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ACLU 2004 Remand Documents CIA

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CIA OIG RePort

2. A7 March 2003 CIA business Plan díscussing RDI Program IOIG Vaughn # Other-2 9 l

3. 31 January 2003 Draft psychological assessment of Abu Zubaydah IOIG Vaughn

#

Other-3 9 l

4. 2A November 2OO2 Spot' report díscussing interrogation of *l-Ntuhiri IOIG Vaughn Other-

5

63

l

. 24 ,July 2AOZ Draft psychological assessment of Abu Zubaydah IOIG Vaughn Other-

7L

#

#

l

6. Undat'ed certsifieatíon sheet used in ínterrogation lraíning toIç Vaugihn # Other-

93

l

T.Undatedblank.'EnhancedPressures',sheet used for waterboard training [OfG Vaughn Other-1031

8. 17 JuIy 2003 intervÍew wíth a senior CIA officer regarding CIÃ' RDI Program IOIG Vaughn # rnterview-B3l

spot 9. 22 January 2003 Email with att'ached rêport regarding interrogation of a1NaEhiri IOIG Vaughn # Emai1-L96l

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cfA toAN col'Y DONOTCOFY

'ê,.

Centr al Intellígence

"4gency Inspector General

SpscIALRnvluw

COUNTERTERRORISM DETENTION AND INTERRO GATION ACTIVI'IIES (SEPTEMBER 2001 _ OCTOBER 2OO3) Qaas-7723-lGl 7 Dl.fay 2A04

copy þ

TABLE OT CONTENTS

Page

""""1

INTRoDucrION."""""""""""""""¡

"""""2

SIJMM4RY..,.....,.....r"""""'

BACKGROUND T¡¡'¡¡¡¡'r"¡r'¡"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""' DIS CUSsToN .'.......,.,"""""""""""'r"""r"'r """"r"r""""""""" GT¡¡NS¡SOFPOST}IITAGENCYDETEI\rfiONANDJ.I.J1'ERROGÁfiON

""'i'r""¡""'

ACîNTI1.,S""""""""""t""r"."'r

9

1L

"""""17

TTTE.vAPTLTREoFÁBuZunnwattltNÐDEVËLoPMENTorEITS,,.',,,,,,.'12

Dol

"""^16

rccal.4.N'{LYsrs

NorrcrTOAI.IDcoNstIlTÁrIoNwrrr.IExncurlwÁNDCoNGRESSIONÁL """"'23

OFFICL{LS

"""""""""

Gu¡p¡¡¡croNcrr-Iryu[RE/DETENnoN'^ANDINTERRoG'{floN""""'t"""'24

.......,.....,...25 ,..,.,,,,,.27

DCI Confinernent Guidelines"""" """" ""'29 DCI Interrogation Guicl'e1ïnes"""""""" Medical Guidelines """""""" """""""""""31 Training for Interrogatíons""

n Ð

rrrxuo

N a^,n arrrRJto

TÕ'r-sÊeI{FT/

G'{uoN

o

P

ER'4TI

o¡¡s A'

rf L-

:::?',a.r'a.:ì i..:'.:.--ir::;.:.:..1

-;

I

,,.,..,.,.46

57 58 61.

65

67

Sp..iii. Unauthori

TöFEÊeRBI/

zeð,

orUndocumented Techniques ..,""',""69

õFsËsgr/

tL '\w ;itvnc

-.ã^\¡6oNs " " GATI " "' " " " " " "' suPPo RT To INTERRo

Errr,crwnllr.çs

¡

r

r

t"t"t"'82 aÉ.

"""t'Qr

""""'

PotrcycoNslDEfutTÏoNslr}II)coNCEItIvsREG.ARDIT\¡GrrrrDerrvr¡o¡l """""""""""91 ¿¡vu

frsreRnoc'afloNl)Rocrt'q,lr"' Policy Consideratione

""""""""'92

ConcerneoverParticipationintheCTCPrograrrr.,.'..'....,......'.'94

"""""""""

ENl:e¿.¡,tn,

CONCLUSIONS"""""""': RECOMMENDATIONS"""""""""¡"

""""95

""""L00 "" 106

APFENDTCES

A. Proceclures ancl Resortrces Events B. Chronology of Significant C.

cene¡al coursel of the Rizza,Acting for Joh,¡ Menrorandurn î", lr'trätro gation of an Al-Qa',ida ceniral Intelligence A geircy, OPerative, L Attgust 2002

D.DClGuidelinesonConfurementCorrdirionsforCl,\Detainees, 28 JanuarY 2003

E. DCI Guideiines

I á :a

s

:

ÌõPsessr/

oq!

ations

Cond,,tludPM

ffiH--Ë¡¡g;$¡'1g¡:;=:a..:.:.r.ffil|#.*sË:i¡it¡?$:i*-".**í-:.:¡I,:,i:ii::.,..:;.:-'','.:..,Ê=¿.:Égæ#:'¡,r.^.'**:-...¿...

TCTr,.sˀREt/

F. Draft office of Medical services Guidelines on Medical and Psychological tupport to Detainee hrterrogations, 4 September 2003

ioÞBBeRBr/

l!--.::.,.+'.:t --

{*F*¡=x.W¡,|ff+Æl

Y:i.í;i{;!i,.i:+:r",;x:';r::'ti

,.

,lt*i - : - :,t.-, :l:.*"t'

CTAR GEMER'AL OFNCEOF INSPË

SpgctAL REvIEw sM couNTERTERRo RI

:J"l*t

iü;titiö.anoNagY¡3t3,1 ER t #;äffi"tilt t1 : 9 g.t B

(

2oo3

I

o

N ANÐ

)

(2003-7123'IG) 7 MaY 2004

INTRODUCTICIN

îil*jikii:åîtrffi ",*"Hl;Grrff ñ ;ä;" i:::::i"';;.';; i: î:i Til*"uc*u tnät tlt" Agency had estabusneq s.^T-X1lî Cent e r to de tain He isnatc

;;;;'^*').

"*:qt:ï:13

"'

ubro^d ('the CTC

:::"î

u

o "

';:' that ;ä;;ä;**ätechninues,fff triffi 1;f site, ancl requested uoot',.rJoreign ,Abd AI-Rahim ¿r-ÑåsÌ.riri, ^t

Tursˀllsu

:#ì:i:rl::l ii;t:¡.ade:i.:î.:.:...::-.i l.ij;i.'i:.;.., .. _, :::iÉ;r::lË:i:ïl j_.t:.-;*ä:é.:'¿'rr'::.ii;'.i?.;...::i:..:i:&4-í:-,

i Ë:åï-r ii:#lÞiTt¿_¿.ì*,:irr:i+1 ;i:1!!ål -i,#iìl*lã--ã¿:Ëã:¡:¿èììçiL:::!i:iiÐ:

îõÞ=ne*s-r/ that Some

oIG i¡rvestigate. Separately, oIG received in.forrnation emPloyeeswereconcernedthatcertaincovertAgencyactivíties.atanof

night involve violations overseas detention and interrogation site review of ABencY hrunari rights, In ]anuary 20A3,OIG initiated a tion

counterteirorism deteltion angj

activities!

and the incident rvith

Al-Nashiri.l T -lQ

SUMMARY ;igrr-td resPonsibilitY

fo

r

':1gnlf"i:-î"1f U'S' öti..iå, ä; $i'.;b Counterte'rorist Center (D/CTC). Wheit ímplementi4g*p.--tGadetentiona-ufl

the

, -,- r^r^r*:--.i-.1ir¡{Árr.:le in Afc.hanistan affd at dçtgililg$$li9l3Þiå rrríIitary forces u"e* Guantanatno EaY,

'lll directly Agency

ññb-.t-"f

and i*terrogate

suspät"á teriorists. The caph'e andjnitial

int rrogution of the firsi high value detainee' Abu Zubaydah'

ro-\QAppendixAaddressesthePioceduresandResourcesthatolGemployedin rendition^s condttcted by the Agency or conducting this Review. The Review does not address

2 (Ð epp*dixB is a chronology or6iriã"t e"."ts th^t occurred dqrÍng

TõrsËe*sf,/ i4

the period of this

TõÏ\:E€RETJ a the Agency with presented inMarch2002'

t'tf"'lÏ:t

dilernma'a

;i*""*1-'* î'å'ö Ëi iil" ;s. ^:r *^, å'å'ä;*'*:

*'

be obtaine$ l-l'I: ?*il"iår*ítui .o"r¿ notju,,.vc¡f icials to elicit tlueat "dÏîrîtîi'".äH:,tHIüiö#i.ä¡-.'ä".,n sentor "ttãt"*y *;;; robttst

additional terronst

f

from other "pP;tit;u' r'o^'eîîZ*"iatn *a fottiuly

believed that

i¡forrnatio"

^

a

;,:ffi

ït-q"rã;

hi gh value detainees'

:,,f:j;å:,Hïi'*'iiffi ::'""

'"t;5-;;g#if;;'^ii' iå:ffiil."ä:Ëi:iäïä*f ¿ at Aþ ; í. á; e ;:ffi :ff il:,:ffi,ifl interrogation u'u of

ï'"ø,ri"

1: ::

at

oersorurel tl"a uîå" äno ther .r.,, u.,ïJ"

in the

rh

"iittance'techniques/

""*edra.y.¡r åìã'- u" rll: ï îä,,.

ffi ::Iåi:ffi

Qa'i d a

ltil"oJlii"l'.il

- r"

]¡tflç$;t*ifu::f,*Ïm1".*

ää'"nå-totÐ',iîf.ä":ÅiïlË*;ä"'ra-"ti*tookplaceagainst use on

[tbuZt

m*kr#***;';k$ n*J :îiH:'?1* ii * ;iì;'"*u

¡ön* r;:"':r':r."

f omm'n*Y

6,*,t-ïi-"?åï-"å:'äïil;JtröiËä{d( in determiniug and

the lead consfrainrs f år

interrogations.'åää;fu

research ted iìaËpendent

I

t.

I {

i I

t t I

I

{i

"l"i;i;iåg"

i,

ll

It_

{i

ii

t'l;

"f

to have u such threats' but

targets/detainees'

;,

':'

t=

i;:

TæEËgEI/

hsne*su and consuitecl extensivêly with Department of Ïustice (Dof and National security cou¡rci (NSC) legal and policystaJf. working with in inost DoJ,s Office of Lâgal Counsel (OLC), OGC determi'ed that instances rele'raníto the coqgþ1þrrorþn detention and lhe crimiiral prohibition interro gation activities againsitorh*e,18 U.S.C. 2940-n408, is the conholling legal the United States' In . const¡ai:rt on interrogations of detainees outside August Z1gZ,DoJ prõvided to the Agency a legalopinion in which it detãrmined that 10 specific "Enhanced InterrogationTechniques" (Ems) would. not'vioiate the torfu¡e protribition. Jhis workprovidecl the foundation for the policy and adminislrative decisions that guide Lhe CTC Progranr. By Novemb et 2002, the AgenSY had Abu :lr- value detainee,'Abd Al-Rahj¡t

Al-Nashiri, in custod

provided medical care to the detainees'

;ffikx [""ãt*"

ãr autuLtes in ca]rles'

ro,tlsË

Proceaur.:re

deviatrons

with one

aPprovecl Proceci respect to two from aPProvecl tl^"j-,1-^ñr1Þ,"rv descriìred notable exception of one'Elt, the ^ Ltr'E upv "'^'slres/ those at detair-rees óf tt',u technique as *d"r" th:,P:"lt:l-^., beyoncl 2003, secu: nîuãl¡ourd, went ?e ^n LJoJ' rrÌe ðbvr'r-Jå"r to describect 'u1v significant for ffi originally .t. der that ""t oral Do] concurrence ¡ef1l oPinions' legal DoJ's of

ä:ffi :r:;ffiåiñ:::ï"ï:,äJ"'q"::'¿?í:äîffiá*:

Fåiîïå'"Hil::iüåiii'..^s*inïîf:Jif ï#íf."trifi

;;0.;t

Agency efforts to provide systematic, to thoseinvolved inihe CTC. Detention clear *.a and Interrogatiori Program was jnadeqult_e at firstbub have the life of the Program as problems improved cãnsiderabfly have been id.entified. and. adclressed. cTC implemented fraining prograurs for interrã guto6 and. d.ebriefers.6 Ñf oreover, building uPon ãp"ätiot al a¡d legaiguidalce previouslysent to the field,the DCI 1-5.

ù*@

a*tg

The use of these te¡ms has terrns infezroga tion/interr'olgatüiÃa lnU"rf' gldebríeJer intercttang""Uly' A debriefer engages a since evolveã and, today,-C1C more cbárlf distinguishes their meanings' rvho completes a person a is detai¡ree solely througtr-questiott and aruruer. An interrogator certif a and quali$r, to tfain, designed is lrvo-week interrogâtionsir**g program.which of a an,interrogation during EITs canadminjstãr Arüånrtator pefson to adminis-terEnr: as detainee the äeþinee only after the field, in coordi¡iationwith I'Ieadguarte¡s, asæsses to a rvitlrholcting inJormation. An inteúogator tlansitions üre detainee from anon'cooperative throùgh intelligence actionable cooperativJphase in order that a debäefer can elicit a detainee techniques duringdebrÍefing sessionË. An interrogator may debrief

ror,-uggr.rrí.re

du_rin[ãn intenogation; howevei,

TÕPEEeB*TI

a

debriefer may not interrogate a detainee.

l:i:-'-' .:¡1, '7 -', -,. \V¿;'t-::' :t.::r'+-z:=:.'

'

'i-.êË

,:''æ

.#-.r,,É!=ë1,#î*iÆl i'

on28Januarvzooas,q.,l*,,1#,î;Ir":î",irÎ'rf for ClA DrE

iffiåffi

ñr'sUpporting interrogo*t'"- -r---

of

-tlie

ääJäî oracÉce of

r.qoffi,il

Headquarters fi"ld tg obtain specific

"óT;;"-î*i#¡f:ff Guidelines are'an Guicleline,

f

"

for

room tu*t * "'uttantïal 'n"iåJ';-"" misinterpretationPaïJäï";;;;'äÃ;'vcletentiona^d

;*

'¡,#fî*1":i:'ffi

lt tuttogãdon activities'

"r,.-tt, ffi

* ¿ +lltx:u':ågï:itr "¿ i:iËi'r'" th3usa'ds or :fl* n:H of îi t*,,#;;;;' supporting the rhe crc nr"g'"åîoî

'ã'J'"¿ reports arrd ffi]õroclucis d military i*dividuaf irrr.ffiäï*u u's' p outy*uteis an counte rteuo'i"ou"=rtã' commærders'

tT

*''ir

F#ffi

I-nterrogatîon Pro Adminis E aÉon

"ffi;

#î',îî,'ål ot aiu.,

/ä

ffitiffi ;'';'Pii l

"^*

*r*yandruresff;;"îäil""itrå'tri1¡"åfr

# ** gency

previous

A

ïllllllllllllll:?,äiff"'

l#:î:'::ers'personar the Agenry trSî'ff ïi#tr'å,::i':'.T'iilffi eÏfectiveness of í"d üilt;tPúo'i* *"ü; reputation', itself.

tA.

"'

t

rar definitely if approPnâre

:*î'.1å.*';:"t':mî:ïiËî*i;i5i+5å'*å#iä

:fr:ri;il:ni"i'*",i,:iåi:ffä:in'î'öandamonsNsc' ÌõrsË€n'Eu

i'.#=;i!ç--rt.¡¿.:îg:i:.:,,.i1.:i11t¡åìrî:.

j

j:,.::

j.,

îÕPsEeREr/

Defense Deparlmenf, and. ]ustice Deparlment officials, no decisions on any "endgarne" for Agency detainees have been made. senior Agency officíals see th.is as a policy issue for the U.S. Government tuth.t thun a CIA issue. Even wTth Agency inítiatives to address the endgame with policymakers, some detainees who carmot be prosecuted will likely rernain ín CIA custody indefinitely. The Agency faces potentially seriou.s long-term polìtical and legal challenges as a result of the CTC Detention anci Interrogation Program, particularly its use of EITs ancl the inabiliby of the U.9. Gover:rrment to decide what it will ultimately clo with terroristsrdetainect by the Agency. 19.

This Review makes anumber of 24. recomlnendations that are designed to sfrengthen the managenrent and conduct of Agency detention and intefrogation activities. Atthough the DCI Guideljnes were an in'rportant step forward, they rvere only designed to address the CTC Pro

.!+¡:'

:. ii:.

ir-*:*.,'

''#,

"

'á*#*i{*;*r"-'ft=¡

tt':*'-'-'&.'

TöT"sË€"ErJ

BACKGßOUND

22 rq

q:

åråT*îiii"*:ä,,î'Ëidiä"å''äi:"* w;' Ag:"q pe¡sorrrrel vi"E

inrcrrogation of i¡ rhe urúted states.

îi*

,l-"

"*

ii:ï*î#ä.*::*îîä*Tf#È*:iä{"*îil'ïöï'd-" teachingi,lterrogoatiäiùl*'i""11t:îi:t"å31i.*i";ipãri*i'ur. liaison re

;"ìil;d;

to foster foreign

T,;;ur¡i.rål*

sensitivitiesthe'r"îö6D*":iili"'#t.**ä:ru.:':Ëî officers from usmf iotU^¿" AgencY

haining Progra.:r1 cLeÞr6'rrvu intero gãtion techniques'

I

I

{

" -

tr'

on

allegationt':f Tittonduct 23. lS) !í\ 1984' O19,j'*t'-1T1"U rt: -^-at ""t

I

I I

i

q

à Ë

,' rl fr,.

bl

li¡ t.,

å: år

.--r

ffi

Hea d'quar ters interr o gations, debrie f in gs, an d hum an rights issues' cable guidance sent officers to brief statiäns and Bases and provided to tlr.e field.

24. lS) In 1986, the Agency endçd the HßE-training Program because oi ailee"Uons of human rights abuses in Latin America'

which iemains in effect, e¡Plains policy:

¡

.l

lr

Á-gency'sgeneralinterrogation

l.ii:,:..,

.t.:

-. -'- .. '

:*13i,

::F1å++t::tææ:'":'-:"*rê¡

õp"sÊ€Rçr/ I

DISCUSSION

I

GTNESTS OF PO ST

9I

11

N ¡IND T{IEXRO G,4TIO AON¡ICY DETEÑTTON

ACTTVITTES

vernent

ffi¡ÏØg!*dd

responsibiüry for zZ. [57f$R) The DCI delegated

:;:; å::i J iä:,':' i"u": ;*:; ;¡"= -er ät¿.#ij:i:il.!@

impie men

"

*"

inclucling OGC,

A s encv

co

*''

rnp onents'

C

7 (u//Eouo) DoI takes thepositionth::::-c,:ffi1;i#;:Xl*ïJ,Ë'"i'$äìi'äli*-t to oraer n"äiå e-toJJ I cónstitrttional authoriry

îöÞ-sËÊREs/

understand

the sco

*

1'.åiffit3ä%l To assist Agut

28.

çy.

offlçiulg

researchecl, analyzed, and issues. These included

wrotè "draft" papellon mglg dísctrssions of

n'

shared these

"draft" papers rvith Agency officers

Trrr c¿¡nrn¡ orá.ru ZwAw,+H

At:{D

DEwLoPME¡vr or EITs

The caphrre of senior Al-Qa'ida operative 30. Fqn) Abrr Zubaydah on 27 March 2002 presented the Agency with the opportunily to obtai:r actionable intelligence on fuh¡re threats to the United States flom the nrost senior AI-Qalda member in U'S. custody ent of an intenosation at that !ime. This accelerated CIA's deve

TöFsË€{rgv

TörËaRsrJ

*:::-

'Io treat the severe wotrnds.thatAbu 31. .dedhim upon rtrs {-avru*ii""lã"f.åËa his ouestioning f Zubaydah,of Zubaydah suffered å:äi¡iffi questior carefrom i";åi"" meclical 9*":T^*, ,r'rro Aøencv *tJt utt.*uri

lTsl-."

."ãffih*iTÏî3:'i:f Jö"yrr::s:iî.hiåî:.,1 ä:.ffiïffiff1;xiJill"ff non a Ã9u Ï":ï=ffi

tìît.*'ig"te

3ub

non-PhYsical elicitation

lvgil

vcl

ffi

ffi-rwithho

ent thrã at information'

h"dJ,T"

#;;:*d;;;æ.

iãrn¡l 'T"-"ã

rvrite a paper "^äöìä;;;sirtuo.å

uo-rs'¿a--;'

-

Prosraln' io iritu"ogation teclmiques'l3

ä##fififf ñ;i'ã; r'oininsffi;:": Cor-nte¡meastlr( rechnïques: A

i;lH^ r

the

j:'sequentiv' ElTs

new and more aggressive a[sÍof åïtJ"Ped two psychorg"ì' ininterrogations' that they

ru.o***áud

i:

fär use

"o#,ï11îî"'u.1o,,u,

[tr]'.$:ìîiilT"3#ïìrJàï "rr*.a î'*î:il',"iî}u,1ri"l1-^':ffi ,ll.i;1mnr;¡';çåq"H{i;,tïfly.fr a egency (rpRA).

lu,*,,ìî,îäì*'uÌ"'toi^i*'io*

onerations forces $'ho

;iriffi;;t"ught äË;;;"1Ñ, vJar.

hò* to sü¡vive invadous

terr

to preve' aird conduct themsel'es

o,

:J-:il

-¿1 ääl

i

rr¿.9:---:1'....

!;í,.t¡r.î .,,, u,... ¿ì¡ê¡,i.-=iì :, :¡, i;g*í:j::åi::r:ssi:=ÉÉ.:Ë:;jr_iiri,.:ii'ifti :::::-:.:. L=i_-V-zjt¡L;--;.¡'¡¡

*

CIA,'_OTS obrainect data on tiæ use of the otential l ong-terrn P-sTchglogical ef fects on prCI posed from ãetai¡rees. OTS input waibased in part on information solicited in the area a number .of psyct oloSisæ and knowledgeable acaclemics of psychopathologY.

Ur. ÈgE)

Em#ãÌftili

":,å;Hffi

P

ä.':åïå

i:ffiiJå ?:3if il

",, training aIlcl'aty subáequent psy,choiogical effects on sbudents' SERE DoD/IpRA cãnciudeá no long-terni psychological. effects resultecl from use of the EITs, including the most taxing technique' the waterboard, on SEIì,E students-.r¿ The OTS analysis rvas used by OGC in evaluating the iegality of teclrniques' Eleve. EITó were proposecl for adoption i¡ the CTC InterrffiÞrogram. As proposed, use of EITs would be subject to a co*jpete^t eva'Íuadon of-themedical anct psychological state oi the d.etaineã. fnu Agency elirninatecl one proposecl

35. tlS[

t.J*iqn.*rio

t"ttttir.g rroT n9l mi.tfr::?::ld

detay ti u t"fiGiãiliËfoilowing textbox identífies the l0 EITs the Agency described to DoJ.

to in
l\lccorcling

.l:l-!í':: '':::.:.'

Enlran cecl Interrogation

Techniques

åri:,'íi!'trfis ü^ïfr'trîx#ft:äf dlal H:åîi"i::ili#ïff the detainee grasp, ag the

:;":ili:'

#k**ig;u*¡**;;**t***,*It # .r ^...r lhpn ouickly i

same motior,r

" :,--i:

firnrlY Pushcd into

ö;Ïi*

-

*",lå,#iï:Ïäf':':{

*ï.;"*'***'*"' awa)'

Places an oPen Pal

ht

o

weu gettips are kept rrre raciar

with

"i:"*fflXt"'-i:Jîìffi"ri:,1f1..:tJ'".t"f'f"'Iiiiuuäut"i"""t rrob e'

'iltr'åi iiiiïÎ"ru.tt'u ,rncrarnpe'r':*ï:ffi "

"o"u'p

onci in

s

ea

lff "i'"',îiî:'itåjåÏüii'ï'f, t-piäùit"

'Xj:î"$::ÏT;*

ta¡t uP to

r?'gt Plo'I.,ours and in une rarglr rw

,äïlì "i no

o

-^..^.,r arrart. The

18

hotus'

than insect ìn the box a hanrrless ''tore in'uolve placíng a confinementìrox Insects place{ in

. ;T,iïii"*

*:ff

hìs feet sPread aPP

:îfu

,.r,jft""ffi m,å***1""i't

ä";;ìli;' not*'.1",#îï:ö:Ïåff allc cletainee is

+ "

h

'

- -:

t

^ r'arrin ø

the detainee sit

o*

tã ä'u

the Jloor ou u

r'i'

a

leanl on the floor lvhile l-read or toreelin6

wiJl not exceecl Sleep cleprivation

'

'T;o.d, i

iuu

iii ä? ff ïì1*"l"ii #jtangle' extended:Tï::j,ä-"iir* il";t 45ffclesee

e a pp rica rionoiåiå.;J"ïljl ;i,h ñi' legs

.r

oi

11' clays at a

tiare'

:';.,:'iïtï;"';: r d": 'rhe : ffi"iil; ; ñ:Î :'^Ïob'íz i"il;;::;,h:--i,î:r:rli:Tä:ì:il:[î:,î",]",ffi n:i';.iä;.:;;:il*l.:13åffiXS; ffiTä:ì his arrove ;';:ïï:11 o1a ele feet erevated rã" ¡ççr --1n.",

e

a

cr

p p t ic a tio n.o

oencrr wlut ruÞ "llllli.,for ?'0r, to iÏiifi'ililt"' ;ffiií,;ti*s - -ì^d, n*er ovlr tl¡e p-laces- a cìoth 1ä:::'ïoi"*ir ".i:;;.:;",'....uo' Airftow rsrestricted mumer' and an interrogator 1¡]:'l5:ììed - r strrfocation' ^,'rr, and Û'e ctoth in a controlle" oiîtu*il.'g T;';ï :iiffiä'"Jo U"l,l;*"ordrownirrgands'lrrrocation ;îiäil1,"^îJ,'::i:]1:i';Tj:knf produces " anci the tecnniclue rr.\€

i0

seconds

'""

I

Dal

rccaLlrNÁLYSIS

CIA's OGC sought gtddance from Do] of EITs vis-à-vis indivicttrals detainecl The ensuing legai opirúons focus on an'd OtherCrttel' I'humane a*d Degrading Treatnient or Punishme.lt (T9rture. Convention) '2 2340' U.S'C' ^o esp"ecially"as iinplemented in the U,S. criminal code,lB 36,

23404.

g7, (J / /FoUo) Tlre Torttrre Cor.rverrtion specifically prohibits "torture," which it clefines in Article 1' as: any act by wlúch seaere painor suffering, whether physical or as mãntal, íí íntentionally inflicted on a pers.on for sucJ'r purPoses confession, a or information obtaining from hÍm or a third person or is punistrin-g him for an act he or a third person has comrnitted or him or coercing ä,rspectuã of having committed, or intimidating any of a third Person/ ot fðt *y reasonbased on cliscrimination kinci, rvhen such pain oi suffering ís inflicted by or ai the instigation of or lvith the consenior acquiescence of a pu6lic official u, oiiu, prrson acting i¡r an official ca¡''ädry' It does not ind'de pain or slffering arisfig only from, in¡ere.nt in or incide*ial tr: iawful sanchión. [Emphasis added']

A¡ticle 4 of the'Iorture Convention Provides that states PaIty to the Convention are to ensure that all actì of "tortalre" arc Offenses turder their criminal iaws. Article 16 adclitionaliy provides tl-rat each state parfy "shall untl.ertake to preveni in any territory utder its h'eatment or iurisdiction other acts of cruel, inhutnan or degrading þlrtrittl**t lvhich d<¡ not amount to acts of torture as defined in Article 1."

is (U//FOUO) Adopted 10 December 'i-f--

Treaty l)oc. No. 100-20 (198S) 1465 U.N.T.S' 85 entered into force for the United States Convention (entered into force 26 June 1984. The Tolture on 20 November 1994. 1984, S.

i,'ai

t!:;'!:t!""

:,....+-:.::-l

1

.,)t=é:-t

;" "

38.(U//FoUo)TheToritulConventionan'rriltotheUnitecl uod ut'attstandings the' re;;;;;;;

oîJått withexplainecl States only in utt rt*:ii;än;.ti?l''1,4s qu macle by the u^it;,ffi;,;, "* Brancl-r prior to ratification: ã'àtoti"" to thr: Senate oy 'nî

U'S' broacler than existing Article 16 is arguably t o'äãäì,'å treaünen " cruel, inhu ma* str u iriternat ion al in

u^iversar

'l'he pluase

l:liÏl:Iîii "Î'i'^'n' meÏüäilä ðou en cov

"' ,'ää;ä ;;"'"' o rr r

las''

i

Decraratiol'"îiìïã* tug1]:_lï

Intemati'onal

"'''unt

I^ä*ü"^a'.':.11i:i:ï;iî$*îllïXlfil",:l,l','J;".,''"

;' i;trffi ::îitî :iTli:;appears Ë:åltî,r l*ffiî-iïffål,"; roughì{:1"1"åïh.'i,f,tt-, be to uunrshment tvuji**ä E'ighth a^d in the united states uär.¿ i,ioirt*.',t, iiÏ;il;r A*u''d*u''ts' "De gradii g- :ïh h ea*nent ilffi ;ììühas been interpreted Tl'.9tttt:1i inclu cling c"îruttttion.

J.."îï

h'wever, ,iJ ;; ;'r

ñ robabrv "oi b' P':)l::Tii :L: ;;; i"d"'idua* s lXl+;+1,,i¡ifrii:rr:,lxä*'":L'U;m;t;,i1';i1i$"" to lrp gerrcìer charrge

TB1,.^,,^^ qlâtêq corìstrues the pÌrrase

äake ctear that the

ffiäñiîñ"d;stancling

trre frm "rhe uniterl states rrncìerstands .tü^äü;eatme¡rt ": t

ilre Converrti<¡tr,

is

'1.;efitllì:iåi'"åt

::ï::i"ll"ilTli-*s-r"ot** eF

iitution of tl'te

ffiphasisadded'l

treaties' ìrut

ðo"u'ntio'' on 16(U]viennaConventiorront]reLarvofTreiìties,23May1969,ll55UNTs'331(e¡rte¡edinto

ø,ìu)t lorce27

JanrLary JantLary

Ine urutur¡ urrr'"- - 1e80)' rte.unit:'f:1"','^11l;; 1980).

1? iu /

/Fouo)

100-20' at 15-16' s. Treaty Doc' No'

lä;;itü;;gärds

iis provisiors

.i larv, ntiÏl':í$ii;;*a

lnrational as customarv r¡rtc

ji'

"".i:-Ì*i,Ð.iÊ¡.rîi.:.:;¡

ln accordance with tl're convention, the United States criminaíized. acts of torture in 18 U.S.C. 23404(a), 39. (u

//Fouo)

wlúcl'r provicles as follows: whoever outsicle the united states comrnits or attenrpts to comlnit torhue shall be fined under tlús title or irnprisoned not more than 20 years, or both, anct if cleath results to anyperson irol conduct pt.,hibitud by this subseclion, shall be punished by death or irnprisonect ior any term of years or for life'

The statute adopts the Convention definition of "torttue" as "an act committedby a person acting urder the color of law specificallyintenclec{ to infhðt sel'ere physical or mental pain or suffering (otl'rer than pain or suffering incidental to lawful sanci-ions) uPon another purror. withjn his cuJtocty or physical conh-ol."l8 "severe physical acicled a þain and suffering" is ¡roifurther clefined, but Congress ãefinition of "severe mental pain or suffering:" from[T]he prolonged nrental harnr caused by or resulting (A) the intentional infliction or th¡eatened infliction of severe physical pain or suffering; (B) the achnfurishation or application, or tht'eatened tanc es or a ct ministra tton or' applica tio¡r, of n'Lin cl'altering sttbs other procedwes calèulatecl to disrupt profoundly the senses or the personalily;

(C) the th¡eat of ùnminent deathi or

threat that another person ].ill imminently be subjected to death, severe ptrysical pain or sufferirrg, or the administration or application of rninct-aliering substances or other procedurescalctrlatecl to clisrupt profounclly the senses or pe.sonality. . . .19

ÇD) the

T'hese statutory clefi¡ritions ale consistent rvith the ttncl.erstandilgs and reservations of the United States to the'llc¡rtLrre Conventio¡l.

18

(u//Fouo) le (u//Fouo)

18

US.C. æ40(1).

18 U.5.C. æ40(2).

nitr!-', ;ffig':!;!u¡1{#t

ii'¿i-'-l':'-'" "'

: -'ìií':El

'

îoTsÊeR,Er/

40.

(u/ /Fouo)

rorr're statute, ra

DoJ has

"tu::

of the prosecuted' a violation

ïls1iðäá+q' 1"a 'rL'á the'restrlts

i'

1ìo

caset^ï

fr:tä.Tå'.,

of its researc the suntmer tã DoJ's OLC in th:.:l:tttunts of the

its provisio"'' oCäiltt*t-¿ issues under U.S.¡aïiffi.ä*ä**t

f.* "t 1 August 2002 J";i^ssified of 2aa,zurd receiväa preliminrrr:"*** *Fv the torture statute r'Jïoí¿ ':Ë:'* orc t ãndusions r.egarding tlt t"a conclucled that ot-c lesat *t*"":åãä;;i sìäit torture the of tr'n' ure specifically Droper interpretatän *a or isuô.io,.,2340A nï:::ä;'^.o rvhethermental "rit.,ì"ä, "extreme intencleci t" ¡''niti 'u"u'u Ptl :' :*""* äJItímust be of at., ohvsical."' AL:"oLä;;J"'I g: Uï true]' ¡u'tuTill or degrading' intensity to i-,uí.rru" and' thai "'certain ^to*uy of fl-t it'l:til" p1ilu"*t'trãiog bot still "ot p'oäott

alrw'1rins""iäilsä04'spros*tåäffitr:tïH;;Jï*.' of intenoeo Po*" ",. ä;;itt* the reqrrisite level

f

plry

si

ca

rp

a

in

am o u n,iie

j"

::,

^',ï:ilîî:åïfräi ::l'l, Ë:1*

For purelv to the paitt trcconp*y]"s':::":Ïi.i;i,;;;uJ" t:läîï.,.i";ture áuotb'.'Secdon 2340' bodíly of uncter failure, impairment to aÑrunil:^i"il;;; suffering o* gr pti''t ment'aì gical har nr ooitig.,'ttfit'^"' I :t " ri ;1fi , R"v.t',oto g", ri r,TT';i years'" ,,.,r., r,, "r for mónths or even durah<¡n' ä;i;:ft

tt'

Section'331["":$::'llålTt' a violation of oLC determjnecl that ot t'l:iefendant's "Precls( * us ti [v irrfuctiorr "f d ef eru e äuo' "úgl ä-u i'"'ttt tion 2340

J;;;;"

o concloata inrerr o garior., äu

al

s

tr-,o

i

"ity ¿s rhar

*."ffi;il;*dtt

v iõt a tå sec

^'22 anv other

opilion äääi;äã*tt.whether rhe Augrist zo;ä óic iî'i" J""111"' treatment' arrd

í;; 'i' 'i11"î flre Uiríted States'23 ";ü;' tio''t ãf ãtoi""uu ot't'iãu

provision' interro

ga

20 tU¡ /fOUO) Legal \'lenrorandum' 2oü2)'

;; ù:J.å.äo-æloÃ

Re:

urcle¡ Conduct for lnterrogation $andarcls of

(1August

21 çu¡lFouo) Ibid-, P'1' 22 (u I /Fouo) Ibid', P' 39'

'*ïi*r' :rîriirîî'f rsí*qï,î*"*n',+i'i*l*:***,ffi for victinrs tortltre' of

L

To?sÊenssJ

::";Íi ið#ï-:*'!*.':'-:¡¡r,:'--- r-¡;o

41..(s//FoUo)Asecondunclassifiedl.August2002oLC opinion aàclressed the international law aspects of such me lhods illt"oo gutions,24 This opinion concludecl that iirterrogation the Torhrre that clo not violate tg U.S.C .2g4}wou1d not violate of the convention an
tff'"d;';

c ;f ;aðIA.zs (Appendl \- r t.

ffi:

t'

l:

"f T]-" .?1dï::'^1 CIA's Acting General bottot*t, rliscussed whether the çr1gLs,:1Ït" et,l*t tUof EITs i:r interrog"ti"g Abu ZubayclahrvouJ'{.violate prohib i bi on on toitr¡r'u I ft,u opiniol conclude d ütul 1t : :{"TÏ::1 ibrr Zubayduh would rìot víolate the torh-rur-e statute.bei..lTt?:j11ilg other .thingu, Agur,.y pu.roo,tel : (1) woulcl l: t tq :tilitly ilf:1.1: . *ff.ting, and (2) rvould not Ìn fact inflict severe "i pain or suffering. I

This oLC opiniolwas based uPol't 43. cIA con.ce*it g the marmer ínwhich EIl's specific ,.pr"ãæ/ ôodd be àpplied in the irrterrogation of Abu Zubaydah' For "no last example, Of.C rn¿as told that the EIT "phase" lvould,iikely The EI'Is ,,rore than several days but corricl lasf up ¡o thirty dl't." .. not necessarily would ali ancl basis" woulcl Lre used on "arr as+reeded "in sc¡me sort of be used. Further, the Eil-s \Â,ele expecteci to be trsecl not escalaiing fashion, cuiminating with the wateÏboard though the ElTs nu.urrurñy encüng with this te-chniqtte." Although some of

ÞsEl[

ol'c aiso noted that coults may of conduct, although a single incident coul
rrffÃgi'

(1Ausust2002).

,utu*EN{e¡norandumfor}olrnRizzqActingGeneralCotrrrsetoftheCentral

fr,teìngm[ã-.Ç,

"Interrogation of ai Qaida Operatiye' (1 August 2002) at 15'

::.t-r

,;i'{''_-

.'

îÕp-s€e*år/

ti"""'

;il;;

ev er

a

ar ter i" rnightbeusedmorethanonce'.'Tu'repetitionr¡'illnotbesuìrstantiaì l" J that: rvas explained it b e c ar', e tr''. t.'n'ii'q'åö;; 1q *utu'to*d' tr-tu repetidonr." witttî;;J;"

is bouncr . ' . tire incrividuar ir,¿i"i¿''¿'s feet are

s

I

::'"fÏåi:ff:tr*iîi:t';;;'Ïìi

8:ne1tttg""ili;i,iin' ãi'i' t" is then apli:'åiti.';t;Ïì:ä ^untir it forehead ""iï;;'-\i/^ter As this O 1'-""å;ä tää"t¡ is saturated ar"td cont¡otied *unnu'' i"î"' îr.I" ão now is sri ghtlv iî*"'Til"h :Ïå: i:ffiì#lï io'u'on¿'.¿""'å til P;tt:"" "l llå;:ilïöi .

* '"Jöìå iì ã"ü"" ¿':ä:ÏJï:;5;ålllllÏ;;u .'n"

reshictecl

car*es

"'iJå'i

:Ì:iå-"å,: Iti::riilirïäij+r:ipåru***rf "suffocation and inc\:ient Poil? îrrngr. During

those

*.iår'i",i t",

u-re indivic{rral does it 20 to 40 secónds'-wa'.":

rl.il l lreight of It2 tified' and thc

""lb':1t::;i;i;;;;il.¿

::,11äi"-.tå,i'tå erro:/. io 2+j inclres' After this f

iî,Hif#llitr"g$ ""' :i::ä)åï w a ter

is

usuallv o pp-lild

ft

3-

""io*"ti "

iåËiää'i'ff tlr i$;ffii'ffi'*Håiîfr: cirowning' [Ilt applicatioir' is likelY that

¡'t u"y ott"

than 20

'it'*ltt Finally,.theAgenqP':Ì:1ì::1:Jf#åhîi:î,îli':t;it'":-:::,,. *t-tol:'Ë;;"#;; and rvitln

rhat the use of E1'fs program SERE the psychologi"î'î*ttted with oiC reliecl on these ot æ'* iong no woulci. cause that no oirvsical lra¡n cäctusion its on him.f the representutioï] toìîpport run.rraï."ii frorn t'e uit

¿t ., /rtruy,tal-t

*t"tii"h-;:

orotonged

j|.ir.,

Ë;;;;itl"ding

ffi

r.ãiå

tne waterboard'

z¿

,i:i,':*îitîl:!:tlii*:þï*:#Ë:,

'.*¡ ì"ìr* oLC opínion' 'ln retrospect' based on u ç -i.-ry arr or uÌ: aPPre.ra l. of t¡rs EIT was"uit*llutu IT"äi.àtîn;iìnt ieportea sophistication *¿ that the powerr-H'j as

it retared to the warerliorå,

ilËï;,ñimore,

exp olufs contends thatthe

ouurr,ored in rhe otr

ir* snnn þåyaorofistliruerrogators

-1:i-i-ii

i,lai.-.

oGC conrinLlecl to consult ivith DoJ as rhe 44. ÞSmj CTC Interrogation frogrâm and the trse of EITs expandecl beyoncl the interrogatioñ of Abu Zubaydah. This resulted in ihe producfion of or, ondutud and unsigneddocu:nrent er-rfitled, "Legai Principles Applicable to CIA Dãtention and Inte'rogation of Capture Aî--ea,ida persorur.e1."27 According to OGC, ihis analysisryas 91f coordinated witlr ancl drafted in substantial part by OLC. In adclidort to'reaffirmilg the previous conclusions regardíng the torhrre stafute, ihe analysís ånciúdes that the federal lVar Crimes statute, 18 U.S'C' 2441, does not appty to Al-Qa'ida because members of that grouP aÎ--e not entitled to ptito.t.t of war status. The anllysis adds that "the or [Torh:r'eJ Convention permits lhe use of [cruei, inh'uman, degfacling treaffirentl in exigent circtrmstances/ such as a national u*lutgut^t.y or waf." It also states that the interrogation of Al-Qa'ida tlu*b"rs d.oes not violate the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendrnents because those provisioru clo not aPPly extrater:rítoriaþ, nor ctoes it violate the Eighth Amendinent because it only applies to persons upon rvhom.ti*irrut sancLions have been irnpclsed. Filrally, the anatysis states that a wirle range of BITs a¡rcl other techniques rvould not ccxrstituie concluct of the type that woul.d be prohibitecl by tl-re Fifth, Eighth, or Fou¡teerr'ûr.Amencltnents evelÌ lvere they to be applicable: 'Iihe use of the

following techniques and of comparable, approved

techniques cloes nOt violate any Federal statute or other law, s'here the CIÁ interrogators do uot specifically íntend to cause the detainee fo urclergo severe physical or mental pain or suffering (i.e., ihey act with the good faitl'ì.lreltef that their conduct rvill not cause such pain or suffering): isolation, reduced caloric infake (scl long as the amount is calculated to maintain the general health of the cletainees), deprivation of reading material, loud music or lvhite

the waterboard v,¡as probably nrisrepresented at the time, as the SERË rvaterboa¡cl experience is so differcnt from the snbsequent Agency usage as to make it al¡nost irrelevant. Consequently, according to OM$, there rvâs ao a príori reason to believe thaf appllng the waterboard wiih the frequency ancl intensity'rvith rvhich it'r.r'as usetl by the psVchologist/irrterrogators was either eflicacious or med.ically safe.

,zhqm..LegalPrinciplesAppIicabtet
aop*rffii

rersonner,

bnspensv

¿rracneu,o-ilffi*.r

u J ur is

¿uvJi.

'

level noise (at a decibei

calcullt-di

tle avoid damage t9

tlffñ$$,firåg¡5$ii#j*gr+-#diaPers, the ul

Acco r crirrs,g g

G

C' this

an

a

$

T-:it itî

f*äå:lg,::i;i:î'"1fi in that oPinion'

;åt:iîiäliiä: î^

"

fä#;ãJt,*i,r,econcritiorrsthat

;J;;;.iried

Norrcr ro /1¡lD colvsutrÂTloN

t?¿l

wrfl

Exncurwr¿'vo Co¡¡cREssIoNÂL

OETTCTALS

45:

üre legatitY of E '

p"uóä'ri

ánd senio'

;äJ#tratioriof

fiåiob' Tht

uct

the legal o f f icìals on

*1 ï^.r"*äîäiitv ï"î* brief ed un n, "n proposed*"'Ifr ioärulioruoo'"i*öi'"îÏ'{îå3:i"#iin"t Oversight Comrn wìth NSc

åiiå

Ïntelligerrce ãf tflu Congress'""^f and EITs' both standarcl iåtfrrliqots

Fs#

*a of the G"ou'utffiill'

tltgiîÎî,#;ïîf:it

early ?'90?' tury9 tontinueó to inform

F

officïals^^u*lîäilüor.r.îcã"g'essionalOversight i; tÌt; cT c ? r o g r am' Th t t"t"*'l ;; c

o

e

mmitteu' " iuì t:tr''ä'''-

actions' Agency'p"t'f'JuTy*uotø*ti''"î'uürattheseofficialsandthe of and apProve CIA's u*ä. ir. Hotrse åffir;J*

Conrmitre.,

**l"twithwhite

ðä;iãigg^iî" rpîr. co'nser*d;ff;;,,¡äñsci:iiär;;.*l'-iiffiål?iîil'ir.u co*tr beøirning in Decern Detention and and offict ;;;i "f u'u"¿'r1uJrlilu"crc's u"¿ them on the "oit lnterrogation Prb granr'

TTre Gener^r

Representatilel t'"t'""ï;;;;iÃfruiß :f and the General ¿2. e s ence o r,t\e P-r 1i''Co.u.wel, :corrtinued ä. *tt '"**;iltïTærd to bner I "J*'r"p detentions1n bo.o*el, deteptions.n February --^ ^for"n. o use the "ncl on t Comrnittees

.tt-??* L: EsE) *" pru,.,i..år*I"ui'.:::"",::_::ii##;i,ilrnterigelc:,-. ::i ñ;i' ;:i l:o" continu' ., õ;;;ùi

,.ïË.1 iffiæ,æ:'":g:=l

rÊi1!.*-;:-Ér-rri

and. March 2003. The General Counsel says that none of the participants expressed any concem about the techniques or the

Prograrn. On29 Jrtly 2003, the DCI anct the General Corrnsel proviclecl a-¿ãtaiied briefing to selected NSC Principals on CIA's deiention and interrogation efforts involving "lúgh value d.etainees,,, to include the expanded use of EIfs.2S According to a Memorandum for the Record.preparedby the General Counsel followin¡5 that meeting, the AttorneyGeneral confirmed ihat DoJ of the expanded use of various EFfs, including multiple ^pptonuà aþþhcations of theìvatêrboard.2e The General Counsel said he bãiieves everyone in abtendance was aware of exactly what CIA rvas doing with réspect to detention and interrogation, ancl approved of the effort. According to OGC, the senior officials were again briefecl regarcling the CTC Program on 16 September 2003, anc{ tl're lnieltigence Committee leactership was briefed again in September 2003. Ág.ain, according to OGC, none of those involved in these ìrriefürgs expressed any reservations about the! program. 48.

G

wn nN cnoru c/uÏruRr/ ÐETEMrroN/,{ND

INTERRo

GrtrIoN

Guidance ancl traÍning are Éunclarnental 49, to the success and integrity of any endeavor as operationally, politically, and legalLy complex as the Agency's Deterrtion and Irrterrogation Program. Soon afterg /tI, the DDO issued Fuid of terrori the standards for

The DCI, in Janua.ry 2003 approved formal "Guidelines on Confinement Conditions for CIA Detainees" (Appenctix D). and "Guidehnes on hrterrogations Conducted 50.

(U//FOUO) Memorandurn for

Tü¡SE€RE.I/

the

-!-;..tirl r;.3::1--:::j';-'r:'

t-ì::E

-+:!t

^-"

Tõr,:st¡er+gl/

ffiH

briefings ancl eì r'-'c trt'** :: tieltt Håuaqi.^rters, to the

t .orrrr.rroi@

rroi-sr.etur;

;ï:ì"':Ï;'

I

I

I :

:

;

I

I

i I

! I