The Aminoglycosides

The Aminoglycosides Generic Name

Brand Name

Amikacin

Amikin

Gentamicin

Garamycin

Kanamycin

Kantrex

Neomycin

Mycifradin

Netilmicin

Netromycin

Streptomycin

Streptomycin

Tobramycin

Nebcin

The Cephalosporins Generic Name

Brand Name

Generation

Cefaclor

Ceclor

2

Cefadroxil

Duricef

1

Cefamandole

Mandol

2

Cefazolin

Ancef, Kefzol, Zolicef

1

Cefepime

Maxipime

4

Cefdinir

Omnicef

3

Cefixime

Suprax

3

Cefmetazole

Zefazone

2

Cefonicid

Monocid

2

Cefoperazone

Cefobic

3

Cefotaxime

Claroran

3

Cefotetan

Cefotan

3

Cefoxitin

Mefoxin

2

Cefpodoxime

Vantin

3

Cefprozil

Cefzil

2

Ceftazidime

Fortaz, Tazidime, Magnacef

3

Ceftibuten

Cedax

3

Ceftizoxime

Cefizox

3

Ceftriaxone

Rocephin

3

Cefuroxime

Zinacef, Kefurox, Ceftin

2

Cephalexin

Keflex, Ceporex

1

Cephalothin

Keflin, Ceporacin

1

Cephapirin

Cefadyl

1

Cephradine

Velosef

1

Loracarbef

Lorabid

2

The Macrolides Generic Name

Brand Name

Azithromycin

Zithromax

Clarithromycin

Biaxin

Dirithromycin

Dynabac

Erythromycin

Eryc, Ilosone, EMycin, many others

Troleandomycin

Tao

The Penicillins Generic Name

Brand Name

Amoxicillin

Amoxil, Trimox, Wymox

Ampicillin

Marcillin, Omnipen, Principen, Apo-Amp Totacillin

Carbenicillin

Geocillin

Cloxacillin

Cloxapen

Dicloxacillin

Dynapen, Dycill

Mezlocillin

Mezlin

Nafcillin

Nallpen, Unipen

Oxacillin

Bactocill

Pen G, potassium or sodium

Pfizerpen, Crystapen

Pen V potassium

Penicillin VK, Pen-Vee K, Veetids

Piperacillin

Pipracil

Ticarcillin

Ticar

Combination products Amoxicillin & potassium clavulanate

Augmentin, Clavulin

Ticarcillin & Potassium clavulanate

Timentin

Ampicillin & sulbactam sodium

Unasyn

Piperacillin & tazobactam

Zosyn

The Quinolones Generic Name

Brand Name

Cinoxacin

Cinobac

Ciprofloxacin

Cipro

Enoxacin

Penetrex

Gatifloxacin

Tequin

Levofloxacin

Levaquin

Lomefloxacin

Maxaquin

Moxifloxacin

Avelox

Nalidixic acid

NegGram

Norfloxacin

Noproxin

Ofloxacin

Floxin

Sparfloxacin

Zagam

The Sulfonamides Generic Name

Brand Name

Sulfadiazine

Sulfadiazine

Sulfamethizole

Thiosulfil Forte

Sulfamethoxazole

Gantanol

Sulfasalazine

Azulfidine

Sulfisoxazole

Sulfisoxazole

Co-trimoxazole

Bactrim, Septra

Erythromycin-sulfisoxazole

Pediazole, Eryzole

The TetracyclinesGeneric Name

Brand Name

Demeclocycline

Declomycin

Doxycycline

Vibramycin

Minocycline

Minocin

Oxytetracycline

Terramycin

Tetracycline

Panmycin, Tetracyn, Sumycin

Topical Antifungal Agents Generic Name

Brand Name

Butoconazole

Femstat-3

Ciclopirox

Loprox

Clotrimazole

Gyne-Lotrimin Mycelex-G Mycelex Mycelex

Econazole

Spectazole

Haloprogin

Halotex

Ketoconazole

Nizoral

Miconazole

Monistat 3 Monistat 7

Miconazole

Micatin

Naftifine

Naftin

Nystatin

Mycostatin Mysoctatin, Nilstat, Nystex Mycostatin, Pastilles Mycostatin, Nilstat, Nystex

Oxiconazole nitrate

Oxistat

Sulconazole

Exelderm

Terbinafine

Lamisil

Terconazole

Terazol 7 Terazol 3

Tioconazole

Vagistat-I

Tolnafrate

Tinactin

Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial and antifungal drugs

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Inhibition of cross-linking (transpeptidation) of peptidoglycan PENICILLINS, CEPHALOSPORINS, IMIPENEM, AZTREONAM

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Inhibition of other steps in peptidoglycan synthesis VANCOMYCIN, CYCLOSERINE, BACITRACIN

Inhibition of protein synthesis Action on 50s ribosomal subunit CHLORAMPHENICOL,ERYTHROMYCIN, CLINDAMYCIN Action on 30s ribosomal subunit TETRACYCLINES and AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis Inhibition of nucleotide synthesis SULFONAMIDES, TRIMETOPHRIM Inhibition of DNA synthesis QUINOLONES Inhibition of mRNA synthesis RIFAMPIN

Alteration of cell membrane function Antibacterial Activity POLYMYXIN Antifungal activity AMPHOTERICIN B, NYSTATIN, KETOCONAZOLE

Uncertain Site of Action Unknown mechanism ISONIAZID, METRONIDAZOLE, PENTAMIDINE

ACTIVITY OF SELECTED PENICILLINS

PEN G Gram (+) cocci, Gram (-) rods, Neisseria, spirochetes such as Treponema pallidum and many anaerobes (except Bacteroides fragilis)

AMPICILLIN or AMOXICILLIN Certain gram negative rods such as Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli, Proteus, Salmonella, and Shigella

Carbenicillin and Ticarcillin Pseudomonas aeruginosa, especially when used in combination with an aminoglycoside

Piperacillin Similar to carbenicillin but with greater activity against P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Nafcillin or dicloxacillin Penicillinase producing Staphylococcus aureus

BACTERICIDAL AMINOGLYCOSIDES

BACTERIOSTATIC TETRACYCLINES ERYTHROMYCIN CLINDAMYCIN

Both bactericidal and bacteriostatic CHLORAMPHENICOL

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Streptomycin Tuberculosis, tularemia, plaque, brucellosis Ototoxic and nephrotoxic

GENTAMICIN and TOBRAMYCIN Many gram negative rod infections including Pseudomonas aeruginosa Most widely used aminoglycosides

AMIKACIN Same as gentamicin and tobramycin Effective against some organisms resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin

NEOMYCIN Preoperative bowel preparation Too toxic to be used systemically, use orally since not absorbed

TETRACYCLINES Rickettsial and Chlamydial infections, Mycoplasma pneumoniae Not given during pregnancy or to young children

CHLORAMPHENICOL Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, typhoid fever, anaerobic infections esp. Bacteroides fragilis Bone marrow toxicity For severe infections only

ERYTHROMYCIN Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma and Legionella Gram positive cocci in penicillin allergic patients Toxicity uncommon

CLINDAMYCIN Anaerobes such as Clostridium perfringens and Bacteroides fragilis Pseudomembranous colitis

CHEMOPROPHYLACTIC USE OF DRUGS Penicillin- prevent recurrent pharyngitis in those who have had rheumatic fever - prevent syphilis in those exposed to T. pallidum

Ampicillin- prevent neonatal sepsis and meningitis in children born of mothers carrying group B streptococci Ceftriaxone- prevent gonorrhea in those exposed to N. gonorrhea Rifampicin-prevent meningitis in those exposed in N. meningitidis and H. influenzae

Isoniazid- prevent progression of M. tuberculosis in those recently infected Erythromycin- prevent pertussis Tetracycline-prevent plaque Fluconazole- prevent cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patient Clotrimazole- prevent thrush in AIDS patients and in others with reduced cell mediated immunity

Trimetophrim- sulfamethoxazole- prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients Pentamidine- prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients