INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY Lecture on March 05 & 12, 2009 Room 412, 4th Fl. Faculty of Communication President University Kota Jababeka – Cikarang Baru Bekasi 17550 INDONESIA
Literature : Miller, D. Barbara; Wood, Bernard (2006), ANTHROPOLOGY, USA, Pearson Education Inc.
By. Hendra Manurung, S.IP, M.A in Area Studies of European Countries
ANTHROPOLOGY & SOCIAL SCIENCES What
is Anthropology ? The study of
human nature, human culture and society, and the human past; how human biology, prehistory and history, economics, politics, religion, and kinship shape one another to make human life what it is; local contexts situated in broader social, cultural, and political matrices; what it means to be human.
ANTHROPOLOGY & SOCIAL SCIENCES
Anthropology’s Four Subfields are : Biological (physical) Anthropology
Archaeology (often spelled “Archeology”)
The study of human remains for evidence of past cultural activity.
Linguistic anthropology
The study of human beings as living organisms different from and similar to other animals. (subfields: primatology & paleoanthropology)
The study of language in relation to the broader cultural, historical, and biological contexts that make language possible.
Cultural & Social Anthropology
The study of cultural variation in people’s learned beliefs, ideas, and behaviors as members of a society.
Basic Concepts in Socio-cultural Anthropology
Culture Comparative (cross-cultural comparison, generalization) Holistic (integrative, whole greater than parts) Domains of culture (biology, psychology, politics, economics, history, kinship, religion, communication, performance, etc.) Symbol (abstract relationships) Explaining human nature: dualism & determinism, materialism & idealism, empiricism & positivism, qualitative & quantitative (cf. holism) Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism Fieldwork (extensive, intensive involvement with a group) Participant-observation (in multiple local contexts) Reflexivity (highlighting inter-subjective meaning creation) Ethnography (writing about cultures)
Culture People’s
learned beliefs, ideas, and behaviors as members of a society. Human culture is learned, shared, patterned, adaptive, and symbolic. The main way in which human groups differ from one another. Began over 5 million years ago with hominid bipedal and opposable thumb & fingers; 2,5 million years ago with stone tools; 200,000 years ago with homo sapiens’ complex symbolic representation and social organization.
What is field work in cultural anthropology ? Firsthand
exploration of a society and
culture. Develops a holistic perspective about a culture. Reveals the difference between what people say they do and what they do.
Fieldwork Techniques : Participant
observation Photography and filming Recording life histories Using historical archives
Common Issues in Fieldwork Fieldwork
is done by colleting data & testing a hypothesis, such as :
Community acceptance Appropriate data-gathering techniques. Understand local political structure Choosing knowledgeable informants. Coping with culture shock. Learning a new language. Reevaluate findings in the light of new evidence.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Participantobservation Advantages - Enhances rapport - Enables fieldworkers to distinguish actual and expected behavior - Permits observation of nonverbal behavior
Disadvantages - Small sample size. - Difficult to obtain standardized comparable data - Problems of recording - Obtrusive effect on subject matter
Ethnography in world history Anthropology
began in the late 19th Century as a comparative science. Ethnographers concentrated on small-scale, technologically simpler societies. Cultures were place on evolutionary scales of cultural development.
Ethnography in early 20th century Franz
Boas insisted that fieldwork was essential for holistic study. Refer to Malinowski, ethnography is “the main goal for an ethnographer was to obtain the native’s point of view”.
Feminist anthropology : Questions
gender bias in ethnography and cultural theory. Men, who had limited access to women’s lives, performed much of the fieldwork. Ignoring women’s perspectives perpetuates the oppression of women.
Evolutionism is : All
cultures pass through the same developmental stages in the same order. Evolution is unidirectional and leads to higher levels of culture. A deductive approach is used to apply general theories to specific cases. Ethnocentric because evolutionists put their own societies at the top.
Functionalism
Through fieldwork, anthropologists can understand how cultures work for the individual and the society. Society is like a biological organism with many interconnected parts. Empirical fieldwork is essential. The structure of any society contains indispensable functions without which the society could not continue. Radcliffe Brown is a structural functionalist, who discern and describe the role of social institutions in the smooth working of society and preserving social solidarity. Malinowski’s psychological functionalism in 7 universal human needs:
Nutrition, reproduction, bodily comfort, safety, relaxation, movement, and growth.
Psychological Anthropology in Culture & Personality Anthropologists
need to explore the relationships between psychological and cultural variables. Personality is result of cultural learning. Universal temperaments associated with males and females do not exist.
Margaret Mead (1901-1978) Ruth Benedict (1887-1948)
Native Anthropology Study
of one’s own society. Maintain the social distance of the outsider to stay objective and avoid going as a Native.
“Going Native”
Becoming
more common as native cultures disappear.
Ethical Fieldwork Anthropologists must : Obtain consent of the people to be studied. Protect them from risk. Respect their privacy and dignity.
The Development of Anthropology Anthropology
is the study of humankind in all times and places
Anthropologists
are from many different societies
Canadian Anthropology Anthropological
studies began in the 18th and 19th centuries Museums, academic departments and applied research influenced the development of anthropology Canadian anthropologists shape government policies and many are advocates for 1st nation people
The Discipline of Anthropology Biological
Anthropology Socio-cultural
Anthropology
Biological Anthropology The
systematic study of humans as biological organisms
Anthropology Applied Forensic
Anthropology The identification of human skeleton remains for legal purposes Forensic anthropology still be used for health and medicine purposes nowadays.
Socio-cultural Anthropology Focusing
on human behavior Avoiding culture bound theories Ethnography Ethnology Ethno history
Ethnomethodology The
term etnomethodology was coined by Harold Garfinkel, supposing it to mean ‘people’s methods’, to refer to an approach to the sociology of everyday life, that became popular in the 1960s. Etnomethodology is concerned with the way in which members of society create the ordered social work in which they live (Andre Edgar & Peter Sedwick in cultural theory, The Key Concepts, 2003)
What is communication in socio-cultural anthropology ? Communication
concentrates on the human aspect of processing information, regardless of the medium or communication system that being utilized These models are similar to each other, but each adds at least one important element to the process and definition of modern communication
The Linear Model of Modern Communication
Message Information Source
Signal
Received Signal
Message
Receiver
Transmitter
Noise source
Destination
The Communication Process in Sociocultural anthropology
Assignment to be submitted on March 12, 2009 at 12.00 a.m
Can cultural anthropology be used to study modern societies and large-scale urban societies? What’s the difference between sociology and anthropology? Is it a matter of methods, topics, scale, academic tradition, or what? Share your ideas about the difference between society and culture. Give some examples Is cultural anthropology, as a soft science, less valid as a means of understanding reality, compared with hard sciences, such as mathematics, physics, biology, and chemistry?