned Buddhas of Bamiyan. The Buddhas of Bamiyan were 53 meters and 37 meters high respectively indicating by Xuanzang's record. But there were 1,500 Buddha statues were destroyed in March 2001.17 Besides,

Xuanzang had to cross the mountai n they were facing Heiling (a mountain in the south part of Hindu Kush, Afghanistan). Healing was known as the dividing line between Middle Asia and India. Then Xuanzang reached Kapisa. It was a great country northwest to India and this capital was near Kabul. The King of this country followed Buddhism and he invited Xuanzang with a number of monks. There were more than I 00 Buddhist monasteries in this capital. In which there was a temple named Zhizi temple that was erected for a prince hostage of the Han Dynasty. At that time Xuanzang and Huixing gave lectures on Buddhist doctrines in Mahayana temple and the king and the monks came to their lectures. This country had Buddhist leaders of Mahayana and Hinayana. Xuanzang was known both in Mahayana and Hinayana and could answer any question about them. Therefore, most of them really admired and respected Xuanzang. After leaving Kapisa, Xuanzang kept on his journey. He walked and climbed over Heiling. Finally, Xuanzang came to India that it was known as the holy land in his m ind. He was closer to his dream of getting Buddhist scriptures from India. 18 Research Scholar Department of Buddhist Studies University of Delhi

References 1. Chang Zheng, Xuanzang's jaurney to India, China Intercontinental Press, 2009: 88. 2. Ibid., 30. 3. Op, Sit., 34. 4. Ibid, 38. 5. Ibid., 40. 6. Op, Sit., 40. 7. Ibid., 42. 8. Ibid., 44.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605

Op, Sit., 48. Ibid., 52-54. Op, Sit., 56. Ibid., 58. Ibid., 60. Op, Sit., 62. Ibid., 68-70. Ibid., 80. Op, Sit., 82. Op, Sit., 86.

okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018 145

lnL;rk i=k lnL;rk vof/ 1 o"kZ (oS;fDrd) `1200 1 o"kZ (laLFkkxr) `1500 5 o"kZ (oS;fDrd) `5000 5 o"kZ (laLFkkxr) `6000 vkthou `15000 vkthou `15000 uke %

_______________________________

firk dk uke %

_______________________

lnL;rk&vof/ % __________________________________________________________ i=kkpkj dk irk %

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

nwjHkk"k la- %

__________________

bZ&esy % _________________________________________________________________ Ñi;k okd~ lq / k ds uke __________________

frfFk

________________________ __________________

dh Mh-Mh- ;k pSd ua-

izkIr djsAa

cSd a dk uke % _____________________________________________________________ (fnYyh ds ckgj ls Hksts x, pSd esa Ñi;k 30@& #- vf/d Hkst)as okd~ lq/k] =kSekfld 'kks/&if=kdk 47] ,&3 CykWd] xyh ua- 5] /eZijq k ,Dl-] fnYyh&110043 iQksu % 9540468787] 9891526584 lEiknd 146 okd~ lq/k • vDVwcj 2017 & flrEcj 2018

Refereed Journal • ISSN : 2347-6605