Myth And History In The Historiography Of Early Burma

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a&S;OD;jrefrmEdkifiHta}umif;pmxJrS '¾m&D ESifh ordkif;trSef yg&m'dkif; / rlvtaxmuftxg;rsm; ESifh t,lpGJrsm; Myth and History in the Historiography of Early Burma: Paradigms, Primary Sources and Prejudices by - Michael A. Aung Thwin © Ohio University Center for International Studies Athens Monographs in International Studies - South East Asia Series No. 102 1998 ISBN 0-98680-201-9 taemufwdkif;uordkif;a0befa&;orm;awG&J ht=um;rSm “ordkif;qdkwmaemufqHk;ydwfjzpfcJhwJh ppfyGJrSmtEdkif&olua&;xm;wmjzpfw,f (History is written by the winner of the last war) qdkwJhpum;wpfcGef;&dSygw,f?

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Oyrm'kwd,urBmppf}uD;rSm aemufqHk;ydwftEdkif&vdkufwJh r[mrdwfEkdifiHawGuppf&H_;oGm;wJh 0if&dk;wef;EdkifiHawGtay: ppfa&;t&tjyD;oyfacsr_H;cJh,Hkomru urBmppf}uD;&Jhordkif;a=umif;/ ppfjyD;acwfurBmhordkif; ppfat;umveJ hppfat;vGefumvordkif;awGudkyg ppfEkdifol&J htjrifu aea&;om;=u a[majym&dkuful;wifjyae=uwm uae@acwftxd rqHk;Ekdifpwrf; qdk&ravmufygbJ? 'ga=umifhordkif;qdkwm “ppfEdkifwJhola&;wJhtwdkif;yJ”qdkwJh oabmudkppfEdkifolEdkifiHom;awGxuf ppf&_H;wJhwdkif;jynfawGeJ@ vlrsdK;awGu wefbdk;=uD;pGmay;jyD;em;vnf oabmaygufae=u &ygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH&Jhordkif;udkjyef=unfh&ifvJ t*FvdyfESifhjrefrmppfyGJoHk;}udrfwdkufcJh&mrSm oHk;}udrfpvHk; &_H; cJhwJhtwGuf aemufqHk;rSm wdkif;jynfwifqHk;cJh&&kHwifrubJ jrefrmhordkif;udkyg e,fcsJ horm;u olwdk@tjrifuae a&;om;cJh=uwmudkcHcJh&ygw,f? jrefrmhordkif;udkyxrqHk;urBmudka&;om; wifjycJhol[m ordkif;okawoDwOD;awmifr[kwfbJ qmtmomz,f&m (Sir Arthur Phayre) qdkwJh t*FvdyfudkvdkeDt&m&dS=uD;udk,fwdkifjzpfcJhygw,f/ tJ'Dol ha&;om;csufawG udktwnf,ljyD; ol@aemufay:vmwJh G.H. Luce, Harvey, D.G.E. Hall pwJhe,fcsJ hordkif;q&mawGu qifhyGm; yHkzsuf}u,Hkru olwdk@qu D wzefenf;emcH,lcJhwJhjrefrmordkif;q&mtcsdK@tay:rSmvJ wpkHw&m =oZmvGrf;rdk;EdkifcJh}uw,f? tar&duefjynfawmifpk [m0dkif,DwuUodkvf tm&Savhvma&;Xeu ygarmuQrdkufu,fatmif oGif&J h a&S;OD;jrefrmEdkifiHta}umif;pmxJrS '¾m&DESifhordkif; (Myth & History in the Historiography of Early Burma: Paradigms, Primary Sources, and Prejudies) qdkwJh pmtkyf[m/ 'DtcsufawGudktus,fw0ifhaqG;aEG;xm;wJhpmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfygw,f? 'Dpmtkyfudk 1998 ckESpfuwnf;utkd[dkif;,dk;wuUodkvf/ EkdifiHwumavhvma&;Xmeuae &dkufESdyf xkwfa0 cJhwmjzpfygw,f? rdkufu,fatmifoGif[m “yk8H - acwfopfjrefrmEkdifiHawmf. rlvZmwd (Pagan: Origin of Modern Burma) qdkwJhyxrpmtkyfeJ hvlodrsm;wmrdk homrefavhvmol&J htjrifrSm ckpmtkyf [mvJemrnft&yk8H&mZm0ifaemufqufwGJbJ/ rsufarSmufacwfeJ hrygwfoufbl;vdk htay:,H txifa&mufp&m&SdEdkifygw,f? ,cka0befolyifv#ifvGefcJhwJh 2 ESpfavmufwHk;u 'Dpmtkyfudk yxrt}udrfwHk;u orefum&SHumvSefavSsm=unfhjyD; qufrzwfjzpfbJ jypfcsxm;cJhbl;ygw,f? odkaomfvnf; jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDta&;a&S hrwkd;/ aemufrqkwfeJ hwef haewJh'Duae htajctae rSm jrefrmjynfjy\em&Jht&if;tjrpf[mbmjzpfEkdifovJvdk h eufeuf&_dif;&_dif;wl;qG=unfhbdk h vdkjyDvdk@ cHpm;rdwJhtwGuf pmtkyfawGudkjyefzGrd&mu 'DpmtkyfudkvJjyefzGifhrdygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@pmtkyf&Jh ed*Hk;csKyftc%f;rSmvmwJh “,ae hacwfay:'¾m&Drsm;/ Current Myths qdkwJhacgif;pOfi,f atmufu/ “rqHk;ao;aomacwfqef;csdef” (THE “UNFINISHED RENAISSANCE” ) ESifh

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rjyD;ao;aomawmfvSefa&; (THE “UNFINISHED REVOLUTION” ) qdkwJhusrf;jyKq&m&hJ tac: “'¾m&D” (myth) ESpfckta}umif;&Sif;jy xm;wmudkausmfzwfrdwJh tcgusrSbJ 'Dpm tkyf udkqufvufIvspfvsL&_rxm;EkdifawmhbJ tptqHk;zwf=unfhzdk@vdktyfw,fvdk@ cHpm;vmrd ygawmhw,f? pmtkyf&JhtcsD;edd'g%f;rSm “tajymif;tvJ odk@r[kwf ajymif;vJawmhrnfht&dyfta&mif wpfck onf tEB&m,fESifhar#mfvifhcsuf ESpfckpvHk;udko,faqmifvmonf? Tonfu tajcwnfrdjyD;om;olwdk@&Jh qufvufwnfwef@a&;udk cdsef;acsmufvdkufovdk tajcrwnf&ao;olwdk@udkvJ tm;wufvmaponff/ (TwGif) ESpfzufpvHk;urdrdESifh toHk;wnfhrnfh'¾m&Dudk pwifzefqif;=uawmhonf? ypPKyefudkxdef;csKyf&efomru tem*gwfudkpdk;rdk;Edkif&eftwGufyg oifhawmfrnfh '¾m&Drsm;udkwDxGif vg=uonf”vdk h Claude Levi Strauss udkd udk;um;&if; edd'g%f;csDxm;ygw,f? “twdwfordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;xJrSwpHkwckaomtjzpftysufon/f ypPKyefEdkifiHa&;wGiftoHk;jyK&ef vdktyfaeaom'¾m&D(rsm;)udk yHkaz:wnfaqmuf,l&eftwGuf aemufa=umif;jyefI t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&ef vrf;qHkvrf;cGwpfck (a Critical Reinterpretive Juncture) jzpfvm”owJh? qdkvdkwmu vwfwavmEdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufudkyHhydk;ay;Edkifatmifvdk@ twdyfuordkif;jzpf&yf wpfcktwGif;odk htcsuftvufopf ('¾m&D) ufdk}um;nSyfxnfhoGif;/ odk hr[kwf/ tcsuftvuf ta[mif;wckudk t"dy`g,ftopfxyfzGifhay;w,fvdk@ jzpfygw,f? (wu,fvdk@ toHk;jyK&rJJhordkif; tjzpftysufu EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufESifhrudkufnD&if ylylaEG;aEG;tjzpftysufudkawmif rl&if;udk rrSwfrdavmufatmif jyefvnfwnf;jzwfjyD;/ '¾m&DvkyftoufoGif; (dramatize) wwfyg “Beyond Rangoon” qdkwJh ao;w,f? Orm Hollywood u±kduful;jyocJhwJh ±kyf±Sifum;qdkygawmh? 'DZmwfum;[m 1988 ckESpfujzpf&yfudk xkwfvkyfolawG&Jh EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufudktaxmuftuljyKap&ef (xdk;)ZmwfuGufwcsdK@udk tquftpyfr&dS vdkwmxufydk+yD; xdk;xnfhxm;vdk@ 1988 ckEpS fudkudk,fwdkifjzwfoef;cJh&olawGtzdk@ &,fp&m [mowpfckvdkjzpfaeovdk jrefrmEdkifiHta=umif;bmrSrodwJh EdkifiHwum &kyf&Sif=unfh y&d\wftzdk@vJ yDjyifwJhtEkynmypPnf;wpfck jzpfrvmbl;? pmtkyfa0befol) usrf;jyKoltvdkt& a&S;a[mif;jrefrmEdkifiHta=umif;pmxJrSmteJqHk;'¾m&Dig;ck yg0ifaew,fvdk@ qdkygw,ff? OyrmtjzpfeJ@ aemufqHk;wckudkyJ wifjyyg&ap? (13) &mpkacwffyk8Heef;awmftwGif; trwfrsm;tjzpf cpm;cJh=uwJh &mZo}uFef/ tocF,m/ oD[olpwJh trwfnDaemifoHk;OD;[m ordkif;rSmwu,f&SdcJholawGjzpfaomfvJ olwdk@[m&Srf;vlrsdK;rsm;jzpf=uw,fqdkwmuawmh '¾m&D vkyfZmwfwpfckomjzpfygowJh? 'Dtcsuf[m 1883 ckESpfusrS tmomz,f&mu jrefrmh ordkif;udkurBmoHk; (t*Fvdyf) bmom pum;ESifh yxrqHk;t}udrfykHESdyfxkwfa0&mwGifrS pwif yg&Sdvmjcif;jzpfw,f? jrefrmtaxmuf txm;/ &Srf;bufutaxmuftxm;/ w&kyf

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taxmuftxm;awGrSmawmh‚if;wdk@&Jh vlrsdK;a&;Zpfjrpfudkaz:jyxm;jcif;r&Sd,Hkru/ vlrsdK;a&;[m vJ yk*Hacwfya'o&mZfEdkifiHa&;rSm txl;ta&;r}uD;cJhygbl;wJJh? ausmufpm/ rSifpm wGifr&Sd/ OD;ukvm;/ rSefeef;/ ZmwmawmfykHwdk hwGifryg/ &Srf;/ w&kyf/ tDwvD (rmudkydkvdk) ordkif;rSwfwrf; rsm;wGifvJvHk;0raz:jyxm;ygbJESifh 'DnDtudkawG[m&Skrf;jzpfonf [laomvlrsdK;a&;wHqdyfudk tmomz,f&mu yk*H&mZ0ifay:wGif tb,fa=umifhcyfEdSyfay;cJhygovJ? nDtpfudkoHk;OD;teufti,fqHk;oD[olrSqif;oufaomowdk;rif;zsm;utif;0rif;qufudkpwif cJhonfjzpf&m / jrefrmhordkif;wGiftif;0acwfonf &krf;rif;rsm;pdk;pHaom&Srf;acwfjzpfonf [kqdkvdk &ma&mufw,fvdk@usrf;jyKq&muqdkygw,f? jrefrmjynfwGifjrefrmvlrsm;pkESifh jrefrmr[kwf aomwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;t}um;tm;jydKifr_[mya'o&mZfacwfuwnf;u&SdcJhwJhoabm/ wjcm;vlrsdK;pkrsm;uvJ jrefrmjynftkyfpdk;cJhaomacwf umvrsm;&SdcJhonf[laomoabmudfkt xl;rD;armif;xdk;jyvdkufjcif;jzifhvlrsdK;pkawGudk jrefrmawGeJ htm;+ydKif/ &efbuftaetxm;rSmwnf ay;vdkufwJh ydkif;jcm;a0befr_qdkif&mpHepfykHw&yf (An analytical framework) udk tmom z,f,mu aemifvmrnfh Luce, Harvey, Hall pwJhjAdwdo#udkvdkeDordkif;q&mrsm;twGufa&m/ ‚if;wdk&Jh=oZm&dyfruif;wJhvGwfvyfa&;acwfOD;ujrefrmvlrsdK;ordkif;q&mrsm;tw$ufyg csay; vdkufwJhoabmvdk@ usrf;jyKolu,lqygw,f? EdkifiHa&;rSmvlrsKd ;a&;udktr$rf;wifay;jcif; (Reification of Ethnicity) &,f/ aemuf wdk;wufa&;t"dutjrif &,f (Idea of Progress) 'DESpfckudkvufpGJjyKjyD;/ wcg ordkif;rSmtrSwfw&jzpf&yfawG (Momentous Events) Oyrm vlrsdK;a&;yÉdyuQrsm;/ jynfwGif;ppf/ EdkifiHjcm;uskK;ausmfr_/ eef;wGif;vkyf}uHr_/ rif;ajymif;rif;vGJ/ ykvdyfa&m*guyf/ tiwfab; - pwJh taemufwdkif; (EdkifiHjcm;om;) om;wOD;tzdk@ em;vnf& vG,fwJhtcsufawGudkyJ tm&kHpdkufoGm;w,fvkd@vJ qdkxg;ygw,f? wu,fawmh owdk;rif;zsm;&J htif;0[m jrefrmhordkif;wGif jrefrmpmayeJ h/uAsmvuFmtxGef; um;qHk;acwf/ o#ifr[moDv0Ho/ o#ifr[m&Xom&/o#ifOwWrausmf/ cHkawmfarmifusbrf;/ pwJhvl/ &[ef;yk*d~Kvfausmfrsm; ay:xGuf&macwfjzpfaevdk@&Srf;acwfvdk@ qdkEkdif&efcJ,Of;aeygw,f? usrf;jyKq&mudk,fwdkif&J h 1978 ckESpfuuGif;qif;okawoejyKcsuft&qdk&if ‚if;nDtpfudkrsm;&J h zciff[m ausmufqnf v,fwGif;udk;c&kdifa'o&Sd bdEMu t&yfrS a'oqdkif&mt=uD;tuJ wpfOD; jzpfjyD;/ ‚if;[email protected][myk*Heef;wGif;olwpfO;D jzpfum/ ‚if;wdk@tm;vHk;[mvJ yk*Heef;wGif;rSm ynmavhvmoif}um;&if; =uD;jyif;vm=uwJh jrefrmrif;&Jhtr_xrf;trwfrsm; jzpfcJh=uw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? bdEMut&yf[m yk*Haumif;pm;vmwJh tcgwajz;ajz;wdrfaumoGm;wJhysLvlrsdK;wdk h&J h ae&if;a'owpfckjzpfaevdk h 'DnDtpfudkoHk;OD; [mjzpfjcif;jzpfv#if ysLyk*Hom;ujym;rsm; jzpfzdk hu ydkrsm;w,fvdk h vJaumufcsufcsjyygw,f? 'ga}umifh/ usrf;jyKolu/ jrefrm&mZ0iftapmifapmifeJ@ ausmufpmawGufdkwdkufqdkifjyD;aumufcsufcsykHuawmh/ jrefrmhpyg;usDjzpfaomausmufqnfa'oudkxdrf;csKyfxm;wJh 'DtrwfnDaemifoHk;OD;wdk@uyJ/ usK;ausmfvmol rGef*dkawG&Jh&efu/ yk*HudkumuG,fay;cJhjyD;/ xD;eef;rSm ESpfokH;q,feD;yg;}umaewJh

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ausmfpGmrif;udkeef;rScs/ ol@om;awmfapmepfudkeef;wifum/ yk*aH ejynfawmf tif;0&Jh }oZmcH b0udk wjznf;jznf;usa&mufoGm;wJhtcsdef at'D 1368 ckESpftxd/ aemufxyfESpfw&m eD;yg;wnfwef hcJhwJh/ yk*Heef;awmfrSmyJtr_xrf;cJh}uw,fvdk h,lqygowJh? 'ga}umifh'DnDaemifawG [m&Srf;vm;/ ysLvm;/ jrefrmvm;qdkwmtaotcsmrodEdkifayrJh/ olwdk h[meef;vkol (Tyrants) awGr[kwfcJh}ubJ/ yk*H&J haemufqHk;rif;awGtay:}oZmv$rf;xg;EdkifcJh}uwJh aemufuG,fu}udK; udkifEdkifiHa&;orm;awG (King Makers) omjzpf}uygowJh? 'DOyrmuawmh/ udkvdkeDu|efb0 wHk;u/ jAdwdo#e,fcsJ hordkif;q&muyk*H&mZ0ifxJudkvkyf=uHxnfhoGif;cJhwJh wpfckaom'¾m&Dudk usrf;jyKoluajc&mcHjyxm;wmyg? qufvufjyD;awmh uae@oljzwfoef;ae&wJh rsufarSmufacwfrSmvJ '¾m&DawG&Sdaea}umif; aqG;aEG;xm;jyefygw,f? 'gawGuawmh ta&;}uD;wJJhtcsufjzpfawGvdk@pmtkyfa0befolu usrf;jyKq&mudkyJ wdkduf&kduf udk;um;&ygr,f? “jrefrmEkdifiHrSm/ 1988 ckESpf (EdkifiHa&;) iv#if&J haemufydkif;rSmjzpfay:vgwJh / tajymif;tvJJawG udkta}umif;jyKjyD;/ odyfr}umvSao;wJhtwdyfu jzpf&yfawGtay:rSD;jyD; '¾m&DawGay:cJhonf? ‚if;wdk@teufESpfckudktxl;owdjyKrdonf? yxr'¾m&DrSm 1920/ 1930 ckEpS frsm;. EkdifiHa&;t& xl;jcm;csufudktajccHxm;jyD;/ aemufwckuawmh 1962 ckESpf tm%modrf;yGJudktajccHxm; onf? Tumvrsm;ta=umif;jiif;ckHr_rsm;/ ,cifur&SdcJhbl;Ir[kwf/ odk@aomf 1988 ckESpf ta&;tcif;ESifh aemufqufwGJjzpfvmwJh ypPKyefEkdifiHa&;.vdktifrsm; wenf;wzHkuGif;quf jzpfaer_uTumvrsm;.ta&;ygr_udkyHk}uD;csJ@p&mrsm; jzpfvm&um;/ ‚if;umvrsm;onfvnf; jyefvnf t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&efaumif;aomvrf;qHkrsm;- Critical Reinterpretive Junctures jzpfvm}ujyefonf?”(pm-153) vdk@az:jyjyD;/ ,cka0befcsuf&J@ tprSmwifjycJhwJh “rqHk;ao;aomacwfqef;csdef”eJ h“rjyD;ao;aomawmfvSefa&;” '¾m&Dwdk@ta=umif;udk &Sif;jy xm;ygw,f? “1988ckESpfta&;tcif;aemufydkif;rSm/ 1920/ 1930 ESpfrsm;umvonf 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;/ atmifqef;wdk@vkyf}uHcH&r_/ xdk@aemuf 62 ckEpS f tm%modrf;yGJ/ ponf ponf wdk@a}umifh jywfawmufoGm;&aom/ rjyD;qHk;ao;aomjrefrmwdk@&Jhacwfqef;csdefjzpfw,f qdkwJhwifjy csufw&yf/ ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f? b,ftcsufawGu 'Dumvudk “acwfqef;csdef”vdk hac:E_dif& ovJqdkwmuawmh r&Sif;vif;vSyg? jreffrmpmay/ tEkynm/ *Dw/ obif/ Oya'/ tkyfcskKyfa&;/ Ak'
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“tu,fpifppf/ Tumvonfwdkif;wyg;tkyftkyfpdk;cHb0udk jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm; tom;rusao; aomumv/ wpfckwnf;aomtrsdK;om;a&;xHk;pOfvmESifhwdkif;&if;,Ofaus;r_udk/ udk,fpm;jyK ol/ aus;Zl;cH-aus;Zl;pm;pHepf (Patron-Client Relationship ) . t"dut}uD;tr_;jzpfol jrefrm&Sifbk&ifvnf;r&SdawmhjyDjzpf&um;/ yk*d~Kvfa&;vHkjcHKr_uif;aomrif;rJhumv/ &mZ0wfr_xl ajym/ "g;jy*ddk%f;rsm;}uD;pdk;um/ xdyfvef@pGmae}u&aomumv}uD;jzpfcJhonf? Tumv. tqHk;oyfjzpfonfhv,form;olyek fwckrSty rnfonfhpGrf;pGr;f wref&dSaom vlwef;pm;ur#/ trsdK;om;a&;p±dkufvuQ%m/ bmompmayESifh,Ofaus;r_a&;&mrsm; jyefvnfxGef;um;a&;udk xdxda&mufa&mufa&S@aqmifa&S@&GufjyKay; (Patronize) jcif;vJr&SdcJh&um;/ bmacwfrSvJ rqef;cJh yg?” “'gayrJhvJatmifqef;.EdkifiHa&;b0onf acwfqef;csdef[k ,cktcg (aemufa=umif;jyefIf) orkwfaeonfh xdkumvtwGif;rSmpwifcJh&um;/ ‚if;.EdkifiHa&;Zmwmpef;v*fw[kefxkd; twufESifh TumvudkcGJxkwfIr&Ekdifpaumif; atmifjzpffcJh&onf?" 'Dae&mrSm atmifqef;. EkdifiHa&;ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;onf/ 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;/ oludk,fwdkifvkyf}uHcHvkduf&r_ / ‚if;aemuf 1962 ckESpftm%modrf;yGJ/ wkd@a=umifhwppD jzpfukef}u& (in shambles) onf[lvdk? T'¾m&Du ar;cGef;wckudk ar;=uap&efar#mfvifhygonf? ar;cGef;rSm“ 'Dvkdqdk&ifatmifqef;&J h qHk;c%f;rwdkifvdkuf&wJh ‘acwfqef;csdfef’udpPudkb,folutjyD;owfay;rSmvJ? tajzrSm “b,fol&Sd&OD;rSmvJ/ ol horD;aygh ” [lvdk? odk hjzifh Tacwfqef;csdef'¾m&Donf/ rsufarSmuf EdkifiHa&;. &nf&G,fcsufudkjznfhqD;&ef/twGuf aemufa}umif;jyefIykH}uD;csJ hcHvdkuf&aom twdyf ordkif;.umvw&yfudkjy&ef taumif;qHk;Oyrmwckjzpfvmawmhonf? pmrsufESm 155)” tvm;wlyif EdkifiHa&;ZmwfckH.wzufpGef;wGifvnf; “tjcm;rjyD;ao;aomudpPw&yf” &Sdaejyefyg onf? ‚if;rSm “rjyD;ao;aomawmfvSefa&;” [lIjzpfonf? ‚if;'¾m&Du 1948 ESifh 1962 ESpfckpvHk;udktoHk;jyKonf? ,ae@wdkif;jynfwGiftm%m,lxm;aom (ppf) tpdk;&onf 1962 upwifcJhaomwpfckck (1962 .t"dutaqmufttHkrSm (ae0if;.) awmfvSefa&;aumifpDf) udk qufcHonfhoabm/ wzef 1962 udk,fwdkifuvJ/ 1948 wHk;utvHk;0jyD;rowfEkdifcJhaom/ vHk;0vGyfvyfa&;udpPudk tjyD;oyfqufvkyf&onfhoabmjzpfjcif;tm;jzif/h ‚if;wdk hudk,fudk‚if;wdk@ 1948 ESifhygvSrf;I csdyfqufwGJcsnfxm;onf? Tae&mY/ ‚if;wdk h.EkdifiHa&;jydKifbufrsm;u 62 ckESpfaemufydkif;u jy\emrSefor#udk ‚if;wdk@ tay:yHkcsaeonfhwdkif/ vuf&Sdppfwyf.acgif;aqmif rsm;onf 1962 ckESpfut&m&Sdi,frsm;r#omjzpfcJh}ujyD;/ trsm;wumhtrsm;pk}uD;rSm/ rnfodk@ r#t&mra&mufaom/ q,fausmfoufrsm;omjzpfchJ}uonf? “1988 tusyftwnf;umv twGif;u/ tcdkuftwef@tm%m&vdkufaom apmarmifonfyifv#if 1962 wHk;u wyf}uyfuav; (Corporal) rsSomjzpfcJhonf? 1962 wHk;ut"duZmwfaqmifjzpfcJhaom AdkvfcsKKyfae0if;onfvnf; 1988 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGifrnfonfhEkdifiHa&;c%f;wGifr# ryg0ifawmh? Tae&mwGiftHh}op&maumif;onfrSm/ ppftpdk;&.EkdifiHa&;jydKifbufrsm;u vuf&Sdppft&m&Sdrsm; tm; ‚if;wdk@ESifhbmr#rygwfoufaom 1962 ESifhqufpyfay;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh ‚if;wdk@twGuf

7

vdktyfaeaom/ ordkif;tpOft&w&m;0ifjzpfjcif; (Historical Legitimacy) udk tyfESif;ay;vdkuf &ma&mufoGm;.? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh ppfAdkvfrsm;uvnf;/ atmifqef;pk}unftm; ESpf&Snfvrsm;ESifh/ r}umc%qdkovdk csKyfaESmifaejcif;tm;jzifh/ ,cifu woufvHk;eD;yg;jynfy wGifomaexdkifcJhaoma}umifh/ olrwGifr&SdcJhbl;aomzdESdyfcH&jcif;tm;jzifh w&m;0ifjzpfr_ (Legitimacy by Incarceration) udkzefwD;tyfESif;ay;vdkuf&ma&mufoGm;.?” pm-156) “TrjyD;ao;aom acwfqef;csdef / awmfvSefa&; tqdkrsm;t& qdkcJhaomumvESpf&yfonf/ rsufarSmufacwfjrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tay:tawmf=oZm}uD;aeonf? txl;ojzifh 1962 ckESpf ppfwyftm%modrf;yJGumvudkydkI tm±kHpdkuf}uonf? tkyfpkwpfcku Tumvudk,ae hjrefrm EdkifiH&ifqdkifae&aom'kuQokuQtm;vHk;. t&if;cHtjzpfowfrSwfaeovdk/ tjcm;wzufuvnf;/ Tumvudk wdkif;wyg;tkyfpdk;v$rf;rdk;cHcJh&r_rS tjyD;oyfvGwfajrmufcJhaomumv tjzpfowfrSwf onf? (Ttcsufudk em;vnf / vuQH Edkif&eftwGuf ygarmuQrdkufu,fatmifoGif. tjcm;pmwrf;wckjzpfaom "1948ESifhjrefrmhvGyfvyfa&;'¾m&D (1948 and The Myth of Independence - Cornell University - Southeast Asia Studies Program publication)"aumfeJwuUodkvfxkwf ta&S@ awmiftm&Savhvma&;pmpOf udkzwfxm;zdk@vdkygonf - jrifha&$) 1962 udkrlwnfI‚if;.a&S@ydkif;ESifhaemufydkif;ordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;udk/ taumif;ydkif;ESifh tqdk;ydkif;/ woD;wjcm;bmr# tquftpyfta&mt,Sufr&dScJhoa,mif yHkzsufjcif;cH&onf? 1962 rwdkifrDu tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tjzpftysufrsm;/ vlyk*d~Kvfrsm;udk tm;vHk;taumif;csnf;eD;yg; owfrSwfajymqdkavh&dS}uonf? Oyrm ppfjyD;acwfOD;Ektpdk;&vufxufu qdk&S,fvpfqefaom pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDrsm;ESifhvkyfief;pOfrsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ OD;Ektpdk;&rSm ygvDref'Drdkua&pDjzpf&um;/ xdkacwfjrefrmjynfudkt"dutm;jzifh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;jzpfonf[k,lqjyD;/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk awmh ae0if;. 1962 ESifh/ (‚if;rS qufE$,fIvuf&Sdppftpdk;&) ESifhqufpyfay;avh&dS}uonf? (pm-157) tvm;wlyif atmifqef;.tem*gwfjrefrmjynftwGufpdwful;rSmvnf; ,ae@ol horD;u vlxk t=um;wGifa[majymaeaom/ 'Drdkua&pD/ yk*v ~ dutcGifhta&;qdkonfrsm;ESifh tawmfcsnf; qGJI qufpyf,l&rnfhtajcwGif&Sdonf? 1941 ckESpfwkH;u atmifqef;a&;om;cJhJaomtem*gwf jrefrmjynftwGufpDrHudef; (Blue Print for Burma ) jyKpkcsufxnf;wGif/ “ygvDrefpHepf/ EkdifiHa&;twdkuftcHqdkwmawGr&Sdap&/ t"dy`g,fr&SdwJhwudk,fawmfyk*~vdu0g' tvdkr&Sd” [k twdtusESifh/ cyf&Sif;&Sif;yifajymxm;cJhonf? olum;,ae hacwfol hta}umif;0g'jzef hae}u olawG jzpfapcsifovdk/ 'Drdkua&pDa&; tawG;orm;wOD;r[kwfcJh? ol hjyKpkcsufxnf;wGif/ jrefrm jynfudk *smr%DESifhtDwvDwdk hudk pHerlemjyKI tm;aumif;aomA[dktpdk;&ESifh/ wygwDpHepfwdk h udktxl;tav;xm;az:jyxm;cJhonf? Oya'jyKa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;Xmewdk@xuf tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme

8

tm; tm%mydkrdktyfESif;ay;xm;&efESifh/ wdkif;jynfwGifwyfrawmf.tc%f;u¾Yvnf; *syef. erlemvdkuf&ef wdk hudkygrdef@qdkxg;onf? (pm-157) Tonfwdk hrSm/ tm;udk;&mrJhjAdwdo#vufatmuftzdEdSyfcHb0u 0ef&kd;wef;EdkifiHrsm;buf,drf;cJh aomatmifqef;.EkpOfumvu pdwful;rsm;jzpfcJhonf[kqdk&rnfhwdkifatmif/ aemufxyf ajcmufESpf t=um/ trsdK;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpfESifh 1947 wGifwdkif;jynfodk holajym}um;cJhaom/ rl0g'a&;&mrdef@cGef;rsm;Yvnf;EdkifiHawmf/ tpdk;&tzJGJ hponfwdk hESifhygwfoufIawmh/ tESpfom& tm;jzifhododomomuGmjcm;r_r&Sdyg? (pm-157) pifppfjrefrmEdkifiHY ,ae@jzpfaeaom tm;jydKifyGJ.yxrvuQ%mrSm ae&m(tm%m) twGuf ESpfbufpvHk;u vlxkudkudk,fhbufygvg ap&ef tm;xkwfae}uaom/ xdyfoD;csif;AdkvfvkyGJom (elite struggle for the throne (power) jzpfonf? TonfrSm/ yk*HacwfrSonf jrefrmhordkif;wav#mufvkH;&dScJhonfh tpOftvm±kd;&m ykHpHwpfckom (a traditional pattern) jzpfonf? rif;nDrif;om;rsm;u vuf±Sd±Sifbk&ifudk ta}umif;wckckjyI vlolpka0;umykHuef xD;eef;vk}uaomyHkpHrsdK;/ TyHkpHrsdK;udk ukdvdkeDacwfwav#mufvHk; vGwfvyfa&;acwfwav#mufvHk;tjyif ,ae@acwfumvtxd/ ±kd;&mrysufqdk&rvdk usifhokH;aejcif;omjzpf.? (pm-158) 'kwd,tm;jzifh/ jydKifyJGwGifyg0if=uaom Zmwfaumifrsm;.yk*d~Kvfa&;rsm;uvnf;/ ta&;}uD; aomtc%f;rSyg0ifaeonf (Personal and Generational)? olwdk@tm;vHk;onf/ ynma&;/ tdrfaxmifa&;/ aqGrsdK;awmfpyfr_/ tvkyftudkif/ vlr_ygwf0ef;usifESifhwdkif;jynf. ordkif;a}umif;t& wOD;ESifhwOD;umv±Snf}umpGmxdawG@qufqHcJh}ubl;aom/ ta}umif;odawG tcsif;csif;awG jzpf}uonf? Oyrm uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifoef;xGef;onf atmifqef;ESifh r,m;nDtpfudkjzpfum/ ,ckta0;a&mufnGef@aygif;tpdk;&.acgif;aqmifrSm/ pk}unf. 0rf;uJGJ tpfudkjzpfonf? wcguae0if;.vl,HkjzpfcJhum/ aemufydkif;wGifp=k unfESifh,m,D vufwGJcJhol/ atmif}uD;onf/ ae0if;/ OD;Ek/ atmifqef;wdk@ESifhtwlwl/ &efukefwuUodkvfwGif/ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhonf? wjcm;wzufwGifvnf;/ ,ckpk}unf .EdkifiHa&;twGif;pnf;xJwGifa&mufae}uaom/ ouf}uD;ydkif;trsm;pkrSm/ wcsdefuatmifqef;. aemufvdkuf/ ppfjyD;acwfbDtdkifatt&m±Sda[mif;rsm;aomf‚if; qdk±S,fvpfacwfu ae0if;. aemufvdkufrsm;aomf‚if; jzpf}uonf? (pm-158) wwd,tm;jzifh/ tpOftvmaus;Zl;cH/aus;Zl;pm;qufqHa&;pHepf (Patron-Client Structure) onf/ ,ae hwdkifjrefrmjynfae hpOfvlr_a&;b0.tajccHtkyfjrpfjzpfaeao;onf? TpHepfonf/ ydkus,fjyef haom trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;rsufESmpmrsm;odk hul;pufoGm;um/ ,ae hjrefrmh EdkifiHa&;.tajccHyÉdyuQudkarG;xkwfay;onfh/ ppfwyfESifht&yfbuf/ jrdK hjyESifhaus;vufwdk h t }um;wif;rmr_ (military-civilian, urban-rural tensions) rsm;pwif&m Zpfjrpfjzpfvmonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif(urBmhordkif;.vdktifopfjzpfaom) trdef@ay;pD;yGm;a&;ESifh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; (Command economy and market economy) [email protected];jydKifr_uvnf; ykp>m.(jy\em.)

9

tpdyftydkif;wpfck ( part of the equation/problem ) jzpfvmjyefonf? (pm-158) Tt&mrsm;tm;vkH;udk “t,l0g'a&;&mjy\em (ideological issue) qdkonfjzifh tay:,H rsufESmzHk;pGyfay;xg;onf? wzufaomtkyfpku'Drdkua&pDa&;udk a=uG;ausmfaeovdk/ tjcm;wzufuvnf; trsdK;om;a&; (EdkifiH) wnfwef@a&; (national survival) udka=uG;ausmf aeonf? odk@aomfa=uG;ausmfoHawGufdk/ (wu,fh)EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuftjzpfxuf/ vlpkonfh wyfvSef@oH (Rallying Cry)tjzpfomydkI oHk;pGJae}uyHk&onf? ppfat;acwfumvtwGif;u/ ta±S@awmiftm±S&dStpdk;&rsm;u uGefjrLepf0g'udkwu,ftjyKwfwdkufa&;xuf/ rdrdwdk@tm%m wnfjrJa&;twGuf/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;a=uG;ausmfoHrsm;/ tqufrjywfxkwfcJh=uonfudk jyefajymif;owd&p&myif? ed*Hk;csKyfqdk&v#if ,[email protected]\emrSm tpOftvm ±dk;&mvrf;a[mif;twdkif; jzpfaom EdkifiHa&;xdyfoD;rsm;. yk*~dKvfa&;tm%mvkyGJxufrydkajc? ” (pm- 159) wu,fawmhvJusrf;jyKolordkif;q&majymovdkygbJ/ jrefrmjynfjy\em[m - tedrfhqHk;tm; jzifh - jy\em&J@vuf&SdtqifhrSm - yk*d~Kvfa&;awG t"du[kwrf [kwfodedkifwJh tcsufwcsuf udkyJ=unfhyguodEdkifonf? ,kH=unfr_wnfaqmufa&;uwqifh/ trsdK;om;jyef vnf&if}um;aph a&;qdkwJha=uG;a}umfoHudk =unfh&ifodavmufygw,f? t,ltqa&;&mrSm EdkifiHa&;pHepfESpfck&Jh wkdufyGJomtrSefjzpf&if/ uae@trsm;}um;ae}u&wJh olremudk,fremaphpyfjyD;/ tm%m cGJa0um/ a0pm;r#pm;vkyfa&;ajz&Sif;enf;udk/ &J&Jwif;wif;ajAmif urf;vSr;f aezdk@&m rjzpfEdkifbl;? odk@jzpf&um; “,ae@jrefrmjynf&dSEdkifiHa&;yËdyuQonf trsm;=um;aezwfae}u&ovdk 'Drdkua&pD ESifh tm%m&SifpHepfwdk@t}um;wdkufyJGqdkwmxuf/ ydkrdk&_yfaxG;axGjym;aom/ ordkif;a}umif;/ yk*d~Kvfa&;/ rsdK;quftopfESifhta[mif;/ *dk%f;*%/ taqmufttHk/ a&;&mwdkufyGJrsm; (historical, personal cum generational, institutional) jzpfum/ taemufwdkif;owif;Xmersm;ESifh ppftpdk;&udkqef@usifaeolrsm;u t"duxm;ajymae}u onfh t,ltqa&;&m ('Drdkua&pDa&; - ideological factor, democracy) qdkwmawGonf jynfwGif;u jrefrmvlxk.vufawG@b0wGif ta&;r}uD;qHk;udpPwpfckjzpfaeonf?” (pm-158) tqHk;rSmawmh &ifarmbG,f&m 'D acwfa[mif;-acwfopf (txl;ojzifhacwfopf) '¾m&Drsm;udk az:xkwf&mrSm/ usrf;jyKolordkif;q&med*Hk;csKyfvdkufyHkuawmh/ TESpfOD;ESpfzufwdk@. tm;usrcH vkyfZmwfcif;r_rsm;onf rsufarSmufacwfjrefrmhordkif;udkyHkyrf;ysufapygonf? odk@yifjzpf jim;aomfvnf;/ '¾m&Dudkordkif;a}umif;trSefrS cGJxkwf&ef}udK;pm;&if;/ jy\em. bufESpfbufvHk;udktjypfqdkaeol ordkif;okawoDomv#if/ bufESpfbuf=um;tvnfwGif xD;xD;usef&pfcg jydKifyGJuawmhol@enf;ESifhol bufnDonfhyGJ (Fair Game) jzpfaeonf[kom jzpfygawmhonf? pmtkyfa0befol jrifha&$ (uae'g)