U Tin Moe Memory

uAsmq&m wifrdk; (1933 = 2007) uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

a&pD;oH *sme,f u xkwaf 0jzef@cso d nf

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pDpOforl sm; rd;k rc / vrif;w&m

xkwaf 0ol uAsmq&m OD;wifr;kd rdom;pk

0dik ;f 0ef;uln=D uolrsm;

4244 Baldwin Park Blvd

Burma Today, Burma IT (BIT)Team.

Baldwin Park, CA 91706, USA. e-mail : [email protected]

rlyikd f uAsmq&m OD;wifr;kd rdom;pk yHEk ydS f Morris Publishing 3212 East Highway 30 P.O. Box 2110 Kearney, NE 68847 800-650-7888

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aus;Zl;pum;

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uAsmq&mwifrdk; udk,fa&;tusOf;

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3?

vlxka':trm. 0rf;enf;pum;

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4?

uAsmq&mwifrdk;. aemufqkH;uAsm

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5?

trSwfw& pm

13

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trSwfw& uAsm

87

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0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;

135

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o0%fv$m aumufEkwfcsuf

273

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aemufqufwGJrsm;

291

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pma&;ol tuQ&mpOf t!Gef;

297

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

aus;Zl;pum; taz uG,fvGefjyD;csdefrSpI 0rf;enf;jcif;txdrf;trSwfyGJrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;? qGrf;auGs;tvSL'gejyKjujcif;? o0EfvGSmrsm;ay;ydkhjcif;? 0rf;enf;pum;rsm;ajymjum;jcif; pojzifh tazhtwGuf7nfpl;I ulnDyHhydk;juol jrefrmjynf te,fe,ft7yf7yf eSifh jynfyedkifiHrsm;7Sd pmayrdwfaqGrsm;? pmzwfy7dowfrsm;? tzGJhtpnf;rsm;? owif;Xmersm;? rdwfaqGo8F[rsm; tm;vHk;udk aus;Zl;txl;wif7Sdygonf/ txl;ojzifh tcuftcJtusyftwnf;aygif;rsm;pGmudk7ifqdkifI txdr;f trSwy f r JG sm;jzpfajrmufatmifvy k a f qmifju7aom jrefrmjynfweHwvsm;rS tazhtm; cspfcifoltm;vHk;udk vSdKufvSdKufvSJvSJ aus;Zl;wif7Sdygonf/

usef&pfol rdom;pk

4

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

wifr;kd (1933-2007) trnf&if; OD;b*srf;? 1933 Ed0k ifbm 19 &ufaeŒwGif jrif;jcHc±dik f awmifomòrdŒe,f uefjrJaus;&GmY tb OD;btd/k trd a':pHx,fwdkŒu zGm;jrifonf? Z*srf; wdkif;&if;jrefrmtv,fwef;ausmif;/ rEœav; ausmif;wdkufq&mawmf OD;tmp& ausmif;/ yckuLU OD;cifarmif}u;D usL&Siaf usmif;wdŒk wGif wufa&muf ynmoif=um;cJ+h y;D q,fwef; pmar;yGu J kd 1957 ckEpS w f iG f yckuLU c±dik f a&póud tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;rS jrefrmpm*k%x f ;l jzifh atmifjrifonf? 1957 wGif rEœav;wuUodkvfY pwif ynmoif=um;onf? 1950 oDwif;u|wt f xl;xkwf rEœav;òrŒd y[d&k pf nf owif;pmwGif ‘0gu|wo f bif’uAsmudk ‘uefjrJoufESif;’ uavmiftrnfjzifh a&;zGJŒI pmayavmuodkŒ pwifajccsonf? 1951 txufArmEkid if H pma&;q&mtoif;. ‘pmqdak wmf’ r*~Zif;wGif ‘uefjrJ eef;jrifEh , G ’f uavmiftrnfjzifh ‘v,fxJu aw;oHcsKd’ uAsmudk a&;pyfonf? 1955-58 ‘udk&if*srf;’/ ‘pef;a&mif’ uavmif trnfcGJrsm;jzifh a&;om;onf? 1958 azazmf0g&DrS pI ‘wifrdk;’ uavmiftrnfudk pwif oHk;pGJonf? 1958-59 rEœav;wuUodkvf uavmif&Siftoif; 'kwd, OuUÏ/ 1960 wGif OuUÏtjzpf aqmif&u G o f nf? 1959 azazmf0g&DvwGif rEœav;wuUodkvf uavmif&Siftoif; pmpOf pmtkyftrSwf 1 tjzpf ‘zefr;D tdr’f uAsmpmtkyx f w k af 0+yD; xdpk mtkyjf zifh 1959 ckEpS f pmayAdrmefqk &&So d nf? 1963-67 txufArmEdkifiH pma&;q&mtoif; tr_aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,lonf? 1965 rEœav;wuUov kd u f 0dZm… bGŒJ &&So d nf? zefr;D tdrf pmtkyw f u kd u f kd wnfaxmifonf? 1966-67 vlxkowif;pm uAsmu¾ t,f'Dwm tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf? 1967-87 wuUodkvf bmomjyefESifh pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;XmeY pmðyESifh vufaxmuf t,f'Dwm tjzpf tr_xrf;onf? 1967-84 tajccHynm oif±dk;!$ef;wrf;/ jrefrmpmoif±kd; tzGJ@0iftjzpf ausmif;oHk;jrefrm zwfpm pmtkyfrsm;twGuf pmrla&G;cs,fjcif;/ a&;om;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifonf? q&m a&;om;onfh ‘u uav;i,f csppf zG,’f ‘c ca&uH;k rav;ðy;H ’ tpcsD jrefrmoifyek ;f }u;D zwfpm/ ‘rr 00 xxu/ tu yxr/ uom uyg rr&m/ nn vomom/ ntcg igpm&/ rr 00 uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

5

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm xxu’ ‘,kefuav;u em;&Gufaxmif ynm&Sda,mifa,mif/ a=umifuav;u vufonf; 0Suf acsmif;vdkuf&wJhºuGuf æ’ ponfh qdkvG,frSwfvG,faom uav;uAsmrsm;rSm vlodrsm; xif&Sm;onf? 1970 ‘xD;uav;eJ@reD’ uAsmpmtkyfjzifh trsKd;om;pmayqk &&Sdonf? 1988 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfyw kH iG f wufºuGpmG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;+yD; trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf wwfodynm&Sifrsm;tzGJ@wGif yg0ifonf? 1991 ayzl;v$mr*~Zif; t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,lonf? 1991-95 ppftpdk;&. zrf;qD; axmifcsjcif;udk cH&onf? udk&if*srf;&JŒ yef;vufaqmif (1958)/ zefrD;tdrf (1959) pmayAdrmefqk&/ avSwpif;ESifh oDcsif;onf (1963)/ tzdk;u0d uAsmrsm; (1964)/ tarhausmif; (1965)/ vlav;}uD;&if bmvkyfr,f (1966)/ yef;aps;cif; (1967)/ pdrf;vef;aom tdyfruf (1969)/ ydawmufrS o&zD (1969) trsK;d om;pmayqk&/ xD;uav;eJ@ reD (1970)/ qD;oD;onf rAsKid ;f (1972)/ ckepfpif=u,f (1972)/ ESi;f qDyiG ahf y: tdyaf ysmjf cif; (1973)/ ysK;d cif;aw;oH (1973)/ ylpD (1975)/ yk*aH usmif;u acgif;avmif;oH (1977)/ udk&if*srf;tprf;pm/ uav;uAsmyef;O,smOf (1977)/ uHhaumf&dyfrS tdyfrufrsm; (1997)/ uEœm&ESpfrsm; (1998) ponfh pmtkyfrsm; xGuf&Sdonf? 1999 wGif jynfyodk@ xGufcGmcJh+yD;aemuf Ak'<ESifhawG@qHkjcif;ESifh tjcm;uAsmrsm; (2000)/ cGyaf 'gi;f tvHac:&mod@k (2002)/ opf&u G af ºuaG v;ay:rSma&;wJh rSww f rf; (2004)/ uAsmaygi;f csKyf 1999 (2004)/ tnmvrf;u wrmwef; (2006) uAsmpmtkyrf sm; xkwaf 0cJ+h yD; uG,v f eG cf sed f txd uAsmrsm; yHkrSefa&;zGJ@onf? 1999-2007 jynfyodk@pa&muf&SdcsdefrSpI jynfy tajcpdkuf AGDtdkat/ bDbDpD (jrefrmykdif;)/ tm&ftufzf at/ 'DAGDbD/ rdk;rc/ acwfòydif/ {&m0wD tp&Sdonfh jrefrmtifwmeuf a&'D,dk pme,fZif;rsm;wGif pmyHkrSef a&;om;jcif;/ uAsm&Gwfjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifonf? xdkif;EdkifiH/ awmifudk&D;,m;/ *syefESifh tdENd,EdkifiH tajcpdkuf jrefrmpmaytiftm;pkrsm;/ tzG@J tpnf;rsm;. pmaya&;&mudprP sm;wGif t=uH^m%fay;wdu k w f eG ;f ulnrD r_ sm; tpOfwpdu k f vkyaf qmifay;cJo h nf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk qefz&efppPuòkd rd@ tajcpdu k f ‘rd;k rc’ a&'D,Ekd iS hf rD'D,mwGif tr_aqmifvl}uD;tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf? 2002 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tajcpdkuf vl@tcGifhta&;apmifh=unfhr_tzGJ@ (Human Rights Watch) rS Hellman-Hammett Grants qkcsD;jr‡ifhjcif; cH&onf? 2004 atmufwdkbmwGif e,fomvefEdkifiHrS Prince Claus Awards pmayqk csD;jr‡ifhjcif; cH&onf? 2007 Zefe0g&D 22 &ufae@wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk u,fvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f avmhpftdef*svdpfòrd@ aetdrfteD; vufzuf&nfqdkifav;Y uG,fvGefonf? Ô 6

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

olqHk;w,fjum;vdkufawmh eSajrmvdkufwm/ olvdkvl 2 a,mufr7Sdbl;/ wdkhacwfrSm aZmf8sD? rif;ok0Ef7Sdw,f/ uAsmqdkwm wa,mufwrsKd; aumif;juwmyJ/ armifwifrdk;uawmh ighpdwfxJ olhuAsmawGu tdw,f? xdw,f? rdw,f? ydkjyD;awmh Armqefw,fvdkh cHpm;7w,f/ tcktaru bmrSra7;edkifawmhbl;/ juD;jyD; toHk;ruswJhvl (tbGm;juD;)u ao7rSm? 73 eSpf7SdwJh armifwifrdk; qHk;oGm;7SmowJh/ olhvdk raevdkh ao77if udk,fhedkifiHrSmyJ aoaphcsifw,f aemufqHk; jrif7? awGh7? oj8d KF[f7wmaygh/ wifrdk;a7 oGm;awmhaemf ---/ b0awG7Sdjuao;w,fqdk7if aemifb0rSm qHkju? awGhjuao;wmayghaemf/

vlxk a':trm (Zefe0g&D 23/ 2007)

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

7

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

8

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

tmu&H ygu&HeJŒ AmvmeHawGeJŒ 0gpmurmqefqef òrdifawmv,frSm v+difabmv,faeol r[kwf?

omrefvo l m;wOD;&JŒ q² wifrdk;

olŒae&meJŒolŒae&m A[kokw ya'omòzdifòzdifoD;aewJh *Edkif}uD; òrdif}uD;rSm cdkrSD;aexdkifol jzpfygw,f? usrf;*eftoD;oD;u vrf;rSefenf;awGudk &SmrSD; a0zef&if; taeuef ra&r&mudk cGm {uef tajzudk &Smaeolom jzpfw,f?

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

9

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm b0&JŒ twdrfteufudk wc%eJŒ csdefpuf tdyfrufvdk 0dk;wdk;0g;wm;eJŒ udk;,dkŒum;,m;udk t[kwfrSwf ±kyf"mwf emrf"mwf ruGJrjym;eJŒ tonf;w,m;,m; zJupm;ovdk tvGJtrSm;awG vGefusL;aewJh pmwrl;wefeJŒ csmwl;vefvnf; r[kwfygacs? tcGifhta&; jrufwpfqkyfeJŒ r[kwfonfukd t[kwfajym Aka'
uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

udk,f }uD;us,fzdkŒxuf EdkifiH}uD;us,fzdkŒ ta&;}uD; &D;wD;,m;wm;eJŒ qD;oD;EGm;pm; aeŒryg;vdkbl; w&m;r#w/ vGwfvyfrS csrf;om ol ig tm;vHk;/ nDnmnm ±kef;-urS vlvHk;vSvwWHŒ[k pdwfaeoefŒoefŒeJŒ rxdwfrvefŒ aecsifolyg? a&r+wfxJ rdausmif;ay:ovdk wudk,fawmf ausmf-um;r+ rvdk udk,fu tp/ olu tm;vHk; &$ifðyH;csrf;ajrŒ/ aysmfwJhaeŒudk jrifawGŒvdkpdwfeJŒ twdwfu trSm;awGudk ausmf 'd@w&m;udk ar#mf&if; bk&m;ay:odkŒ aysmfaysmfwuf 'dk;ywf0dkif;eJŒ aysmfawmfqufcsifyga-umif;? ? wifrdk; 21/ 1/ 2007 we*FaEG nOD;tdyf&m0if (TuAsmonf ruG,fvGefrDnu q&m aemufqHk; a&;zGJŒcJhaom uAsmjzpfygonf)

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

11

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

12

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

13

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

14

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

ausmf0if; 23 &ufae@ tdyf&mux uGefysLwm pm;yJGxdkifvdkufawmh tD;ar;vf pmwdkufyHk;rSm q&m wifr;kd uG,v f eG af =umif; awG@vu kd &f w,f? usaemfah cgi;f xJ csucf si;f 0ifvmwmu q&mh&@J pum;? “cspfolwdk@ oufwrf;wdkvS.” aemuf udk,fh&yfudk,fh&Gm udk,fha&udk,fhajrudk oHa,mZOf }uD;olwpfa,muf tdraf wmif jyefra&mufEikd af wmhqw kd mudk odawmh usaemftawmf 0rf;enf; rdygw,f? uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

15

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&mta=umif ; a&;csif v mw,f ? odk@aomf usaemfu pma&;q&m wa,muf r[kwf? uAsmaumqdkawmh uAsmwyk'f pmwyk'f qHk;atmif tvGwf&ol r[kwf? uAsmawGawmh awG@u&m tukefzwfonf? cHpm;=unfhonf? tvGwfawmh b,fawmhrS r&? 'ga=umifh q&mu uAsmorm;/ pmorm; qdak wmh iga&;&if jzpfygrh vm;? od@k aomf bmyJ jzpfjzpf q&meJ@ trSwf&p&m wdkufqdkifr_rsm; csa&;r,fq+kd yD; onfpmudk csa&;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? q&meJ@ av;ig;}udrfqHkwmxuf ñuHzl; w,fq&kd if ydrk eS yf gw,f? q&meJ@ wqifch o H m ñucH &hJ wmyg? tazeJ@ywfoufv@kd / tpfreJ@ywf oufvdk@ tjcm;ta=umif;t&meJ@ wdkufqdkif vdk@ ñuHcJh&mwmawGcsnf;yg? odk@aomf usaemfh qDrSm trSwf&p&mrsm; usef&pfcJhygw,f? yxrqHk; q&mhwdk@tdrfudk 1996 ckESpf avmufu tazeJ@ a&mufczhJ ;l cJw h ,f? oGm;cJh wJh ta=umif;t&m rrSwrf ad wmhyg? 'gayr,fh usaemhf&ifxJ usefcJhwm q&mwdk@&J@tdrfyg? tif ; pd e f rif ; }uD ; vrf ; u ajrmif ; aygif a y: ar;wifaqmufxm;wJh wxyftyd u f av;yg? tdrt f 0if ajrmif;abmifay:ausm+f yD; oyfoyf &yf&yf aqmufxm;wJh opfom;wHwm;av;eJ@

tdrfuav;? awG@olwdkif; cspfcif=uwJh uAsm q&m&J@trd ?f 98 tapmydkif;umv q&mjr (q&m jroef;wif)h qH;k +yD;awmh wnae (aemufwpf ae@ naevd@k xifygw,f) usaemfw@kd tyk pf ak wG vSnf;wef;u rGefopf vufzuf&nfqdkifrSm xdik =f uawmh q&m*sr;f wd@k wawG a&mufaeESihf ygw,f? tJ'h 0D ikd ;f u oli,fcsi;f wpfa,mufu rdwq f ufay;vd@k q&m*sr;f vd@k o&d awmh usaemf wd@k tyk pf ak wG tJ'0D ikd ;f eJ@ teD;qH;k rSm xdik v f u kd f =uygw,f? olw@kd 0idk ;f rSm armf'efvil ,f uAsm q&mtcsKd@eJ@ q&m*srf;wpfa,muf avay; ajzmifhaewmyg? “udkjroef;wpfa,mufuGm "mwfA;l av;wpfv;kH &J@ toufuu kd ,f&if; ol@ touf u d k ay;oG m ;&w,f ” vd k @ q&mu t&$ef;azmufajymayr,fh ol@rsufESmuawmh tkH@tHk@rd_if;rd_if;? q&mjru bmrS r[kwfwJh rawmfwqr_uav;uae q&mjrtoufukd Ekwf,loGm;w,f? “ol&Sd&ifuGm trsm;}uD; qufa&;Edkif tvkyfvkyfEdkifao;w,f? tpm; xdk;r&wJh qHk;±_H;r_yguGm”vdk@ q&mu qdkcJh w,f? q&mvnf; q&mjrvdk trsm;}u;D quf vkyfEdkifygao;w,fvdk@om tck qdk&ygawmh r,f/ (q&m jroef;wifh qH;k wm "mwfA;l a&aEG;

q&mvGrf;ovdk usaemfwdkŒvnf; tdrfudk vGrf;ygw,f/ ud, k ahf jrud, k ahf &rSmyJ aysmfcsifygw,f? {nfo h nf}uD;wpfa,muf tdrjf yef ra&mufEikd af wmhyg? {nfo h nfav;rsm;vnf; tdrrf jyefEikd af o;ygbl; q&m? 16

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27

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uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

'g æ uAsmq&m? vlxk uAsm q&m? &ifxrJ mS u|efawmf usL;&ifv h u kd rf w d ,f? acgif;awG qwfceJarmh? yg;pyfawG yGi?hf xkid &f mu x-u? vlxk uAsmq&mqdw k m 'gyJjzpfw,f? acgif;awG qwfceJ armh? yg;pyfawG yGi?hf xkid &f m u x-u? av#mufae+yDu;kd ? q&mu acgif;wndwf ndwf/ tðyH;eJ@ jyefE_wfquf vd@k ? u|eaf wmfuawmh q&m i,fawG&J@óudqdkyHkudk tHhtm; oifh/ 0rf;om/ =unfEl; æ ? 'g æ uAsmq&m? vl x k uAsmq&m? &if x J r S m u|ef a wmf usL;&if h v d k u f r d w,f? acgif;awG qwfceJ armh? yg;pyfawG yGi?hf xkid &f m u x=u? vlxk uAsmq&m qdkwm 'gyJjzpfw,f? acgif; awG qwfceJ armh? yg;pyfawG yGifh? xkdif&m u x=u? q&mr}uD;awGe@J uAsm q&m}uD; wifrdk; a&S;a[mif; aES m if ; jzpf a jym+yD ; wJ h t cg/ vmwJhtwkdif; u|efawmfwdk@ jyef=uygw,f? 'DtcgrmS awmh q&mr}uD;u 'g uAsmq&m }uD ; wif r d k ; vd k @ ra=unm

awmhygb;l ? q&mi,fawGuvnf; wòydiw f nf; r&yf=uawmh bl;? 'gayr,fh olwdk@ &yfw,f? xdyfqHk;rSm&SdwJh q&mi,fu ol@a&S@ukd uAsmq&m}uD;jzwfwt hJ cg rwfwwf&yfvu dk w f ,f? ausmfoGm;+yD;awmh ol jyefxkdifw,f? olxkdifcsdefrSm oleJ@ uyfvsuf q&mi,fu rwfwwf&yfae+yD? 'Dvedk @J uAsmq&m }uD;wifrdk; jzwfav#mufaewJhtcsdefawGrSm q&m/ q&mri,f awGu xvkduf xkdifvkdufeJ@ vd_if;vHk;}uD; wvHk;[m edrfhvdkuf jrifhvdkuf jzwfoGm;aeovdkygyJ? tJ'D rE aW v;wuUov kd x f u J v_id ;f vH;k }u;D [m jrefrmjynf tES@H ? a[m æ tck Ekid if w H umtES@H ? 'g vlxk uAsmjzpfw,f? acgif;awG qwfceJarmh? yg;pyfawG yGifh? xkdif&mu x=u? vd_if;vHk;}uD;awG vdrfhwuf? 'g vlxk uAsmq&mjzpfw,f? b,fu q&m tm;awG&ovJ u|efawmf pOf;pm;=unhf w,f? uAsmq&m&J@ ESv;kH om;qdw k m wdraf wGe@J wlw,f? El;nHh w,f? jzLazG;w,f? vGifharsmw,f? aumif;uifrSmaew,f? tJ'D ESvHk;om;wdrfawGu vlawG&J@pdwful;eJ@ tZÆwWudk E_d;qG/ Ek;d xapw,f? 'gayr,fh wdraf wGu wcke@J wck wlwm r[kwb f ;l ? wcsK@d u wpfp æ æ ESppf / wcsK@d u wpfqyk f æ æ ESpq f yk /f wcsK@d u

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

37

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm wpftkyf ESpftkyf/ wcsKd@u jzLwvSnfh/ ndK wvSn?hf tJovkd trsKd;rsKd;&Sd=uwJh wdrfawG=um; rSm q&mh&J@ESvHk;om;uawmh wdrfwdkuf}uD; jzpfw,f? trsKd;om;&eH@eJ@ vGifharsmaew,f/ rdcif&@J Ev S ;kH om;vdk El;nhw H ,f? uav;&J@tðyH; vdk jzLpifw,f? aumif;uifrSm zefrD;tdrf wvHk;eJ@ vrif;ukd *Dwqufuyfw,f? aumif;uifrSmaewJhtcg avmuukd tyl'%fu vGwfatmif/ tJ'D ESvHk;om;wdrf wkduf}uD;u jynfoludk umuG,fay;w,f? tarSmifcsO;f vmwJt h cg/ jynfot l ay: tvif; udk zGiafh y;w,f? cyfrqdw+f idro f ufaewJt h cg/ xpfcsKef;ac:oH qihw f ,f? vlom;eJ@avmuudk apmfum;vm=uwJhtcg/ tJ'Dwdrfwkduf}uD;u rkew f ikd ;f jzpfomG ;wwfw,f?

rsuf&nfawG jzpfoGm;jyefw,f? jrefrm uAsmq&m}uD; wifr;kd uG,v f eG f oG m ;cJ h y gw,f ? ±k y f u rB m ±k y f a vmurS m obm0"rReJ@ avsmfnDpGm ol@oufwrf;u tuef@towf &SdcJh&w,f? 'gayr,fh jrefrm jynfoal wG&@J pdwu f rBm/ pdwaf vmurSmawmh uAsmq&m}uD; wifr;kd &J@ oufwrf;u tuef@ towfrJh/ tE Wdr jzpfw,f? ±kyfurBm/ ±kyf avmurSm uAsmq&mudk a0'ema&m*gu ±kwjf cnf; wku d cf u kd o f wfypfEidk w f ,f? 'gayr,fh jrefrmjynfoal wG&@J ESv;kH om;urBm/ ESv;kH om; avmurSmawmh trSefw&m;/ w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfcGifh/ +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ arwWmw&m;udk b,f r d p > m rS owf v d k @ r&ovd k y J / uAsm q&m}uD; wifrdk;u &SifoefaeqJjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh æ æ

'gwifrubl;? tJ'D wdrfwdkuf}uD;u rdk; tjzpfvnf; ajrudk qif;wwfayao;&J@? zdEydS &f ufpufra_ wG =urf;&rf;vmwJt h cg/ tJ'D rkd;u a'gorsuf&nfjzpfw,f? ajrywf=um;tuf/ acgifcsuf &ufquf vmwJhtcg/ tJ'D rdk;u yifysKd&GufEkopfap w,f? qmavmif r G w f o d y f r _ e J @ uav;awG ikdnnf;aewJhtcg tJ'Drkd;u um&ef ykvJykwD; aphawG oDw,f? pmoifausmif;awGrSm jrefrmausmif; om;awG &Sio f efaewJt h cg/ tJ'D rk;d u 0rf;om 38

uAsmq&m wifrdk; ruG,fvGefao;bl;? uAsmq&m wifrdk; ruG,fvGefao;bl;? uAsmq&m wifrdk; ruG,fvGefao;bl;? ÔÔÔÔ

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

eef;!GefŒaqG

rSwfrdao;w,f q&m*srf;&,f æ pmayvkyfom;acwf/ a[majymyGJawG acwfpm;aewJt h csed u f ayg?h ESpu f akd wmh rrSwf rdbl;/ [efZm;u armif&GufOD; zdwfwJhyGJav? q&meef;/ q&m*srf;/ q&mpGrf;/ udkaersKd;/ cspfOD;ndKeJ@ rif;om; udkjrwfav;/ ajcmuf a,mufqHk=uwJhyGJrSm u|efawmfu touf t}uD ; qH k ; qd k a wmh acgif ; aqmif a e&mu xm;=uw,f? u|efawmfuvnf; cifAsm;wdk@ pdwf&Sd vuf&Sdajym=uyg/ u|efawmf aemufqHk;rS tcsdef=unfh+yD; wdkwdkajymr,fvdk@ uwday; xm;w,f? udkaersKd;u acwfay:0wˆKrsm; ta=umif;/ q&mpGrf;u pmay tawG;tac: ESihf a0zefa&;/ q&m*sr;f u acwfprf;uAsmay: vmyHk/ cspfOD;ndKu vuFm'Dycspfol/ udkjrwf av;u uAsmESifh *Dwta=umif;/ aemufqHk; rSm u|eaf wmfu a&$wu kd pf ;kd OD;wd;k &J@ oZifyef; zGJŒ &uefudk &Gwfjy+yD; ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f? [ef Z m;/ ompnf r S m a[m+yD ; awmh aemufae@reufrSm anmif&rf;rif;om;}uD;&J@ uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

anmif&rf;òrd@ txu rSm eHeufydkif; a[m=u w,f? yGJ+yD;awmh eHeufpmau|;w,f/ &Sm;&Sm; yg;yg; csKd;a=umf/ pmuav;a=umfeJ@ [if;rsKd;pHk ygw,f? u|efawmfuawmh acgif;wHk;ajymif ajymifeJ@ csKd;uav;awG/ pmuav;awGudk =unf h + yD ; oem;aew,f / rpm;&uf b l ; ? [if;csKed @J [if;&Guaf =umfuav;avmufyJ pm; w,f? q&mu odyftpm;enf;w,faemf vdk@ olwdk@uajym=uw,f? tcsdKyGJrSm oD;ar$; iSufaysmoD;}uD;awG ygvmjyefw,f? anmif&rf;rSwpfcg rD;&xm;vrf;u &Srf; jynfbufuckd w JG ufwhJ ‘vdi_ ;f wuf’ òrd@uav; udk quf=ujyefw,f? tJ'Da&mufawmh udk jrwfav;u olw@kd rajymawmhb;l vd@k qdw k ,f? u|efawmfu udkjrwfav;&,f/ cifAsm;wdk@vdk Edik if aH usm&f yk &f iS rf if;om;wpfO;D udk y&dowfu awG@csif=urSaygh/ pifay:wufrsufESmjy+yD; jcm;em;csuf oDcsi;f av;wpfy'k af vmufawmh qdjk yvdu k yf g? olw@kd tm;vH;k +yD;rS cifAsm;ajymyg [k arwWm&yfcH&w,f? aevH;k }uD;u taemufbufo@kd edrq hf if; 39

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm ae+yD/ udkjrwfav;u tmawG@oGm;+yD; ±kyf&Sifta=umif;/ *Dwta=umif; awGtm;&yg;& ajym aeonf? ‘yef;uav;vdkvSaewmyJ awGŒjrifcsifonf/ yef;uav;vdk n‡dK;rSmudkvnf; pdk;&drfygonf (rcifESif;qD)2 vSprf;yg yef;avmuf apmifh=unfhaernf/ aemifawmhomtvdkrus&if/ oifhb0twGufyJ awG;um idkrdrnf’ y&dowfawG +idraf e&mrS vufcyk o f aH wGay:vmonf? aumif;vdu k w f m udjk rwfav;&,f [k csD;usL;&onf? aevHk;eDeD/ naeapmif;awmh tarhausmif;udk oGm;&r,f? tcsdefav;&onfhtcdkuf olwdk@eJ@pyfwmudkajymrnfvdk@ pdwful;+yD; &wemyHkaejynfawmf tdraf &S@u uaemifrif;om;}u;D &J@om;awmf vif;yifrif;om;}u;D &J@ &Sr;f jynfbufu awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkta=umif; csKyfIajymcJyh gw,f? oDaygrif;udzk rf;oGm;ayr,fh t*Fvyd t f pd;k &[m &Sr;f jynfbufudk wufrvmEdkifatmif ewfxdyfawmif=um;vrf;u qD;qdk@xm;=uw,f? ar*sm[dkuf'gy&if[m tdENd,rS ppfom; 4000 ausmfudkiSm;+yD; awmifay:ypftajrmuf ±dkifz,faoewfawGeJ@ csDwufvm=uw,f? ewfxdyfawmif=um; qkwfvmcJh+yD; jrufcg;tif;/ a&jzL}uD;/ &GmiH/ aAm"dowfb&k m;rSm wdu k yf aJG wGjzpf=uw,f? aemufq;kH rSm vif;yifrif;om;}uD; eJ@ rd;k eJapmfbmG ;[m zsm;aewJt h wGuf +idr;f csr;f a&;udk vufcv H u kd &f w,f? vif;yifrif;pm;}uD;udk &efukefodk@ac:vm+yD; c%xm;um tdENd,jynf Am&yfylòrd@udk ydk@vdkufw,f? vif;yifrif;om;}uD;eJ@ a&eH@omcifcif}uD;wdk@rS xdyfwifr}uD;eJ@ xdyfwifrav;udk zGm;jrif w,f? xdyfwifrav;[m &efukefjrif;yGJrSm vufrSwfa&mif;wJh =opa=w;vs,m;vlrsKd; rpPwm ‘bmvmrD’eJ@ 1928 ck pufwifbmvrSm vufxyfw,f? 1930 ckESpfrSm &wemewfr,f udk zGm;w,f? tck u|eaf wmfajymcJw h m &wemyHak ejynfawmf}uD;uae+yD; &wemewfr,fa&mufvm+yD/ a&S@qufajym&if tE W&m,feJ@ruif; jzpfrSma=umifh 'Dae&mrSmyJ ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f? ae0ifòzd;zstcsdefa&mufae+yD? ausmif;q&mwpfa,mufu vmajymw,f? u|efawmfwdk@ awmwufwJhtcg a&mufwJhae&mawGudk q&mu odaew,faemf æ wJh? [kwfvm;/ ar*sm ua&mhpf0dwfa&;wJh vif;yifrif;om;}uD;&J@ awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pk (Linbin Confederacy) pmtkyfudkzwf+yD; a&;wmygvdk@ ajzvdkuf&w,f? q&m udkb*srf; (uAsmq&m wifrdk;) aumif;&mok*wd odk@ a&muf&Sdygap? a&;abmf}uD; æ eef;!GefŒaqG 40

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

zd;k oH (vlx)k

udkb*srf;&J@ ‘zefrD;tdrf’ uAsmpmtkyf xGufawmh usaemf 8 wef; wufaewmyg? tJ'Dwkef;u usaemf[m 0wˆKeJ@ aqmif;yg; awmh zwf y g&J @ / 'gayr,f h uAsmqd k v d k @ ausmif;pmuvGJvdk@ rzwfzl;oavmufygyJ? q&mrif;ok0%f&J@ uAsm tenf;tyg;awmh zwf z l ; / usuf r S w f z l ; ygw,f ? 'gayr,f h armifacG;zdk@uAsmrsm;xJuom rsm;ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ udkb*srf;&J@ zefrD;tdrf xGufvmawmh usaemfwdk@tdrfxJrSm csD;usL;oHawG em;v#H atmif =um;vm&ygw,f? 'DtxJrmS usaemfh taru xdyfqHk;uyg ygw,f? b,ftyk'f uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

uav;ujzifh b,fvdk/ aumif;vGef;vdk@ æ aumif;vGef;vdk@eJ@? t,f'Dwmcef;rSmvnf; ajym=u/ xrif;pm;=u&mrSmvnf; ajym=u/ tJ't D xJu tyd'k af wG pma=umif;awG &Gwjf y =u/ udk;um;=ueJ@/ =um;&zefrsm;awmh c&pf ,mefomoemðyausmif;om; usaemfvnf; pdwf0ifpm;vmygw,f? 'geJ@ tarhudkuyf+yD; b,ftyk'zf wf&rvJv@kd ar;cJyh gw,f? 'Dawmh taru b,ftyk'fu b,fvdkaumif;wm qdk+yD; axmufjy/ &Sif;jy+yD; zwfjzpfatmif zwfz@kd wdu k w f eG ;f ygw,f? pmtkyx f u J olu, kd f wdik f tvGw&f aewmav;awGvnf; &Gwjf yyg 41

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm w,f? 'Dvekd @J usaemfw@kd armifErS awG/ t}uD;awG tm;vH;k zefr;D tdrpf mtkyu f kd tm;wufoa&m zwf=uygw,f? ol@&@J zefr;D tdru f Asmrsm; yxrt}udr±f u kd jf cif;[m ua&mif; 16 csK;d t&G,/f trsm;tac: 0wˆKqdu k af v;yg? tzH;k u tJ'aD cwf rE aW v;wuUov kd f eH&u H yfpmapmifawGe@J ESpv f nfr*~Zif; awGrmS tpGr;f jyaewJh a&$bu kd udpk ed af rmifjzpfygw,f? udpk ed af rmif[m ausmif;om;nD!w G af &; wyfOD;twGufvnf; ydkpwmawG/ yef;csDawG a&;ay;wwfygw,f? udkpdefarmifh vuf&mu yef;csD(OD;)atmifpdk;[efeJ@ tjzLa&mifaemufcHrSm teDa&mifeJ@ teufa&miftoHk;jyK+yD; qGJxm; wJh zefrD;tdrfav; zefvJhvJhudk qGJxm;wmjzpfygw,f? uAsmpmtkyftzHk; yDjyifvSygw,f? tJ'v D ekd @J usaemfb h 0rSm zefr;D tdraf v; xGe;f ndv ‡ u kd w f t hJ cgrmS usaemhaf cgi;f eJ@ ESv;kH om; xJrmS rñuHpzl; vif;xdeo f mG ;+yD; 'Dae@txdtvGw&f aewJh uAsmawGukd zwfr/d tvGwu f surf d ygawmhw,f? ausmif;pmtjyifu uAsmawGxJrSm txufuajymcJhwJh uav;uAsmawGu vG&J if usaemfyxrqH;k tvGwu f sucf /hJ &cJw h m[m zefr;D tdrpf mtkyx f u J uAsmawGyv J @kd q&kd if rrSm;ygbl;? usaemf acwfuAsmudk óudufwwfoGm;yg+yD? uAsma&;csifpdwfvnf; ay:vmcJhyg+yD? wu,fawmh tJ't D cgu udb k *sr;f [m vlx*k sme,fxrJ mS emrnftrsK;d rsK;d eJ@ a&;aewm ESpfwcsKd@&SdoGm;yg+yD? 'gayr,fh ol@uAsmawGudk usaemf owdrðywmtrSefyg? ta=umif;u usaemfu vlxk*sme,fudkzwf&if (OD;av;)usm;bndrf;&J@ vufa0S@ aqmif;yg;/ a&$udkif;om;&J@ aqmif;yg;/ 0wˆK pwmawGavmuf zwfwmyg? pmzwfyg; vHk;0 r0ao;wJht&G,f jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umihf udkb*srf;udkvnf; rjrifzl;/ 'grSr[kwf jrifzl;aomfvnf; owdrxm;rdzl;ygbl;? yxr qHk;awG@zl;wmu ol@ zefrD;tdrf qk&w,fqdkwJhowif;udk a&'D,dku=um;&+yD;aemuf wae@rSm ol&,f/ udkomEdk;&,f/ aemufwpfOD;u udkpdefjrihf (armifrdk;ol) vdk@xifw,f/ oHk;-av;a,muf usaemfw@kd trd u f v kd m+y;D usaemft h azeJ@tarudk awG@=uygw,f? rSwrf w S &f & nOD;ydik ;f wpfcrk mS yg? usaemftrSwrf rSm;&if udo k mEd;k u tJ'w D 0du k w f ek ;f u usaemfw@kd trd u f t,f'w D mtzG@J rmS tvkyv f yk af eygw,f? ae@wikd ;f awG@ae&wJv h yl g? aemuf+yD; rSew f majym&&if tJ'w D ek ;f u usaemf wdk@t&G,feJ@ ol@t&nftaoG;awGudk rodygbl;? axmifwef;tuscHxm;wJh ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifa[mif;wpfa,muf qdkwmavmufyJ em;vnfxm;wmyg? udkpdefjrifhuawmh (usaemhftarpum;eJ@ ajym&&if) ol@taz udkAwkwf (awmxJrSm usqHk;oGm;ol) vdkyJ vlxk 42

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm wdu k u f kd 0ifcsiw f t hJ csed f 0ifvm+yD; xGucf siw f hJ qdkwmudk usaemfwdk@u odyfoabmrwlcsif tcsed f jyefxu G o f mG ;wJh tdro f m;wpfa,muf =uygbl;? olwdk@u tjrJjrifawG@aewJhvlawG udk;? vdk aewJv h yl g? olw@kd vmw,fqw kd meJ@ taru usaemf wd@k ukd rif;wd@k awG@z;l csiw f hJ armifb*sr;f wd@k vm w,fa[hvdk@ vSrf;ajym+yD; olwdk@apmifhaewJh {nh f c ef ; xJ u d k 0if o G m ;ygw,f ? 'D t cgrS m usaemf w d k @ armif E S r awG t}uD ; tus,f v_y&f mS ;ukeyf gawmhw,f? usaemf&,f/ usaemhf tpfr&,f/ usaemfhESr&,f acgif;csif;±dkuf wdkifyif+yD; udk,hfrSm&SdwJh atmfwdkpmtkyfav;

ud k b *srf ; u usaemf h t pf r atmf w d k pmtkyfxJrSm a&;ay;+yD;wJhaemuf usaemhf pmtkyfxJrSm a&;ay;ygw,f? uav;awGrdk@ ayghayghwefwef/ +yD;pvG,fa&;ay;wm rvkyf ygbl;? ol@&J@a&;aeus vufa&;0dkif;0dkif;}uD; awGeJ@ pma=umif;av;wdkwdkudk jznf;jznf;eJ@ rSefrSef a&;ay;ygw,f?

olŒ&JŒa&;aeus vufa&;0dkif;0dkif;}uD;awGeJŒ pma-umif;av;wdkwdkudk jznf;jznf;eJŒ rSefrSefa&;ay;ygw,f? “±dk;om;r+om cspfp&m” wJh? awGxkwf+yD; {nhfcef; wHcg;aygufab;/ tcef; pnf;aemufuae jyLwpfjyLwpfvkyf=uyg w,f? 'DtcgrmS usaemfw@kd uv kd rS ;f jrifwhJ tar u “[Jh æ bm=unhfaewmvJ/ 0ifcJh=uav” vd@k vSr;f ac:ygw,f? +y;D rS {nho f nfrsm;bufukd vSn+hf yD; “a[m'DrmS æ armifb*sr;f udk awG@z;l csifvdk@wJh” qdk+yD; 'D[mu b,fol/ [dk[mu b,f0gqdk+yD; rdwfqufay;ygw,f? 'DawmhrS usaemfwdk@uvnf; udk,fhaemufrSm 0Sufxm; wJh atmfwdkpmtkyfav;awG xkwfay;+yD; atmfwdka&;ay;zdk@ r0Hhr&Jajym=uygw,f? tJ'D wkef;u udkomEdk;eJ@ udkpdefjrifhu a&;ay;r,f uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

“±dk;om;r_om cspfp&m” wJh? 0rf;omvdkufwJhjzpfjcif;? oleJ@ywf ouf+yD; usaemfwdk@armifESrwawG =um;zl; xm;wmudku “wifrdk;qdkwJhvl[m ol@uAsm av;awG vSyqef;!Gef@oavmuf oludk,f wdkifuawmh taetxdkif tajymtqdk b,fh uavmuf/ b,fuvdk ±dk;om;wm” qdkwm rsK;d awG r[kwv f m;? 'ga=umifh ol@aqmify'k v f @kd qd&k r,fh pum;&yfukd tckvv kd v S aS v; a&;ay; vdkufawmh usaemhfwouf rarhEdkifp&mjzpf oGm;ygawmhw,f? tJ'Daemuf usaemfvnf; 43

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm atmfwdkpmtkyfudk ol@vufxJujyef,l+yD; aemuf ol@rsufESmudk jyef=unhfvdkufygw,f? ol@&J@ pHusvSwJh/ =uifemr_tjynhfygwJh/ wu,fh udk±dk;om;wJh tðyH;udk awG@&ygw,f? tJ'aD emuf usaemfw@kd armifErS wawG ola&;ay;vdu k w f hJ atmfwakd v;awGukd wpfa,muf wpfa,muf jy=u/ olrsm;awGudk jy=ueJ@ wu,fhudk uav;awGvdk aysmfoGm;=uygw,f? *k%v f nf; ,l=uygw,f? zwf&wJv h w l ikd ;f uawmh tJ'D “±d;k om;r_om csppf &m” qdw k mav;udyk J aumif;vdkufav vdk@ rSwfcsufcs=uygw,f? 'Dvekd @J usaemfvnf; zefr;D tdrx f u J renf;vSwhJ uAsmawGukd tvGwu f su+f yD; wuUov kd f 0ifwef;udk a&mufvmygw,f? usaemfw@kd acwfu 9 wef;eJ@ wuUov kd 0f ifwef; wuf&ygw,f? wuUov kd 0f if pmar;yG}J u;D eD;awmh usaemfu reuf ausmif;rwufcif ausmufoifyek ;f }u;D ay:rSm zefrD;tdrfxJrSmygwJh EG,fomuDoHjzwfwpfyk'fxJu æ “tvdk æ z&uf&Smav; &uf-umraES;apESifh txuftnmaus; wuUodkvfrudkÉfqDu a±$nmol ysKdjzLwodkufu,fwdkŒ tar#mfpdkufum &$ifcsKdcsKdy oajyndK a&$bdkyef;&,feJŒ vufurf;um óudESihfr,fav;” (pmom; enf;enf; rSm;Edkifygw,f) qdw k t hJ yd'k u f kd a&;xm;vdu k yf gw,f? c&pf,mefomoemðy ausmif;om;/ usaemfo h il ,fcsi;f awGu 'guakd wG@awmh ud, k b fh 0eJ@ wdu k ±f u kd q f ufaewmrd@k csucf si;f em;vnf cHpm;Edik v f @kd odyf oabmusomG ;+yD; usaemfu h kd twdwaf umif; edrw d af umif; aqmifvmw,fv@kd aus;Zl;wif=u ygw,f?

t&G,af &mufw/hJ tjyifpmzwfwhJ vlwikd ;f vdv k ykd J ‘aq;vdyv f nf;wd’k udak wmh tvGw&f wmcsnf;ygyJ? 44

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

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‘cspo f w l @kd oufwrf;wd. k rkef;olwdk@ oufwrf;&Snf. a=uuGJI rqHk;yg’ æ qdkwJh pmav;awG udk jyefowd&rdygw,f? olŒtwGufvnf; a=uuGJI rqHk;yg? olcspfwJh trdajrudk oljrif csifwJh taetxm;eJ@ rjrif&cif oloGm;&+yD? ol c spf c if v S w J h orD ; / ajr;awG / rd w f a qG a&mif;&if;awGu wae@ae@ jyefqHk=ur,f pdwfZGJcwfxm;ayr,fh/ rawG@Edkifawmhbl;? 47

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

50

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

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51

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w,f? vufrSwfoGm;0,fawmh u|efawmfu wef;pDawmh 0,fawmh olu qdzk mrSm xdik af e w,f/ aemufawmh aiG 10 vmay;w,f? [m q&m aeygap/ b,favmufrSrusbl; qdk+yD; awmh u|eaf wmf ay;ygr,fv@kd ? tJ'v D kd ajym+yD; awmh ol oGm;jyefxdkifw,f? u|efawmf vuf rSwf 2 apmif 0,fawmh ol tJ'DvufrSwfudk awmif;=unhw f ,f? c&D;pOfvufrw S u f v kd nf; ol awmif;=unhfw,f? =unhf+yD;awmh &xm; u 3 em&D 20 xGufr,fqdkawmh p}uFefeHygwf 9 qdak wmh u|eaf wmfw@kd p}uFef 9 udk av#muf oGm;w,f? &xm;ay:wufwmeJ@ xGuw f myJ? xGuf awmh ajymif;jyefjzpfaew,fav/ pD;&wm? ausmay;+yD; oGm;ae&wmudk;? olu t"du =unhcf siw f mu ±_cif;=unhcf siw f mud;k ? a&S@rmS trnf;rav; xdkifaewm? a&S@u trnf; rav; xdkifcHkudk ajymif;+yD;awmh olu jywif; ayguf eHab;rSm ±_cif;=unhw f m? =unh+f y;D awmh wrSwfwdkif+yD; wrSwfwdkif ol rSwfw,f? rSww f ikd f 3 ckwnf;aemf/ eD;eD;av;yJ wJ?h ,le, D H paw&Sifu abmf'Gifyghcfudk em&D0ufavmuf armif;&w,fav? tJ'geJ@ u|efawmfwdk@ 3 em&D 20 u xGuv f m+yD; av;em&D xd;k cge;D avmuf a&muf wmaygh? q&m}uD;aewJhtdrfeJ@ tJ'Dblwm±HkeJ@ odyrf a0;ygb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd vrf;av#muf+yD; awmh ypdzdwf tJAJvfe,l; ay:rSmaygh? vrf; av#muf+yD;awmh rD;ydKG ifah &mufawmh q&m}uD; u c% em;ao;w,f? ausmufcakH v;ay:rSm xkid w f ,f? xdik +f y;D rD;yGKd ifu h kd ul;+y;D awmh qD;Zm; rm;uufqdkwm &Sdw,f? tJ'gu yDeefu vm uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm zGifhwJh ukefpHkqdkifav;aygh? tJ'DqdkifrSm pD;u&uf 2 bl; 0if0,f vmwm? ol@ orufqDudk w,f? awmif rqufjzpfb;l ? Edik ;f 0rf; 0rf;u u|eaf wmfu h akd r;w,f? 'Dae&ma&mufawmhol@tdrfeJ@ eD;oGm;+yDav/ q&m}uD; tJ ' D u d p P 0 d p P a wG t wG u f ? tdrfeJ@ eD;oGm;+yDav? av#muf&if;eJ@ tJ'DrSm ruUqDudk qdkif u|eaf wmfu q&m}uD; vG,f wqdik &f w dS ,f? om;om;em;em;av;aygah v? tdraf &S@rmS jcHcwf tdwfxJrSmygwJh ydkufqHtdwf xm;w,f/ ausmufcHkav;awGeJ@? xD;av;awGeJ@ayghav? 'DrSm xJrSm xnfhxm;wJh tdkif'D xdkifOD;r,f/ at;at;aq;aq; wJh? +yD;awmhrS jyefr,f/ tdrfeJ@ uwfawG xkwjf y&w,f? vnf;eD;w,f qdk+yD;awmh tJ'DrSm 0ifxdkifw,f? 0ifxdkifawmh social security uwf blwm±Hrk mS olu umzDaomufvmawmh umzDqufraomuf awG xkwfjy&w,f? +yD;awmh csib f ;l / tat; aomufcsiw f ,f wJ?h 'ge@J tat;rSm ay;vdu k f ol@ orD;qDukd qufw,f? ol@ w,f? tJ'D tat;aomuf+yD;awmh wiHak vmufyJ iH&k ygw,f? orD;qDuq kd ufawmh ol@orD;

tat;aomuf_yD;awmh wiHak vmufyJ iH&k ygw,f? onf; ovdjk zpfomG ;_yD;awmh tifh tifh qd_k yD; arh_yD;awmh apmif;_yD; ,dik o f mG ;wm? tJ'geJŒ u|efawmf vSr;f qGv J u kd af wmh *smuifuv kd rS ;f qGrJ v d u kd _f yD; q&m}uD; b,fvjkd zpfwmvJ b,fvjkd zpfwmvJqakd wmh æ æ æ onf; ovdjk zpfomG ;+yD;awmh tifh tifh qd+k y;D arh+y;D awmh apmif; +yD; ,dik o f mG ;wm? tJ'ge@J u|eaf wmf vSr;f qGv J u kd af wmh *smuif udv k rS ;f qGrJ v d u kd +f yD; q&m}uD; b,fvjkd zpfwmvJ b,fvkd jzpf wmvJqdkawmh pum;ar; r&awmhbl;? tJ'geJ@ Edkif0rf;0rf; (911) udk qufw,f? Edkif;0rf;0rf;udk quf&if OD;u ryDawmh ae&majym&if vGJ&if =umaerSmpdk;vdk@ qdik &f iS u f kd tultnDawmif;vdu k w f ,f? aus;Zl;ðy+yD; Edik ;f 0rf; 0rf; qufay;yg qdak wmh qdik &f iS u f qufay;w,f? Edik ;f 0rf;0rf; uvnf; blwm±HkeJ@ 'Dae&m=um;rSm &Sdw,f? police station (&Jpcef;) av? odyf jrefw,f/ csucf si;f a&mufvmwmyJ? OD;u tJ'rD mS Edik ;f 0rf;0rf; quf+yD;awmh ol@ orufqu D kd zke;f qufz@kd qJvzf ek ;f udk óud;wyfaewke;f &Sad o;w,f/ Edik ;f 0rf;0rf;u a&muf uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

u tvkyfxJrSm qJvfzkef; yd w f x m;w,f ? yd w f x m; awmh OD;orD;wa,mufu vnf; ol@orD;eJ@twlwlyJ av? w±Hkwnf; vkyfw,f av? tJ'geJ@ OD;orD;qDudk zke;f quf&w,f? OD;orD;qDukd zk e f ; quf a wmh OD ; orD ; u vnf; ol@orD; csKdoif;udk ta=umif;=um;awmh csKo d if; u OD;qDudk jyefqufoG,f w,f? ol@taz b,frSmvJ 53

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm aygh? Edkif;0rf;0rf;eJ@ vkyfaew,f/ um;ay: wifawmhr,f? Edkif;0rf;0rf;udk u|efawmf ar;+yD;awmh b,faq;±HkvJqdkawmh udkifZmaq;±Hkqkdawmh udkifZmaq;±Hkudk vdkufcJhawmhvdk@? jzpfwJhae&m rSmawmh tck r&Sdawmhbl;? um;ay:wufawmhr,fvdk@ tJ'Dvdk ajymvdkufwm/ aq;±Hak &mufawmh u|eaf wmfu h kd waiting room udk ac:oGm;w,fav? olw@kd vkyaf ewm udk olwdk@ ay;raebl;av? waiting room rSm oGm;apmifhw,f/ watmifhaeawmh ol@orD; a&mufvmw,f? awmfawmfeJ@ vm rajymao;bl;? rdepf 20/ 30 avmuf &Sdr,f xifw,f? tJ'DtcgrS q&mrwa,mufu vmajymw,f? r&awmhbl; qdk+yD;awmh ajymwm/ tJ'DawmhrS odw,f? Ô aemufq;kH pum;ajymwJt h csed t f xdaygh aemf/ ol@u=kd unh&f wm yHrk eS yf v J m;/ use;f rma&; eJ@ywfouf+yD; æ æ = ol t&rf; 0rf;omw,f/ t&rf;aysmfw,f? ol tJ'DvdkoGm;&&if pdwfcsrf;omw,f? u|efawmfeJŒ r-umc% xGufw,fav? bwfpfum; *dwfqHk;txd pD;_yD;awmh jyefvm/ a'oEW&ayghav? ra&mufzl;wJh ae&mav;awG/ tJ'Dvdk? aemufqHk; bmrSr[kwf&ifawmifrS òrdŒwGif; ywfwJhum;udkawmif ywfpD;wm? Ô tJ'Dvdk r=umc% oGm;wmyJvm; tb? = [kwfw,f/ [kwfw,f/ [kwfw,f? txl;ojzifh u|efawmfhudk rdom;pkvdk owfrSwfw,fav? u|efawmfwŒkd rdom;pkvkd jzpfaeyg_yD wJ?h u|efawmfu h kd tdraf omh ay;xm;w,f? tcsderf a&G; 0if/ vl r&Sv d nf; pm;/ óudufwm vkyf/ tJ'Dvdk? Ô tckvdkayghav/ tbOD;wifrdk; tba&S@rSm tckvdk qHk;yg;oGm;awmh tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u pdwfxJrSm b,fvdkrsKd;jzpfoGm;ovJ rodbl;cifAs? = wcgwnf; bmvkyf&rSef; rodbl;? Edkif;0rf;0rf;ac:_yD; b,fvdk vkyf&rSef; rodbl;/ qJvfzkef;u óud;awmif aysmufw,f? [m æ ylxloGm;wmyJ/ bmvkyf&rSef; rodbl;? ? ÚÚÚÚ

54

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm ckcsdefrSmawmh usr cspfaomolwdk@ oufwrf;wdk=u. æ qdkwJh pmwpfa=umif; udkyJ owd&aeygonf? tJ'Dpmom;av;udk q&m*srf;u rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)uG,fvGefpOfu trSwfw&a&;cJh wmyg? xdkpOfuvnf; q&mh&J@ uAsmq&m aumif;yDopGm wpfcGef;qdkwpfcGef; &ifxJ a&mufapwJph um;rSm usrwd@k ajymprSwjf zpfchJ &onf? tJ'Dwkef;u touf&SnfvSwJh Adkvf ae0if;eJ@ taygif;tygawGudk vufn‡dK;xdk;jy vdkufovdkyJvdk@ usrwdk@ jrifa,mif+yD; q&mh pum;udk trSwfw& r=umc% &nf!$ef; ajymjzpfcJh=uonf? ckawmhjzifh tJ'D q&mh pum;uyif edrdwfzwfovdk jzpfcJh+yD? vlcspf vlcifrsm;wJah e&mrSm ajymprSwðf y&wJh q&mæ touf 73 ESpfr#ESifhyif usrwdk@ eHab;rS cGJcGmoGm;cJh+yD?

wu,fqkd 73 ESpf qdw k t hJ oufu q&mh vdk pdwo f mG ;wdik ;f ud, k yf gaeqJ vlwpfa,muf twGufawmh qHk;yg;ed*Hk;csKyfzdk@ apmao;onf [k xifygonf? q&mu arvus&if xdkif;udk vmOD;rSm wJh? q&mu jrefrmjynfESifh eD;pyf vSpmG aom xdik ;f Edik if rH mS aysmaf rG@o?l Zif;r,f rSm ae&wm rE Wav;eJ@ aròrd@udk tvGrf;ajy w,f w J h ? rJ a qmuf u awmh aysmf p &m taumif;qHk;yJ? wu,fh udk,fhwdkif;jynfjyef a&mufoGm;ovdkyJ wJh? xdkif;rSmqdk b,f avmuf=um=um q&mu wu,fyJ r+iD;raiG@ aysm&f mS onf? [drk mS q&mtifrwefcspw f o hJ rD; ti,fqHk; csKdoif;eJ@ ausmf0À &Sdaevdk@om jyef&rSm? =umawmhvnf; orD;udkvGrf;&Sm onf ? q&mh c rsmæ orD ; ud k tvG r f ; u wpfzuf/ udk,fhajrtvGrf;ajy xdkif;rSmaecsif ao;wmu wpfzuf? ckawmh q&m usrwd@k qD

ar+idrf;

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

55

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm rvmEdik af wmh+yD? á usruawmh q&mhtem;rSm aeae& wm b,favmuf=um=um 0w,fv@kd rxif? q&mhqDu A[kokwawG &rukef? ,lrukef? q&mu tHh=op&maumif;avmufatmif rSw^f m%faumif;vGe;f olav? +yD;awmh usreJ@ q&mu jrefrmpm Zmwdwo l al wGr@kd ajymp&m acgif;pOfwlawG trsm;}uD;&Sdaewwfonf? 'gawmifrS usreJ@q&m twlwlñuHcJh odcJhwJh tjzpftysufwcsKd@udk usru arharhaewwf ao;wm? q&muawmhjzifh twdtus rSwrf d qJ? usrrSmawmh q&mha&S@rmS wu,fh vlnhH jzpfjzpfoGm;&.? xdktcg usrtwGufawmh q&mu jrefrmpmb%fwu kd }f uD;ygy?J +yD;awmh q&mu vly*k Kd~ vfawGta=umif; jyefajymjy&if awmif pma&;aeovdk ajymjywmrdk@ odyf xl; jcm;wmygyJ? q&m 'Dwdkif;ajymaewmawGudk rsm; toHoGif;xm;+yD; azmfjyr,fqdk&if jyef ðyjyifp&mrvdw k hJ &oaqmif;yg;wpfy'k f jzpf+yD; om;yif? q&mu vlyk*~dKvfwdk@. trSwfw& ta=umif;rsm;udyk if taotcsm twdtus ajymwmrd@k tv†my ov†myESirhf wlbJ pmqef aejcif;jzpfonf? q&mu pum;udk vH;k 0 tydk rajym/ +yD;awmh vlwzufom;udk vG,fvG,f aumufcsuf rcswwf? vlwzufom;udk tm;emiJhn‡mwwfoavmuf ol,Hk=unf&m trS e f w &m;ud k ajym&mrS m awmh tvG e f jywfom;ol? tJ'gu q&mhqDu usrowdðy rdvdkufaom tusifhjrwfawGyJ jzpfygonf? 56

wu,fwrf;usawmh q&mhudk vlcspf vlcifrsm;&wmuvnf; q&mh&J@ pdwfaumif; pdwfrGefeJ@ tusifhaumif; tusifhjrwfawG a=umifhyJ jzpfygvdrfhrnf? q&meJ@ywfouf&if usrtwGufuawmh owd&p&mawG rsm; vGef;vSygonf? usru q&mhudk tazvdkyJ w&if;wES;D aeonf? 'gawmifrS q&muawmh usrudk b,fawmhrS eif/ ig qdkwmrsdK;awmif oHk;+yD;rajymzl;cJh? tJ'Dwkef;u wdk@u bmom jyefXmerSm? ar+idrf;u b,frSm&SdaevJæ q&mu tJvdkyJ wav;wpm;}uD; ajymwwf wm? vli,fawGuakd yr,fh tjrJ emrnfa&S@rmS udk wdk@ r wdk@ wyfac:wm? q&mu vli,f awGukd todtrSwðf ywJah e&mrSm wefz;kd xm;wJh ae&mrSmvnf; a&S@q;kH u &So d ?l +y;D awmh ckacwf vl}uD;awGxJ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; vli,fawGem;rSm aeaysmw f wfo?l á q&meJ@ usr t=um;rSm&Sw d hJ aemufxyf ajymrukefwJh ta=umif;t&muawmh *Dw pmqdk}uD; òrd@r+idrf;ta=umif;ygyJ? usru òrd@r+idrf;&J@ oDcsif;awGudk avhvmusrf;ðy+yD; r[m0dZ…mbGJ@,lcJhol? q&muawmh òrd@r+idrf; oDcsi;f awGukd óuduv f eG ;f vd@k =unfnKd av;pm; +y;D òr@d r+ird ;f twˆKy`wadW &;zd@k ca&aphwiG ;f us avh vmcJhzl;ol? usr eJ@ q&mòrd@r+idrf;ta=umif; awG ajym=u/ òrd@r+idr;f oDcsi;f awG qd=k u? wcsK@d oDcsif;awG usru arhaeao;? q&mujzifh enf;enf;av;r#yif rarh? ol@rSm oDcsif;rsm; qdkae&&if rarmwrf;yif? usru òrd@r+idrf;udk uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

q&mu t&m&mwdik ;f udk arwWmESio hf m ±+jrifo?l &efoŒl ta-umif;udk ajymwmawmifrS pum;vH;k ±dik ;f ±dik ;f ysysoH;k _yD; ajymwmrsKd; r-um;cJ&h zl;yg? rdom;pktay:cspfwwf/ oHa,mZOf}uD;wwfwmrSmvnf; q&muawmh pHjyyif? om;orD;awGta-umif;udk 0wˆKawGta-umif;ajymaeovdk ajymjywwfonf === cspfwmudkyJ q&mu oabmusaeao;onf? aemufawmh q&mESifhusru tóudufawG k w f @kd acwfuv kd nf; trsm;}uD;wlwm? q&mu tH=h ovd@k ? “tHr,f æ ar+idr;f u rqd;k bl;uG? ud, trDom; æ”wJh av/ q&mu? q&meJ@twlwl oDcsif;awG trsm;}uD;qdkjzpfcJhwm? q&mu “aemufwcgvm&if jrwfav;a&;cJh qdkcJhwJh wuo oDcsif;awG ar+idrf;udk wufay;OD;r,f ” wJ?h rsm;aomtm;jzifhawmh q&mu olñuHcJh&wJh tjzpftysufawGudk taumif;jrifaxmifh uom ajymjywwfwmrd@k q&majymor# ta=umif;t&mawG[m 0wˆKawG/ &oaqmif;yg;awG csn;f ygy?J q&mu t&m&mwdik ;f udk arwWmESio hf m ±_jrifo?l &efo@l ta=umif;udk ajymwmawmifrS pum;vHk;±dkif;±dkif;ysysoHk;+yD; ajymwmrsKd; r=um;cJh&zl;yg? rdom;pktay:cspfwwf/ oHa,mZOf }uD;wwfwmrSmvnf; q&muawmh pHjyyif? om;orD;awGta=umif;udk 0wˆKawGta=umif; ajymaeovdk ajymjywwfonf? wu,fh rdbarwWmzGJ@ o±kyfazmf0wˆKawGzwfae&ovdk em;axmifvdk@ aumif;vSonf? q&mhoaE
57

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

aq;vdyfvnf;wdk aevnf;ndK_yD ighukd jyefyŒkd -uygav? 'DuAsmuawmh vlwdkif;odwJh q&m&J@ {nfhonf}uD; txifu& uAsmaygh? usrwdk@ jrefrmpmar*smrSm tcsdefay;+yD; aqG;aEG;cJh=u &wJh uAsm? 'g[m ocF g&w&m;udk ajymwm wJh? edrdwfyHkudk oHk;xm;wmwJh? vlqdkwm avmu}uD;&J@ {nfonfyJ wJh? aq;vdyfvdk avmifòrdu/f pGrJ ufz, G af umif;/ 'kuv Q nf;ay; Edik af o;/ tckawmh tcsed v f nf; ukev f +k yD/ igu h kd xGufoGm;cGifhðyygawmhvdk@ qdkvdkwm wJh? q&muawmh/ cyfðyH;ðyH;/ bmrS rwkH@jyef? uAsmq&m&J@ tvky+f yD;+yDav æ wJ?h y&dowf tvdkus qufawG;,l±Hkaygh æ wJh? q&mu ol@pmzwfy&dowfudkyif v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifvdk pdwrf sK;d r&So d ?l á usruawmh q&mhaq;vdyfvnf; rwdk vSao;bl;? aevnf; rndKao;bl;vd@k xifae wke;f yJq&m? tJ'Dae@u xdkif;EdkifiHrSmawmh reuf}uD; aygh q&m? q&mqH;k +yD æ vd@k zke;f 0ifvmw,f? b,f v d k æ b,f v d k j zpf w mvJ q d k a wmh ±kww f &uf wJ?h vufzuf&nfqikd rf mS wJ?h usr idkrdw,f q&m? ,lusKH;r&? vGrf;qGwfpGm? =unfhygOD; æ q&m&,f æ qHk;wmawmif 58

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59

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uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

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uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

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wu vmol? ÚÚÚÚ b0rSm rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rvdkygbl; q&m&,f &efolppfppfeJŒ rdwfaqGppfppf æ 'D ESpfckyJ vdkwmyg? usaemfwdk@ESpfa,muf jyefawG@=uwkef; u armf'ef uAsmq&mwa,muf. uAsmudk usaemfu &Gwjf ywwfonf? “'gjzifh armif&if &,f/ ppfyGJppfppfawG jyifzdk@/ avmavmq,f vufzuf&nfqikd f &Smprf;yg? tJ'h rD mS ud, k w f @kd &@J rdwfaqGawGta=umif;/ &efolawGta=umif; w0}uD; oGm;ajym&atmif” olu r&? e,l;a,muf òrd@}uD;xJu ±_y±f y_ af xG;axG; vrf;qHx k yd u f aumfzq D ikd u f kd tif;pdef bdkukef;xJu Am'ef&GufawG aºuGae aom vufzuf&nfqdkifawGtjzpf ajymif;vJ ypfonf? zavmf&D'gbufu urf;ajcawGudk/ awmiforeftif;u r,fZ,fyifwef;awGvdk ol@tvGrf;awG ar#mcs=unfhaerdonf? ol@&ifxJrSm yef;csDq&m ,Ofrif;ydkuf &Sad ernf? wrmyifawGatmufrmS olukd ar#mf aeonfh =unfatmif/ udak v;/ armifwifqif/h ql;iSuf/ atmfyDus,f EkEk&nf (tif;0) wdk@qD jyefa&mufaea&mhrnf? olu pmaytEkynm udk rnfonfhEdkifiHa&; tzGJ@tpnf;atmuf/ rnfonfh Edik if aH &; acgi;f aqmifatmuf vuf xJ xnfah y;rnfo h rl [kw/f pmaytEkynmukd em;rvnfonfh wcsKd@EdkifiHa&;orm;awGESifh awG@v#if ol pdwn f pfwwfonf? wcgwek ;f u uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

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85

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87

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88

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89

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90

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91

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93

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94

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95

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96

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97

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98

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99

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101

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102

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103

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pum;vkH;awGu tppfvm; avmu}uD;u tppfvm; tEkynmqkdwm arwWm"mwfeJŒrS vSw,f ntcgrSmrS vomwmu vSw,f tqefc&D;rSmrS zefrD;tdrfu ykdvkdŒvif;cJhw,f? cspfjcif;w&m;rSm aow,f &Sifw,f r&Sdbl; opPmw&m;rSm ta-u tnm r&Sdbl;? vlxkcspf&if orkdif;wifw,f (usaemfwkdŒrSmawmh) urBmra-ubl; q&mraobl;? ? Ô Zefe0g&Dv 24/ 2007

104

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

q&m*srf;udk vGr;f wJph m aexGwf q&mqHk;_yD-um;awmh usaemf,lusKH;r& jzpfvdkufwmq&m? aq;vdyfvnf;wdkvdkŒ aendKwJhtcsdef q&m tdrfudk rjyefEdkifawmhbl;aygh? vlxkwdkuf/ awmifav;vHk; r,fZ,fwef; rEœav;wuUodkvf/ avxefukef;/ tif;pdef aemuf æ e,l;a,mufaygh usaemfhpdwfawG tacgufacguf jyefa&mufoGm;&JŒ? 90 jynfhvGef aESmif;ydkif;ESpfawGuqdk OD;udkav;/ OD;-unfatmif b}uD;rdk;/ q&mpGrf; aemuf æ [dk; tif;pdefu q&m,Ofrif;ydkuf udk,f&HawmfwodkufeJŒ q&m*srf; vGrf;vdkufygbdawmh? q&m&,f æ q&mqHk;_yD -um;awmh usaemf,lusKH;r& jzpfvdkufwmav?

?Ô

(Zefe0g&D 22/ 2007) uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

105

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

avSwpif;eJŒ oDcsif;onf ‘wifr;kd ’ odŒk Aef;armf ndKEGJŒ vmvdkvSaomfvnf; b0awG tqifrajyvdkŒ ta0;ae rsuf&nfpawGeJŒ vGrf;&w,f ‘wifrdk;’ &,f? ygVdoufusrf;txGuf apwemu olrsm;rSm olŒtusKd;udky o,fydk;vdkŒ onfoabm&,f[k jrifhjrwf&m vlŒoabmudk ajym-uavw,f? avmu"Htxktaxmif;udkvnf; armif;wif&if; av#mhrjy,f xnf0gwJh armifhpdwful; apwem AsL[mqufvdkŒ vlom;twGuf av#mhrjy,f xnf0gwJh armifhpdwful;? av;vdkufwJh0ef armifhc&D; armifausyGefaygh woGefoGef tm;tifopfawGeJŒ vlom;tdrf csKd_rdefacwfudk vrf; qpf ay OD;? ? Ô

(olŒtcGifhta&; udk,fod = udk,fhtcGifhta&; olodaom urBmolurBmom; pdwf"mwf v$rf;ðcHaeonfh ‘wifrdk;’ odkŒ vGrf;qGwfvsuf) 106

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

{nfo h nf}u;D ÉDum rif;udEk ikd f aq;vdyfwdkrSm aendKrSmudk olóudajymcJhom; r[kwfvm;? ol[m tdrfuGif;rSm rygEdkifcJh 'gayr,fh b,fvdkrufvHk;awGaumif;aumif; b,fawmhrS toif;rajymif;cJh tJhovdk rm? olvGrf;wJhtcgqdk a[m [dkaemufaz; jcHpnf;¶dk;uae vmvmai;owJh? -urRm¶dkif;vuf-urf;}uD;u ykwfcsvdkufwJhtcg t&m&m w'*FòydvJ æ arSmifrnf; olŒ zefrD;tdrfav;uawmh ruGJ uJ æ 'Dtvif;eJŒyJ aq;vdyfwkdwdk aendKndKrSm olŒudk aemufqHk;ydkŒ-updkŒ? ? Ô

108

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

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u,fvzD ;kd eD;,m; yef;acG rtd

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

wrmwef;od@k vGr;f uAsm armifpGrf;&nf wrmwef;awGeJŒ &Gmvrf;qDodkŒ jyefcsif_yD? 'dkŒtpfudk &Gmudkwrf; vGrf;uAsmpD? wa,mtdk acsmifóud-um;rSmv xm;&pfaygh aw;roD ai;&DvdkŒ pmrqHk;? aq;vdyf&,fwdk aendKcsdef tarSmif-um;qDodkŒ 'dkŒtpfudk b,fudkoGm;_yDvJh csKd;uloH xHwsmpum;awGeJŒ tjznfhcH um&efrsm;udk nDbGm;awG jznfhapzdkŒxm;cJhavovmh oGm;ESifhavOD;? ? Ô armifpGrf;&nf 2007 Zefe0g&D 23 (av,mOfay:rSm)

110

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

[dkbufurf;u rD;xdefxdef 'Dbufurf;u rD;xdefxdef 'dkŒtpfudk xGef;umn‡d vif;ygbd zefrD;tdrf?

zefrD;tdrf armifpGrf;&nf

zefrD;tdrf arSmifcsdefudk cGif;? arSmifav vif;av vif;xufvif;? rD;tdrf&Sif uG,fumaysmufayr,fh zefrD;tdrf xdefxdefawmufayvdrfh xdk;azmuf nwGif; rdk;aomuf vrif;? ? Ô armifpGrf;&nf 2007 Zefe0g&D 22 (wifrdk; uG,fvGefwJhaeŒ )

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

111

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

&Srf;±dk;rrSm jrLcdk;a0ae+yDaygh q&m armifvS0if; (jrif;jcH) tdk æ rD;tdrf&Sif jynf&Gmb0/ rdk;arSmifuscsdef zefrD;tdrfrS/ tvif;pESifh vrf;jyaeqJ/ az;ulqJrSm rD;pmvnf;u|rf;/ qDvnf;cef; pcef;r0ifawmh_yDavm? tdk æ oDcsif;onf {&me'DwGif;/ naecif;tcsdef aejcnfEkjzmqif; wdrfa&mifpHk obifusif;vdkŒ avnif;aqmf pnf;oHoGif;aeqJ avSwpif;eJŒ oDcsif;rnnf;awmh_yDavm? tdk æ tdyfrufocif pdrf;vef;aomtdyfruf _idrf;csrf;aom eDvmtdyfruf awmfvSefaom ywWjrm;tdyfruf tdyfrufuGef&uf/ jzefŒ-uuftvScif; rdk;rvif;rD tdyfruftaºuGapmcJh_yD?

112

wrmajrwrmwef;u i,fpOftcg wynfhwyef;wdkŒ oifvmvrf;udk apmifhóudaeqJ æ anmifndK&GufawG vuFmnnf; qnf;vnf;oHwcsKdcsKd aus;iSufawG aw;qdkqJrSm q&maendKcsdef apmcJh_yD? jynfolawGcspfwJh jynfcspfyk*~dKvfausmf AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmtm; 0yfwGm;OD;cdkuf ylaZmfxdkufol ylaZmfrnf aumfa&mf*g&0 ðy&zdkŒ oifar#mf&nfqJ æ avomrdk;om/ vrf;yef;omcsdef vmcJhygrnf/ oifar#mf&nfqJ æ -urRmaoGznfoGm;cJh_yD? uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm rdk;ay:rSm -u,fawGaºuG ajray:rSm yef;awGaºuG ajrc aºuGus/ w&m;ocFg& vSyyef;yGihfjzL/ tusnf;wefo&zlOao#mif cspfolrkef;ol/ ESif;jzLrD;cJ rcGJrjcm;/ tm;vHk;tedpP pdwfu w&m;jyvnf; tpm;xdk;vdkŒ rvG,ful tzdk;wefolrdkŒ cspfcifolwdkŒ rsuf&nfpdkŒ&_yD? q&mvmv#if jrefrmqefqef/ q&mhxHyg; 0yfwGm;vuftkyfrdk; &Sdcdk;uefawmhrnf u|efawmfwdkŒ ar#mf&nfxm;cJh onf&nf&G,fcsufrsm; jrLrifyef;csDum;wcsyfvdk aq;om;ysufjy,foGm;cJh_yD? q&mvmv#if wrmyif&dyf/ xef;ndK&dyfESifh t&dyfxaemif;/ twdwfa-umif;udk jyefajymif;ajym-u/ vGrf;jrjrESifh wrf;w-urnf/ pdwfu&nfcJh? tnmajrvrf;/ wrmwef;udk q&mvGrf;cJh&Smvdrfhrnf?

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

yky`m;awmifxdyf wdrf&dyfndKcarmufaqmif;csdef tdrfudk&Gmudk q&mvGrf;&Smayvdrfhrnf awmifomacsmif;xJu oJjzLvGvG/ pdkjrjrajrcif; vuf,ufwGif;u/ a&csKdjrudk q&mwrf;w&Smvdrhfrnf tckawmh q&m[m ESif;qDyGifhay:rSm xm0& tdyfaysmfoGm;&Sm_yD? aq;vdyfvnf;wdk aevnf;ndKvdkŒ q&mtdk æ vufjyxGufcGmoGm;_yDaum? jrefrmhuEWm&ESpfrsm; q&mhuavmifzsm;u uscJhwJhrifpuf ESif;qDa&mif&J&Jvuf jynfolbufrSm xufjrwufºuG vSyuAsm/ ESif;qDyGifhrsm;pGm q&m[m awmfvSefpmqdkyg?

113

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

e&odefaxmiftwGif; tusOf;'%frr+ rif;&efudk tefwkcJh q&m[m jynfolŒpmqdkyg? taqmifaqmiftcef;cef; atmifpcef;atmifeef;awGeJŒ jynfolawG acgifjref;csdefa&muf&if oajyndKatmifyef;awG a0ayvdrfh jynfawmf0iftjyefvrf; u|efawmfwdkŒ twlwlvSrf;wJhtcg ‘yef;vufaqmif’ a0iS tðyH;jrjreJŒ aysmf-u&atmif ºuGcJhygOD; q&m?

yk*Hausmif;u acgif;avmif;oHwcsKdcsKd jynfolawG aw;qdkcsdefa&muf_yDqdk ‘xD;uav;eJŒreD’ vnf; rsufESm-unfjr/ 0if;yyeJŒ u&SmrSmaygh tvSqHk;tcsdefrSm uAsmawGwayGŒ/ pmawGwayGŒeJŒ u|efawmfwdkŒ æ jyefawGŒ-uOD;pdkŒ q&m “&Srf;±dk;ru jrLcdk;a0&if vGrfEdk;xvdkŒ ylrsKd;axGo&Sif” wJh uAsmtEGJŒ q&mzGJŒcJh? tckawmh æ cspfolcifolwdkŒ vGrf;p u|rf;apzdkŒ&m vGrf;rdk;usae_yDaum “&Srf;±dk;rrSm jrLcdk;a0ae_yDaygh q&m”? ? Ô 23 = 1 = 2007

114

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

uAsmavSmw f ufe@J orkN&m qef&o J l rGef'&m Zefe0g&D 22 2007 igwdkŒcspfwJh tvif;wdkif 0kef;ceJ ,dkifòydoGm; æ rsuf&nfvd+if;cwfoH yJhwifxyfoGm;w,f qdkayr,fh æ tJ'DaeŒ rkefwdkif;u awmfawmfajcoH vHkw,f? uAsm[m olŒtaoG;tom; olŒtaoG;tom;[m uAsm? 1980 rsm; [dk;ta0;u ‘tarhausmif;’ ‘rr00 xxu æ u}uD;u}uD; zdk;u}uD; æ pHy,fyGifhav; acgif;ay:wif æ’ cspfjcif;w&m; ESvHk;om;wpfpHkeJŒ tem*wfysKd;cif; -uJol O,smOfrSL;q&m æ uavmifwpfzuf ajrjzLwpfvufeJŒ uAsmpufawG &GmoGef;ay;cJh igwdkŒ&JŒq&m?

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

115

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm ‘zefrD;tdrf’ tvif;n‡daumif;uifawmf ‘uEœm&ESpfrsm;’ tdkatppfwpfck jzpfcJhw,f ‘Ak'<ESifh awGŒqHkjcif;’ ewfvl om"kac:-uw,f? rdk;cg;a& b,favmufyJa0a0 vGifwD;acgif 'Dvrf;-urf;udkyJ ‘igquf xGef,ufr,f’wJh? rGef;wnfhaeatmuf jcpfjcpfawmuf u|rf;avmifcHcJhayr,fh arSmif&dyfcdk&rSm ig&SufowJh? tJ'Dvdk ,Hk-unfjcif; urf;yg;,Hxufu rm;rm;rwfrwf q&m æ a&jcm;ajrjcm; aeŒpGJwdkif;rSm a&a[mif;ajra[mif; ajc&ma[mif;wdkif; jyefajymif;vGrf;qGwf æ OD;!$wf wrf;wwwfol q&m?

q&mhoauFw ykqdk;eJŒvG,ftdwfuav; olwdkŒvnf; qGHŒqGHŒtt ±+dufidkae-uw,f? tdyfrufqdk;wpfckom jzpfygap æ -u,fawG b,favmufaºuGaºuG qkawmif;u rjynfhwwfawmh oef;acgufxuf nu ydkeufoGm;w,f? waendKcsdef aq;vdyfwdkcJh_yD b,fvdkyJ qdkqdkyg æ igwdkŒ&JŒ ESvHk;om;&wem ‘uAsmq&m wifrdk;’ b,fqDudk b,folu jyefydkŒvdkufvdkŒ&rvJ æ q&meJŒteD;qHk; tjzLa&mifcsKd;uav; tJ'Dvdk ul_yD; ajymoGm;w,f? ? Ô (q&m}uD; OD;wifrdk;odkŒ aemufqHk;*g&0)

116

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

q&m wifr;kd od@k æ rmrmat; y0gav;wp tomav;csa[hvkdŒ q&majymavwJh ESrat;u romawmif ta0;wajru rcsombl;/ zl;awGŒckduftdrftvmrSm tóuduftvkduf aq;±d+ufvnf; twlwl aw;-uLvnf; wwGJwGJ w[J[JeJŒ q&mh&,foH em;0,fv#HcJh jrifjyeftðyH; a'gif;±kyfzkH;wJhESvkH;om; a'gif;i,frsm;cspfol wifrkd;qkdwJh uAsmvla-umifh tyluvd+uf vlu±d+ufiif rsuf&nfpifESifh jrwf&SifAk'< olŒb0ajzmifhwef; _idrf;csrf;pdrfhiSm qkac|awmfrlygbk&m;? ? Ô rmrmat; 1/ 23/ 2007 *syefpHawmfcsdef 1;20

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

117

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

q&mwifr;kd odŒk æ armifeOD ;D rD;pmrukef qDrcef;wJh zefrD;tdrfxGef;n‡dcJhwm ESpf 40 -um arSmifolawG-um;xJrSm uAsmeJŒ tvif;aqmifaeolyg *g&0w&m;eJŒ OD;cdkuf ylaZmfvdkufygw,f? q&m æ q&m æ æ q&m æ æ æ ? ? Ô

118

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

rwdww f hJ rd;k armifrdk;[def;

onfrdk;[m arwWmrdk; æ opPmrdk; æ arwWmopPmawG jynfhv#HwJhrdk;? jrefrmudkvnf; 0if;yap? urBmudkvnf; at;jrap? jynfolcspfwJh rdk;? EdkifiHcspfwJh rdk;? urBmcspfwJh rdk;? onfrdk;[m wjcm;r[kwf wdkŒ&JŒq&m ‘wifrdk;’ rwdwfwJhrdk;? ? Ô cspfcif-unfndKpGmjzifh nDi,f armifrdk;[def; om; *sme,fausmf 27/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

119

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

q&m*srf;odŒk uAsmvGr;f armif[efwif ±+dufidk&if; æ oli,fcsif;ajym&Sm? q&m*srf; æ qHk;_yDuGmwJh? wevFmaeŒ&JŒ reuf &Spfem&D omom? Armjynfu æ reDcrsm? ausmif;vnf; r&Sdao;yg? ryef;jzLvnf; xD;r&Sd? uAsmr&SdwJh {&m0wD ar"m0D&ŒJ aA'g&D æ vdk aeeD aeqkwf rdk;}uD;csKyf bl;ñuyfav;xJ æ a&rvm? cspfolwdkŒum; toufwdk-u. (wifrdk;) qdkwmvm; -um;c% omref wu,fus rcHEdkifygbl; q&m?

120

q&mhaus;Zl; ezl;rSm wifrdk; OD;wifrdk;udk wifrdk;uefawmh æ vdkufygw,f? wdkif;jynfudkvGrf;wJh q&m*srf;Zmenf Armjynfomru/ urBmuyg vGrf;yg&JŒ? a'gif;udkcspfwdk;/ q&mrdk; &Sdcdk;uefawmh tdyfygawmh _idrf;at; edAŠmefaw; æ? ? Ô

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

q&m}u;D OD;wifr;kd odŒk æ vSrGef (rHk&Gm) ‘q&m’ w,fvDzkef;xJuvdk ‘a[’vdkŒ rxl;Edkifawmh ‘at;’vdkŒvnf; rqdk ‘[J æ [J æ [J’ vdkŒvnf; r&D aemufjzpfawG rajym a&SŒjzpfudkvnf; ra[m waomaom pum;awGrqdk ±kwfw&uf E+wfqufoGm;w,f usaemf b,fvdkajz&rvJ q&m æ &,f?

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

rd;k &Gm&Gm aeylyl xD;trnf;}uD;wacsmif;eJŒ vG,ftdwfudk wyfrufpGmvG,f&if; ykqdk;wdkwkd/ yifwkdufyHkeJŒ q&m0dnmOfuav; bGJŒESif;obif cef;ra&SŒrSmvm;/ yk*Hvrf;xdyfu ca&wef;xJrSmvm;/ uHhaumfyifwef;atmufu cHkwef;uav;rSmvm;/ vSnf;wef;aps;xdyfu vufzuf&nfqdkifrSmvm;/ ‘q&mpdkif;atmif0if;’ &JŒ usL&Sifcef;rxJu jrefrmpm *k%fxl;wef; xJrSm ‘c/ */ i’ eJŒ ‘'/ y/ 0’ “ajcmufvHk; armufarmufcs æ”vdkŒ qdk_yD; pmawG oifaewmvm;/ bm;vrf;u vufzuf&nfqdkifrSmvm;/ 'grSr[kwf avxefukef;rSmvm;/ 33 vrf;xJu pmtkyfqdkifawGrSmvm;/ raocsm ra&&mcJhayr,fh aocsmwm wckuawmh q&m odyfcspfwJh trd ‘jrefrmEdkifiH’ udkawmh ta&mufjyefrSm aocsmw,f? ?Ô rdom;pkeJŒ xyfwlxyfr# razmfjyEdkifaom 0rf;enf;a-uuGJr+rsm;pGmjzifh cspfwynfh vSrGef (rHk&Gm) 121

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igwdŒk taz uAsmpmqdk av;av; (wdu k sKd) uAsmppfol}uD;&,fvdkŒ pmzJGŒcJhygwJh tdkuJGŒ æ cspf&ygaom tazuAsmq&m olŒuAsm olŒpmawGrSm xD;uav;eJŒ reDvnf;yg zefrD;tdrfydkif&Sifqdkwm ar;p&mrvdkygbl; wdkŒjrefrmpmayawmrSm uAsmu0d&,fvdkŒ vlwumod-uygw,fav; æ? wrmawGayg tnmwa-umu xaemif;yiftdkudk cspfwJh ‘b*srf;’trnfwGif&pfr,fh igwdkŒtazuAsmpmqdkudk uHw&m;&,fu ajcoHyifr-um;vdkuf& qdkif;rqifhAHkryg ±kwfjcnf;&,f ay:vm aemifwrvGefoHo&mudk ac:aqmifum oGm;_yDuJGŒav; æ? 122

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q&m}uD;OD;wifrdk;odkŒ *g&0ðyvsuf ae&defausmf (odkŒr[kwf ) vif;aEG;tdrf 24/ 1/ 07

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125

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?Ô

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tbdk; odkŒ æ a[refoZif

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uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

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?Ô 131

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

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ol (wifrdk;) [m raºuG ol rao æ jynfolawG&JŒ ESvkH;om;rSm xm0& ae? ?

w&m;r#wr+udk vdkvm;ol trSefw&m;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifol jrefjynfolawG&JΠrdwfaqG? 132

jynfolawG&JŒ &ifckefoH olŒ&JŒ &ifckHoH?

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm

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134

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uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

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ñuH&r,freS ;f odayr,fh æ æ tm;vH;k awG@q/kH qHpk nf;/ pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k &S=d uwJt h csed rf mS rS =um;&r,fvkd@ ,HkcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh æ wu,fhtcsdef/ wu,fh &moDOwk jyif;xefcsdefrSm rdk;óud;xpfovdk =um;vdkuf&wJhowif;a=umifh txl;a=uuGJ0rf;enf;&ygw,f? ‘cspfcifolwdk@ taoapmavpG/ æ æ’ vdk@ q&majymcJhovdkygyJ? apmvSavjcif; æ æ q&m&,f? ? ql;iSuf 138

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

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q&meJ@ ywfouf tarGqdkwJh uavmifwpfckeJ@om usefcJhygw,f? 'DemrnfeJ@ pmawG qufa&;oGm;ygr,f? ? opfar$; 162

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&m tnm&JΠtaiG@toufygwJh uAsmwpfyk'f vufaqmifay;r,fqdkvdk@ u|eaf wmfar#mv f ifah eayr,fh uAsmvnf;ra&muf q&mvnf;ra&mufvmEdkifwmudk 0rf;enf;rdygonf?

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tnmu q&m

OD;*srf; cifAsm OD;*sr;f &JŒaus;Zl;rsm;udk xm0& atmufarhvsuyf g? ? jrifhodef; ok0À

rcspfrESpfoufaomolrsm;u oufwrf;&Snf. cspfESpfoufaomolrsm;u oufwrf;wdk. vGepf mG 0rf;enf;rd. q&mhtm; q&m.aqmifyk'fjzifh *g&0 ðycJhyg.?

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163

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm EdkifiHjcm;owif;awG em;axmifwdkif; q&mhtoH r=um;&awmh tjrJowd&aerSmyg? ? udk-unf0if; (8 rdkif) 25/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 uefjrJ&mG xdyf opfyif&yd Yf arS;tdyfcsif&Smayvdrfhrnf?

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atmifausmfqef; jrif;jcH *srf;a& vGr;f w,fqw kd m cspfcifolwkd@ auGuGif;jcif;udk ukd,fpm;ðywJh pum;rdk@ æ æ odef;xdkuf 23/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 q&mcifAsm u|efawmfhuavmifemrnf ‘ppfwifrdk;’ vdk@ u|efawmfhbmom u|efawmf ajymif;vdkufyg+yD?

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av;pm;pGm ppfwifrdk; 24/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 164

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm aq;vdyv f nf;wdk aevnf;ndK+yD q&mtdk tdrfjyefra&mufcJhygvm;?

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armifodef;jrwf 23/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

q&m q&moifay;cJhwJh pmrsm;tm; b,fawmhrS rarhyg? ? a':odef;!GefŒ bmomjyefXme&JŒom; qefeD q&m*srf;eJ@ jyefqHkr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhaewkef;yJ æ q&m*srf; &SifoefaeqJvdk@ ,Hk=unfaewkef;yJ æ æ pdk;0if;_idrf; 23/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

xm0& ESajrmwo vGrf;aer,fh orD;i,f æ æ &if&ifjr uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

165

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&m*sr;f rae@uyJ Ak'<eJ@awG@jcif; uAsmudkzwfw,f? 'Dae@ Ak'
q&m*srf;ESifh xm0& uGJuGmoGm;&wJhtwGuf tvGeaf =uuGrJ yd gonf? xd@k xufyI kd ‘qH;k ±_;H ’&jcif;u tvGeyf if ESajrmrdygonf? ? odrf;armif 22/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

q&m}uD;a& ckawmh vGwfvyfwJh q&m}uD; 0dnmOfu jynfawmfjyefEikd +f yDaygah emf? usrwdk@uawmh tm;us±HkuvGJvdk@ q&m}uD;udk vGrf;qGwf owd&vsuf? ? -uif-uifndrf; avmhpftdef*s,fvdpf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk 166

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&m aq;vdyv f nf;wdk aevnf;ndK+yD ighudk jyefydk@=uygav æ ckawmh æ q&m&,f q&mhqkawmif;rjynfhygvm; q&m&,f? u|efawmfwdk@vnf; q&mhudk jyefrac:Edkif olwdk@vnf; q&mhudk jyefrydk@EdkifeJ@ a=uuGJ&ygw,fq&m&,f æ æ aZOD;vif; 25/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 i*sr;f igac:ayr,fh eifr=um;Edkifawmhygvm;? vlaumif;awG toufwdk+yD; vlqdk;awGusawmh raoEdkif=uygvm;? 'DrdkwdkufyGJr&rD usqHk;oGm;wmudk temqHk;ygyJ? jrif;jcHrSm qHkzdkŒajymxm;wmav;awmif rqHkvdkuf&bl;?

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167

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm *srf;a& æ rrdk; (rdk;rdk; tif;vsm;) qHk;wkef;u *sr;f ajymcJo h vdyk gy?J cspfolawG toufwdk+yD; rkef;olawG touf&SnfvScsnf&JŒ æ? 2000 jynfhESpf tdkiftdk0g/ tDvDEGdKuf/ e,l;a,mufwdk@rSm awG@qHkaysmf&$ifcJhjcif;rsm;tm; trSwfw& vGrf;qGwfa=uuGJvsuf æ æ EkEk&nf (tif;0) 23/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 udb k *sr;f twltdyf twlpm; twloGm; twlvmawG tajctaet& 'DvdkyJ a0;ae=u&wmyg? ? oli,fcsif; armifwifha0 23/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 ta0;u toH=um;ae&wmav;awmif aysmufuG,foGm;&jyef+yDrdk@ ESajrm0rf;enf;rqH;k yg? tm;vHk;twGuf qHk;±_H;=u&wmygyJ? ? pef;OD; 23/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 168

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&m*sr;f a0;ajr&yfjcm;rSmae&if; jrefrmjynfudk vGrf;aeygowJh æ usruawmh jrefrmjynfrSmae&if; jrefrmjynfudkyJ vGrf;ae&w,f?

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_idrf; ('\e) 24/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 OD;*srf; u|efawmf 'DrSwfwrf;rsKd; ra&;csifbl;Asm?

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barmf 23/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

bbOD;wifrdk; bb[m u|efawmfwdk@ rdom;pk&JΠav;pm;cifrif&wJh OD;av;wpfa,mufjzpfygw,f? OD;av;wpfa,muf qHk;&_H;oGm;wJhtwGuf 0rf;enf;a=uuGJ&ygw,f? ? av;pm;pGmjzifh ausmfpGmxGef;

q&m*sr;f wu,fyJ 0rf;enf;a=uuGJ&ygw,f q&m?

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azjrifh 24/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

169

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm u|efawmfwdk@rdom;pk rdwfaqG uAsmq&m OD;wifrdk;udk uAsmav;eJ@ *k%fðycsifyg&JŒ? 'gayr,fh u|efawmfu uAsmrpyfwwfvdk@ xdkufwefwJh *k%fðyuAsmrsKd;udk a&;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? 'ga=umifh 'DpmudkyJ *k%fðyv$mvdk@yJ oabmxm;vdkufyg?

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a'gufwm cifarmif0if; 24/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

rdom;pktm;vHk;&JΠ=unfndKav;pm;&aom q&m. trSwfw&tjzpf ararwdk@/ bbwdk@udk,fpm; om; armif&pfrdom;pkeJ@ orD; *sLeD,m0if;wdk@ udk,fpm; rSww f rf;wifvu kd yf gw,f? ? wuUodkvf a&$&D0if; 24/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

tif;pdev f rf;ray:rSm q&m*srf;&JΠvufudkwGJ vufzuf&nfqdkifawG wpfqdkif+yD;wpfqdkif ajymif;xdkifcJh tcsdefrsm; arhaysmuf&Edkifr,f rxifawmhyg? ? &efaemifOD; (07) 170

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm uAsmq&m ‘=u,fyGihf}uD;’ aºuGvGifhoGm;ayr,fh q&marG;zGm;cJhwJh uAsm=u,fav;awGu tpOftjrJ awmufyqJyg? ? q&mESifh uAsmrsm;tm; tpOfav;pm;vsuf OD;wif0if; OuU@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf urm&GwfòrdŒe,f?

rae@nu VOA zGifhawmh q&mu tb&JŒ ‘oajyndK’udk &Gwfvkd@? q&mr&Sdawmhayr,fh q&mhpmeJ@ uAsmawG/ tbarG;ae@awGrSm a&;pyfcJhwJh trSwfw&arG;ae@vufaqmifuAsmawG/ avv_dif;xJu tbudk owdw&wrf;w ajymqdkcJhwmawGuawmh u|efawmfwdk@rdom;pkESvHk;om;xJrSm tjrJ&SdaerSmygq&m? q&m aumif;&mok*wdvm;ygapvdk@ æ æ ESajrmvGr;f qGwpf mG jzihf xifausmf 24/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

rar#mfvifhwJhowif;a=umifh wkefv_yfrdw,f? q&mhudk jyefawG@&tkef;r,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhaecJhw,f? q&m aumif;&mok*wdvm;ygap? ? ausmfvd+if uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

171

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm uAsmwpfy'k &f ŒJ tEdrœ rke;f olwcsK@d &ŒJ cdk;uswJh rsuf&nfawG psmye ydk@=uvdrfhr,f tvif;cyfoGm;ay;yg q&m?

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aZmfrif; (T.G.K.N)

cspf&aom æ pmayeJ@ EdkifiHa&;&Jabmf jrefrmjynfudk vGrf;&if;eJ@ a0;&yfajrrSm qHk;yg;&w,fvdk@ =um;&awmh tawmf pdwfxdcdkuf&ygw,f? pmayavmurSm t±dk;om;qHk; vl@b0rSm t±dk;om;qHk; aexdkifoGm;=uwJh pmaywm0ef EdkifiHa&;wm0efawG xrf;aqmif&if; usqHk;&wJh q&m Aef;armfwifatmifeJ@ q&m*srf;wdk@udk rSww f rf;ðyygw,f? ? av;jrifh vSu|ef;

usaemf q&mh&JŒ awmifa0S; rjzpf&awmhbl;ayghav æ æ oufaZmf 24/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 172

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&m}uD; jyefqHkr,fxifaewm æ jyefrqHkjzpfawmhbl;? u|efawmfeJ@ +rdK@ywf&xm; ywfpD;wJhjrifuGif;awG tusOf;axmiftwlae b0awG u|eaf wmfb h 0twGuf trSww f &awGyg? ? xdefvif;Ekdif 28/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

q&m*sr;f vmvrf;udk jyef=unfhp&mrvkdatmif ordkif;a=umif; aumif;cJholyg? ? ESif;ESif;ar$; DPNS

24 Zefe0g&D/ 2007

q&mhudk tpOftjrJ owd&ygonf? txl;ojzifh vdkif;aygufbufodk@ q&meJ@twl vrf;jzwfajy;=uwmudk r=umc% owd&rdw,f? aom=umwdkif;[m &ifxJrSm tjrJusef&pfaeqJyg q&m&Sifh? ? jraESmif;ndK 24/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

173

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&m}uD; OD;wifrdk;cifAsm; q&m}uD; uG,fvGefaomfvnf; q&m}uD;.emrnfESifh *k%foduQmwdk@onf b,faomtcgrS uG,faysmufoGm;rnf r[kwfyg? jrefrmjynfol§om;wdk@. ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnfwhHaernfom jzpfygonf? ? q&m}uD; aumif;&mok*wda&mufygap[k qkawmif;vsuf ausmfvif; š rabbD rdom;pk py,f±Hkvrf; 24/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

q&m*srf;a& æ usaemfh&JŒ 4 vt&G,f ajr;uav;udk q&mhuAsmawGeJ@ acsmhodyfaewkef;rSm q&mcspfwJh uav;i,fawG&JŒ avmuopfudk rapmifhEdkifbJ vrf;cGJoGm;cJhwmygvm;? tJ'DhuAsmawGeJ@twl q&mh0dnmOf qufvuftouf&SifaerSmyg? ? q&mcspfwJh vuf&if;wynfh armifpdk;0if; &Jrd+if; (ppfudkif;) 24/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 174

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm rdom;pkESifhtwl xyfwlxyfr# 0rf;enf;ygonf qdkjim; q&m ‘wifrdk;’ raoygbl;? urBmwnfonf &SdaerSmyg odaerSmyg? b,folawG zsufzsuf rysufygbl;? vlom;qefwJh vlawG&JŒESvHk;om;rSm ur`nf;ausmufpm æ? udkydkuf 25/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 udkwifrdk;a& æ vlavmuta=umif;udkawmh cifAsm;u trsm;}uD;odoGm;wJhvlyg? 'Dvrf;uawmh vlwikd ;f av#muf&r,fv h rf;yg? 'gayr,fh cifAsm; tckvkd u|eaf wmfw@kd cGo J mG ; vdrfhr,fvdk@awmh b,fwkef;urS rxifcJhwmyg? u|eaf wmfw@kd vkd Unproductive Life eJ@ pGe@f cmG oGm;&r,ft h pm; 'Dv@l tzG@J tpnf;twGuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ajymifajymifajrmufajrmuf xGef;xGef;aygufayguf aqmif&GufoGm;wJhtwGuf awmh 'Dvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u cifAsm;udk vGrf;qGwf=u/ aus;Zl;wifae=urSmyg? vGrf;ae=urSmyg qdkwmudkawmh 'Dae@ajymqdk&if; ed*kH;csKyfygw,f? ? tkef;armif 25/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 q&mrdk; q&mhtwGuf tjrJwrf; *k%f,lvsufygyJ?

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xm0&av;pm;aom a&$jrwfaZmfaZmf 25/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

175

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm udw k ifr;kd cifAsm;eJ@ u|eaf wmfw@kd q&m'*kew f m&m 80 jynfEh pS u f atmifqef;udk twlomG ; twlpm; twlvnfywfcJhwmawGudk tjrJowd&aeygonf? cifAsm; jrefrmjynfrS c%wðzwf xGufcGmoGm;wmvdk@ xifcJhwm æ tckawmh æ cifAsm;u u|efawmfwdk@eJ@ xm0& xGufoGm;+yDqdkwJhowif; em;axmifvdkuf&wm u|efawmf ,lusKH;r&qHk;yJAsm? u|efawmf atmifqef;rSm ±dkufcJhwJh Group Photo udk jrifwdkif; jrifwdkif; cifAsm;udk tjrJ owd&aerSmygy?J cifAsm; aumif;&ma&mufr,fqdkwm u|efawmfwdk@ odaeygw,f?

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tpOfxm0& owd&aer,fh pd;k jrifh oabFmt&m&Sda[mif; 25/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

udkwifrdk; (udkb*srf;) tpm;xdk;vdk@r&wJh udkwifrdk; qHk;±_H;oGm;wJhtwGuf a=uuGJvdk@rqHk;ygbl;? cifAsm;eJ@twl c&D;oGm;cJh&wmudk b,faomtcgrS arhaysmufEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? cifAsm;&JŒ ynm*k%feJ@ ±dk;om;r_*k%f[m ordkif; wGif&pfrSmyg?

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b,fawmhrS rarhEdkifwJh armifarmifcif 176

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm OD;*srf; u|efawmhfb0rSm OD;*srf;[m æ ±d;k *k%t f &Sq d ;kH cspfp&mtaumif;qHk; owW&d w dS o hJ l tEkynm ºuG,f0ol jrefrmjynfeJ@ jrefrmjynfolvlxktay: tvGef oHa,mZOf}uD;wJhol wpfa,muftjzpf xm0&av;pm; owd&aerSmyg? ? OD;*srf; aumif;&mok*wd a&muf&Sdygap? armifrdk;[def; 26/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 q&m}uD;wifr;kd rd;k xdatmif todtwwfynmawGukd tzd;k wefwhJ vlom;awGukd ay;a0cJv h @kd auseyfygw,f? ? aomif;óudif &Gmrtaemuf&yfuGuf 25/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

bbOD;wifrdk; tazwpfa,muf xyfqHk;&_H;oGm;ovdk a=uuGJrqHk;yg æ? OD;crf;Adkvfrdom;pk 26/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

177

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&mwifr;kd u|efawmfwdk@tay: b0rD;tdrf xGef;n‡day;ol u|efawmfwdk@tay: rdbozG,f qufqHcJhol u|efawmfwdk@tay: q&mwpfOD;&JŒ oduQmjynfhpHkpGm aecJhol u|efawmfwdk@tay: tvGefwefzdk;xm; qufqHcJhol aorif;eJ@ n‡d=unfhvdk@&&if u|efawmfeJ@ ae&mcsif; vJay;csifygw,f? ? ausmfaZ,s 26/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

rkef;olwdk@ touf&SnfI cspaf omolw@kd oufwrf;wd=k uonf? ? udk}uD; prf;acsmif; 10 D

tbOD;wifr;kd tb&JΠtrSwfw& ae&mrsKd;ay:vmapzdk@udk tb&JΠwynfhwpfOD;taeeJ@ vHk;0 ar#mfvifhvsufyg? ? armifcsKd; 26/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 178

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm rdk;}uD; Armjynfudk odyfjyefcsifwmyJ æ Armjynfudk odyfvGrf;wmyJ æ wJh? rdk;}uD;ajymwJhpum;awGa=umifh ESif; æ Armjynfu rxGufjzpfwmyg? aus;Zl;wifygw,f? ? rdk;}uD; 0dnmOf vGwfvyfpGm ysHEdkifygap? a&$ularESif; 27/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

q&m}uD; a&;cJhwJhuAsmawGxJu uAsmav;wyk'fudk oli,fcsif;awGxJ r#a0ay;+yD;cJhyg+yD? ? odef;at; 26/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

tazwpfa,muf qHk;±H_;ovdkygyJ?

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qef;vGif 27/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

179

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&m q&meJ@ 88 rwdkifcif æ ‘0if;yy’ [D;Edk;*dwfqdkifrSm vufzuf&nfygq,fudk q&meJ@twl aomuf+yD; q&mhqDu A[kokwawG &cJh æ 88 usawmh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ tif;pdefrSm q&mu u|efawmfwdk@a&SŒu&yf+yD; u|efawmfwdk@twl ygcJh æ aemuf+yD; q&mh&JŒtoHudk ar#mfem;axmif&if; vGrf;& q&meJ@ jyefqHkzdk@ ar#mfcJh& æ 'gayr,fh q&m[m q&mhuAsmawGeJ@twl q&mh &yfwnfcsufeJ@twl jrefrmajrrSm æ xm0& æ vif;vuf awmufyaerSmyg q&m?

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q&mhudk jynfolawGeJ@twl xm0& wefzdk;xm; owd&aerSmyg? qefeD tif;pdef 26/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

vlom;awGtwGuf tvif;a&mifawG trsm;}uD;ay;EdkifcJhygw,f q&m}uD; æ æ udkrsKd;jrifh tnmom; 10 D Group tif;pdef 26/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 180

uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm uAsmrao/ q&mrao uAsmrqHk; q&mrqHk; uAsmawG pmayawG &Sdaeor# q&m &dSaeygonf? ESpfa,mufr&Sd/ tdk æ u0d b,fvdkajym&rSef; rodatmifcHpm;rd æ æ wynfh jrefrmpmwpfOD; 27/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

q&mhudk tar vlxka':trmvdk touf&Snfapcsifw,f? q&mhqDu tawG;/ tvkyf/ tajym tm;vHk;[m usaemfwdk@vdk EdkifiHa&;oiform;rsm;twGuf ‘pdefyGifh’awGygyJ?

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ESajrmwo av;pm;pGmjzifh udkudk}uD; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf '*kHòrdŒopfòrdŒe,f? 27/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 aºuGvGifhoGm;wJh ‘zefrD;tdrf’&Sifodk@ æ txl;ESajrmwor_rsm;jzifh rif;[ef 27/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

181

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&mOD;wifrdk; aumif;&mok*wdvm;ygap? Moat Thone

27/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007 tdrfudkvmv#if avSum;xpfrS udkudk@"mwfyHkudk tav;ðy+yD;rS tdrfxJ0ifwwfwJh q&m}uD; tck q&m}uD;tdrfudk u|efawmfvmwm q&m}uD;udk tav;vmðywmyg? ? okwnD

igw@kd taz vrf;jycJh+yD æ udkarmif

q&m*sr;f aumif;&mok*wdbHkrS apmifhaeyg? atmifyGJudk ac:vmcJhr,f? ? xdkuf 182

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&m}uD;&JΠjzLpifvSwJhapwemw&m;eJ@ &dk;pif;vSwJhoabmw&m;awGeJ@ uAsmrsm;pGmudk tvSjc,fa&;zGJ@EdkifcJhwmudk *k%fjyKvsufyg? vlaoayr,fh uAsm b,fawmhrS raoyg? ? udkudkatmif 27/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

‘csppf &maumif;wJq h &m’ ‘jrifhjrwf’wJhae&mrSm &SdaerSm æ rcsKd

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183

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185

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187

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188

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&m “q&mta0;a&mufaecdu k f u|efawmf[m q&mhudk,fpm; q&mhuav;awG&JŒrdbyg” vdk@ q&mhudk u|efawmfajymcJhw,f? uwday;cJw h ,fayg?h u|eaf wmhu f wdukd u|eaf wmf wnfap&r,f q&m? tjcm; tjcm;aom q&mha&mif;&if; awG[m tajctaeray;vdk@om u|efawmfhvdk uwdray;Edkif=uwmyg wu,fawmh olwdk@tm;vHk;[m q&mhuav;awGukd orD;rsm;ozG,f/ ESrrsm;ozG,f rvGJaocsm apmifha&Smuf=urSmyg? pdwfomcs q&ma& æ?

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189

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191

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q&m}uD;udkb*srf; ynmudk wefzdk;rxm;wwfwJh ppftpdk;&a=umifh ynm&Sifwpfa,muf wdkif;wyg;rSm uG,fvGefcJh&jcif;? usef&pfwJht±dk;awmif udk,fhajrrSmrxm;&wJhb0udk &ifemrdw,f? 0rf;enf;a=uuGJ&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh jynfolawG&JŒ ESvHk;tdrfrSmawmh xm0&jr‡KyfESHxm;+yD;cJhyg+yD?

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193

zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm od@k q&m æ u|efawmfwdk@ æ q&meJ@ roifcJh rjrifcJhzl;ygbl;? odk@ayr,fh q&m æ rdk;a&wufa& wazG;azG;=um;rSm }uD;jyif;&SifoefvmcJh=uwJh u|efawmfwdk@eJ@q&m æ uGif;us,fta0;a0; æ vdk a0; æ a0; æ rSmaecJh=u&vdk@ v,fapmifhwJuav; ajcwH&Snfovdk æ udk,fhtdrfudk,fjyefcsifwJhq&m v,fapmifhwJuav;&JŒ ajcwHvdkyJ vnfwHawGrsm; &SnfcJhava&mhovm; æ? rdk;ukyfatmufrSmae æ qdkvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk; wpfrdk;wnf;atmufrSmawmh twlw&l cdS =hJ uyg&ŒJ ? odk@ayr,fh u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfrSm =umeDwpfyGifh jzLwpfyGifh æ wJeJ@yeHwifhEdkifzdk@ u|efawmfhwdk@ æ quf æ quf vkyf=u&OD;r,fq&m æ cH,lcJhaom q&mhwynfhwpfOD; eDrdkvd+if (,rif;vd+if) Member of NLD

29/ Zefe0g&D/ 2007

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195

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uAsmq&m}uD;OD;wifrdk; (trsKd;om;pmqdk}uD;) q&monf trdajrY acgif;csvdkcJhonf? ol@qENrjynf0h cJo h a,mif odk@aomf æ ,cktcg [email protected] jrefjynfwcGifY vGwfvyfysHoef;cGifh &cJ+h yDqo kd nfukd 29/ 1/ 2007 ae@ ol@qGrf;au|;yGJwGif tm;vHk;jrifawG@&+yDwum;? ? wifjrifh

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm ckawmh b,fawmhrSr}uD;wJhrif;u qkH;+yD æ? owif;XmeawGu ighudk wpfckckajymygqdkawmh igh rif;&JŒ {nfhonf}uD;uAsmav;udkyJ &Gwv f u kd yf gw,f? aq;vdyv f nf;wdk aevnf;ndK+yD ighudk jyefydk@=uygav qdkwJh uAsmav? rif;jyefcsifwJh jrefrmjynfudk rif;jyefra&mufvmEdkifawmhygvm;uGm? 'gayr,fh rif;&JŒuAsmpdw"f mwf uAsm0dnmOf trsK;d om;a&;pdw"f mwfuawmh jrefrmjynf tESH@ &moufyef v$rf;ðcHaerSmyg oli,fcsif;? ? rif;&JŒoli,fcsi;f rif;tjrJac:wJh armifpdefqdkwJh armifrdk;ol 26/ 1/ 07

Dear U Tin Moe, It was a wonderful occasion to meet you in Brussels, when you just arrived in Europe. Unfortunately I did not have the opportunity to meet you again. I am still looking forward through to read more of your writing. Yours sincerely, T. Kramer 29.01.07

q&m*sr;f tjrJowd&aeygw,f?

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q&m*sr;f tif;pdef [D;Edk;*dwf One Tea vufzuf&nfqdkifu naeydkif;av;awGudk owd&rdw,f q&m*srf;&,f? ? udkjrifhaqG tif;pdef

q&m}uD;OD;wifrdk; tb avScGuf}uD;usef tvHrvJbJ touf&Sdaeor# acgif;ikH@rcHbJ rav#mhaomZGJeJ@ rdp>m'dÏdwdk@udk wdkufyJG0ifrnf[k oEMdÏmefðyygonf?

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Robert

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q&m aumif;&mok*wda&mufygap? udkaZmfrif;ausmf š rcifav; NLD Youth

q&mwifr;kd iSm;r& 0,fr& tpm;xdk;r&onfrSm uAsmq&mhESvkH;om; TESvkH;om;ydkif&Sif q&mhtm; ±dkaopGm *g&0ðyyg.?

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i,fi,fav;uwnf;u &if;ESD;cifrifcJh&wJh OD;OD;wifrdk; OD;OD;wifrdk;&JΠtem*wfordkif;[m tpOfvSaerSmyg?

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tHhbG,fausmf 29/ 1/ 2007

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q&mhudk *k%fðyzdk@awmh u|efawmhrSm tqifhrDwJhpmom; wykdif;wpawmif &Smvdk@r&awmhyg? wrvGerf mS *DwoHeJ@ om,mEdkifygapvdk@?

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm q&ma& tjrJwrf; q&mhordkif;u xifusefae&pfyghr,f æ æ aewifjrifh q&mrdk; rEœav;uAsmq&mxJrSm av;pm;&wJhtxJrSm q&mygygw,f? q&m=unf / q&mud k a v;wd k @ eJ @ xyf w l av;pm;&wJ h q&mqk H ; yg;wm tvG e f 0rf;enf;rdygw,f q&m? ? !GefŒopf

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Sayagyi Moe An irreplaceable loss to Myanmar literary world!

Nyunt Wai Moe 29.1.2007

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm To family of U Tin Moe He was a treasure for the people of Burma and the world. His words inspire us and his actions move us to act. He lives on in our hearts – a hero. Jeremy Woodrum

‘edAŠmefodk@ a&muf&ef ocsõKif;aygif;rsm;pGmudk ausmfjzwf&ef 0efrav;awmh+yD’ wJhvm;? q&ma&;cJh awG;cJhovdk cGx J m;&pfc+hJ yDayg?h wcgwcg aojcif;w&m;[m vlrSm;ac:wwfovm;? r,kcH siaf yr,fh q&m wu,fuG,fvGefcJh+yD wJh? q&mhtwGuf trSwfw&pum; usaemfE_wfzsm; qGH@ t ae&JŒ? tvGrf;ajy rwJhvm; awG;rdwdkif; tvGrf;u ydkydkaeygw,f? ? atmifausmfxGef;/ qkqkarmif q&m ZmwdaoG;/ ZmwdrmefuvGJvdk@ bmrmefrmerS r&Sd? yuwd ±kd;&Sif;wJh q&mh&JŒ uAsm/ q&mh&JŒpmawG/ q&mhar#mfrSef;csufawG usaemfwdk@ wdkif;jynfrSm vufawG@jzpfxGef;vmwJhtxd wwfEdkifor# óud;yrf;oGm;ygr,fvdk@ uwdðyvdkufygw,f q&m? q&maumif;&mok*wdrSm uAsmawG pmawGeJ@ qufvufaysmfEdkifygap? ? bdkvSwifh uAsmq&m wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; wvjynfh trSwfw&

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Ed_if;,SOfr& tvGefav;pm;*k%f,laeygw,f q&m}uD;wifrdk; æ æ cspfcifav;pm;pGmjzifh aZmfatmif Sayagyi, I met you only two times. But you taught me and let you so many valuable things. Both my husband & I dearly love you. May you rest in peace. Aree

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zvfr;D tdro f hdk tvGr;f pm Ah pe, So unexpectedly you left on your last journey but in our hearts you will always be with us. You were a lot to us, a father, a grandfather, a writer, a freedom fighter. Many more things you still wish to do, the path is written for us just to follow, A guide for many… A father for me, Carl De Moor Your son

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Poem in my heart Saya Moe passed away Saya Maha Kabya Moe passed away Tha-khin Kodaw Moe passed away Irreplaceable!!! Big..Big.. Big.. Loss.. Dr. Aung Tun

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241

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av;pm;vsuf omqef; 29 Zefe0g&D/ 2007

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Yellow leves are Falling, to serve as Fertilizer for the coming generation. Khin Maung Aye Attorney & Consultant

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Uncle, With my deepest sympathy.. My prayers & thoughts are always with your family. Wai Wai (NY)

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2007 Zefe0g&D 26 288

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q&m}uD; OD;wifrdk; (1933 = 2007) psmyetcrf;tem; tpDtpOf aeŒ&uf pae 01-27-07 Saturday January 27,2007

we*FaEG 01-28-07 Sunday January 28, 2007

tcsdef 5;30 - 8;30 em&D nae 5:30pm-8:30pm

11;00 - 1;00 em&Dae@vnf 11:00am-1:00pm

2;30 - 4;15 em&D 2:30pm - 4:15pm

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January 29, 2007

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Rose Hills Memorial Park and Mortuary (Memorial Chapel)3888 Workman Mill Rd, Whittier, CA 90601 Tel-(562)692-1212 (562)699-0921

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"rRaZmwdausmif; Dhammajoti Meditation Center (Baldwin Park Monastery) 4436 Walnut Street Baldwin Park, CA 91706 Tel-(626) 337-0056

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Rose Hills Memorial psmyetcrf;tem; Park and Mortuary (Funeral Service) (SkyRose Chapel) Rose Hills Memorial Park and Mortuary

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Rose Hills Memorial Park and Mortuary Location: http://www.rosehills.com/locationsContent/location.aspx Direction: http://www.mapguest.com Dhammajoti Meditation Center (Baldwin Park Monasery) Location & Direction: http://www.mapguest.com/

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304

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