The Origin Of The Georgian Literary Language And Its Prospects

iberiul-kavkasiuri saerTaSoriso samecniero centri Ibero-Caucasian International Research centre

tariel futkaraZe

kavkasiologiuri seria, IV

tariel futkaraZe

saTave da perspeqtiva qarTuli samwignobro enisa kavkasiologiuri seria, IV

saTave da perspeqtiva qarTuli samwignobro enisa

Tbilisi 2006 2006 - 1 -

iberiul-kavkasiuri saerTaSoriso samecniero centri Ibero-Caucasian International Research centre

Caucasiological Series, IV

Tariel Putkaradze

The Origin of the Georgian Literary Language and its Prospects

Tbilisi 2006

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a. saqarTvelos istoriaSi erTiani da Zlieri saxelmwifos ideis ganxorcielebis ori umniSvnelovanesi periodi arsebobs da orive periodis siZlierisa da erTianobis gamoxatulebad miCneulia qarTuli enis gansakuTrebuli roli; Sdr.: qujfarnavazis epoqa: "arRara izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina sxua ena, Tvinier qarTulisa" da grigol xanZTelis epoqa: ”qarTlad friadi (mravali) queyana (mxare) aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva~ yoveli aResrulebis"... pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos gaerTianebisTvis arsebiTi roli Seasrula egrisis erisTavma qujim, meore SemTxvevaSi ki - samxreT-dasavleT (taoSi) da dasavleT saqarTveloSi (egrisSi) aRzrdilma bagrationebma... b. asomTavrulis Semqmneli didi enaTmecnieria, vinaidan man gasaocari sizustiT dainaxa qarTuli enis bgeriTi sistema; kerZod, gansazRvra da aso-simboloebi miusadaga: xmovan fonemebs (a, e, o), Tanxmovan fonemebs (b, f, p; d, T, t; Z, c, w, z, s; j, C, W, J, S; g, q, k; Ë, y; R, x; m, n, r, l, h) da sonantTa alofonebsac ki (i, É; u, E)... g. qarTuli anbanis Semqmnelma, Cans, asomTavruli anbani daafuZna saerToqarTveluri enis bgeriT sistemas da ara erTi romelime qarTveluri kilos, an koines monacemebs; Sesabamisad, arqauli qarTuli samwignobro enisTvis amosavali, sayrdeni enobrivi modelis Ziebisas mniSvnelovania saerToqarTveluri enisa da asomTavruli anbanis logikuri daTariReba...

dedaena pirovnebis saxea; xalxi qmnis enas da ena qmnis ers; saxelmwifo ena qveynis Rirsebis sazomia.

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A In the history of Georgia there exist two most important periods of realization of the idea of the formation of unified and powerful state. In both periods the spread and usage of the Georgian language is taken as the chief criteria for the strength and unity of the country. Let’s compare the periods: Kuji-Pharnavaz epoc says: “there was no other language spoken besides Georgian in the country“ and Grigol Khandzteli’s epoc says: “Georgia is the name of many parts of the country where the divine service is performed in the Georgian language and people pray for God in Georgian“. In the first period, Kuji, prince of Egrisi, played the essential role for the unification of the country, in the second period the same is done by Bagrationi kings brought up in the south-west (Tao) and the west (Egrisi) Georgia. B The man who had created the asomtavruli (Capital Georgian alphabet) was a great scholar as he had seen with amazing precision the system of the Georgian sounds. Namely the scholar had determined and ascribed letters to vowel phonemes (a a, e e, o o), to consonant phonemes (b b, f p, p p; d d, T t, t ţ; Z ĵ, c c, w ċ, z z, s s; j j, C č, W ĉ, J ž, S š; g g, q k, k ķ; Ë ĥ, y q; R ğ, x ħ; m m, n n, r r, l l, h h) and to sonant allo-phones (i i, É y; u u, E v(w))... C The creator of the Georgian alphabet based the asomtavrul,i capital Georgian alphabet, on the Common-Kartvelian sound system and not on one of the dialects or on Koine data. Consequently, when seeking for the pivotal language model as the point of departure for the archaic Georgian literary language, important is the logical dating of Common-Kartvelian and Asomtavruli. Native language is the face of personality People create language and language creates people National language is the measure of the country’s dignity - 4 -

sarCevi Contents Sesavali Introduction "iZulebiTi qarTizaciis" Teoriis usafuZvloba Groundlessness of the theory of “Forceful Kartization” e.w. "nebayoflobiTi qarTizacia" - problemis istoria The history of the question of so-called “Voluntary Kartization” aris Tu ara qarTluri kilo samwignobro enis saTave? Is the Kartlian dialect the single source of the literary language? romeli enobrivi erTeulis bgeraTa sistema SeiZleba iyos asomTavruli anbanis baza? The sound system of what language unit can be considered the basis of the asomtavruli (Georgian-capital letters)? qarTveluri Temebi, romlebic Canan qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis dros Kartvelian communities identifiable during the period of creation of the Georgian alphabet saerToqarTveluri enis daTariRebis problema The problem of dating of the Common-Kartvelian language saerToqarTveluri ena - samwignobro qarTuli enis saTave Common- Kartvelian language as the source of the Georgian literary language - 5 -

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qarTvelTa samwignobro ena dRes: safrTxeebi da perspeqtivebi (mokle eqskursi) Georgian literary language today: threats and prospects (brief overview) damowmebuli literatura References

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inglisuri reziume English Summary

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10 danarTi Appandix

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ixsenieben (ix., mag., n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 225, 353, 406-409; g.mWedliZe, 1996, gv. 111, 115, 370, 534 da sxv.).

Sesavali erT-erTi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, uZvelesi periodidan (Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebidan) TiTqosda arsebobda sam monaTesave enaze molaparake sami qarTveluri tomi: qarTi, zani da svani (ix., mag., o.jafariZe, 2006, gv. 366, 353: "Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevris saqarTvelos eTnikuri ruka ase gamoiyureba: kolxeTis mTianeTSi - svani, kolxeTis barSi - zani, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi - qarTveli"). amave Teoriis mixedviT,

Semdeg periodSi qarTvelebis/qarTebis enis bazaze Seiqmna saliteraturo ena, romelic, mogvianebiT, megrel-lazTa da svanTa kulturis enadac iqca. samecniero literaturaSi es ukanaskneli debuleba orgvari interpretaciiT gvxvdeba: 1. iZulebiTi qarTizacia: varaudoben, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma mosaxleobam - qarTvelebma - TavianTi ena da kultura ZaliT moaxvia Tavs dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi mcxovreb megrelebs, lazebs, kavkasionis kalTebze mcxovreb svanebs, fxovelebs, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi mcxovreb herebs, samxreT amierkavkasiaSi mcxovreb mesxebs da sxv. ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, es "koncefcia" momdinareobs peterburgis universitetis profesoris, qerope petrosis Ze patkanianisgan (patkanovisgan). aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Zveli mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad sabWoTa periodSi daamkvidres eTnonimi qarTi ("qarTebs" zogi avtoqTonad Tvlis, zogi - mosulad); paralelurad gaCnda saocari frazac: qarTi - tomiylapia: "qarTis tomis mier dapyroba-Serwyma sxva tomebisa da Semdeg TandaTan misi saxelmwifoebriv organizaciad gardaqmna (klasobrivi urTierTobis warmoqmna) mas ganuzomel upiratesobas aniWebda sxva tomebTan SedarebiT da moxda udidesi naxtomi: qarTis tomma mcxeTa daipyro da aq Seiqmna axali qarTli. amis Semdeg am tomTa Serwyma kidev ufro swrafi nabijiT wavida. qarTi tomiylapia: iberebi, mesxebi, zidritebi, kaxebi, herebi, fxovi, WarTali, bazali, duali, egre, svani, afxazi, afSili, sanigi" (n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 237). e.w.

qarTebisgan sxva qarTvelur tomTa asimilaciis dausabuTebel mosazrebas samecniero literaturaSi "qarTizaciis", "gaqarTebis", "qarTvelizaciis", an "gaqarTulebis" saxeliT - 7 -

2. nebayoflobiTi qarTizacia: zanuri da svanuri "enebis" mflobelebma TavianT saliteraturo enad nebayoflobiT miiRes moZme "qarTebis" saliteraturo ena. am mosazrebis TvalsaCino nimuSad warmovadgenT citatas a.onianis erT-erTi bolo naSromidan: "qarTulTan, megrulTan da lazurTan erTad svanuri aris qarTvelur enaTa ojaxis erT-erTi wevri. qarTvelur enebze, bevri sxva monaTesave enaTa jgufisagan gansxvavebiT, ar warmoqmnila sxvadasxva erovnuli kultura (mecniereba, xelovneba)... qarTuli iyo mTeli qarTveli xalxis bunebrivi (da ara Tavsmoxveuli) saerTo-saxalxo erovnuli ena, mecnierebis, kulturis ena da erTaderTi saliteraturo ena. es aris is didi tvirTi, rac istoriam qarTvelur enaTagan mxolod qarTuls daakisra da ris gamoc is aris swored sruliad saqarTvelos saerTo-saxalxo erovnuli ena da qarTveli xalxis erTianobis burji. danarCeni qarTveluri enebi ki, romlebic lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT Cveulebrivi enebia, funqcionalurad (sazogadoebrivi funqciis mixedviT) qarTuli enis dialeqtebs utoldebian (xazgasma yvelgan Cemia - t.f.). naTqvamidan Cans, rom svanuri (megrulisa da lazuris msgavsad) umwerlobo enaa" (a.oniani, 1998, gv. 3-4; msgavsi msjelobisaTvis ix., agreTve: r.gordeziani, 1993, gv. 70).

sabWoTa periodamde cnobil qarTvel sazogado da sasuliero moRvaweebs arasodes gauziarebiaT mosazreba qarTvelTa ramdenime enis arsebobis Sesaxeb da e.w. qarTizaciis Teoria (qarTvelologiaSi enisa da kilos sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix., T.gvancelaZe, 2006), magram XX saukunis sabWoTa imperiis (bunebrivia, am periodis saqarTvelos) samecniero wreebSi es iyo aRiarebuli, wamyvani samecniero Teoria; metic, am varaudis (!) "srulyofis" cdad unda CaiTvalos qarTebisa da qarTlelebis gaigiveba (g.meliqiSvili, 1973, gv. 118, 125-127), qarTuli eklesiisaTvis prozelitizmis dabraleba (d. musxeliSvili, 2005, gv. 33: "...qarTuli eklesiis kulturulideologiuri prozelitizmi winaswar qmnida mkvidr niadags politikuri procesebis warmatebiT ganviTarebisaTvis") da

qristianobis gamocxadeba qarTizaciis procesis xelisSewyobad (g.mWedliZe, 1996, gv. 368: "qarTul enaze qristianobis aRmsarebloba qarTizaciis process uwyobda xels da amiT eTnikur barierebs spobda").

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samecniero literaturaSi e.w. qarTizaciis Teoria pirvelad gaakritika cnobilma saeklesio moRvawem, istorikosma, profesorma anania jafariZem, romelmac, qarTul istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, Tavisi xedva ase Camoayaliba: "n.marisgan momdinareobs idea aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis "qarTizaciisa" anu gaqarTvelebis Sesaxeb. xelovnuria termini da ideac aseTivea; sinamdvileSi ki, Zveli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, mTianeTis, kaxeT-hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas "qarTizacia" ar esaWiroeboda, radgan ZvelTaganve (da farnavazis drosac) aRniSnul kuTxeTa mcxovrebni, rogorc mTielebi, ise egriselebi (mesxebsa da her-kaxelebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT) qarTveli xalxis ZiriTad nawilad ganixilebodnen. es ase esmis "qarTlis cxovrebas", Zvel qronikebs da Zvel avtorebs... didma ivane javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia, rom qristianobamde yvela qarTul tomTaTvis (samegrelosa da svaneTSic) kultmsaxurebis ena iyo qarTuli ena... Sesabamisad, am tomebs qarTizacia ar sWirdebodaT..." (a.jafariZe, 1996, gv.195-197, 213, 215-216; ix., agreTve, a.jafariZe, 1998, gv.261-263; a.jafariZe, 2003).

"iZulebiTi qarTizaciis" Teoriis usafuZvloba "iZulebiTi qarTizaciis" Teoriis usafuZvlobas cxadyofs mravali sxva faqti da bolo periodSi Cven mier warmoebuli kvlevebic; kerZod: arc erT saistorio (Tu sxva saxis) qarTul Tu ucxour wyaroSi ar dasturdeba qarTis tomi; vinc ar arsebobda, rogor SeeZlo sxvisi dapyroba (t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 325)? faqtia isic, rom saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTveluri tomebis/Temebis Tu samTavroebis gaerTianebis idea TiTqmis yovelTvis dasavleT an samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleobisgan (maTi winamZRolebisgan) modioda; ix., mag., qujis, maruSianis, daviT kurapalatis, leonidebis, bagrat III-is, Wyondidlebis, levan dadianisa ("iberielTa erTobis traqtati") da sxvaTa Zalisxmeva. SeniSvna: sayuradReboa: k.kekeliZesTan kamaTSi iv.javaxiSvils sityva qarTebi brWyalebiT mohyavs (iv.javaxiSvili, 1979, gv. 236); Sdr.: k.kekeliZis rwmeniT, svanebTan narevi mesxebis kuTvnili qarTli Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi daukavebiaT qarTebs, romelTac axali qarTli

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SeuqmniaT; Cans, iv. javaxiSvili ar iziarebda qarTis tomis arsebobis ideas, Tumca, ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, amis Sesaxeb mas sagangebod ar umsjelia. iv.javaxiSvilisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTizaciis Tema gaaaqtualura n.berZeniSvilma; davimowmebT mis tipur citatas (n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 225): feodaluri urTierTobis Camoyalibebis xanisaTvis qarTlis eqspansia ZiriTadad dasrulebuli iyo... qsnisa da aragvis xeobebma "saxeli qarTli ar miiRes; ar miiRo es saxeli arc imereTma, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTis kultura, qarTis ena maTTvis mSobliuri ena gaxda (SeiZleba iberni iyvnen da imTaviTve maTi enac igive iyo, rac qarTlisa, oRond dialeqti...)" [xazgasma Cemia - t.f.].

"iZulebiTi qarTizaciisa" da qarTuli eklesiis prozeliturobis Teoria dResac atacebuli aqvT saqarTvelos daSla-daqucmacebis momxre jgufebs (gansakuTrebiT, ruseTis imperiis mesveurebs). ramdenadac iZulebiT qarTizacias faqtobrivi monacemebi mxars ar uWers, xolo I saukunidan momdinare qarTuli eklesiis istoria safuZvliani kvleviT naTladaa warmodgenili mitropolit anania jafariZis fundamentur gamokvlevevebSi (a.jafariZe, 1996; a.jafariZe, 1998; a.jafariZe, 1999; a.jafariZe, 2003; ix, agreTve, b.diasamiZe, 1999), am sakiTxebze msjelobas Cven aRar gavagrZelebT.

e.w. "nebayoflobiTi qarTizacia" - problemis istoria ufro bundovnad da winaaRmdegobrivad gamoiyureba mosazreba e.w. "nebayoflobiTi qarTizaciis" Sesaxeb; am Tvalsazrisis mimdevarTa azriT, ZvelTaganve arsebul qarTvelur tomobriv enaTagan erT-erTze ("qarTebis enaze") Seqmnili saliteraturo ena droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTveli eris erovnul enad iqca (msjelobisaTvis ix., mag., ganaTlebis saministros mier studentTaTvis saxelmZRvanelod damtkicebuli "enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis sakiTxebi" g.axvledianis redaqciiT, Tb., 1972, gv. 36). aqve (gv. 22) vkiTxulobT: ”qarTuli da megruli imdenad aris dacilebuli erTmaneTisgan, rom Tu an megrelma qarTuli ar icis an qarTvelma megruli, maSin isini erTmaneTs ver gaugeben"... wignis avtorTa

mixedviT, qarTuli enis erovnul enad qcevis miuxedavad, megruli da qarTuli opoziciuri cnebebia, xolo megreli da qarTveli maTTvis sxvadasxva xalxad kvalificirdeba... pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTvelos pirvel - 10 -

universitetSi Seqmnil am saxelmZRvaneloSi qarTvelobis warmodgena or xalxad aris logikuri Secdoma, romelic gamomdinareobs qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros im aralogikuri gaazrebisgan, romelic gabatonebuli iyo sabWoTa enaTmecnierebaSi. qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa msgavsi kvalifikacia jer kidev gavrcelebulia sabWoTa imperiis dasustebisa da daSlis Semdegac (ix., mag.: b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 172173; b.jorbenaZe, 1995, gv. 18-20; T.gamyreliZe, z.kiknaZe, i.Saduri, n.Sengelaia, 2003, gv. 622; v.boederi, 2005, gv. 230-232... v.boederis ”argumentebis” kritikisaTvis ix., T.gvancelaZe, 2006); Sesabamisad,

saqarTveloSi Tu sazRvargareT bevr mkvlevars dResac ara aqvs naTeli warmodgena qarTvelTa eTnokulturuli istoriis Sesaxeb; bevrs jerac hgonia, rom Sua saukuneebidan dRemde qarTebis (/qarTvelebis/qarTlelebis) ena da kultura Tavs aqvT moxveuli sxva qarTveluri modgmis "xalxebs" (svanebs, lazebs, megrelebs, mesxebs, aWarlebs, fxovelebs... (konkretuli masalisaTvis ix., T.gvancelaZis, m.tabiZis, r.Serozias, a.jafariZis, m.naWyebias naSromebi, romlebic damowmebul literaturaSia warmodgenili).

monaTesave tomTagan erT-erTis gaZliereba da mis mier politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis organizeba Cveulebrivi movlenaa msoflios xalxTa istoriaSi; Tumca, ukve erovnebebad Camoyalibebuli monaTesave xalxebis enebisagan erT-erTi enis aRmatebulad - saxelmwifo enad - gamocxadeba da am eris saxelwodebis, kulturis, enis ganzogadeba monaTesave erovnebaTa saxelad, kulturad, enad, Zneli warmosadgenia; rogorc wesi, amgvari "daaxloebis" procesebi iwodeba: erTi eris mier sxvaTa dapyrobad, asimilaciad da a.S. Sdr.: g.meliqiSvili, 1973, gv. 124-128: arabobis Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mkvidri qarTis erovnebis mier moxda dasavleT saqarTvelos araqarTi mosaxleobis "enobriv-eTnikuri" daaxloeba-Serwyma... g.meliqiSvilis (da zemoT dasaxelebuli sxva mkvlevrebis) msjelobebSi erTmaneTisgan gamomdinare ori usafuZvlo daSveba gvaqvs: arsebobda qarTis tomi/erovneba; arsebobda qarTis ena. ukve xazgasmiT iTqva: qarTis tomis arsebobis varaudis safuZvels msoflioSi arsebuli arc erTi istoriuli wyaro ar iZleva; garda amisa, dausabuTebelia "istoriuli qarTebis", qarTvelebisa da qarTlelebis gaTanabreba. vfiqrobT, ufro - 11 -

logikuria istoriuli qarTlis mosaxleobis saxeldeba mesxebad (literaturisa da msjelobisaTvis ix., t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 87-90). sakiTxis istoriis SeswavliT gairkva, rom XX saukunis istorikosTa gamokvlevebSi qarTvelTa sam Stod warmodgenas saTave lingvistebma daudes: "qarTvelebs enaTmecniereba sam umTavres Stod hyofs: erT Stos qarTlurad (qarTis enaze) mosaubreni Seadgenen (qarTlelni, kaxelni, fSav-xevsurni, mesxebi, awindelni imerlebi da gurulebi); meores iberielni ekuTvnian, anu megrel-laz-Wanebi; xolo mesames - svanebi: (iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv. 19, 21; agreTve, gv. 3-6). xolo mosazrebas Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi qarTis (zanis, svanis) tomis arsebobis Sesaxeb, biZgi misca zogi lingvistis (g.klimovis, T.gamyreliZis...) mier am periodSi sami qarTveluri enis arsebobis saTuo daSvebam, romelTagan erT-erTze qarTul enaze - TiTqosda Seiqmna anbani; swored lingvistTa varaudze dayrdnobiT, istorikosTa didi nawili uSvebs, rom arsebobda qarTul enaze molaparake qarTis tomi, romelmac sxva qarTveluri tomebis asimilacia moaxdina (bolo periodis msjelobisaTvis ix., mag., o.jafariZe, 2006, gv. 339-340).

maSasadame, e.w. nebayoflobiTi (Tu iZulebiTi) qarTizaciis realurobis samtkiceblad Tu uarsayofad sakvanZo mniSvnelobisaa pasuxi kiTxvebze: rodis arsebul, rogori saxis da romel enobriv erTeuls emyareba qarTvelTa anbani da qarTuli samwignobro ena? qarTuli samwignobro (saliteraturo) enis sayrdeni enobrivi erTeulis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi orgvari mosazreba arsebobs: a. qarTvelTa saliteraturo ena Seiqmna erTi kilos /enakavis (qarTluri, qarTl-kaxuri...) safuZvelze; Semdeg es ena iqca qarTvelTa saerTo enad; b. qarTuli saliteraturo ena Seiqmna saerToqarTveluri enis safuZvelze, Sesamabisad, Tavidanve is yvela qarTveluri Temis Semoqmedebis nayofia.

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aris Tua ara qarTluri kilo samwignobro enis saTave? iv. javaxiSvili, 1979, gv. 154-156: "qarTuli ena qarTlelkaxel-imerel-gurulebisa da megrel-svanebisTvis saerTo enaa..." warmarTobisdroindeli saerTo Semoqmedebaa; Sdr., iv. javaxiSvili (1908, gv. 20): "qristianobis niadagze aRmocenebuli mwerlobis ena qarTluria... qarTvelTa Zveli mwerlobis ena ki SeiZleba ekuTvnodes megrul-lazur, an svanur Stos; Sdr., iqve, gv. 4: "saerTo ena da mwerloba yvela qarTvelma tomma Seqmna". arn. Ciqobava: "saliteraturo ena iqmneba garkveuli dialeqtis safuZvelze, ase, magaliTad, rusul erovnul enas, rogorc aRniSnavs i. stalini, safuZvlad daedo kursk-oriolis metyveleba... Zveli saliteraturo qarTuli ena Seiqmna istoriuli qarTlis metyvelebis safuZvelze; axali qarTuli saliteraturo ena qarTluris garda kaxursac emyareba" (arn. Ciqobava, 1952, gv. 114-115). g. axvlediani, g.nebieriZe: "qarTul saliteraturo enas safuZvlad udevs qarTl-kaxuri dialeqti, magram saliteraturo qarTuli ar emTxveva mTlianad qarTl-kaxur dialeqts, saliteraturo enas safuZvlad edeba is dialeqti, romlis warmomadgenlebic dawinaurebuli arian kulturuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT; ase magaliTad, laTinurs safuZvlad daedo romis dialeqti, radgan roms gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava romis imperiaSi. amave mizezis gamo franguls safuZvlad daedo parizis dialeqti, Zvel berZnuls - atikuri dialeqti, qarTuls - qarTl-kaxuri da a.S." (g. axvlediani, 1972, gv.27). b.jorbenaZe: "saliteraturo ena iqmneba garkveuli dialeqtis safuZvelze... Zveli saliteraturo qarTuli ena Seiqmna istoriuli qarTlis metyvelebis safuZvelze; axali qarTuli saliteraturo ena qarTluris garda kaxursac emyareba" (1989, gv. 172-173). ra argumentebi da winaaRmdegobebi aqvs warmodgenil mosazrebebs? qarTluris (qarTl-kaxuris) gamocxadeba samwignobro - 13 -

enis bazad emyareba damwerlobis/mwignobrobis Seqmnis dros mcxeTis/Tbilisis anu qarTlis provinciis dawinaurebis faqts da saliteraturo enasTan qarTluri kilos met siaxloves. am mosazrebis gaziarebas xels uSlis ramdenime faqti: arc erT wyaroSi ar dasturdeba qarTis tomis arseboba; Sesabamisad, dasadgenia qarTuli anbanis/mwignobrobis Seqmnis dros arsebuli is qarTveluri Temi (/Temebi), romelic (romlebic) SeiZleba yofiliyo qveynis kulturul-politikuri cxovrebis warmmarTveli. Cvenamde moRweuli arqauli werilobiTi Zeglebis ena (fonematuri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri struqturebi) qarTlurTan ar avlens ufro met siaxloves, vidre mesxurTan, imerulTan, xevsurulTan Tu imerxeulTan; Sesabamisad, ramdenad logikuria qarTluris (miT umetes, ar arsebuli e.w. qarTis enis) gamocxadeba samwignobro enis safuZvlad?

romeli enobrivi erTeulis bgeraTa sistema SeiZleba iyos asomTavruli anbanis baza? qarTuli samwignobro enis dasawyisad asomTavrulis Seqmna unda davigulvoT; Sesabamisad, arsebiTia kiTxva: qarTveli eris istoriis romel SualedSi SeiZleboda Seqmniliyo asomTavruli anbani? sxvadasxva enebis anbanTa Sepirispirebis, uZvelesi xanmeti, haemeti teqstebisa da bolnisis sionis warwerebis gamowvlilviTi analizis safuZvelze iv. javaxiSvilma ivarauda, rom asomTavruli anbani warmarTuli periodis Zeglia da Seqmnilia ara ugvianes Zv. w. VII saukunisa. amave azrs emxroba p. ingoroyvac. cnobili wyaroebis axleburi analizisa da bolo wlebSi mikvleuli Zeglebis Seswavlis safuZvelze r.patariZem qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis TariRad ivarauda Zv. w. 415 weli (r. patariZe, 1989). sxvadasxva profilis bevri sxva mkvlevaric (ak.baqraZe, g.narsiZe, m.CxartiSvili, z.aleqsiZe, l.WilaSvili...) qarTul anbans warmarTuli xanis Zeglad miiCnevs. Sdr., agreTve, "matiane SemecnebaTas" cnoba: "ara uwignoni iyvnen qarTvelni JamTaca Sina farnavazamde..." - 14 -

vfiqrobT, logikuri samuSao hipoTezaa: qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis dro - Zv. w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevari (t.futkaraZe, 2005). kvlevis am etapze CvenTvis arsebiTia epoqa da ara anbanis Seqmnis konkretuli TariRi, Tumca, saorientacio drod mainc viRebT saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis periods - qujisa da farnavazis zeobis xanas (Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, 1989, gv. 197-198: ”ar aris gamoricxuli, asomTavruli damwerloba qristianobis xanis axali qarTuli erovnuli damwerloba iyos, romelmac Secvala (an gamoaZeva) manamde arsebuli, warmarTuli epoqis werilobiTi sistema").

qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis droisa da sabazo enis dadgenis procesSi arsebiTia istoriuli realobisa da enobrivi faqtebis gaTvaliswineba.

qarTveluri Temebi, romlebic Canan qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis dros qarTuli anbanis/mwignobrobis Seqmnis savaraudo dros, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis II naxevarSi, romeli qarTveluri Temi (/Temebi) iyo qveynis kulturul-politikuri cxovrebis warmmarTveli da romlis metyveleba daedo safuZvlad qarTul anbans? Zveli wyaroebis mixedviT, Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze aqtiurad Canan: kolxebi/kolaelebi, mosxebi/mesxebi, taoxebi, tibarenebi, saspeirebi, xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi (terminebi: kolxebi da mesxebi sxvadasxva dros konkretul Temebsac miemarTeboda da tomTa gaerTianebebsac)... ucxouri wyaroebis mixedviT, am periodis qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvnel saxelebs Soris yvelaze popularulia kolxi; ak. uruSaZis da sxvaTa varaudiT, Tavdapirvelad, berZnebi kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gulisxmobdnen (ak.uruSaZe, 1964, gv.6); aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sxvadasxva dros qarTveluri tomebis am teritoriis saxelad gvidasturdeba: aRmosavleTis iberia (Sdr.: pirineis naxevarkunZuli - dasavleTis iberia) da kavkasiis iberia; kerZod, terminebi: kavkasiis iberia da aRmosavleTis iberebi pirvelad Cndeba Zv.w. IV-II saukuneebis avtorebTan: megasTenesTan, TeofrastosTan, dionise periegetTan... (v.vaSakiZe, 1993, gv.61). mag., plutarqes cnobiT, kavkasiis mTavari erebi albanele- 15 -

bi da iberebi arian: iberebi binadroben dasavleTiT mesxeTis (evfrat-Worox-mtkvar-araqsis wyalgamyof) mTebTan da pontos zRvasTan, albanelebi ki - aRmosavleTiT, kaspiis zRvasTan (iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18). Sdr., agreTve: strabonTan svanebi iberiul tomadaa moxseniebuli, xolo vatikanSi daculi "saeklesio analebis" mixedviT, kolxeTi zemo iberiaa: "iberiis im nawilma, romelic pontos zRvasTan mdebareobs da kolxidad iwodeba, saxareba jer kidev imperator traianes (98-117) dros mqadagebeli papi wm. klementis (papobis wlebi - 88-97) SemweobiT miiRo... rac Seexeba qvemo iberebs, romlebic kavkasiis mTebTan, kaspiis zRvis axlos cxovroben, Tvlian, rom maT qristianoba imperator konstantines dros miiRes” (i.tabaRua, 1984, gv.171)... Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia, rom ucxouri wyaroebis kolxi qarTvelTa ucxour saxelad davsaxoT. am mosazrebas mxars uWers kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturis sazRvrebi (sinopedan soWamde; Savi zRvidan mcxeTamde): i.gagoSiZisa da j.afaqiZis gamokvlevebma savsebiT daadastura b.kuftinis mosazreba, rom Sida qarTlis arqeologiuri masala kolxuri kulturis organuli nawilia: "aTaswleulidan moyolebuli, taxtiZirisa da cxinvalis regionis arqeologiuri masala mxolod kolxuri kulturis "filtraciiT" ver aixsneba; qarTlis iberia uSualo monawilea didi kolxuri kulturisa" (i.gagoSiZe, 1964, gv.86; i.gagoSiZe, 1997; i.gagoSiZe, 2003; j.afaqiZe, 2002); Sdr., agreTve: al. ramiSvilis daskvniT, II aTaswleulis bolosa da I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi kolxuri kultura farTodaa gavrcelebuli "mTeli Sida qarTlis teritoriaze", xolo "Tlis samarovanze gamovlenili materialuri kultura, ZiriTadad, kolxur-yobanur samyarosTan Cans dakavSirebuli" (al. ramiSvili, 1999, gv.130). aseve, sayuradReboa qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi, romelTa mixedviTac egrisi mudam qarTlis SemadgenlobaSia, xolo qujisa da farnavazis sazogadoebebs Soris Tvisobrivi eTnokulturuli sxvaoba ar Cans: quj-farnavazis dros saqarTvelos/qarTlis saxelmwifos aRorZineba, xangrZlivi nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba ver moxdeboda, qarTvelur Temebs Soris arsebiTi enobrivi da kulturuli sxvaoba rom yofiliyo; Sdr.: "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, arabebis Semosvlamde egrisi mudam qarTlis SemadgenlobaSia, metic, tradiciis mixedviT, Sida egrisi qarTlis/saqarTvelos mefis kuTvnili miwa-wyalia. - 16 -

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, logikuria davuSvaT, rom asomTavruli anbani Seiqmna kolxuri/qarTveluri kulturis Semqmneli mosaxleobis oficialuri enis mixedviT, romelic, naklebmosalodnelia, rom erTi romelime Temis/tomis ena yofiliyo, vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi is ver Seasrulebda monaTesave TemTa makonsolidirebel rols. faqtia isic, rom asomTavrulis fonemuri safuZveli da arqauli samwignobro qarTulis fonematuri struqtura ufro naklebad emTxveva mcxeTa-Tbilisis regionis gviandeli metyvelebis - qarTluris Tu mesxurisa da egrisis gviandeli metyvelebis - megrulis monacemebs, vidre svanurisas Tu taourisas; amave dros, sxva enobrivi movlenebis mixedviT, svanuri Tu taouri SesamCnevad scildeba samwignobro enas; Sesabamisad, am faqtis gamoc, unda davuSvaT, rom anbanis Seqmnisas safuZvlad gamoyenebulia qarTveluri modgmis saerTo-salaparako koine, an saerToqarTveluri ena.

saerToqarTveluri enis qronologiasTan dakavSirebiT samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. mecnierTa erTi nawili saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drod Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebs asaxelebs (arn.Ciqobava, k.bergslandi, h. fogti, g.maWavariani...), meore nawili ki saerToqarTveluri enis funqcionirebas SesaZleblad miiCnevs Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi (T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, T.miqelaZe, m.qurdiani...); kerZod: saerToqarTveluri enis istoriuli qronologiis dadgena pirvelad scades e.w. glotoqronologiuri meTodis gamoyenebiT. amerikeli lingvistebis - moris svodeSisa da robert lizis mier gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi Seqmnili glotoqronologiuri anu leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT monaTesave enaTa diferenciaciis dro ganisazRvreba ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondidan aRebuli 100 an 200 sityvis cvlilebis koeficientis mixedviT. es meTodi iTvaliswinebs ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis cvalebadobis siCqaris erTgvarobas yvela enaSi. leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa diferenciaciis daTariReba scades g.klimovma, T.gamyreliZem da g.maWavarianma. erTi da imave meTodiT Sesrulebuli ori gamokvlevis Sedegebi 1000-wliani sxvaobis mqone aRmoCnda, kerZod, g.klimovis azriT,

saerToqarTvelurisagan svanuris gamoyofa daiwyo II aTaswleulis, xolo zanurisa - I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (g.klimovi, 1952, gv. 119). T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis azriT ki, saerToqarTvelurisagan svanuris gamoyofa Zv. w. X saukuneSi moxda, xolo qarTul-zanuris diferencireba - Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze (T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv. 17). saerToqarTveluri enis divergenciis gansxvavebuli sqemaa warmodgenili T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis SromaSi ”indoevropuli ena da indoevropelebi”; kerZod, am naSromSi saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drod miCneulia Zv. w. IV aTaswleuli. samecniero literaturaSi miTiTebulia glotoqronologiuri meTodis naklze. igi mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs enis cvlilebis gansxvavebul temps sxvadasxva epoqaSi da leqsikis cvlis sixSiris xarisxis gansazRvrisas ver iTvaliswinebs intensiuri gavlenis an sametyvelo kodTa Serevis rols; es meTodi naklebsandoa imitomac, rom saanalizo erTeulTa siaSi erTi uzusto formis moxvedrac ki mkveTrad cvlis qronologiur CarCoebs (glotoqronologiis "myife meTodebis" Sesaxeb ix. k.bergslandi, h.fogti, 1972; d. kristali, 1989, gv. 331; b.jorbenaZe, 1997, gv.140-141; t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv, 327; T.gvancelaZe, 2004...). k.bergslandisa da h.fogtis azriT, "saerToqarTveluri ena Zveli welTaRricxvis bolo aTaswleulSi unda movaTavsoT” (k. bergslandi, h. fogti, 1972, gv.255). arn. Ciqobavas TvalsazrisiT, saerToqarTveluris arseboba Zv. w. I aTaswleulSia savaraudebeli. cnobili mecnieri ase msjelobs: "iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi monaTesave enebia, maT warmoSoba aerTianebs. es ZvelisZvel viTarebas gulisxmobs; savaraudod, sami aTasi wlis winandels da, albaT, Zvel adgil-samyofels, kavkasiis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals. am enaTa ganviTareba sxvadasxva gziT warimarTa; ara erTs sxva enas gadahyrian; saukuneTa manZilze araerTi dialeqti Tu ena warmoqmnila Tu gamqrala, gaTqvefila sxva enaSi. amitom gasakviri is ki ar aris, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebs “gasaocari nairgvaroba axasiaTebs, aramed is, rom fonetika-morfologia-sintaqsSi (aseve, leqsikaSic) niSandoblivi saerTo Tvisebebi SerCeniaT" (arn. Ciqobava,1979, gv. 253). Cveni azriT, Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi

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saerToqarTveluri enis daTariRebis problema

saerToindoevropulis Tanadroulad arsebobda iberiul-kavkasiuri kontinuumi (enobrivi ganfeniloba), romlisganac sakuTriv qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros gamomijvna dawyebuli Cans kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi indoevropuli nakadis Semosvlis Semdeg Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze; mkveTri daSoreba ki savaraudoa Zv.w. I aTaswleulis manZilze, kerZod, skviT-kimerielTa da sparsuli modgmis tomTa Semosevebis dros. qarTveluri modgmis mier kolxur-yobanuri (yobani - sofeli Crdilo kavkasiaSi, kerZod, Tanamedrove oseTSi) kulturis Seqmnis dros, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua periodidan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasasrulamde, Cans, winare qarTvelur tomTa metyvelebidan yalibdeba saerToqarTveluri enobrivi erTeuli - Zvel qarTvel tomTa saerTo-sametyvelo ena. vfiqrobT, arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli, davuSvaT, rom erTmaneTs emTxveva qarTuli anbanis Seqmnisa da saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro. saerToqarTveluris daTariReba Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebiT da varaudi, rom samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba saerToqarTvelurs, unda gaamyaros (an uaryos) arqauli samwignobro qarTuli enis, qarTveluri ena-kiloebisa da saerToqarTveluri enis ZiriTad maxasiaTebelTa sistemurma analizma.

saerToqarTveluri ena - samwignobro qarTuli enis saTave samecniero literaturaSi saerToqarTveluri enis modelirebis ramdenime cda arsebobs; yvela seriozuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli saerToqarTveluri modeli ufro hgavs Zvel qarTul samwignobro enas, vidre erT romelime qarTvelur dialeqts. samagaliTod ganvixilavT saerToqarTvelurisa da sxva qarTveluri qvesistemebis urTierTmimarTebis ramdenime faqts:

saerToqarTveluri leqsika. qarTveluri samwignobro enisa da kiloebis monacemTa SepirispirebiT samecniero literaturaSi rekonstruirebuli saerToqarTveluri leqsikis morfologiuri da semantikuri struqturebi ZiriTadad emTxveva arqauli samwignobro qarTulis monacemebs; masala vrcladaa warmodgenili n.maris, - 19 -

a.cagarelis, p.Waraias, arn.Ciqobavas, g.klimovis, h.fenrixis, z.sarjvelaZis, m.Cuxuas da sxvaTa leqsikonebSi, amitom mraval nimuSTagan aq mxolod ramdenime tipur SemTxvevas warmovadgenT: saerToqarTv. *asuli, samwign.qarT. asuli, mesx. asuli, zan. osuri, svan. aséS; saerToqarTv. *Tafli, samwign.qarT. Tafli, mesx. Tafli, zan. Tofuri, svan. Tu/TEi; saerToqarTv. *yurZeni, samwign.qarT. yurZeni, mesx. yurZeni, zan. Ïurzeni, svan. yunZel...

samecniero literaturaSi saerToqarTvelurisTvis aRdgenilia samwignobro tradiciis amsaxveli leqsikac; kerZod, m.Cuxuas azriT (2006), saerToqarTvelurSi samwerlo tradiciis arsebobas mxars uWers iseTi fuZeebi, rogoricaa: wign- "wigni", qert- "qaRaldi, tyavis naWeri" da sxv.

~, E da B bgerebi. saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis fonematur struqturaSi sami klasi gamoiyofa: Tanxmovnebi (Cqamierebi, sonorebi), sonantebi da xmovnebi. fuZeenis xmovanTa sistemaSi Tanamedrove qarTvelur ena-kiloTa mixedviT aRdgeba a, e, o xmovnebi. i da u bgerebi xan marcvlovani, xanac umarcvlo alofonebiT warmodgebian da, Sesabamisad, qmnian sonantTa klass. i/~ da u/E/v sonantebi dResac arsebobs TiTqmis yvela qarTvelur dialeqtSi (Sdr.: T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis mixedviT, Tanamedrove qarTvelur qvesistemebSi sonantTa klasi gamoiricxeba). T. gamyreliZis, g. maWavarianis, h. fenrixisa da sxvaTa azriT, saerToqarTvelur sonantTa rigSi aRdgeba m, n, r, l fonemebic. arn. Ciqobava, g.rogava, q.lomTaTiZe, T.gvancelaZe da sxva cnobili mecnierebi samarTlianad Tvlian, rom saerToqarTvelurSic da dResac m, n, r, l bgerebi sonorebia da ara sonantebi. specialistTa didi nawili saerToqarTvelurSi ZiriTadad imave Tanxmovnebs aRadgens, rac gvaqvs arqaul samwignobro qarTulSi: xSulebi: b, f, p; d, T, t; Z, c, w; j, C, W; g, q, k; B, y. napralovnebi: z, s; J, S; R, x; h. sonorebi: m, n, r, l. mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis (T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, m.qurdiani) azriT, saerToqarTvelur enaSi winanunismieri Z, c, w, z, s da ukananunismieri j, C, W, J, S bgerebis gverdiT damatebiT savaraudoa Suanunismieri (Suasibilanturi) Z&, c&, w&, z&, s& Tanxmovnebis arseboba. am mosazrebas faqtobrivi masala naklebad uWers mxars. - 20 -

amrigad: qarTuli anbanis sayrdeni modelis Ziebis TvalsazrisiT arsebiTia is, rom asomTavrulSi dasturdeba: B, ~ da E bgerebis aRmniSvneli grafemebi, romlebic arsebobda arqaul qarTulSic, saerToqarTvelurSic da ar aris damaxasiaTebeli qarTluri da samcxur-javaxuri kiloebisTvis (Tumca dResac bunebrivia qarTvelur kiloTa umravlesobisTvis; garda amisa, B, ~ da E-s aRmniSvneli asoebi XIX saukunemde gamoiyeneboda samwignobro enaSi). "arqaul qarTlursa" da mesxurs

Tu warmovidgenT am bgerebiTurT, bunebrivia, "arqauli qarTluris"/mesxuris da saerToqarTveluris identuri monacemebi "arqaul qarTlurs"/mesxurs saerToqarTvelurTan gagviTanabrebs; e.i. am SemTxvevaSic, logikuria vTqvaT, rom asomTavrulis fonemuri safuZveli ufro saerToqarTveluria, vidre qarTluri (sadac ar Cans B).

xmovanTkompleqsebi. erTi morfemis SigniT qarTveluri qvesistemebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris xmovanTkompleqsebi; morfemaTa zRvarze warmoqmnili xmovanTmimdevrobebi (gansakuTrebiT: ae, ea, oa, ao, oe, eo) yvela qarTvelur dialeqtSi ganicdis cvlilebebs: warmoiqmneba difTongi, grZeli xmovani, an erTi xmovani. msgavsi ram ar dasturdeba samwignobro enaSi; Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia davuSvaT, rom arqauli samwignobro ena romelime CvenTvis cnobil qarTvelur kilos eyrdnoba. am SemTxvevaSic, qarTluri (Tu sxva romelime kilo) ufro gviandeli gamodis, vidre asomTavrulis sayrdeni metyveleba. bunebrivia, es faqtic kidev erTi argumentia saimisod, rom arqauli samwignobro/standartuli enisTvis amosaval struqturad miviCnioT ara qarTluri an mesxuri, aramed saerToqarTveluri ena. SeniSvna: Tu davuSvebT e.w. "arqauli qarTluris" arsebobas da warmovidgenT, rom masSi xmovanTkompleqsebi Tavdapirveli saxiT arsebobda, aseTi "arqauli qarTluri" saerToqarTvelurs an, samwignobro enas daemTxveva. xmovanTkompleqsebis istoriidan gamomdinare TiTqos ufro logikuria davuSvaT, rom qarTluri momdinareobs samwignobro enisgan da ara samwignobro ena - qarTlurisgan; esec naklebargumentirebadia, vinaidan qarTvelur sinamdvileSi arc erTi kilo ar iRebs saTaves saliteraturo enisgan: yvela kiloSia iseTi arqauli gramatikuli Tu leqsikuri faqtebi, romlebic samwignobro enis velSi ar

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dasturdeba, magram savaraudoa saerToqarTvelurSi.

moTxrobiTi brunva. qarTvelur enobriv qvesistemebSi moTxrobiTi (ergativi) erTaderTi brunvaa, romlis niSnis dReisTvis ZiriTadi alomorfebi (-man/-ma/-m) saerToqarTvelurSi ar aRdgeba: arqaul samwignobro enaSi ergativi warmodgenilia saxelis fuZiT (abraam), ubrunveli nacvalsaxelebiT (me, Sen, Cven, Tqven, man, maT, vin, TviTon), an man nawevriani yalibiT (kac-man); svanur kiloebSi e.w. adiRuri tipis ergativia gabatonebuli, xolo zanur kiloebSi ergativs awarmoebs -q segmenti (romelic, Cveni azriT, megrul, raWul, taour, imerxeul da sxva qarTvelur kiloebSi farTod gavrcelebuli qe/qi/qo/qve/ki/xo/ho nawilakis naSTia; t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 317-318). Sesabamisad, logikuria davuSvaT,

rom iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis specifikuri brunvis - ergativis -man/ma da -q nawilakebiani qarTveluri variantebi Camoyalibda arqauli samwignobro enis formirebis Semdeg (Sdr.: saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri tipis ergativad Tu ar miviCnevT, svanur kiloebSi arsebuli e.w. "adiRuri ergativi" Crdilokavkasiur superstratad SeiZleba CavTvaloT; misi damkvidrebis sawyisi dro SeiZleba daukavSirdes "qarTlis cxovrebis" cnobas welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze kavkasionis samxreTiT Crdilo kavkasielebis gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb).

sxvagvarad: saerToqarTvelurisa da arqauli qarTuli samwignobri enis msgavsad, megrul-Wanurisa da svanuri kiloebis moTxrobiTSi ar gvaqvs -man morfema imitom, rom qarTveluri dialeqtebis -ma/-q elementiani moTxrobiTi Camoyalibda arqauli samwignobro enis Seqmnis Semdeg; e.i. moTxrobiTi brunvis -ma da -q alomorfebi Cndeba ax w. IV-VII saukuneebis Semdeg; es ki miuTiTebs saerToqarTvelurisa da arqauli qarTulis Tanaarsebobas welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze da SiSina dialeqturi wris gviandelobas. xanmetoba. svanur da fxovur kiloebSi piris niSnad dRemdea SemorCenili arqauli samwignobro enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli e.w. xanmetobis droindeli x- prefiqsi: ax.w. V-VII saukuneebis qarTuli xanmeti teqstebis normis analogiurad, svanurSi x- piris niSani daculia xmovniT dawyebul zmnebTan subieqtur meore da obieqtur mesame pirSi (x-iSxi "iwvi", x-asyi "akeTeb", x-atbide "aTbob"... x-alat "uyvars", x- 22 -

ahEdi "aZlevs", x-agdi "sZinavs"...). igive x- prefiqsi unda gamoiyos pirveli piris x+E- segmentSi (sakiTxis istoriisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.: g.rogava, 1956; m.suxiSvili, 1986; n.maWavariani, 1986), kerZod, saerToqarTvelurisa da samwignobro qarTulis msgavsad, svanur kiloebSic pirveli piris niSania E/v, romelic arabagismieri xmovnebis win daculia ucvlelad, bagismieri bgerebis mezoblad ikargeba, xolo TanxmovniT dawyebul zmnebSi Semonaxulia infiqsis saxiT (msgavsi distribucia Cveulebrivia sxva qarTvelur kiloebSic). rac Seexeba x+E- segmentis x-s, logikuri Cans, davuSvaT: x- pirveli piris zmnur formaSi arsebuli iribi obieqtis niSania; droTa ganmavlobaSi, svanur formebSi xE- erTian morfemad gadaazrianda da sxva SemTxvevebSic ganzogadda. h/x/s (< sa-/ra-) prefiqsisaTvis amosavali Cans klas-kategoriis niSnoba (arn.Ciqobava, 1944), vinaidan sxvagvarad gaugebari iqneboda ori, gramatikulad gansxvavebuli piris – mesame obieqtisa da meore subieqtis warmodgena erTi da imave niSniT; Sdr., Zveli samwignobro enis monacemebi: aRxumarTe, SexuabT... hvscode, hkiTxe. Zvel samwignobro qarTulSic da svanur, TuSur, xevsurul masalaSic (mi-x-gvrian, x-qonda, da-x-kazmavs, x-mkidi, da-x-farven...) amosavalia s/h; dialeqtebSi savaraudoa Semdegi fonetikuri procesi: s/h > h > 0 da s/h > x > (R): saTanado fonetikur garemocvaSi swored x-s (da ara h-s) SeuZlia mogvces mJReri R; Sdr., xevsuruli: maRgvris, Rgvandi, Rgonebav (Sdr., a.SaniZe, 1920 da a.WinWarauli, 1960, gv.96-98). gurul-aWarul kiloebSic gvaqvs piris niSnad fonetikur niadagze miRebuli x (ix. q.lomTaTiZe, 1938; m.cincaZe, m.faRava, 1998 da sxv.), oRond, aq h > x procesi fuZiseuli TanxmovniTacaa ganpirobebuli; Sesabamisad, gurul-aWarulSi gamovlenili x xanmetobis periodisad ver miiCneva. aSkaraa: meore subieqturi pirisa da mesame obieqturi piris niSnad x-, anu e.w. xanmetoba saerToqarTveluri movlena Cans. saerToqarTvelurSive arsebuli h/x monacvleobis Sedegi unda iyos zog kiloSi h > 0 procesis ganviTareba, zogan ki x-s damkvidreba (Sdr.: mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom xanmetoba da haemetoba sakuTriv qarTuli enis or kilos asaxavs). gasarkvevi rCeba amosavali fonemis sakiTxi: fonetikuri procesebis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, ufro - 23 -

logikuria arn.Ciqobavasa da g.rogavas Tvalsazrisi s-s uwinaresobis Sesaxeb. nivTis klas-niSani s, rogorc g.rogava varaudobda, fonetikur niadagze gvaZlevda h-sa da x-s Soris gardamaval bgeras (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. g.rogava, 1956). Cans, samwignobro enis standartizaciis Zvel etapebze zogi literaturuli skola piris niSnad h-s azogadebda, zogi skola ki - x-s; saboloo normad ki damkvidrda zmnuri fuZis dasawyisis Sesabamisi bunebrivi fonetikuri variantebi: bagismierebTan da ukanaenismierebTan - h, winaenismierebTan - s, sxva SemTxvevebSi - 0. e.i. zanur-svanuri kiloebis formirebis procesSi meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi piris niSnad saerToqarTvelur enaSi (enobriv koineSi) gaaqtiurebuli iyo x varianti. mTavari daskvna: x- prefiqsis povnierebiT svanuri kiloebi srulad asaxavs arqaul samwignobro enas, fxovuri kiloebi ki odnav saxecvlil variantebs; Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv, xanmetoba saerToqarTvelur monacemad unda CavTvaloT da meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia, svanuri 1000-2000 wliani SualediT davaSoroT arqaul samwignobro qarTuls, romelSic saerToqarTveluri xanmetobaa asaxuli. xanmetobasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa T.gvancelaZis dakvirvebac: samwignobro qarTulis nar-Taniani mravlobiTi, xucesi da zanuri kiloebis uCaSi saSualebas unda iZleodes, zanuris gamoyofis drod ganvsazRvroT ax.w. V saukune; kerZod, xucesi asaxavs xanmetobis periods, xolo uCaSi - haemetobisas (azri gamoTqmulia zepiri saubris dros). igive x- prefiqsia svanur xoSa "ufrosi", "didi" sityvaSi (x-ucesi/uCaSi/x-oSa sityvebSi xanmetobis x- prefiqsi gamoyo a.SaniZem; ix. g.rogava, 1956, gv. 293). warmodgenil mosazrebebTan mimarTebaSia gasaazrebeli saerToqarTv. sa – zan. o Sesatyvisobis sakiTxic: - cnobilia, rom samwignobro qarTulis sa- prefiqss zanurSi Seesabameba o-; jer kidev n.marisgan samarTlianad miCneulia, rom zanurSi dakargulia TanxmovniTi nawili: saqaTme/ oqoTume, saxli/oxori, *socxali/cocxali/oCxari... savaraudoa Semdegi fonetikuri procesi: saerToqarTv. *sa-/ha > zan. ho/o (ar aris aucilebeli, davuSvaT, rom zanurSi gvqonda s-s Sesatyvisi iseTi S, romelic ver Zlebs o-s win; Sdr., m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.338). vfiqrobT, samwignobro qarTulis V-X saukuneebis xanmetoba-haemetoba-sannarevoba, svanur-TuSur-xevsuruli xanmetoba, - 24 -

zanuri *huCaSi > uCaSi da *ho > o procesebi drois erT monakveTSi iRebs saTaves. ramdenadac, svanur-fxovurma kiloebma piris niSnad Semoinaxa -x/R, logikuria davuSvaT, rom zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wre formirdeba haemetoba/xanmetobis periodSi; es dro ki emTxveva zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wris gamomijvnis Cven mier zemoT navaraudev periods – axali welTaRricxvis dasawyiss (aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom swored am droidan Cndeba wyaroebSi svanebis Temic da maTi saxelic: soanas/Soanas "svani"). ratom ar SenarCunda xanmetoba sxva qarTvelur kiloebSi? pasuxi martivia: ganvlili 15 saukunis manZilze samwignobro qarTulis gavlena ufro aqtiuri iyo centralur, vidre ganapira qarTvelur kiloebze, Sesabamisad, politikur da kulturul centrTan mudam axlos myofi centraluri kiloebi (qarTluri, kaxuri, imeruli...) mihyvebodnen samwignobro enis normebis cvalebis dinamikas; Sdr.: qarTuli samwignobro ena normirebulia da naklebad icvleba (inarCunebs saerToqarTveluris ZiriTad niSnebs), Tumca, xalxuri metyvelebis (centraluri kiloebis!) gavleniT saero mwerlobis ena garkveulwilad mainc icvleba; Tavis mxriv, xalxuri metyvelebac (gansakuTrebiT centraluri kiloebi) ganicdis samwignobro enis gavlenas... amgvari intensiuri urTierToba ar aris samwignobro enasa da ganapira qarTvelur kiloebs Soris, amitomac, logikuria, ganapira qarTvelur kiloebSi bevri arqaizmic gvqondes (saerToqarTvelurTan metad daSorebis miuxedavad) da bevri inovaciac. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom centralur kiloTa mosazRvre regionebSi am kiloebisa da samwignobro enis intensiuri gavleniT, ganapira kiloebi ufro da ufro Tmobs Tavis poziciebs; mag., bolo ramdenime saukuneSi (xalxSi gvarebis formirebis Semdeg!) megruli metyvelebis transformireba moxda zemo gurul da qvemoimerul kilokavebad.

Temis niSnebi. qarTveluri kiloebis daTariRebisa da samwignobro enis sayrdeni enobrivi modelis gansazRvrisaTvis sainteresoa zmnur Temis niSanTa Cveneba: arqauli samwignobro enisaTvis bunebrivi iyo TemisniSnianic da uTemisniSno zmnebic; analogiuri viTarebaa svanur kiloebSic, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom arqauli - 25 -

samwignobro ena da svanuri dialeqtebi saerToqarTvelur viTarebas asaxavs. droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTul samwignobro enaSi gaZlierda Temis niSnis darTvis, xolo sxva qarTvelur qvesistemebSi unifikaciis tendenciac; kerZod, Tu fxovur kiloebSi, gurulSi, zemoimerulsa da aWarulSi mkrTalad SemorCa arqauli samwignobro enis (anu saerToqarTveluris) msgavsi viTareba, qarTlursa da kaxurSi TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba uTemisniSno zmnebi, xolo mesxursa da megrul-WanurSi Temis niSanTa sruli unifikaciac moxda (masalisaTvis ix., b.jorbenaZe, 1995, gv. 360-374). daskvna: Temis niSnebis aspeqtiT, svanuri da arqauli saliteraturo ena Tanadroul viTarebas asaxaven; samwignobro ena eyrdnoba im models, romelic daculi aqvs svanurs, da ara megrul-Wanurs, mesxurs an qarTlurs.

”"aris"” meSveli zmna. awmyosa da TurmeobiTis formaTa warmoebis principi qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi ZiriTadad erTnairia: arqauli qarTuli da zemosvanuri kiloebi meSvel zmnas ar dairTavs; gviandeli samwignobro ena, megrul-Wanuri, qvemosvanuri da sxva qarTveluri kiloebi dairTaven aris zmnis sxvadasxva fonetikur variants. Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnur komponentad gamoyenebuli ”aris” zmnis fonetikuri cvlilebac qarTvelur qvesistemebSi erTgvari principebiT xdeba; ramdenadac amosavali qarTveluri forma (ars/aris) identuria arqauli samwignobro qarTulis monacemisa, SesaZlebloba gvaqvs, qarTveluri masStabiT vimsjeloT Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnuri nawilis formirebis droisa da qarTvelur enobriv velSi alomorfTa gamovlenis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb; kerZod: Zvel werilobiT ZeglebSi Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnur wevrad, rogorc wesi, gvxvdeba ars meSveli zmna, saxeladi nawili ki ZiriTadad fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili: daxatul ars, daweril ars, mosul ars... iSviaTad dasturdeba i-xmovniani varianti: aris. megrul-WanurSi ZiriTadia oren (< *a-r-e-n) forma; xolo svanur kiloebSi ”aris” damoukidebeli zmnis rolSia @ri/ari (I p. xE-ar-i, II p. x-ar-i, III p. a-r-i. mr.: I p. xE-@-r-i-d/l-@r-id, II p. x@-r-i-d, III p. @-r-i-x; (x)E-, x-, -x xanmetobisdroindeli piris niSnebia), xolo meSveli zmnis funqciiT dasturdeba li/liz/lis: - 26 -

I p. xE-i (<xE-ar-i) II p. x-i (<x-ar-i), III p. l-i (ari: daxatuli ari, wasuli ari... III subieqturi piris niSani -n bolokidur poziciaSi ikargeba megrulSic: Waril ore/re“”dawerili aris”... n- sufiqsi aRdgeba xmovnis Semcveli morfemebis (mr. ricxvis -an sufiqsis, sxvaTa sityvis -ia nawilakis, kiTxviTi o nawilakis) darTvisas, mag.: oren-a(n) ”arian”, ore-n-ia ”ariso”, ore-n-o ”aris?” WanurSi -n sufiqsis dakargvis faqtebi iSviaTia: ore-n. d) aris zmnis fonetikur variantad xevsurulSi gvxvdeba as: gaWirebuli kaci as. es kanon Zveli as. TiTo moS Tivaic ro miscaT, isic kai as. mkvdris coli as is, ro qals qmar maukvdebis (a.WinWarauli, 1960, gv.41). e) ingilourSi (kakurSi) xmovanfuZian saxelebTan aris/ars meSveli zmna s variantiT aris warmodgenili, igi uSualod ekvris saxels, mag.: zroxa~s (=Zroxa aris), mama~ mepure~s (mama mepure aris), saWiro~s (=saWiro aris) (gr.imnaiSvili, 1955, gv. 122)

v) megrul-WanurSi oren meSveli zmna II-III pirSi xSirad Tavkiduri o xmovnis gareSe ixmareba: reqo: qali-orre>e: xantilie ”daxatulia”, Warilie ”dawerilia”... i) WanurSi oren zmnis Ziriseuli r Tanxmovani icvleba ~-T: ren>~en: si kiTxeri ~e-r-i? (aq r ganviTarebulia, i _ kiTxv. nawilakia)“”Sen naswavli xar?” jigei Jui en "filtvi ori aris" (s.JRenti, 1953, gv. 72). Sdr. martviluri: mu~e<mu re ”ra aris”... k) WanurSi SesaZlebelia xmovnebs Soris moqceuli meSvelzmniseuli r bgera daikargos: en (l)-ar-i > (l)-i procesi, maSin gamodis, rom am SemTxvevaSic dakargulia Sua segmenti -ar-. svanuris Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos is, rom meSveli zmnis gamartiveba ufro Sors aris wasuli da, msgavsad III pirisa, gacvda I-II piris formebic. es faqtic saerToqarTveluri movlenaa: ena cdilobs damxmare sityvebi (mor-

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femoidebi) afiqsebad aqcios (Sdr.: a<ars, megr. q
kavSirebiTis gamomxatveli.

yalibi

-

momavali

drois

arqaul qarTul/qarTvelur saliteraturo enaSi II kavSirebiTis formebiT gadmoicema TxrobiTi kilos momavali dro (amitomac adreul gamokvlevebSi am mwkrivs myofads uwodebdnen): kacma (Se)Wamos saWmeli = kaci (Se)Wams saWmels; man daamËuas igi = igi daamxobs mas... sxva qarTvelur qvesistemaTagan analogiuri viTareba SenarCunebulia mxolod lazurSi (fragmentulad gvaqvs herulsa da mesxurSic), maSin roca megruli da sxva qarTveluri kiloebi mihyveba Tanamedrove qarTuls. r.Serozias azriT, lazurisa da megrulis monacemTa sxvadasxvaoba saTaves iRebs VII-VIII saukuneebidan; Sdr.: rogorc cnobilia, daaxloebiT arabobis dros saliteraturi enaSi xdeba cvlilebebi myofadisa da aspeqtis warmoebis mxriv (z.WumburiZe, 1986). samwignobro dedaenasTan mowyvetil da bizantiur kulturul velSi moqceul lazur kilos es cvlilebebi naklebad Seexo; swored amis gamocaa, rom "zogierT sakiTxSi lazurs meti aqvs SenarCunebuli Zveli viTarebisa, vidre megruls da TviT qarTvelur saliteraturo enas" (r.Serozia, 2002, gv. 88). warmodgenili msjeloba kidev erTi argumentia arqauli samwignobro enis sayrdeni metyvelebis uwinaresobisa zanur (da sxva qarTvelur) kiloebTan SedarebiT.

mier; sayuradReboa isic, rom pirveli asomTavruli warwerebi palestinaSi iovane lazis monasterSia Semonaxuli. qarTuli mwignobrobis geografiis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa is faqtic, rom Zveli mwignobrebi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi Tvisobrivad erTnairad moRvaweobdnen; Sdr., mag: samxreT saqarTveloSi: ioane mosxi, arsen safareli, grigol xanZTeli, giorgi merCule, basil zarzmeli, ioane mtbevari, ioane oqropiri... dasavleT saqarTveloSi: ioane lazi, iovane minCxi (martvileli), stefane sananoisZe, ioane petriwi, tbeli abuseriZe, Wyondidlebis mravali Taoba... aqve, sagangebod davasaxelebT cnobil mwignobrebs svaneTidan: grigol svani, ioane qancxiani (qacxiani), grigol qancxiani, ilarion sofromaZe, timoTe papa, ioane farjaniani, vaxtang farjaniani, ioane xaritoniani, giorgi mozdoniani, miqael odariani, uxojeliani, Sqeriani, ioane javesiani, demetre ifareli, BeSdiniani, ioane dalidiani, qerabin xojelani, demetre RoReliani, ivane mulaxeli da sxv. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi: bakuri, petre iberi, iakob curtaveli, Sio mRvimeli, grigol diakoni, ioane sabanisZe, ioane bolneli, leonti mroveli, arsen iyalToeli...

saqarTvelos samwignobro centrebi. qarTvelTa samwignobro kultura odiTganve saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi uwyvetad iqmneboda didi qarTveli moRvaweebis - 29 -

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qarTvelTa samwignobro ena dRes: safrTxeebi da perspeqtivebi (mokle eqskursi) "ena aris eris suli da eris suli aris misi ena" vilhelm humboldti

qarTuli enis istoriuli gzisa da perspeqtivis Sesaxeb sainteresoa qarTvel klasikosTa Sexedulebebi: vaJa-fSavela: "Cveni enis saTavea Zveli klasikuri qarTuli literaturuli ena... mwerali unda ibrZodes saerToerovnuli enis interesebisTvis, romelic aerTianebs enobriv ganStoebebs, dialeqtebis saxeliT rom vicnobT... axali qarTuli mwerlobis valia, saerToerovnul enaSi daamkvidros Cveni enis arqauli formebi, Tanamedrove qarTvelebis dialeqtebSi arsebuli gauryvneli formebi"... konstantine gamsaxurdia: "qarTuli sityvieri inventaris gamdidreba unda moxdes calkerZ Zveli qarTulis maragidan, calkerZ cocxali dialeqtebisa da enakavebis wiaRidan, raTa qarTuli ena martooden mSrali, mwignobruli ena ar gaxdes... unda SemovuSvaT qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc megrulsvanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli"... "qarTvelTa erovnuli gadagvarebis mosurneT uwinares enaze mihqondaT xolme ieriSi" (b.jorbenaZe). didi istoriis manZilze imperiaTa Tu barbarosTa agresiebis dros qarTvel ers, Sesabamisad, qarTul enas mravalgzis damuqrebia safrTxe: momxduri cdilobda qarTvelobisaTvis daeviwyebina sakuTari warsuli, kultura da enobriv-eTnikurad daeSala igi; saamisod eswrafoda, qarTveluri kiloebis bazaze Seeqmna axali "samwignobro enebi" (dialeqtebze Targmnidnen saxarebis calkeul epizodebs, locvebs da a.S.) da am kiloTa mflobelTaTvis gaeucxoebina winaprebis mier Seqmnili dedaena, daeviwyebina dedakultura... XX saukuneSi bolo saSiSroeba Seiqmna 70-ian wlebSi komunisturi imperiis mier: 1978 wels sabWoTa imperia Seecada daemcro isedac formalurad arsebuli konstituciuri statusi qarTuli enisa; saqarTvelos sazogado moRvaweebma da studentobam (ganurCev- 31 -

lad eTnikuri warmomavlobisa) ar dauSves sabWoTa konstituciaSi qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis, statusis daknineba da 14 aprils grandiozuli aqcia gamarTes. imperia moerida viTarebis gamwvavebas da ukan daixia. am dRidan saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis axali etapi iwyeba: zviad gamsaxurdias meTaurobiT arsebuli antiimperiuli disidenturi brZola farTo erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi gadaizarda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg erovnulma xelisuflebam 14 aprili gamoacxada saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRed. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnaze saqarTvelos faqtobriv xelisuflebaSi myofi saokupacio administracia am dRes dedaenis dRed an qarTuli enis dRed moixseniebda, rac, faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs (gansakuTrebiT, araqarTuli warmomavlobisas) xels uSlida, aReniSnaT da ezeimaT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRe. bolo periodis saqarTveloSi izrdeba ucxoenovani skolebisa da universitetebis ricxvi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo interesebi moiTxovs, kargad gaanalizdes arsebuli viTareba da ZiriTadad qarTuli kulturuli faseulobebis Seswavlapropagandis mizniT daigegmos ganaTlebis reforma; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sabWouri rusifikacia enisa da eris gadagvarebis axali saxeobiT Seicvleba. bunebrivia, qarTvelma studentma kargad unda icodes erTi ucxo ena mainc, magram aucilebelia saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis mqone axalgazrdoba pirvel rigSi flobdes saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas da ganaTlebas iRebdes saxelmwifo enaze, ramdenadac, kulturis ena gansazRvravs pirovnebis cnobierebasa da samyaros xedva-aRqmis sistemas... ucxo eniT - dedaenis gareSe gazrdili adamiani Sordeba sakuTar fesvebs, kulturas, tradicias da verc sxvis kulturas eziareba srulyofilad; Sedegad viRebT snobur, arasrulfasovan Taobas, romelic naklulovnad axdens TviTrealizebas da mwirad aRiqvams garesamyaros. saxelmwifo enis statussa da moqmedebis ares gansazRvravs qveynis konstitucia (agreTve - sxva kanonebi). saxelmwifo ena amTlianebs mosaxleobis saxelmwifoebriv interessa da suliskveTebas. igi qveynis erTianobisa da Zlierebis safuZvelia; Sdr.: saqarTvelos istoriaSi erTiani saxelmwifos ideis ganxorcielebis ori umniSvnelovanesi periodi arsebobs da orsave - 32 -

SemTxvevaSi enis rolis saxelmwifoebrivi gageba wamoiwia wina planze: erTia farnavazis moRvaweobis periodi: ”arRara izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina sxua ena, Tvinier qarTulisa” da meore - grigol xanZTelis epoqa, roca iTqva: ”qarTlad friadi queyana~ aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva~ yoveli aResrulebis”. mocemuli sazogadoebis mier Tavisi samwignobro enis floba da am enis mixedviT TviTaRqma uSualodaa damokidebuli akademiuri ganaTlebis xarisxze. mag.: mravalwaxnagovani istoriuli kataklizmebis gamo, lazebs sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul velSi uxdebaT cxovreba. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia sakuTari warsulis codnis xarisxic, rac pirdapirproporciulad aisaxeba erovnul-enobrivi TviTaRqmis faqtorebze; kerZod: lazTa erTi nawili (ZiriTadad, sarfisa da gonio-axalsoflis mkvidrni) ar mowyvetila qarTvelur kulturul-saxelmwifoebriv vels; Sesabamisad, am mosaxleobam icis, rom megrelTa, kaxelTa, mesxTa, fxovelTa... msgavsad, isinic arian erTiani qarTveluri kulturisa da saerToqarTvelur enobriv struqturaze dafuZnebuli mwignobrobis avtorebi; maTTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom saqarTvelos mefeebis didi nawilis garda, lazur-Wanurmegruli warmoSobisani iyvnen qarTveluri kulturis Semqmnelebi iovane lazi, ioane minCxi, stefane sananoisZe, ioane petriwi, iovane maruSisZe, Wyondidlebi... dadianebi, Ciqovanebi, gamsaxurdiebi da mravali sxva. lazTa meore nawili aRizarda TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi. mas daviwyebuli aqvs Tavisi kilo da, Turquli ganaTlebis sistemis Sesabamisad, Tavs Turqad miiCnevs. TurqeTsa da evropaSi moRvawe lazTa mesame nawilisaTvis ucnobia (bunebrivia, ara yvelasaTvis!) saerToqarTveluri kulturis qmnadobis procesSi laz-megrelTa monawileoba, magram maT ician, rom lazebi enobriv-eTnikurad arsebiTad gansxvavdebian Turqebisagan. lazTa es jgufi sakuTari metyvelebis bazaze cdilobs axla Seqmnas samwignobro ena da "gadaarCinos" TavisTavadoba. saqarTvelos amJamindeli sazRvrebis gareT mcxovreb qarTvelebs xSirad ara aqvT informacia sakuTari istoriis/kulturis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove teqnologiebis pirobebSi Zneli araa samecniero codnis gansazogadoebrioba; Cvens SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis keTilmezobluri urTierTobis pirobebSi unda Seiqmnas obieqturi samecniero - 33 -

informaciis gacvlis veli, romelic yvela lazs saSualebas miscems icodes: 1. kolxuri (kolxur-yobanuri) arqeologiuri kulturis sazRvrebi cxadyofs, rom kolxuri saxelmwifo ocze met qarTvelur Tems aerTianebda da Tavisi arsiT qarTveluri (zogadqarTuli) xasiaTisaa. 2. qarTveluri samwignobro ena efuZneba saerTo qarTvelur enobriv models da ara qarTlurs, kaxurs, an sxva romelime qarTvelur kilos; pirveli qarTuli asomTavruli warwerebi SemorCenilia iovane lazis monasterSi, qarTuli himnografiis fuZemdebelia aseve lazi/megreli ioane minCxi da sxv. 3. saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli saxelmwifos ideologebi da winamZRolebi metwilad iyvnen lazur-megruli warmoSobis didgvarovnebi (bagrationebi, Wyondidlebi da sxva); 4. lazTa folklorSi (msgavsad imerxevelTa, taoelTa, svanTa, herTa, kaxTa...) gamorCeulad pativsacemi adgili uWiravs erTiani saqarTvelos did mefes - Tamars; qarTvelTa saerTo istoriis amsaxveli es masala i.yifSiZis mier erTi saukunis winaa Cawerili. ...am da sxva analogiuri faqtebis codna obieqtur vels Seqmnis lazTa TviTaRqmisaTvis. yovel sazogadoebriv jgufs/erTobas (bunebrivia, lazebsac) aqvs ufleba, icodes TavianTi warmomavloba. samwuxarod, dasavleT evropaSi mcxovrebi garkveuli pirebic cdiloben eTnikur Tu enobriv umciresobad gamoacxadon da am gziT did istoriul samwignobro kulturas moswyviton qarTvelTa erTi nawili. amgvari enobrivi diversia zogs uneburad gamosdis sakmarisi samecniero informaciis verflobis gamo; mag., "evropis enebis centris" grifiT 2002 wels espaneTSi gamoqveynebul rukebdarTul wignSi "Europe of the Peoples" da 2000 wels parizSi gamocemul atlasSi "safrangeTi da samyaro" (La France et le Monde, Atlas) rukis sxvadasxva feriT, droSiTa da eTnikuri dasaxelebiT arian warmodgenili: qarTvelebi, afxazebi, megrelebi, aWarlebi, svanebi da osebi... ganmkiTxavi aravinaa! - 34 -

jerjerobiT ki: hiuiti da kompania qmnis axal damwerlobebs qarTveluri kiloebisTvis, maTTvis iTxovs regionaluri enis (anu: erovnuli umciresobis enis) statuss da araqarTvelebad acxadebs megrelebs, svanebs, lazebs, mesxebs... msgavsi "ganwyobis" ucxoelebi zogjer saqarTvelos saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis eqspertebadac (Tu konsultantebad) ki gvevlinebian (erTerTis Sesaxeb ix., danarTSi)... viTarebas amZafrebs isic, rom dResac saganmanaTleblosamecniero oficialur sadaveebTan axlosaa da, Sesabamisad, finansurad uzrunvelyofilia jgufi, romelic evrosabWos dokumentebis arsis gayalbebiT, sabWoTa "tradiciis" Sesabamisad, cdilobs damoukidebeli umwerlobo enis Tu umciresobis enis statusi daumkvidros lazurs, megruls, svanurs... riTac safuZvels uqmnis mavans, qarTvelTa erTi nawili saqarTveloSi enobriv an eTnikur umciresobad gamoacxados da maTTvis axali saliteraturo ena Seqmnas; arada, evrosabWos dokumentebi amis safuZvels namdvilad ar iZleva.

"evropuli qartia regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb" da "CarCo konvencia erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb".

1992 wlis 5 noembers evrosabWos wevrma saxelmwifoebma strasburgSi miiRes "evropuli qartia regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb", xolo 1995 wlis 1 Tebervals aqve xeli moewera "CarCo konvencias erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb". aRniSnuli dokumentebi evrosabWos wevrebisa da wevrobis msurvelTaTvis warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelo debulebebis krebuls erovnul da lingvistur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi; kerZod, qartia da konvencia iTxovs: saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleobisgan gansxvavebuli avtoqToni, aborigeni eTnikuri Tu enobriv-kulturuli sazogadoebebisaTvis umciresobis statusis miniWebasa da saTanado uflebebiT aRWurvas. konvenciisa da qartiis mixedviT, umciresobaTa uflebebi STambeWdavia: umciresobis enaze saqmiswarmoeba da swavleba bagabaRSi, skolasa da umaRles saswavlebelSi... ix., mag., qartiis me-8 muxlis I.e. punqti:

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saxelmwifom unda miiRos zomebi, raTa "xelmisawvdomi gaxados sauniversiteto da sxva saxis umaRlesi ganaTleba Sesabamis regionalur da umciresobaTa enebze". aqve aRvniSnavT, rom: konvenciis me-12 muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, erovnul umciresobad aRiarebuli sazogadoebis ena mocemul regionSi administraciuli organoebis saqmiswarmoebis enad gamocxaddeba, Tuki saxelmwifoSi tradiciulad mcxovrebi umciresobebi am regionSi dResac umravlesobaSi arian, an didi raodenobiT cxovroben da, Tuki, amave dros, maT es surT (ix. agreTve 66-e ganmarteba). ix., agreTve: qartiis me-8 muxlis I.z. punqti: saxelmwifom unda miiRos zomebi "raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes im istoriisa da kulturis swavleba, romlis gamoxatulebasac warmoadgens regionaluri an umciresobis ena". qartiasa da konvencias dRemde SeuerTda 44 qveyana, ratifikacia ki moaxdina ocdacxrametma: belgiis, saberZneTis, islandiisa da luqsemburgis parlamentebs jerjerobiT ar daudasturebiaT mTavrobebis xelmowerebi. evrosabWos am dokumentebs ar uerTdeba safrangeTi. saqarTvelos faqtobrivi mTavroba evropul dokumentebs miuerTda 2000 wels; 2005 wlis 13 oqtombers "saqarTvelos parlamentma" daamowma konvencia; uaxloes xanSi igegmeba qartiis ratifikaciac. qartiisa da konvenciis eTnikur-lingvisturi cnebebis arakompetenturi ganmartebebiT, kerZod, terminebis: erovnuli umciresoba, enobrivi umciresoba, ena, regionaluri ena, umciresobis ena, dialeqti... ulogiko gaazrebiT, 2000 welsve gaCnda saSiSroeba, saqarTveloSi dakanonebuliyo aTamde regionaluri saxelmwifo ena; avtoqTonad aRiarebuliyo amdenive eTnikuri jgufi, romelsac, sakuTar enaze saSualo skolebisa da umaRlesi saswavleblebis gaxsnis garda, ufleba eqneboda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi saqmiswarmoebac qarTulisgan gansxvavebul enaze ewarmoebina da a.S. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, amJamadac cdiloben, saqarTvelo gamocxaddes mravalerovan da mravalenovan saxelmwifod da saqarTvelos regionebSi SeizRudos saqarTvelos istoriuli saxelmwifo enis funqcionireba. arada, qarTuli enisTvis amgvar safrTxes namdvilad ar qmnian saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis dokumentebi, vinaidan evropul qartiasa da konvenciaSi kargadaa Camoyali- 36 -

bebuli umciresobaTa uflebebi, magram ganmartebuli ar aris teqstSi gamoyenebuli cnebebi: erovnuli umciresoba, enobrivi umciresoba, kulturuli umciresoba, ena, dialeqti, enis saxesxvaoba da sxv. strasburgis dokumentebze xelismomweri qveynebis xelisuflebebis azriT, am cnebebis/terminebis gaazreba da eTnikuri umciresobebisa Tu umciresobaTa enebis CamonaTvalis Seqmna konkretuli saxelmwifos kompetenciaa, vinaidan dasaxelebul terminTa mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb evropaSi ver moxerxda SeTanxmeba mravalwliani dava-kamaTis Semdegac ki. am sakiTxs sagangebod exeba konvenciis ganmartebiTi moxsenebis me-4 da me-12 nawilebi; mag., konvenciis me-12 ganmartebaSi vkiTxulobT: "konvencia ar iZleva erovnuli umciresobis cnebis ganmartebas im praqtikuli mosazrebis gamo, rom mocemul etapze SeuZlebeli iqneboda imgvari formulirebis SemoTavazeba, romelsac evropis sabWos yvela wevri saxelmwifo dauWerda mxars". msgavs azrs gadmoscems qartiis me-17 ganmartebac: "qartia ar gansazRvravs enas arc socialur-politikuri Tu eTnikuri niSniT, rogorc ama Tu im konkretuli socialuri Tu eTnikuri jgufis komunikaciis saSualebas; amgvarad, qartia ar iZleva enobrivi umciresobis cnebis gansazRvrebas". es azri ufro mkveTrad gamoTqmulia qartiis 32-e ganmartebaSi: "qartia ar gansazRvravs Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos calke enad gamoxatvis esa Tu is forma". aqve vityviT, rom ar arsebobs enisa da kilos gamijvnis ukamaTo kriteriumebi; Sdr., mag., sayovelTaod miRebuli enis ganmarteba: ena aris garkveuli semantikis mqone bgeriT niSanTa - enobriv niSanTa - istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sistema, romelic warmoadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, codnis Senaxvis da komunikaciis saSualebas... calke aRebuli dialeqtic bgeriT niSanTa bunebrivad mowesrigebuli sistemaa; dialeqtic warmoadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, komunikaciis saSualebas; Sesabamisad, enis am logikuri definiciis mixedviT ver gavmijnavT enasa da kilos (dawvrilebiT ix. t.futkaraZe, 2005). qartiisa da konvenciis ganmartebebis mixedviT, es da sxva msgavsi terminebi "yoveli konkretuli saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi

individualurad ganisazRvreba" (ix. qartiis ganmartebebis me18 nawili). Sdr., agreTve, qartiis 21-e ganmarteba: "qartiis avtorebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom ar iqneboda mizanSewonili qartiisTvis daerToT regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis siebi, vinaidan, lingvisturi Tu sxva saxis argumentebis gamo, igi ueWvelad gaxdeboda cxare kamaTisa da uTanxmoebis sagani..." aqvea dazustebac: "qartia prerogativas aniWebs konkretuli qveynis xelisuflebas, demokratiuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tavad gansazRvros is kriteriumebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac am qveynis teritoriaze gavrcelebul ama Tu im enas mieniWeba damoukidebeli enis statusi" (32-e ganmarteba). miuxedavad warmodgenili gancxadebebisa, evrosabWos dokumentebSi aris friad sayuradRebo aqcentebi; kerZod: qartiis ganmartebiTi moxsenebis pirvelive punqtSi vkiTxulobT: "evropis mravali saxelmwifos teritoriaze cxovroben ama Tu im regionis mkvidri avtoqTonuri jgufebi, romelTa mSobliuri ena gansxvavdeba qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesobis enisgan". e.i. evropuli saxelmwifoebi Tvlian (samarTlianadac t.f.), rom erovnul Tu enobriv umciresobad misaCnevi sazogadoeba aborigeni, mocemuli teritoriis Tavdapirveli, ZvelisZveli binadari (avtoqToni) unda iyos; mag., dabadebidan germaniis moqalaqe ramdenime milion Turqsac ki germanelebi ar miiCneven erovnul umciresobad, vinaidan, miuxedavad am diasporis sakmaod xangrZlivi istoriisa, isini aq mainc migrantebad arian CaTvlili (Sdr.: avtoqToni - ama Tu im qveynis ZvelisZveli mkvidri mosaxleoba). migrant da avtoqTon jgufTa enebis gansxvavebis aucilebloba mkveTradaa gamoTqmuli qartiis sxva monakveTebSi: ganmartebiTi moxsenebis 31-e nawili: "qartiis debulebebi moicavs mxolod istoriul enebs, anu im enebs, romlebic didi xania gavrcelebulia mocemuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze". arsebiTia Semdegi debulebac (romelic Camoyalibebulia

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qartiis pirveli muxlis a punqtis meore nawilsa da qartiis 32-e ganmartebaSi):

"regionaluri/umciresobaTa enebi ar gulisxmobs (ar moicavs) saxelmwifos oficialuri enis saxesxvaobebs, dialeqtebsa da migrantTa enebs".

regionaluri ena evrosabWos dokumentebis mixedviT. sazogadoebis erT nawilSi gansakuTrebiT araadekvaturad iqna gaazrebuli terminebi regionaluri ena da umciresobis ena; arada, am terminebs naTlad ganmartavs qartia: qartiis I muxliTa da qartiis me-18 ganmartebiT, regionalur enad miCneulia saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi im avtoqToni erovnuli/eTnikuri umciresobis ena, romelic umravlesobaa mocemul regionSi, xolo umciresobis enad CaTvlilia iseTi avtoqToni eTnikuri umciresobis ena, romelic ricxobriv umciresobaSia Tavissave regionSic (vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, 2005a). kidev erTxel xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos: rogorc wesi, enobriv/eTnikur umciresobad miiCneva mocemuli saxelmwifos avtoqToni araZiriTadi (sxva kulturisa da warmomavlobis mqone) mosaxleoba, mag., baskebi espaneTSi). saqarTveloSi erTi romelime kuTxis qarTvelobis miCneva enobriv an eTnikur umciresobad da qarTveluri kiloebis saxelmwifo enebad gamocxadeba (ix., agreTve, j.hiuitis, v.boederis, v.foirStainisa da sxvaTa moRvaweoba; masala vrclad ix. T.gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006) saqarTvelos enobrivi politikis "garedan" dagegmvis mcdelobaa, rac verasodes Secvlis faqts: mravalsaukunovani qarTuli samwignobro kultura Tvisobrivad erTnairad iqmneboda samegreloSic, svaneTSic, mesxeTSic da qarTl-kaxeTSic; am kuTxeTa mosaxleobisTvis qarTuli istoriuli dedaenaa, adgilobrivi (saSinao) zepiri metyveleba ki - erT-erTi qarTveluri dialeqti (da ara umciresobis ena!). garda amisa, qarTveluri mwignobrobis mTeli istoriis manZilze qarTuli/qarTveluri samwignobro enis srulqmna xdeboda qarTvelTa arqauli saRvTismetyvelo enisa da qarTveluri kiloebis bazaze... dResac aqtualuri unda iyos msgavsi midgoma: samwignobro enis ganviTareba unda moxdes Zveli samwignobro enisa da - 39 -

Tanamedrove qarTveluri ena-kiloebis monacemTa safuZvelze; am TvalsazrisiT, samaradJamo anderZad rCeba konstantine gamsaxurdias Semdegi sityvebi: "me SemovuSvi axal qarTulSi mravali gardasuli sityva; samagierod aseve uxvad vasxure Cems leqsikas xevsurulidan, imerulidan, qarTl-kaxuridan da megrul-gurul enakavebidan motanili sityvebi... me saWirod davinaxe qarTuli tomebis (gansxvavebuli) leqsikis Sekrebis lozungi gadamesrola da es pirvelad vcade kidevac "dionisos RimilSi" da Cems novelebis wignSiac. maSasadame, qarTuli sityvieri inventaris gamdidreba axal saukuneSi unda momxdariyo calkerZ Zveli qarTulis maragidan, calkerZ cocxali dialeqtebisa da enakavebis wiaRidan, raTa qarTuli ena martooden mSrali, mwignobruli ena ar gamxdariyo... qarTul enas ar gaaCnia monaTesave enaTa ojaxi, rogorc Tundac franguls romanuli enebi, germanulsa da inglisurs - germanTa enebisa da rusuls - slavuri enebisa da enakavebis ojaxi. amitomac saliteraturo qarTulis zrda ar SeiZleba martooden garegan sesxs - barbarizmebs daeyrdnos. aq umTavresia "Sinagani sesxi", qarTuli enakavebidan, svanur-Wanur da odiSur dialeqtebidan axali da uxmari leqsikuri masalis moxveWa... " (k.gamsaxurdia, rvatomeuli, 1980, t. V, gv. 955-956).

Tanamedrove eleqtronuli teqnologiebis pirobebSi didi perspeqtivebi aqvs qarTvelTa dedaenas: _ rogorc uZvelesi samwignobro tradiciis mqone iberiulkavkasiur ena, romelic Tavis wiaRSi inaxavs adreul kulturul fenebs Tu informacias, did rols Seasrulebs evraziis istoriis/kulturis Tanamedrove meTodebiT kvlevis procesSi; _ rogorc saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ZiriTadi saeklesio, samecniero, samwerlobo da saxelmwifo-sakancelario (saqmiswarmoebis) ena, globaluri qselis saSualebiT male iqceva saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebs gareT Tu ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi yvela qarTvelis sasicocxlo eTno-kulturul velad; _ rogorc samyaros xedva-aRqmis erT-erTi mravalsaukunovani da myari kulturuli (standartuli) sistema, gamdidrebuli cocxal qarTvelur dialeqtebSi Semonaxuli Tu axalwarmoqmnili enobrivi faqtebiT, momavalSic - 40 -

mravalwaxnagovan asparezs Seqmnis samyaros Secnobisa Tu adamianuri SemoqmedebisaTvis...

amrigad: I. istoriul saqarTvelos teritoriaze odiTganve ara mxolod sami, aramed mravali qarTveluri tomi/Temi arsebobda (praenis leqsikis aRdgenis safuZvelze kavkasiaSi qarTvelTa avtoqTonobis Sesaxeb ix.: i.WavWavaZe, 1987, gv.79; g.klimovi, 1964, gv.37; g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.339-340; g.meliqiSvili, 1973, gv. 121; T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.880-882; b.jorbenaZe, 1997, gv. 47-50; m.qurdiani, 2002...). Sesabamisad, faqtobrivi monacemebis mixedviT, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis manZilze SegviZlia vilaparakoT aTeulobiT qarTveluri tomis/Temis kilos arsebobis Sesaxeb; es qarTveluri Temebi quj-farnavazis periodSi qmnian erTian kulturul-saxelmwifoebriv vels, sadac gansakuTrebuli statusi hqonda saerToqarTvelurisgan momdinare qarTul (qarTvelur) saxelmwifo da samwignobro enas. II. asomTavrulis fonemuri safuZveli da arqauli samwignobro ena ufro hgavs rekonstruirebul saerToqarTvelur enas, vidre romelime qarTvelur dialeqts; Sesabamisad, dReisTvis cnobili qarTveluri dialeqtebisa da samwignobro qarTulis mimarTebis sqema ase gamoiyureba:

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saerToqarTveluri ena > qarTuli samwignobro ena

svanuri balszemouri, balsqvemouri, laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli

zanuri megruli, lazuri (aTinuri, viwurarqabuli, xofuri)

mesxuri aWauli, imerxeuli, taouri, livanuri, maWaluri, samcxurjavaxuri

centra luri qarTluri, kaxuri, imeruli, guruli

Takveruli leCxumuri, barisraWuli, mTaraWuli

fxovuri TuSuri, fSavuri, xevsuruli, moxevuri, mTiulurgudamayruli

heruli kakuri, aliabaTuri

III. qarTveluri tomebisa da qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros istoria araviTar safuZvels ar iZleva e.w. qarTizaciis TeoriisTvis; qarTizacia/qarTvelizacia, rogorc usafuZvlo da mecnierulad dausabuTebeli Tvalsazrisi, qarTul saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi naklebavtoritetulad unda CaiTvalos (samecniero velSi mis avkargianobaze msjeloba, bunebrivia, gagrZeldeba). qarTvelTa samwignobro ena, zogadad, erovnuli kultura - 42 -

mravali saukunis manZilze iqmneboda saerToqarTvelurisgan momdinare samwignobro eniT da yvela qarTveluri Temis mier.

IV. samwignobro enis Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTveloSi unikaluri viTareba gvaqvs: a. berZnuli, germanuli, espanuri, franguli Tu sxva saliteraturo enebisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTvelTa samwignobro ena ar efuZneba erT romelime dialeqts; Sdr.: espanuri, kataloniuri, provansuli (anu oqsitanuri) laTinurisgan momdinare erTgvarovani moZme ena-kiloebia, romlebzec sxvadasxva dros Seiqmna damwerloba; maTgan zogi gamocxadda saxelmwifo enad, zogi - ara; Sesabamisad, maT Soris dRemde grZeldeba metoqeoba imis miuxedavad, rom zog maTgans enis statusi aqvs miniWebuli, zogs dialeqtisa (mag., dRemde sakamaToa kataloniuri da provansuli erTi enis kiloebia Tu ori damoukidebeli enaa). sul sxvagvaria qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros istoria: Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignobro ena uSualo memkvidrea arqauli saeklesio enisa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba saerToqarTvelur enobriv models da ara qarTlur, kaxur, imerul, megrul, mesxur Tu svanur enobriv erTeulebs; b. qarTuli samwignobro ena erTaderTia msoflioSi, romelic, sul mcire, 15 saukunea uwyvetad funqcionirebs, rogorc saxelmwifo, saeklesio da saliteraturo ena. qarTuli samwignobro ena (/qarTveluri samwignobro ena; r.Serozia) - qarTuli kulturis, cnobierebis CamomZerwavi fenomeni da qarTvelTa TviTobis/identobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi, mravalsaukunovani faqtoria. - 43 -

damowmebuli literatura 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

n.andRulaZe, 1968 - n.andRulaZe, klasovani da pirovani uRvlilebis istoriis zogi sakiTxi iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, Tb., 1968 j.afaqiZe, 2002 - j.afaqiZe, gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis kolxuri kulturis qronologia; sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferati, Tb., 2002 g. axvlediani, 1972 - enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis sakiTxebi (g.axvledianis redaqciiT), Tb., 1972 g. axvlediani, 1999 - g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1999 n. berZeniSvili, 1975 - n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1975 n. berZeniSvili, 1990 - n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1990 k. bergslandi, h. fogti, 1972 - k. bergslandi, h. fogti, glotoqronologiis safuZvlianobisaTvis; mimomxilveli, 6/9, Tb., 1972 i.gagoSiZe, 1997 - i.gagoSiZe, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi taxtisZirSi (qarelis raioni); saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis centri, kavkasiis arqeologia; uaxlesi aRmoCenebi da perspeqtivebi, saerTaSoriso samecniero sesiis moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi; Tb., 1997 i.gagoSiZe, 2003 - i.gagoSiZe, kolxuri kultura, kolxeTi, iberia; qarTveluri memkvidreoba, VII, quTaisi, 2003 k.gagua, 1976 - k.gagua, dronakli zmnebi svanurSi, Tb., 1976 z. gamsaxurdia, 1989 - z. gamsaxurdia, samegrelos sakiTxi; literaturuli saqarTvelo, 3 noemberi, 22 dekemberi, 1989 T. gamyreliZe, 1959 - T. gamyreliZe, sibilantTa Sesatyvisobani da qarTvelur enaTa uZvelesi struqturis zogi sakiTxi, Tb.,1959 T. gamyreliZe, 1998 - T. gamyreliZe, "oqros sawmisi" da Zveli kolxeTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri vinaoba, anu ra enaze metyvelebda

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14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

19.

20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

mefe aieti? literaturuli saqarTvelo, 20-27 marti, 1998 T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, 1965 - T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi, Tb.,1965 T. gamyreliZe, 1989 - T. gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba, Tb., 1989 T. gamyreliZe, 2000 - T. gamyreliZe, mesxeT-javaxeTi - saerTo qarTveluri winare samSoblo; mesxeTi: istoria da Tanamedroveoba, axalcixe, 2000 T. gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984 - T. Гамкрелидзе, В. Иванов, Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы, Тбилиси, 1984. T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia, 2001 - T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia, RvTismsaxurebisa da sasuliero ganaTlebis ena, rogorc rusifikatoruli politikis ganxorcielebis saSualeba; qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2001 T. gvancelaZe, 2004 - T. gvancelaZe, SeniSvnebi “glotoqronologiis meTodis” safuZvelze qarTvelur “enaTa” divergenciis drois dadgenis cdebis Sesaxeb; XXIV respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebi, Tbilisi, 2004 T. gvancelaZe, 2006 - T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006. r. gordeziani, 1993 - r. gordeziani, qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis problema, Tb., 1993 g. deetersi, 1930 - G. Deeters, Das khartvelische Verbtum. Verglichende Darstellung des Verbalbaus der Sudkaukasischen Sprachen, Leipzig, 1930. b. diasamiZe, 1999 - b. diasamiZe, qristianobis istoriisaTvis dasavleT saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1999 v. vaSakiZe, 1993 - v.vaSakiZe, terminebi: iberia da iberebi antikur wyaroebSi; saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, Tb., 1993 v.Tofuria, 1967 - v.Tofuria, svanuri ena, I, zmna, Sromebi, I, Tb., 1967 gr.imnaiSvili, 1966 - qarTuli enis ingilouri dialeqtis Taviseburebani, Tb., 1966 p. ingoroyva, 1957 - p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, Tb., 1957 g. klimovi, 1952 - Г. Климов, О глотохронологическом методе датировки распада праязыка, ВЯ, №2, М., 1952 d. kristali, 1989 - D. Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedial of Language, New York, 1989. q. lomTaTiZe, 1938 - q. lomTaTiZe, naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi

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prefiqsisa gurulsa da aWarulSi; Tsu Sromebi, VI, Tb., 1938 31. q.lomთaTiZe, 1946 - q.lomთaTiZe, -q sufiqsisaTvis megrul zmnebSi, ike, I, 1946 32. q.lomTaTiZe, 1946 - q.lomTaTiZe, damokidebuli winadadebis erTi Tavisebureba zog qarTul dialeqtSi, ike, I, 1946 33. d. losaberiZe, 1992 - d. losaberiZe, qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis; saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 146, #2, 1992 34. n. mari, 1905 - n. mari, qarTvelTa erovneba, quTaisi, 1905 35. n. mari, 1922 - Н. Марр, К изучению современного Грузинского языка, Петроград, 1922 36. g. maWavariani,1965 - g. maWavariani, saerTo-qarTveluri konsonanturi sistema, Tb.,1965 37. g.maWavariani, 1972 - g.maWavariani, meSveli zmnis agebulebisaTvis svanurSi, Tsu studentTa samecniero konferenciis Tezisebi: "mimomxilveli", 6-9, 1972 38. g. maWavariani, 2002 - g. maWavariani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatika, Tb., 2002 39. n. maWavariani, 1986 - n. maWavariani, obieqtisa da subieqtis piris niSanTa ganlagebisaTvis qarTul da afxazur gardamaval zmnebSi; macne, enisa da literaturis seria, # 3, Tb., 1986 40. g. meliqiSvili, 1973 - g. meliqiSvili, feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba da saqarTveloSi feodalur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis zogierTi sakiTxi, Tb., 1973 41. d. musxeliSvili, 2005 - d. musxeliSvili, qarTuli eklesia da saxelmwifo teritoria Sua saukuneebSi, saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan arsebuli qristianuli kvlevis saerTaSoriso centris II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi: qristianoba Cvens cxovrebaSi: warsuli, awmyo, momavali, Tbilisi, 2005 wlis 24-26 noemberi, (moxsenebaTa Tezisebi) 42. g. mWedliZe, 1996 - g. mWedliZe, bagrat mesamis saqarTvelo, quTaisi, 1996 43. T. miqelaZe, 1974 - T. miqelaZe, Ziebani kilxeTisa da samxreTaRmosavleT-SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan, Tb.,1974 44. m.naWyebia, 2005 m.naWyebia, megrulisa da lazuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis, qarTvelologiuri krebuli, IV, Tb., 2005 45. r. patariZe, 1980 - r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, Tb.,1980 46. r. patariZe, 1989 - r. patariZe, qarTuli mwignobroba, Tb.,1989 47. al.ramiSvili, 1999 - al.ramiSvili, kolxuri kulturis infil-

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48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57.

58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65.

tracia Sida qarTlSi; quTaisuri saubrebi, VI, simpoziumis masalebi, quTaisi, 1999 g. ramiSvili, 2000 - g. ramiSvili, dedaenis Teoria, Tb., 2000 g. rogava, 1952 - g. rogava, qarTvelur enaTa fonetikis istoriulSedarebiTi Seswavlis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tb.,1952 g. rogava, 1962 - g. rogava, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli fonetikis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1962 a.oniani, 1978 - a.oniani, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli morfologiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1978 a. oniani, 1998 - a. oniani, svanuri ena, Tbilisi, 1998 s.JRenti, 1953 - Wanur-megrulis fonetika, Tb., 1953 m. suxiSvili, 1986 - m. suxiSvili, subieqturi pirveli piris prefiqsisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi; ike, XXV, Tb., 1986 i.tabaRua, 1984 - i.tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignTsacavebSi, Tb., 1984 m. tabiZe, 2002 - m. tabiZe, enobrivi politikis sakiTxebi qarTul sinamdvileSi; qarTveluri memkvidreoba, VI, quTaisi, 2002 m.tabiZe, 2003 - m.tabiZe, qarTuli enis funqcionirebis aRmniSvneli terminebi da frazebi qarTul istoriulliteraturul Txzulebebsa da dokumentebSi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XV, Tb., 2003 m.tabiZe, 2003 - m.tabiZe, qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XV. Tb., 2003 m. tabiZe, 2005 - m. tabiZe, enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005 T. uTurgaiZe, 1976 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura, Tb.,1976 T. uTurgaiZe, 2002 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli ena sistemuri aspeqtiT; quTaisuri saubrebi, IX, quTaisi, 2002 ak. uruSaZe, 1964 - ak. uruSaZe, Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, Tb., 1964 h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, 2000 - h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000 h. fogti, 1961 - h. fogti, qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura, Tb., 1961 t. futkaraZe, 1986 - t. futkaraZe, saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoeba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtTa (aWarulis, gurulis, mesxur-javaxuris, imerxeulis) mixedviT; macne, enisa da literaturis sesia, 1986., #3, me-7 respublikuri dialeqtologiuri sesia, Tezisebi, Tb., 1986

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66. t. futkaraZe, 1998 - t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis xmovanTa sistema, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1998 67. t. futkaraZe, 2000 - qeba~ da dideba~ qarTulisa enisa~ (Semdgenel-redaqtori t.futkaraZe), Tb., 2000 68. t. futkaraZe, 2005a - t. futkaraZe, eTnolingvisturi terminebi da evropuli qartia umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb, quTaisi, 2005a 69. t. futkaraZe, 2005 - t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, I, quTaisi, 2005 70. t. futkaraZe, 2006 - qarTuli enis istoria (prof. t.futkaraZis saerTo redaqciiT), quTaisi, 2006 71. S. futkaraZe, 1993 - S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi, 1993 72. m.qaldani, 1959 - m.qaldani, ~-s genezisisaTvis svanurSi, qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, I, 1959 73. m.qaldani, 1972 - m.qaldani, subieqturi mesame piris niSnis sakiTxisaTvis svanurSi, enaTmecnierebis institutis XXVIII samecniero sesia (Tezisebi), 1972 74. n. quTelia, 1982 - n. quTelia, lazuri paramiTefe (wigni Seadgina n.quTeliam, leqsikoni daurTi s.jiqiam), Tbilisi, 1982 75. n.quTelia, 2005 - lazuris fonematuri struqtura, Tb., 2005 76. m. qurdiani, 1996 - m. qurdiani, saerToqarTveluri ena da misi diferenciaciis Tanamimdevrobis problema; qarTveluri memkvidreoba, I, quTaisi, 1996 77. m. qurdiani, 2003 - m. qurdiani, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli enobrivi kontaqtebi da saerToqarTveluri enis diferenciaciis qronologiuri sazRvrebis problema; saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XIV, Tb., 2003 78. i.yifSiZe, 1994 - И. Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка, 1914: rCeuli Txzulebani, Tb., 1994 79. a. SaniZe, 1920 - a. SaniZe, subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul zmnebSi, tfilisi, 1920 80. a. SaniZe, 1980 - a. SaniZe, qarTvel- fuZis etimologiisaTvis; Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, t. 23, Tb., 1980 81. r. Serozia, 2002 - r. Serozia, sintaqsuri konstruqciebis zogi sakiTxisaTvis megrul-lazurSi, qarTvelologiuri krebuli, I, Tb., 2002 82. i.CantlaZe, 1998 - i.CantlaZe, kvlav liz (`aris”) zmnis Sesaxeb svanurSi: qarTvelologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 1998 83. arn.Ciqobava, 1937 - arn.Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, tf., 1937 84. arn.Ciqobava, 1940 - arn.Ciqobava, mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi

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85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.

niSani qarTvelur enebSi, enimkis moambe, V-VI, Tb., 1940 arn. Ciqobava, 1944 - arn. Ciqobava, gramatikul klas-kategoriaTa niSnebis etimologiisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi; smam, t. V, # 4, Tb., 1942 arn. Ciqobava, 1968 - arn. Ciqobava, martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, I, Tb., 1968 arn. Ciqobava, 1979 - arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1979 m.Cuxua, 2006 - m.Cuxua, zogi qarTuli samwerlo terminis istoriisaTvis (ibeWdeba) m. cincaZe, m. faRava, 1998 - m. cincaZe, m. faRava, samxruli dialeqtebi da qarTuli samwerlobo ena (V-XVIII ss), baTumi, 1998 i. WavWavaZe, 1987 - i. WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawerebi xuT tomad, t.IV, Tb., 1987

91. a.WinWarauli, 1960 - a.WinWarauli, xevsurulis Taviseburebani, Tb., 1960 92. z. WumburiZe, 1986 - z WumburiZe, myofadi qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1986 93. i. javaxiSvili, 1908 - i. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, tf., 1908 94. iv.javaxiSvili, 1937 - iv.javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba, tf., 1937 95. i. javaxiSvili, 1950 - i. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, I, saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi, Tb., 1950 96. i. javaxiSvili, 1960 - i. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, Tb., 1960 97. i. javaxiSvili, 1979 - i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. I, Tb., 1979 98. i. javaxiSvili, 1992 - i. javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba, Tb., 1992 99. a. jafariZe, 1994 - a. jafariZe, qarTvelTa winaprebis bibliuri istoria adamidan iesomde, Tb., 1994 100. a. jafariZe, 1996-2003 - a. jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.I-IV, Tb., 1996-2003 101. a. jafariZe, 2002 - a. jafariZe, qarTuli saeklesio enis Camoyalibebis sakiTxisaTvis (ioane lazi), Tb., 2002 102. a. jafariZe, 2003 - a. jafariZe, ori Teoria qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibebis drois Sesaxeb, Tb., 2003 103. o. jafariZe, 2006 - o. jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezisis

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saTaveebTan, Tb., 2006 104. b. jorbenaZe, 1989 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1989 105. b. jorbenaZe, 1995 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebi, Tb., 1995 106. b. jorbenaZe, 1997 - b. jorbenaZe, ena da kultura, Tb., 1997

T.Putkaradze - Full Professor, Akaki Tsereteli State University

The Source of the Asomtavruli Alphabet and the Georgian Literary Language - the Common Kartvelian Language Existing in the 2nd-1st Millennia BC From time immemorial the territory of historical Georgia was inhabited not by three but numerous Kartvelian tribes/communities (on autochthony of the Georgians in Caucasia on the basis of the reconstruction of vocabulary of the parent language, see: I.Chavchavadze, 1987, p.79; G.Klimov, 1964, p.37; G.Melikishvili, 1970, pp. 339-340; G.Melikishvili, 1973, p.121; Th.Gamkrelidze, V.Ivanov, 1984, pp.880-882; B.Jorbenadze, 1997, pp. 47-50; M.Kurdiani, 2002…). Accordingly, based on factual data we may discuss the existence of dozens of dialects of Kartvelian tribes/communities over the 1st millennium BC. In the period of Kuji and Parnavaz these Kartvelian communities formed a single cultural and state field in which the Georgian (Kartvelian) state and literary language, derived from Common Kartvelian, had a special status. II. The phonemic basis of Asomtavruli and the archaic literary language have more in common with the reconstructed Common Kartvelian language than with any Kartvelian dialect. Hence, the diagram of interrelation of the Kartvelian dialects known today and Literary Georgian assumes the following shape: - 50 -

Common Kartvelian Language > Georgian Literary Language

Svan Balszemoan, Balskvemoan, Lashkh, Lentekhian, Cholurian

Zan Megrelian, Laz (Atinian, VitseanArkabean, Khopan)

Meskhian Acharian, Imerkhevian, Taoan, Livanan, Machakhelian, Samtskhean Javakh

Central Kartlian, Kakhetian, Imeretian, Gurian

Takverian Lechkhu mian, Lower Rachan, Upper Rachan

Pkhovian Tush, Khevsur, Pshavian, Khevian, MtiulGudamaqarian

Her Kakian, Aliabatian

III. The history of the Kartvelian tribes and the Kartvelian linguistic world does not give grounds for the so-called Kartization theory. Kartization/Kartvelization, as a groundless and scientifically unfounded view, should be regarded to be of little authority in the Georgian educational sphere (discussion of its good and the bad will naturally continue in scientific circles). The literary language of the Georgians, and national culture in general were created over many centuries by all the Kartvelian tribes on the basis of the literary language, derived from Common Kartvelian.

As for creating and functioning of the Georgian literary language, we observe unique condition: a) As different from Greek, German, Spanish, French or other literary (written) languages Georgian language is not based on a single dialect. Cf.: Spanish, Catalonian Provençal (Occitan) originate from Latin, which had created their first written records in different periods. Besides, some of them gained recognition as the national tongues, some not. Consequently, there is still unresolved controversy and competitions between the languages in spite of the fact that some have received recognition in the status of languages others remain as dialects. (E.g. still, it is the subject of discussion whether Catalonian and Provençal are the dialects of the same language or two independent languages in their own rights. The history of the Kartvelian language universe is very different from the above-mentioned language developments. Modern literary Georgian is the immediate heir of the archaic church language that, in its part, is based on the Common-Kartvelian language model and not on whichever its single dialect of Kartlian, Kakhetian, Imeretian, Megrelian, Meskhian, or Svan language units. b) Georgian literary language is the unique in the world that functions continuously as national (state), religious and belles-lettres language for fifteen centuries. Georgian literary language is the phenomenon that has molded the Georgian culture and consciousness; this is the many centuries-old chief factor for determining the national identity of Georgians.

IV. - 51 -

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danarTi 2006 wlis 30 oqtombers saqarTvelos erovnul samecniero fondSi wardgenili werili (#189/12) da fondis pasuxis (#1-2-07/633) fragmenti

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saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis Tavmjdomares baton arCil mowoneliZes batono arCil! quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis saxeliT erovnul samecniero fondSi wardgenili mqonda proeqti "qarTveluri dialeqtologiuri, eTnografiuli da folkloruli memkvidreobis eleqtronuli korpusi - I", romlis mizani iyo: sagangebo programa-instruqciisa da kiTxvarebis mixedviT dialeqtologiuri (fonetikurad zusti) da folkloruleTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT detaluri axali teqstebis Cawera saqarTvelos istoriul da Tanamedrove mxareebSi: imerxevSi, imereTSi, svaneTSi, samegrelosa da raWaSi; Cawerili masalis diaqroniuli da sinqroniuli sistemuri analizi; teqstebisa da gamokvlevebis sainterneto versiis momzadeba da sxv. (proeqtSi monawileTa raodenoba - 25). miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli eqspertis mier Cveni proeqti 100dan 98 quliT Sefasda, mainc ugrantod davrCiT meore eqspertis aralegitimuri interesis gamo. Tqven (da farTo sazogadoebis) winaSe me ar warmovadgendi Cems mosazrebebs (Tu saCivars), saqme mxolod arakompetenturobasTan, kerZo angarebasTan an pirad SurisZiebasTan rom gvqondes (aseT SemTxvevaSi rTulia subieqturobis dasabuTeba!)... msjelobas gavSliT "proeqtis eqspertizis kriteriumebisa" da eqspertTa Sefasebebis/komentarebis mixedviT; kerZod: fondis I kriteriumi: ნათლად არის ჩამოყალიბებული პრობლემის არსი, მიზანი და ამოცანები: I eqspertis Sefaseba: ნათლად არის ჩამოყალიბებული პრობლემის არსი, მიზანი და ამოცანები; qula: 14-dan 14.

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II eqspertis mosazreba: The applicants underline commercial interests throughout the application, which is not acceptable to either the scholarly community or the people consulted in the recordings. There should be no commercial interests involved in the dissemination of the data to be worked out. These data should be provided online with free access to anybody and CDs should be produced and disseminated at self-cost prices. Also, future integration of the data into world-wide retrieval systems should be envisaged righ. [ganmcxadebeli xazs usvams komerciul interesebs ganacxadSi, romelic miuRebelia rogorc swavluli sazogadoebisTvis, aseve im adamianebisTvis, romlebic CarTulni arian Canawerebis warmoebaSi. ar SeiZleba aranairi komerciuli interesebis gaTvaliswineba monacemTa gavrcelebisas. aseTi monacemebi unda iyos xelmisawvdomi internetis saSualebiT, ufasod nebismieri pirisTvis; kompaqt-diskebi SeiZleba Caiweros da gavrceldes mxolod TviTRirebulebis fasad. aseve, momavalSi monacemTa msoflios masStabiT integraciisaTvis, saZiebeli sistemis saSualebiT mopovebis SesaZlebloba unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli]. II eqspertis Sefaseba: qula: 14-dan - 8. Cemi komentari: "II eqspertis" SeniSvna ar Seesabameba I kriteriumis Sinaars. garda amisa, is ewinaaRmdegeba Tavad Tqveni fondis moTxovnebs; kerZod, fondis III danarTis 2.1. punqtSi "mdgradi ganviTarebisaken gadasvlis gegmis" a) da d) qvepunqtebi moiTxovs: "mkafiod Camoyalibdes proeqtis SesaZlo Sedegebi romelTa gayidvas an SemoTavazebasac apirebT. daasabuTeT Cveni organizaciis unari da SesaZlebloba miiRoT sargebeli proeqtis Sedegebidan". sakonsultacio Sexvedrebze amas dabejiTebiT moiTxovdnen agreTve fondis mesveurebic da, rac mTavaria, "eqsperti" ityueba, roca wers, rom Cven xazs vusvamT komerciul interesebs (anda, ratom aris saZraxisi komerciuli interesi? zogi "kolegis" mTeli moRvaweoba xom am mizans emsaxureba!); kerZod, fondis moTxovnis Sesabamisad [2.1. a) proeqtis komerciuli Sedegebi], proeqtSi Cven gviweria: qsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti moamzadebs 19932008 wlebSi Cawerili qarTveluri (svanuri, megruli, imerxeuli, raWuli, imeruli) teqstebis iseT eleqtronul versias (daaxloebiT 1080 saaTis moculobis audiomasala da daaxloebiT 14 400, 12 zomis A4 kompiuteruli gverdi), romelic aRWurvili iqneba foto da video TvalsaCinoebebiT, respondentTa zusti miTiTebiT da dasaxlebuli punqtis istoriis amsaxveli masalebiT. amgvari kompleqsuri monacemebis reklamirebis SemTxvevaSi dainteresebulma pirebma SeiZleba SeiZinon rogorc sainterneto versia, aseve kom-

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paqtdiskebi. sarfiani iqneba proeqtis Sedegebis wignad gamocemac, vinaidan, specialistTa garda, institutis savele eqspediciebis maspinZeli yvela dasaxlebuli punqtis mosaxleoba dainteresebulia Cveni masalebiT (sadac asaxulia maTi istoria da awmyo). Sdr., agreTve: fondis moTxovna: 2.1. d) mosalodneli mogeba (daasabuTeT Tqveni organizaciis unari da SesaZlebloba, miiRos sargebeli proeqtis Sedegebidan); proeqtSi ki Cven gviweria: "qsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis institutis gamocdileba, saerTaSoriso avtoriteti, teqstebis Caweris universaluri meTodi, TanamSromelTa profesionalizmi da Tanamedrove teqnologiebis floba saSualebas iZleva, maqsimalurad rentabeluri iyos proeqti; kerZod; proeqtis ganxorcielebiT dialeqtologiis institutis sargebeli xuTi xasiaTisa SeiZleba iyos: inteleqtualuri (kargi sakvlevi baza da fundamenturi gamokvlevebi), erovnuli (Seinaxeba didi moculobis erovnuli saganZuri), saganmanaTleblo (proeqtis monawileTa erTi nawili magistrantebi arian, rac karg perspeqtivas qmnis maTTvis), RirsebiTi (qsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis institutisTvis: "sjobs saxelisa moxveWa...") da materialuri (produqciis gayidviT miRebuli sargebeli)". xazgasmiT vacxadebT: proeqtSi termini "komerciuli" gaCnda fondis moTxovnis Sesabamisad. garda amisa, Cvens teqstSi sulac ar aris aqcentirebuli komerciuli interesi (mexuTexarisxovnadaa CaTvlili); Sesabamisad, "eqspertis" pretenzia am mxriv sruliad usafuZvloa da emsaxureba erT mizans: Sefasebisas xelovnurad dagvaklos qulebi. Tu ra interesi aqvs e.w. "dauinteresebel ucxoel eqsperts", amas aqve, qvemoT vnaxavT. erTic: proeqtis miznebis CamoyalibebaSi roca erTi eqsperti qulaTa maqsimums wers, meore ki 45%-iT naklebs, fonds mesame eqspertisTvis mainc unda miemarTa, vinaidan, aseT dros, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, erT-erTi "eqsperti" mainc arakompetenturia. fondis II kriteriumi: აქვს მაღალი პრაქტიკული (გამოყენებითი) ღირებულება.

მეცნიერული

და/ან

I eqspertis Sefaseba: proeqti miznad isaxavs saSur saqmes. gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rom Cawera xdeba adgilze weliwadis oTxive dros. Caiwereba qarTuli metyveleba TurqeTis soflebSi, mowesrigdeba da Tanamedrove teqnikis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad formatirdeba Zveli masala, rac am masalis gadarCenis tolfasia. - 57 -

eleqtronuli korpusi, romelic am proeqtis Sedegad Seiqmneba, Zvirfasi wyaro iqneba sxvadasxva dargis mkvlevarTaTvis. qula: 24-dan - 24. II eqspertis mosazreba: The collection and audio-visual documentation of data of spoken languages, esp. of endangered vernaculars, is certainly a primary task of present-day linguistics. In the given application, the use of the term “dialect” as extending to Svan and Megrelian (which are clearly distinguished languages in their own right) is misleading, however. The choice of but one location for these languages (which include dialects of their own) is hardly justifiable. [Cveni drois lingvistebisaTvis upirvelesi amocanaa salaparako enebis audio-vizualuri dokumentacia, gansakuTebiT safrTxis qveS myofi dedaenebisTvis. mocemul ganacxadSi Secdomaa terminis ”dialeqti” gamoyeneba svanuris da megrulis misamarTiT (romlebic naTlad gansxvavebuli enebi arian maTi yvela uflebiT). am enebisaTvis erTi adgilis miCneva (romlebic TavisTavad sakuTar dialeqtebsac Seicaven) Znelad Tu SeiZleba samarTliani iyos]. qula: 24-dan - 16. Cemi komentari: orive eqsperts moeTxoveboda, Seefasebina "proeqtis mecnieruli da praqtikuli Rirebuleba"; es gaakeTa kidec pirvelma eqspertma (SefasebiT: 24-dan 24 qula!). imerxevSi, abaSaSi, lentexSi, mTaraWaSi dialeqtologiuri, eTnografiuli, folkloruli masalis Caweris mniSvneloba meore eqspertmac icis, magram mainc, 24 qulidan mxolod 16 quliT "Segvifasa" Cveni 25kaciani proeqti da Tan dagvmoZRvra: svanuri enaa, megruli enaa... konteqstTan Seusabamo msjeloba da fondis meore kriteriumTan mimarTebiT pativcemuli "eqspertis" sruliad araadekvaturi Sefaseba (da msjelobac), Cans, ganapiroba megrulis da svanuris "sadao statusma"; kerZod: samecniero wreebSi mZafri kamaTia qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis statusis Sesaxeb: ramdenadac, sxva qarTvelTa msgavsad, svanebi da megrelebi mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi zogadqarTul enaze (romelic saerToqarTvelurisgan momdinareobs) - dedaenaze - qmnian werilobiT kulturas, specialistTa erTi nawilis azriT, zanur-svanuri adgilobrivi metyvelebebi (balszemouri, balsqvemouri, lentexuri, megruli...) dialeqtebia/ena-kavebia (Sdr., pativcemuli "eqspertis" sapirispirod, arn.Ciqobavas azriT, zanuris dialeqts megruls - Tavisi kilokavebi aqvs da ara, rogorc enas - dialeqtebi); meore nawili ki Tvlis, rom svanebs, lazebs da megrelebs sakuTari

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damweloba/werilobiTi tradicia ara aqvT (iyeneben "qarTebis" mier Seqmnil saliteraturo enas); svanuri, megruli/zanuri umwerlebo enebia; kerZod: pirvel mosazrebas ZiriTadad icavda da icavs mowinave qarTuli sazogadoeba (ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili, ambrosi xelaia, ivane javaxiSvili, konstantine gamsaxurdia...) da samecniero wreebis erTi nawili (silovan xundaZe, petre Waraia, pavle ingoroyva, giorgi wereTeli... Teimuraz gvancelaZe, manana tabiZe, merab naWyebia, nomadi barTaia, revaz Serozia, me da mravali sxva), meores ki - saqarTvelos daSla-daqucmacebis momxre prorusulimperiuli jgufebi (qepope patkaniani, ivane vostorgovi, jorj hiuti...) da samecniero wreebis meore nawili (Tamaz gamyreliZe, aleqsandre oniani, iost giperti, kaxa gabunia... sakiTxis istoriisTvis ix., T.gvancelaZe, enisa da kilos sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006). sruli pasuxismgeblobiT vacxadebT: Cven mier saqarTvelos erovnul fondSi wardgenili proeqti saerTod ar isaxavs miznad qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis statusis sakiTxis garkvevas, vinaidan Cemi pozicia da argumentebi naTlad maqvs Camoyalibebuli wignebSi: "qarTvelebi" da "qarTuli enis istoria"; imis gamo, rom qarTveluri dialeqtur-eTnografiuli masala intensiurad ikargeba SavSeT-klarjeTSi, svaneTSi, samegreloSi, raWaSi, saingilosa Tu fereidanSi, SesaZlo eqspertebTan polemikis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, warmodgenil proeqtSi qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros wevrebs me yvelgan vixsenieb zogadi terminiT: "enobrivi erTeuli" da saerTod ar gvaqvs gamoyenebuli Sesityvebebi: megruli kilo, megruli dialeqti, svanuri kilo, svanuri dialeqti da a.S. maS, saidan da ratom moitana "obieqturma" ucxoelma eqspertma es braldeba? pasuxi erTia: "eqsperti" hiuit-gipertis jgufis wevria da miznad aqvs "CaZiros" proeqti, romlis avtoricaa maTi oponenti. rac Seexeba Cems oponentobas: bolo wlebis erT-erT naSromSi vwerdi (dResac aqtualuria es sakiTxi): "samwuxarod, garkveuli Zalebi dResac cdiloben saqarTveloSi eTnikur Tu enobriv umciresobad gamoacxadon da am gziT did istoriul samwignobro kulturas moswyviton: lazebi, megrelebi, svanebi... amgvari enobrivi diversia zogsac uneburad gamosdis sakmarisi samecniero informaciis verflobis gamo; mag., "evropis enebis centris" grifiT 2002 wels espaneTSi gamoqveynebul rukebdarTul wignSi "Europe of the Peoples" da 2000 wels parizSi gamocemul atlasSi "safrangeTi da samyaro" (La France et le Monde,

Atlas) rukis sxvadasxva feriT, droSiT da eTnikuri dasaxelebiT arian warmodgenili: qarTvelebi, afxazebi, megrelebi, aWarlebi, svanebi da osebi... bolo msgavsi dausabuTebeli gancxadeba gakeTda 2005 wlis 23 dekembers ganaTlebis saministroSi j.hiutisa da i.gipertis koordinatorobiT warmodgenili proeqtis prezentaciis dros (qarTvelTa ramdenime dialeqti eTnikur umciresobaTa enebad iyo gamocxadebuli proeqtis avtorTa mier). niSandoblivia: proeqti finansdeba politikuri da ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo asimilaciis an gadaSenebis piras myofi eTnikuri jgufis/xalxis enebis gadasarCenad Volkswagen-stiftung -is mier gamocxadebuli programis farglebSi)". davZen: mimaCnia, rom gadaSenebis piras myofi xalxebi ar arian megrelebi da svanebi; isini ZirZveli da perspeqtiuli qarTvelebi arian sxva kuTxeebis qarTvelTa msgavsad; gadasarCenia qarTveluri dialeqturi metyveleba (swored am mizniT Seiqmna Tavis droze qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti, romelic wlebis manZilze warmatebiT muSaobs). aqve aRvniSnavT: qarTuli enis (qarTveluri enaTmecnierebis) mimarTulebiT SerCeuli zogi e.w. ucxoeli Tu Sinauri eqspertis qmedeba danaSaulad SeiZleba kvalificirdes interesTa konfliqtis gamo; kerZod, maT lobireba gauwies im proeqtebs, romelTa monawileni Tavad (an maTi piradi megobrebi) arian, an romelTa identuri proeqti sxva saxelmwifos grantsac iReben (aseTia mag., i.gipertisa da i.CantlaZis monawileobiT arsebuli proeqtebi kodoris xeobis mosaxleobis enis Sesaxeb (ix. fondSi gamarjvebuli proeqti da ECLinG). fondis III kriteriumi: პროექტის ძირითად შემსრულებლებს გააჩნიათ სათანადო კვალიფიკაცია და გამოცდილება.

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I eqspertis Sefaseba: პროექტის ძირითად შემსრულებლებს გააჩნიათ სათანადო კვალიფიკაცია და გამოცდილება (ბოლო 10 წლის განმავლობაში გამოქვეყნებული პუბლიკაციები, მათ შორის, ბოლო 5 წლის განმავლობაში პროექტის თემატიკის გარშემო; საერთაშორისო კონგრესებში, სიმპოზიუმებში, კონფერენციებში, სემინარებში, საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო პროექტებში მონაწილეობა და ა.შ.). qula: 23-dan - 23.

II eqspertis mosazreba: The necessary expertise to “create the synchronization of the textual and visual files” is not visible in the CV of any one of the (many) project members. Considering the activities concerning this problem which have been undertaken by institutions in western countries in recent years (which seem to have been ignored by the applicants), this is anything but a trivial task. See (4) below. [”teqsturi da vizualuri falebis sinqronizaciis” saWiro gamocdileba ar aris TvalnaTliv miTiTebuli proeqtis wevrebis umravlesobis avtobiografiebSi. im aqtivobebis mxedvelobaSi miReba, romlebic institutma dasavleTis qveynebTan ganaxorciela mimdinare wlebSi, umniSvneloa. ixileT (4) qvemoT]. qula: 23-dan - 14. Cemi komentari: msoflioSi yvela qarTvelologma icis, rom dakargvis saSiSroebis qveS myofi qarTveluri dialeqtureTnografiul-folkloruli masalis fiqsaciis mizniT qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti mravali welia warmatebiT muSaobs: svaneTSi, samegreloSi, imereTSi, SavSeTSi da a.S. (amas adasturebs I eqspertis daskvnac); rac Seexeba ”teqsturi da vizualuri failebis sinqronizaciis” gamocdilebas: es gamocdileba proeqtis monawile ramdenime specialists aqvs (da ara yvela monawiles); garda amisa, qarTveluri dialeqturi xmisa da teqstis sinqronizireba teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevaa; aseTi detalebis dazustebas fondi ar iTxovda, albaT imitomac, rom zog dainteresebul "eqsperts" ar mieTvisebina esa Tu is idea/meTodi. Cveni mxriv davZenT: praqtikaSi ukve gvqonda, rom kargad nacnobma erTma ucxoelma kolegam 2000 wels miiTvisa Cveni idea "qarTveluri dialeqturi videomasalis bankis Seqmnis Sesaxeb" (da Cven gareSe kargad dafinansebul proeqtadac aqcia; qarTvelologiakavkasiologiis mimarTulebaSi aseve araiSviaTia, zogi ucxoeli Tu ucxoeTSi "moRvawe" pirisgan qarTvel mecnierTa kvlevebis Sedegebis gamoqveyneba qarTvel avtorTa damowmebis gareSe da sxv.)". fondis IV kriteriumi: ნათლად არის ჩამოყალიბებული მოსალოდნელი შედეგები, მათი მიღწევისა და შეფასების მექანიზმები ამოცანების შესრულების მიხედვით I eqspertis Sefaseba: mTlad naTlad ar Cans, ra principebiT SeirCeva da Sedgeba sarekomendacio leqsika dialeqtebidan samwignobro enisaTvis, magram es sruliadac ar amcirebs proeqtis ZiriTadi miznis mniSvnelobas. qula: 19-dan - 18.

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II eqspertis mosazreba: by no means clear how the applicants intend to provide “synchronized files of the audio and video materials“ (e.g. in task 4 of quarter 1). There is no reference to any technology or standard they intend to adhere to in this respect. See (3) above. – It remains unclear why a fourfold recording (once per season) might “guarantee the preciseness of the recording materials.“ It would be better justified to make recordings in several places instead. [aranairad araa gasagebi, Tu rogor ganizraxa aplikantma moewodebina “sinqronizebuli audio da video masalebis failebi” (magaliTad me-4 davalebis pirvel meoTxedSi). ar aris miTiTebuli, Tu romeli teqnologiis an standartis saSulebiT ganizraxaven Canawerebis gakeTebas. ixileT (3) zemoT. gaugebari rCeba, ratom SeiZleba gaxdes Canawerebi ”Cawerili masalebis sizustis garantia”. ukeTesi gamarTleba eqneboda Canawerebis gakeTeba ramodenime adgilze, nacvlad ganacxadSi miTiTebuli modelisa]. qula: 19-dan - 10. Cemi komentari: am SemTxvevaSic TiTqmis 50%-iani sxvaoba eqspertTa SefasebebSi! aSkaraa, meore eqspertma ver (Tu ar?) gaigo: Cveni mizania masalis Cawera wlis oTx sxvadasxva dros sezonuri samuSaoebis dros (es meTodi gansakuTrebiT faseulia eTnografiuli masalisa da dargobrivi leqsikis moZiebisTvis!) da ara martivad: erT adgilze oTxjer Cawera (rogorc "eqsperts" moeCvena)... aSkaraa isic, rom, mas rogorc teqnikoss (da ara rogorc qarTvelolog lingvists!), Zalian ainteresebs, ra meTodiT movaxdenT xmisa da teqstis sinqronizebas. fondis V kriteriumi: პროექტის განხორციელება შემოთავაზებული დროისა და ბიუჯეტის ფარგლებში რეალისტურია: I eqspertis Sefaseba: proeqtis SemsrulebelTa kompetenciisa da proeqtis xelmZRvanelis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, proeqtis ganxorcieleba SemoTavazebuli drois farglebSi realisturi Cans. qula: 11-dan - 11. II eqspertis mosazreba: See (3) and (4) above. qula: 11-dan - 6.

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Cemi komentari: V kriteriumiT erovnuli fondi eqspertisgan iTxovs proeqtis ganxorcielebis droisa da biujetis realurobis Sefasebas; "eqsperti" am SemTxvevaSic araadekvaturia, Sefasebas ki anaxevrebs! fondis VI kriteriumi: ნათლად არის აღწერილი პროექტის მიზნის მიღწევის ძირითადი სამეცნიერo-ტექნიკური მეთოდები, ხოლო არსებული და მოთხოვნილი მატერიალურ-ტექნიკური რესურსების გამოყენება რეალისტურია: I eqspertis Sefaseba: kargi iqneboda, rom gaTvaliswinebuli yofiliyo masalis morfologiuri, Tematuri da sxva saxis indeqsirebac masalis kompiuterSi Setanis etapze. qula: 9-dan 8. II eqspertis mosazreba: See (3) and (4) above. – The project will mostly be based on audio cassette recordings, video recordings being only planned as an additional source of information as it seems. This is not in accordance with the present state-of-the-art in documentary linguistics. Recordings should in any case be made primarily in digital video format. [ixileT (3) da (4) zemoT - proeqti ZiriTadad damyarebuli iqneba audio-kasetebze Sesrulebul Canawerebze, rogorc Cans, video Canawerebis gakeTeba mxolod damatebiT wyarod iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli. es ar iqneba Sesabamisi dokumentaluri lingvistikis Tanamedrove mdgomareobisa. Canawerebi yvela SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadad cifruli video formatiT unda iqnes Cawerili]. qula: 9-dan - 4. Cemi komentari: pativcemuli "eqsperti" am SemTxvevaSic atyuebs fonds: igi miuTiTebs, rom Cven (aplikantebs) orientacia aRebuli gvaqvs audio Cawerebze da cifruli video teqnikis gamoyenebas damatebiT vapirebT. arada, proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebulia: wlebis win malfuWebadi audiokasetebiT Cawerili Zvirfasi teqstebis gadayvana eleqtronul versiaSi (damatebiT, xmisa da teqstis sinqronizacia); garda amisa, cifruli audio da video teqnikiT axali masalis Cawera. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom taoSi, SavSeTSi, svaneTSi, zemo imereTSi, zemo raWaSi, samegreloSi, saingiloSi, fereidanSi jer kidevaa SemorCenili friad faseuli enobriv-eTnografiuli movlenebi, romelTa fiqsacia saswrafoa; videoaparaturiT Cawera

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did TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli; Sesabamisad, am mxareebSi masalis Cawera cifruli audioaparaturiT mainc Tu moeswreba, didi saqme gakeTdeba, ramdenadac, gansakuTrebiT iransa da TurqeTSi, uaxloes xanSi am ganZs samudamod dakargva emuqreba... Tumca, es ar enaRvlebaT im adamianebs, vinc mzad arian, grantebis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT, qarTvelTa erTi nawili gadaSenebis piras myof araqarTvelebad, maTi ena ki saqarTvelos eTnikur/enobriv umciresobaTa enad gamoacxados... bolos, eqspertTa Sefasebebi ase jamdeba: I eqsperti: 98 qula II "eqsperti": 58 qula saSualo ariTmetikuli: 78 Cveni proeqti ar dafinansda. "dauinteresebeli" "ucxoelis" SurisgebiT qarTveluri dialeqtologiis institutisaTvis daikarga SesaZlebloba, TurqeTsa da saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gagvegrZelebina didi samecniero da erovnuli Rirebulebis saqme - dakargvis safrTxis qveS myofi qarTveluri enobriv-eTnografiul-folkloruli masalis dokumentireba. vin moigo amiT? tariel futkaraZe filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori 30 oqtomberi, 2006 weli

p.s. mTavari citata fondis xelmZRvanelebis (romlebic pirovnulad wesieri adamianebi arian, magram arsebuli kanoniT maT SezRuduli uflebebi aqvT) pasuxidan: "fonds ara aqvs ufleba romelime eqspertis saqmianobaSi Carevisa, aseve ara gvaqvs ufleba eqspertebis Sefasebis komentirebis...". mTavari mizezi ucxoeli "eqspertis" mier "saqarTvelos erovnul fondSi" Cem mier wardgenili proeqtis (da sxva msgavsi proeqtebis!) "CaZirvisa" iyo ara "samecniero polemika", aramed saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri daSlisken mimarTuli kidev erTi - 64 -

aqti (ukve saqarTvelos ganaTlebis ganxorcielebuli); meti sicxadisaTvis:

saministros

saxeliT

saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri daSlis Zveli rusuli gegma aqtiurad amoqmedda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis (1991) Semdeg da dResac aqtualuria am gegmis yvela mimarTuleba; kerZod: I mimarTuleba: qarTvelTa ramdenime dialeqtisTvis (megrulisTvis, lazurisTvis, svanurisTvis...) regionaluri enis statusis miniWeba (Sdr.: "evropuli qartia regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb" regionalur enad miiCnevs mxolod erovnuli/eTnikuri umciresobis enas); II mimarTuleba: am "enebisTvis" samwignobro tradiciis Seqmna da qarTvelTa am nawilis CamoSoreba zogadqarTuli samwignobro kulturisTvis (arada, qarTvelTa samwignobro ena Seiqmna im Zvel qarTul saerTo enaze, romlisganac warmoiqmna megrullazur-svanuri, mesxuri, kaxur-qarTluri da qarTvelTa sxva kiloebic; Sesabamisad, samwignobro qarTuli ena erTiani qarTveluri Semoqmedebaa); III mimarTuleba: ucxoeli (jorj hiuitis, volfgang foirStainis...) Tu qarTveli "mkvlevrebis" daxmarebiT megrul-svanur-mesxuri kiloebis gamocxadeba qarTulisgan "daCagrul enebad" da am gziT megrul-lazursvanurisTvis "regionaluri enebis" statusis miniWebis gamarTleba... daskvniTi etapi: saqarTvelosTvis Savi zRvis sanapiro zolis warTmevis mizniT regionaluri enebis mixedviT axali avtonomiuri erTeulebis Seqmna da SidaqarTuli "eTnikuri" konfliqtis fabrikacia... XX saukuneSi ruseTi ramdenjerme Seecada am gegmis realizebas, magram qarTveli inteligencia aRudga win; evrosabWos dokumentebis arsis gayalbebiT mimdinare amJamindeli mcdeloba ufro saSiSia, ramdenadac sabWoTa periodSi dasayrdeni momzadda qarTvel mecnierebSic da zog politikur wreSic; bolo wlebSi gansakuTrebuli "mobilizaciaa" samecnierosaganmanaTleblo sivrceSi, rac gamoixateba imiT, rom am sferoSi Tanamdebobebs ZiriTadad ikaveben da e.w. konkursebs akontroleben pirebi, romlebic dResac aqtiurad icaven e.w. oTxi qarTveluri enis "ideologias" - qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros "sabWour" kvalifikacias. - 65 -

kidev ufro saSiSia bolodroindeli tendencia: dRes evropaSi aqtualuria, prioritetulia politikuri da ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo gadaSenebis piras myofi xalxebis/erebis enebis gadarCena (ix., mag., www.mpi.nl/DOBES: "Documentation of endangener lenguages"; aplikaciaSi xazgasmiTaa miTiTebuli, rom ganacxadi miiReba, Tu igi exeba politikuri da ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo gadaSenebis piras myofi erebis enebs); kerZod, Zlieri evropuli fondebi afinanseben safrTxis qveS myofi enebis dokumentirebas (monacemTa Caweras), maTTvis damwerlobisa da samwignobro tradiciis Seqmnas. samwuxarod, es keTilSobiluri idea cudad aris gamoyenebuli grantebis "moyvarulTa" mier: samecniero grantebis mopovebis mizniT, araiSviaTad, qarTveluri kiloebi politikuri da ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo gadaSenebis piras myofi erebis enebad, mravalsaukunovani samwignobro tradiciis mqone qarTvelobis nawili ki, araqarTvelebad cxaddeba; ix., magaliTad: - http://www.volkswagenstiftung.de/foerderung/international-focs/ documentation of endangener lenguages: am programiT dafinansda iost gipertis da jorj hiuitis (misi bolo araobieqturi, qarTveli eris erTianobis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli mtruli werilis ZiriTadi fragmentebi ix. danarTis bolos) koordinatorobiT wardgenili proeqti "Endangenered Caucasion Lenguages in Georgia" (ECLinG); - www.mingrelia.de (Zur Sprache und Kultur Mingreliens) - es aris vebgverdi megreli "naciis" Sesaxeb, romelic iCagreba "qarTvelebisgan". lazebis Sesaxeb analogiuria: www.Lazika.de (Zur Sprache und Kultur der Lazen). - http://portasl.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID (iuneskos am vebgvedze aris: "Endangenered Caucasian Languages in Georgia"; kerZod, lazuri, wovaTuSuri, uduri enebis kvlevis dafinansebis Sesaxeb; aqve iyo informacia xevsuruli enis kvlevis dafinansebis Sesaxebac, magram Cveni (enaTmecnierTa erTi nawilis) protestis Semdeg xevsuruli ena Secvales xevsuruli dialeqtiT) da sxv.

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In offering this view of Abkhazia (which the senators did not visit) and South Ossetia (which they did), leading figures in Washington demonstrate (once again) an abiding ignorance of the cause they proclaim. A month later, the Abkhazians in particular are left to muse on the political calculations behind such visits: and on how far the current crisis threatening their small republic might owe something to stage-management by a US administration working closely with the tyro politicians who head the government of the Georgia from which the Abkhazians broke away in the 1992-93 war.

George Hewitt George Hewitt is professor of Caucasian languages at London's School of Oriental & African Studies (SOAS). Among his many works are "Peoples of the Caucasus" (in Felipe Fernández-Armesto, ed., Guide to the Peoples of Europe (Times Books, 1994) and (as editor) The Abkhazians, a handbook (Routledge, 1998); Also by George Hewitt in openDemocracy: "Sakartvelo, roots of turmoil" (27 November 2003)

Abkhazia: land in limbo openDemocracy 10 - 10 - 2006 The unrecognised republic of Abkhazia lies at the heart of the Georgia-Russia dispute. George Hewitt, leading scholar of Abkhazian language and identity, considers how the Abkhaz today view their own future. Georgia's president Mikheil Saakashvili introduced John McCain, leader of a senatorial delegation to Tbilisi in September 2006, as "the next president of the United States," a compliment repaid by McCain's styling the Georgian people America's "best friends." As the senators bade Georgia farewell some days later, they expressed the hope that the peoples of the two territories which have maintained a precarious immunity from Tbilisi's grasp since the conflicts of the early 1990s would "soon learn what it means to live in freedom." - 67 -

To explain why Abkhazians may think in this way, and to understand how they see their present situation and future, a return to this earlier period is essential. At the end of September 1993, as the Georgian-Abkhazian war ended with the flight of the Georgian fighters and many of the largely Mingrelian population who sympathised with Tbilisi's claim to the territory, the Abkhazians never re-established control over a part of their homeland. This was the upper Kodor (Kodori) valley, repopulated in the latter half of the 19th century (after the migration to Ottoman areas of the native population) by another Georgian-related people called Svans, who expanded from their own valleys in Georgia. Some informed observers believe that the Russians then planned (under a proposal of then defence minister Pavel Grachev, which in the event was rejected by then leader of the Georgian state council, Eduard Shevardnadze) to make permanent the de facto partition of Abkhazia at the Gumista river, just north of the capital Sukhum (Sukhumi). To further this aim, it is alleged that the Russians threatened to bomb the Abkhazians if they continued up the Kodor towards the Klukhor pass, in case this might spread unrest among the residents of Russia's north Caucasian republic of Karachay-Cherkessia (Russians had already reportedly bombed the village of Eshera, behind the Abkhazians' frontline, as the latter began their final push against the Georgians). The valley, thus, remained notionally under Tbilisi's control though, like Georgia's own Svanetia region, it mostly remained a law unto itself. The Abkhaz-Georgia war was officially terminated by the Moscow accords of 1994, which provided for a demilitarised zone along the Ingur river to be supervised by Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - essentially Russian - peacekeeping troops; with the United Nations, through its observer mission (Unomig), exercising effective oversight. The zone was fre- 68 -

quently breached by violent groups (the Forest Brethren and the White Legion) operating out of Mingrelia and financed by the Georgian government, which infiltrated Abkhazia's Gal (Gali) district to commit murder and sabotage… In July 2006, cross-border militarism was reactivated and hundreds of regular Georgian troops were installed in the valley on the pretext of executing a "policing operation" to rid the area of the corruption practised by local leader Emzar Kvitsiani. In addition, Saakashvili is relocating there the members of the so-called "Abkhazian government-in-exile" from the relative luxury of their sinecure existence in Tbilisi. This whole operation was condemned by the Georgian NGO, the Human Rights Information and Documentation Centre. From a hideout, Kvitsiani produced a video declaring guerrilla war against the interlopers, the Svans not at all fancying the idea of Mingrelians being imported to govern them… A state in suspension Abkhazia, present problems notwithstanding, is making slow progress towards building a future for its population - consisting of roughly equal numbers of Abkhazians, Mingrelians, Armenians and Russians. Each year more enterprises open, more buildings appear or are renovated (though ugly ruins still scar the main battlegrounds of Sukhum and the Ochamchira district), transport-links improve (though again the needs of Ochamchira town continue to be ignored), and virtually anything can be bought in Sukhum's shops and thriving market, as long as the customer has cash. But there's the rub. Levels of (Russian) tourism to Abkhazia in 2005 were said to be virtually back to Soviet levels, but one sensed this summer that numbers were down, especially in Sukhum, probably through fear of hostilities. The Georgian military presence has, thus, perhaps achieved one goal in damaging Abkhazia's fragile economy. For the first time in ten years westerners can again cross freely from Russia into Abkhazia - all that is needed is a permit from Abkhazia's foreign ministry and, if return to Russia is desired, a double/multiple-entry Russian visa.

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Will this encourage investors to visit and assess for themselves (free from Georgian pressure) the huge potential of this small Caucasian paradise? Apart from coastal pearls like Gagra and Pitsunda or mountain-jewels like Lake Ritsa, the airport at Dranda has the longest runway in Transcaucasia, and surveys indicate that Ochamchira could provide the best deep-water port in the whole western Caucasus. But the detritus of war remains: climbing the path to the small church of Basil the Martyr in the neighbourhood of the working Monastery of St John Chrysostom at Kaman, we were reminded by a Halo Trust operative not to stray over the white ribbon demarcating a minefield. Once Turkey ceased to accept Abkhazian passports and the ferry service linking Sukhum with Trabzon was suspended in 1996, Abkhazians found themselves unable to travel abroad - most for emotional reasons refused to obtain Georgian passports. Russia stepped into the breach, and 80% reportedly already possess Russian documents, with which they travel freely. Georgians complain that, with Russians using their disposable income to buy property in Abkhazia, this territory is gradually being absorbed into Russia. And there is much excitement (vs worry in Tbilisi) over what precedent will be set by the likely recognition of Kosovo. If Abkhazia's initial Soviet status as a union-republic had not been downgraded by Stalin (February 1931) to that of an "autonomous republic" within Georgia, Abkhazia would have joined the community of independent nations upon the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991. All Georgia has offered Abkhazia after losing its attempt at aggressive territorial integrationism in 1992-93 is a return to the status quo ante. Not a single Abkhazian endorses this option, which would be universally seen - if it were within the pale of rational discussion - as capitulation. Meanwhile, many of the most vocal advocates of the Georgian national cause are still wont to portray Georgians exclusively as history's victims, which leads them - as in their dispute with the Abkhazians - never to take responsibility for their own actions and to lay the blame elsewhere (usually on Russia). It is true that the conflict's end was painful for many thousands of residents of Abkhazia who fled to Georgia in the moment of defeat at the end of the - 70 -

1992-93 war. It was also the jingoistic rhetoric emanating from Tbilisi (voiced by political leaders, media outlets, and scholars, questioning the Abkhazians' historical rights to their homeland and threatening their expulsion) which had precipitated the conflict. A full accounting of the war and its aftermath must take this origin into account. Moreover, a number of trends in the years since the conflict settled into a cold (and frequently interrupted) peace - intermittent demonstrations by Georgia of military muscle, a tendency to demagogic outburst (not least from Mikheil Saakashvili himself), and the promulgation in school textbooks of the imaginative theory that the Abkhazians are relatively recent settlers on historical, "Georgian" soil - suggest to the Abkhazians (and many others) that little if anything has changed. Whilst no Abkhazian would risk again placing the nation's survival in Georgian hands, many have reservations about growing association with Russia. But what alternative has the international community's insistence on restoration of (Soviet) Georgia's territorial integrity left them? It is time to realise that universal recognition of Abkhazia's independence is the best guarantee for Transcaucasian prosperity in toto, greater readiness to accommodate more refugees, and a reduction in Russian influence in the region - all western aspirations that western policies themselves currently frustrate…

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