The Changing Regional Geopolitical Landscape: Implications for Vietnam
Paper to Second High Level Roundtable Meeting Assistance to the 20 Year Review of Doi Moi in Viet Nam Project co-sponsored by United Nations Development Programme Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Melia Hotel, Hanoi, Vietnam June 30-July 1, 2005
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The Changing Regional Geopolitical Landscape: Implications for Vietnam Carlyle A. Thayer1 Introduction This paper discusses three main questions: (1) how has the regional geopolitical landscape changed for Vietnam since the initiation of doi moi in 1986, (2) what are the implications of the rise of China for Vietnam’s economic and political integration, and (3) what are the implications for the future of reform in Vietnam? 1. The Changing Regional Geopolitical Landscape In late 1986, when Vietnam initiated doi moi, the global geopolitical landscape reflected the Cold War rivalry between the United States (U.S.) and the Soviet Union. The international states system was essentially bipolar with China generally supporting the U.S. against the Soviet Union. The dominant feature of the global geopolitical landscape was military confrontation between two blocks: the Warsaw Pact led by the Soviet Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization led by the United States. The influence of the Third World or Non‐ Aligned Movement was negligible due to economic and political differences among its members. The regional geopolitical landscape in Southeast Asia reflected the global system to a large extent and was largely shaped by the Cambodian conflict and the intervention by external states (1978‐91). Southeast Asia was divided into two groupings: (1) the three states of Indochina backed by the Soviet Union and (2) the members of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) backed by China, the United States, Japan and other Western countries. Military conflict in Cambodia was the dominant feature of this period. The role of China was more noticeable at the regional than global level. China opposed Vietnam’s dominance of Indochina and provided military support for the Khmer Rouge through Thailand.
Professor of Politics, School of Humanities and Social Sciences and Director of the Defence Studies Forum, University College, The University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy. During the first half of 2005, Professor Thayer was the C. V. Starr Distinguished Visiting Professor at The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, D. C. 1
3 Vietnam was in an isolated position in Southeast Asia because of its intervention in Cambodia. The ASEAN states, Japan, Australia and others implemented various forms of economic boycotts and sanctions. The United States continued its economic embargo that it first applied against North Vietnam in 1964. What factors account for the dramatic changes in the international and regional geopolitical landscapes since 1986? Some observers stress the importance of external factors. At the international level the United States pursued a policy of containment against the Soviet Union. In this view, socialism collapsed because of unremitting pressure for change – or “peaceful evolution” – applied by the West. In 1986, when Vietnam adopted doi moi, Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), already had initiated a number of political and economic reforms designed to restructure the failing Soviet model of central planning. These policies led to domestic political instability. The collapse of socialism in Eastern Europe (by late 1989) and the Soviet Union (late 1991) resulted in the abrupt reduction if not termination of support for Vietnam in all spheres. The end of Cold War confrontation led to unprecedented cooperation between East and West and between China and the Soviet Union. In brief, the global political landscape was transformed from bipolar military confrontation to a unipolar system dominated by the United States. The U.S. was called a “hyper‐ power” because its national power dominated in all spheres: military, science and technology, political, economic, and cultural. Changes in the global geopolitical landscape led to equally significant changes in Southeast Asia. At the regional level Vietnam succumbed to a combination of military and political‐diplomatic pressure exerted by the coalition of states that opposed its intervention in Cambodia. In September 1989 Vietnam withdrew all its military forces from Cambodia (following the precedent of the Soviet Union’s withdrawal from Afghanistan). In October 1991, the Cambodian conflict was formally brought to an end by a comprehensive political settlement. The following year, at the request of the Philippines, the U.S. withdrew from its military bases in that country. In the early 1990s, the regional geopolitical landscape was transformed from military confrontation to unprecedented cooperation between ASEAN and Vietnam, and the normalization of relations between Vietnam and China. These changes set the scene for the growth of regionalism. ASEAN set itself the objectives of creating a free trade area and enlarging its membership to include all ten states in Southeast Asia. Nonetheless, Southeast Asian states became
4 concerned by Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea in 1992 and especially in 1995 (when China occupied Mischief Reef). It would be a mistake to view changes in the regional geopolitical landscape as originating solely from external pressures. For example, in the 1980s, Vietnam adopted a number of long‐range policies to extricate itself from a serious socio‐ economic domestic crisis. Vietnam’s policy of doi moi was a recognition that the Soviet model of central planning was no longer appropriate. Vietnam’s “open door” policy of encouraging foreign investment was a recognition that Vietnam had to reorient its foreign policies to take advantage of globalization. Politburo resolutions no. 2 (1987) and no. 13 (1988) set the stage for the withdrawal of Vietnamese “volunteer forces” from Laos and Cambodia, the downsizing of the Vietnam People’s Army, and a new foreign policy orientation of “multilateralization and diversification of relations”. In mid‐1991, the 7th National Party Congress adopted the expression “making friends with all countries” to capture Vietnam’s new foreign policy direction. Vietnam achieved great success in adapting to changes in the global and regional geopolitical landscape. As mentioned, in 1991 Vietnam and China normalized diplomatic relations. Japan resumed Overseas Development Assistance. The year 1995 was pivotal. Vietnam normalized relations with the United States, became ASEAN’s seventh member, and signed a memorandum of understanding with European Union (EU). Since the mid‐1990s, four main forces have shaped the international geopolitical landscape: globalization, demographic trends, international terrorism and U.S. dominance. Globalization refers to the scope and speed of growing world interdependence in capital, goods and services, labor, information and technology. Over the next fifteen to twenty years, globalization will push world economic growth to new levels, raise living standards and deepen interdependence among states. Many regions of the world will enjoy heightened prosperity. A large middle class will emerge for the first time in countries currently classified as poor or developing. Hundreds of millions of working‐age persons will migrate and become part of an integrated world labor market. The greatest benefits of globalization will fall to those countries and groups that can access and adopt new technologies to their own development. The East Asia region will be the center of world growth. Demographic trends in the future will see the emergence of youth bulges in many parts of the developing world. This will be accompanied by a fall in population growth rates in developed countries and an aging of their
5 populations. This will pose constraints on economic growth. Japan and Russia will be severely affected in this regard. The end of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and U.S.‐led military intervention in Iraq (first to repulse to Iraqi aggression against Kuwait and secondly to overthrow the Saddam Hussein regime) unleashed the forces of global jihadism. The factors that have helped create international terrorism are unlikely to lessen over the next fifteen to twenty years (see discussion of the “politics of identity” below). In twenty years’ time the United States will still remain the most powerful global state in all dimensions of national power. However, the relative power of the United States will decline over the next two decades due to the rise of China and India and the likely proliferation of weapons of mass destruction to states that do not now possess them. How the United States responds to and attempts to manage globalization, demographic trends and international terrorism will play a large part in the maintenance of global and regional order. The forces of globalization will also pose severe challenges to the capacity of both international institutions and states to successfully manage this process of rapid transformation. Newly created democracies may find it difficult to consolidate political reform. The “politics of identity” (separatism and political extremism) will challenge the legitimacy of the state. In particular, the spread of global information technology will contribute to the creation of a “virtual identity” among scattered minority groups around the world. It is likely that international terrorism will become highly decentralized among differing groups, cells and individuals. Terrorist groups and individual terrorists, with no apparent common interests, are likely to forge alliances of convenience to advance their political goals. At the regional level, the geopolitical landscape is being shaped by a number of factors: the impact of globalization, the rise of China, the emergence of India, potential rivalry among the major powers (Japan‐China and the United States‐ China), and growing East Asian regionalism. Over the next twenty years, all of these developments will pose challenges to ASEAN unity and cohesion, and Vietnam’s economic and political integration. The impact of globalization on the regional geopolitical landscape was demonstrated by the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997‐98 that impacted on Southeast Asia at the same time as political instability in Cambodia, the Indonesian “haze” problem, and the subsequent collapse of the New Order regime in Indonesia. ASEAN unity and cohesion was severely shaken. ASEAN enlargement has led to several fault lines: between old and new members,
6 between the economic “have” and economic “have not” members, and between the “politically open” (democratic) and “politically closed” (non‐democratic) states. ASEAN’s disarray has slowed the pace of Vietnam’s regional political and economic integration. The other factors shaping the regional geopolitical landscape are discussed below. 2. China’s “Peaceful Rise” There can be no doubt that the most significant development that will reshape the regional geopolitical landscape over the next two decades is the rise of China and Chinese influence in all spheres economic, political‐diplomatic, social‐ cultural and military. China’s strategic goals may be summarized as follows: •
Maintain domestic security; prevent separatism in Tibet and Xinjiang; and then recover control over Taiwan;
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Promote a stable regional security environment, especially along China’s periphery, as the prerequisite for economic growth;
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Maintain high levels of economic growth to provide employment, raise income levels and prevent domestic disorder;
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Restore and expand China’s traditional political and diplomatic influence; and
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Promote a multi‐polar international order to prevent encirclement or containment by the United States.
Southeast Asia is viewed by Beijing as China’s sphere of influence. China seeks to bolster a stable and secure region in order to gain access to regional energy resources and raw materials, protect maritime trade routes across the region, and develop wide‐ranging relations for economic and political purposes (including isolating Taiwan and countering U.S. influence). Southeast Asia’s future geopolitical landscape will be shaped not only by the emergence of China but of India as well. The rise of these two major powers will be based on high rates of economic growth, large populations, the active promotion of high technologies, and increased military capability. Measured in purchasing power parity (PPP), China’s economy is already the second largest in the world after the U.S. At market exchange rates, the Chinese economy ranks sixth, after the U.S., Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom and France. By 2020, the dollar value of China’s Gross National Product (GNP) is likely to become the second largest after the United States. At the same time, India’s GNP likely will be the equivalent of a large European state. China and India will likely achieve
7 higher economic growth rates than Japan and Europe. The growth of Chinese manufacturers and Indian high‐technology services will pose a competitive challenge across the entire spectrum of industries and technologies and greatly complicate the successful development of other regional economies. China’s economic growth will spur increased demand for energy resources and other raw materials; this will drive an expansion of Chinese interests from the regional to the global stage. China’s reliance on imported energy resources will result in an interest in maintaining political stability in those regions where these resources are found. In addition, China will also have in interest in maintaining the security of maritime lines of communications, especially through Southeast Asia. China, India and other growing economies could become competitors for energy resources to fuel their economic growth. Both China and India are seeking oil from Iran. This factor already may be driving naval force modernization in these two countries. The rise of China and India will trigger a new set of international and regional alignments. China’s economic rise will impact on Southeast Asia and the wider Asia‐Pacific region. China’s economic success will create competitive pressures in other states to reform and open their markets to foreign investment. China’s “peaceful rise” will stimulate trade and investment from its neighbors. For example, China’s economic success has contributed to lifting Japan out of recession and keeping the Philippines from falling into recession. China’s energy needs have been a boon to Indonesia’s oil, gas and mining sectors. In short, China’s growing economy will be an catalyst for growth in Southeast Asia. China’s economic growth will also provide a firm foundation for its defense modernization. It is commonly assumed that real Chinese defense expenditures range between U.S. $31‐$38 billion in 2003, well above the official Chinese figure of U.S. $22.3 billion.2 By 2020, China will overtake Russia as the second largest spender on defense after the United States. China’s projected economic growth indicates that it will be able to spend between 2.3% and 5% of Gross Domestic Product on defense. By 2025, these figures would result in expenditures in the range of U.S. $185 (or 60% of the U.S. defense budget in 2003) and $403 billion (or one‐third greater than the U.S. defense budget in 2003).
2
According to a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson, Liu Jianchao, China’s defense expenditure in 2004 was U.S. $24 billion. Liu noted that “In recent years, in pace with China’s economic development, Chinese defence spending has indeed increased a little. But the bulk of the increase is for the improvement of living conditions of the officers and soldiers. China has not the intention nor the capability to drastically increase its military build-up.” Quoted by Agence France-Presse (Beijing), “Rumsfeld’s claims groundless: China,” The Straits Times, June 8, 2005.
8 There are two main drivers of China’s military procurement program (1) the perceived intermediate and long‐term challenge posed by the United States and (2) the desire to project power. Specifically, China’s objective of reasserting control over Taiwan must take into account the possibility of U.S. military intervention should a crisis occur. The People’s Liberation Army has devoted extraordinary efforts to purchase and develop weapons systems to deter the United States from intervening in a Taiwan contingency. Not only is the PLA building up the capacity for a preemptive strike on Taiwan, it is expanding its stocks of Inter‐Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) to strike the U.S. mainland (and other parts of the globe as well). Projections of China’s economic and military development over the next two decades must also take into account various factors that could constrain the most optimistic estimates. First, it is widely believed that the official annual Chinese growth rate of 8.7% over the last twenty‐five years is exaggerated. Second, economists project that China’s economy will grow at 7% per year through 2010 and then gradually decline to 3% per year until 2025. Constraints on Chinese economic growth include: stagnation and eventual decline in its labor force, a fall in domestic savings as the population ages, a slowdown in the growth of exports and industrial output because of market saturation, weaknesses in the financial sector and problems in agriculture in the rural area. The Chinese government also has a number of contingent liabilities such as unfounded commitments on pensions, the need to re‐capitalize state‐owned banks as they write off debt‐ ridden state‐owned enterprises, and interest payments on rising government debt. As the Chinese population ages the government will come under pressure to increase spending on pensions, health care, and education. Nevertheless, China’s economy will continue to grow. China’s GDP is projected to reach U.S. $9.45 trillion in 2025 (in 2001 dollars) or about half the size of the projected U.S. economy at that time. China’s “peaceful rise” has been accompanied by a complete turn around in China’s view of and participation in regional multilateral organizations. Initially, China was skeptical and suspicious that multilateral institutions would impinge on national sovereignty. Within the short space of a few years China has become a strong supporter of the multilateral process. In this respect, China’s development of “soft power” has been most impressive. Beginning in 1996, China began to actively participate in the work program of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). In 1997, China attended the first ASEAN Plus Three Summit (APT), also involving Japan and South Korea. The following year China proposed a meeting of governors of central banks; this resulted in the
9 Chiang Mai Initiative or currency exchange surveillance mechanism. APT meetings have broadened in scope and now include finance, economics and trade, labor, agriculture, forestry, tourism and energy and environment ministers. In 2000, China proposed the establishment of an ASEAN‐China Free Trade Agreement (FTA) to expand trade and investment ties. As a first step, China and ASEAN negotiated a Framework Agreement on ASEAN‐China Comprehensive Economic Cooperation in 2002. China has also agreed to an “early harvest scheme” that will give ASEAN members earlier access to Chinese markets than other WTO members, and China has granted special treatment to ASEAN’s least developed members (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam) who are expected to comply with FTA implementation by 2015. The ASEAN Six (the original five members plus Brunei) are expected to meet the implementation deadline by 2010. The APT process with its emphasis on East Asian regionalism is a counter‐ reaction to globalization, the rise of regional trading blocks (EU and the North America FTA), and ASEAN dependency on the U.S. dollar. ASEAN hopes to enmesh China through the APT process, while China hopes to allay regional fears about the negative impact of its ascendant economy. ASEAN members hope that the FTA and access to the Chinese market will assist them in regaining competitiveness and thus their attractiveness to foreign investors. China, for its part, hopes that the FTA will give it access to Southeast Asia’s markets, especially energy and minerals. China also hopes to contain Japanese and U.S. influence in the region. According to economic projections, the ASEAN‐China FTA will result in a 48 percent increase in ASEAN exports to China and raise ASEAN’s total GDP by 0.9 percent. China’s exports to ASEAN are expected to increase by 55.1 percent or 0.3 percent of China’s GDP. By any measure, China’s use of “soft power” has been successful. China is now widely perceived as sympathetic to regional concerns and respectful of “the ASEAN Way”. The APT process offers China an opportunity to expand its political influence and its ability to reshape regional order. At the 7th China‐ ASEAN Summit in 2003, for example, China acceded to the ASEAN Treaty of Amity and Cooperation. At the same time, China and ASEAN signed the Joint Declaration of Strategic Partnership for Peace and Prosperity. In late 2004, China hosted the first ARF Security Policy Conference as an alternative to the U.S.‐ dominated Shangri‐La Dialogue. China has also played a major role in initiating the Network of East Asia Think Tanks (NEAT). In sum, Southeast Asian regionalism, as embodied in the ASEAN Plus framework, is now evolving into a
10 more explicit East Asia economic, political and security community led by China. The First East Asian Summit is scheduled for Malaysia in December 2005; China has offered to host the Second East Asian Summit in Beijing in 2006. East Asia’s new regional security architecture has not taken firm shape. There are a number of possible obstacles. The biggest obstacle is Sino‐Japanese strategic rivalry. Another obstacle is the exclusion of the United States from membership and thus constrain U.S. influence in the region. This would be a worrisome development for those ASEAN members who advocate a continued U.S. presence as a counter balance to China. The emerging East Asian Community poses challenges to ASEAN and its declared goal of creating an ASEAN [Economic, Socio‐Cultural and Security] Community by 2020. It is unclear whether ASEAN members would join the East Asian Community as a single entity or as ten individual states. In summary, China is now actively promoting multilateral initiatives as the main channel for cooperation among the states of East Asia not only in the economic sphere but in the political and security spheres as well. China’s successful use of “soft power” has alleviated the “China threat theory” of the early to mid‐1990s, constrained Taiwan’s economic diplomacy in Southeast Asia, and relegated other major powers to reactive on‐lookers. It is noticeable, for example, that China’s FTA initiative provoked counter‐responses by Japan, India, South Korea and the United States. 3. Implications for Reform in Vietnam Vietnam has set itself the goal of becoming a modern and industrialized country by 2020 or ʺa prosperous country, a powerful nation and an equitable and civilized society”. In order to accomplish this goal Vietnam relies on domestic economic reforms (market forces with socialist orientations) and an open door foreign policy of “making friends with all countries”. Over the next twenty years Vietnam will face serious challenges arising from fast changing global and regional geopolitical landscapes. At the start of doi moi Vietnam looked to many countries as possible models for its development such as Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia and China. Some observers argue that China has become the principal model and main reference point for Vietnamese domestic reforms. In this view, Vietnam was inspired by high Chinese economic growth rates and shared concerns: how to maintain one‐party rule, socialist ideology, and political stability while carrying out potentially destabilizing economic reforms. Both countries seemingly faced the “threat of peaceful evolution”. Vietnam inevitably looks to China before drawing up its domestic and foreign policies. As one former Vietnamese party
11 secretary general proclaimed, “If China succeeds in its reform then we’ll succeed, if China fails, we fail”. On the external front, Vietnam’s policy of “multilateralization and diversification of relations” is more of a hollow slogan than a reality. In actual practice, Vietnam tends to take no action inconsistent with Chinese foreign policy. The very existence of China also acts as a constraint on Vietnam’s military relations with other major powers and Vietnam’s freedom of action in the Eastern Sea (South China Sea). In sum, Vietnam has achieved breadth but not depth in its foreign relationships. What are the lessons for reform in Vietnam? International 1. The key drivers of global change identified above ‐ globalization, demographic trends, international terrorism and U.S dominance ‐ will result in a future marked by new levels of strategic uncertainty and fluidity among the major powers. Vietnam will have to develop new analytic tools to understand how to cope with these changes. This should include a re‐evaluation of the role of socialist ideology as an appropriate framework for analyzing changes in the international and regional geopolitical landscapes.3 2. It is critically important for ASEAN to emerge as a unified and cohesive organization to better deal with the magnetic pull of China’s “peaceful rise”, East Asian regionalism and the influence of major powers. A weak ASEAN risks becoming a “new colony” providing raw materials to China in exchange for manufactured goods. A weak ASEAN also risks being subsumed in a larger East Asian Community. A strong ASEAN will provide a firm base for Vietnam’s political and economic integration in the region. Vietnam can no longer afford to play a mendicant role in ASEAN but should contribute to strengthening its organizational capacity. Vietnam can help strengthen ASEAN by carrying out economic and political reforms (see points 6‐8 below) and by encouraging similar changes in Laos and Myanmar. 3. Vietnam should add depth to its critically important bilateral relations. “Making friends with all countries” is not an effective framework for the development of long‐term strategic relations. For too long Vietnam has Are such formulations as doi tac (to cooperate), doi tuong (to struggle against), “making friends with all countries” and “peaceful evolution” useful in understanding the nature of change in the contemporary international system? 3
12 imposed self‐restraints (including ideological constraints) on developing a fully rounded relationship with the United States, for example. In a future likely to be marked by continued U.S. dominance, Vietnam must learn to leverage its relations with the U.S. to support its own comprehensive development. 4. International terrorism will continue to threaten the stability of regional states with Muslim populations. These include several of Vietnam’s neighbors. Vietnam is not likely to be directly affected by these developments but it needs to develop a clear national counter‐terrorism strategy that includes meaningful cooperation with regional and external states as well as international institutions. 5. China’s military rise poses a challenge to Vietnam and its ability to exert sovereignty over its Exclusive Economic Zone and resources in maritime areas of the South China Sea that it claims. The Vietnam People’s Army should not be kept isolated from global developments in defense technologies. Vietnam’s military needs to develop a deterrent capacity through selective modernization of its naval and air forces (already underway) and by improving their capacity to act in a joint or coordinated capacity. In order to acquire this capacity Vietnam will have to develop appropriate forms of military cooperation with relevant major powers. Secondly, Vietnam must give serious consideration to the external role of the Vietnam People’s Army in cooperation with the international community in such areas as peacekeeping and natural disaster relief. Domestic 6. The Chinese model of socialist economic development may have reached the end of its shelf life and needs to be re‐evaluated. After a quarter‐ century of reforms, the Chinese model has been unable to solve such pressing problems as weak banking and financial structures, heavily indebted state‐owned enterprises, and rampant corruption. China’s internal problems have contributed to political instability, especially in urban areas. Vietnam faces many similar problems and emulating the Chinese model has not helped to solve them. It is critical for Vietnam to speed up its economic reforms and develop niche industries that are competitive in the global market place. Vietnam should now look elsewhere to find a solution to its problems –Taiwan, South Korea and the United States. 7. The heightened pace and scope of global change over the next twenty years will result in major challenges to Vietnam’s ability to manage
13 change or capacity for governance. Vietnam needs to reform the decision‐ making process and structure of one‐party rule to draw in larger sections of its population. Vietnam can no longer afford to delay political reforms. In the long‐run Vietnam’s failure to shift the legitimacy of its regime from economic performance to popular sovereignty may well contribute to domestic instability as a rising entrepreneurial class, larger numbers of individuals with work experience overseas, ethnic minorities, and urban youth all demand a greater say in the domestic political decision‐making process. 8. The forces of globalization will reward countries that access and apply new technologies. Vietnam will be left behind if it does not harness new technologies to speed its economic development. Vietnam’s tight political controls over Internet usage must be eased if it is to take advantage of the free flow of ideas and information so essential to the development of a market economy.
Bibliography Note: This is a draft paper which has drawn on the following sources: Alice Ba, “The Politics and Economics of ‘East Asia’ in China‐ASEAN Relations,” in Ho Khai Leong and Samuel C. Y. Ku, eds., China and Southeast Asia: Global Changes and Regional Challenges. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005. 170‐194. Rommel C. Banlaoi, “Southeast Asian Perspectives on the Rise of China: Regional Security After 9/11,” Parameters, Summer 2003, 98‐107. Canada, Maritime Forces Pacific Headquarters, Office of the Special Advisor (Policy), “GWADAR: Asia’s Growing Multilateralism,” In Focus, May 19, 2005. Keith Crone, Roger Cliff, Evan Medeiros, James Mulvenon and William Overholt, Modernizing China’s Military: Opportunities and Constraints. RAND Project Air Force, Santa Monica: The RAND Corporation, 2005. Stephen Frost, “Chinese Outward Direct Investment in Southeast Asia: How Big are the Flows and What Does It Mean for the Region?” The Pacific Review, 17(3), 2004, 323‐340. Erland Heginbotham, “How China & India Have Transformed the Balance of Power in Asia: A Study in ‘Soft Power’,” Presentation, Dacor‐Bacon House, Washington, D. C., March 31, 2005.
14 Ho Khai Leong and Samuel C. Y. Ku, eds., China and Southeast Asia: Global Changes and Regional Challenges. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005. Richard Holbrooke, “China Makes its Move,” The Washington Post, May 27, 2005. Robert Kagan, “The Illusion of Managing China,” The Washington Post, May 15, 2005. Kuik Cheng‐Chwee, “Multilateralism in China’s ASEAN Policy: Its Evolution, Characteristics, and Aspiration,” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 27(1), 2005, 102‐ 122. Ronald N. Montaperto, “Assurance and Reassurance,” Comparative Connections: An E‐Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations, 1st Quarter 2005. Ronald N. Montaperto, “Thinking Globally, Acting Regionally,” Comparative Connections: An E‐Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations, 4th Quarter 2004. William H. Overholt, “China and Globalization,” CT‐244, Testimony presented to the U.S.‐China Economic and Security Review Commission on May 19, 2005. Santa Monica: The RAND Corporation, May 2005. Mari Pangestu, “Southeast Asian Regional and International Economic Cooperation,” in Donald S. Weatherbee, International Relations in Southeast Asia. New York: Routledge, 2005. People’s Republic of China, State Council, China’s National Defence in 2004. Beijing: State Council Information Office, December 27, 2004. Denny Roy, “China and Southeast Asia: ASEAN Makes the Best of the Inevitable,” Asia‐Pacific Security Studies [Honolulu: Asia‐Pacific Center for Security Studies], 1(4), November 2002. Robert G. Sutter, China’s Rise in Asia – Promises, Prospects and Implications for the United States, Occasional Paper Series [Honolulu: Asia‐Pacific Center for Security Studies], February 2005. U.S. Department of Defense, Annual Report on The Military Power of the People’s Republic of China. FY04 Report to Congress on PRC Military Power Pursuant to the FY2000 National Defense Authorization Act. Washington, D.C. U.S. National Intelligence Council, Mapping the Global Future: Report of the National Intelligence Council’s 2020 Project. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, December 2004.
15 Bruce Vaughn, China‐Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States. CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, February 8, 2005. Wang Gungwu, “China and Southeast Asia: Changes in Strategic Perceptions,” in Ho Khai Leong and Samuel C. Y. Ku, eds., China and Southeast Asia: Global Changes and Regional Challenges. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005. 3‐14. Vincent Wei‐cheng Wang, “The Logic of China‐ASEAN FTA: Economic Statecraft of ‘Peaceful Ascendancy’,” in Ho Khai Leong and Samuel C. Y. Ku, eds., China and Southeast Asia: Global Changes and Regional Challenges. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005. 17‐41. The World Bank, East Asia Update. Washington, D.C.: April 2005.
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kinht6 dugc thi6tk6 nhim cdi t6 mo hinhk6 hoachtap trungdangsuy y6u cfraLien Sw supd6 bangXo Vi6t. Nhirngchlnhsdchndyd5ntoi sH nAt6n chinhtri trongnucvc. cia Ch0nghTa xd hOitai SongAu (vaocu6inem19Bg)vAtai LienX6 (cu6i1991)de d5ntcvisqrcit gidmdQtngQtneukhongmu6nnoilir chAmdut hodntoAnsw h6 trq cho Vi€tNamtrenmeiphuongdien. Dong Sqrch6mdLrtd6idAuChi6ntranhLanhdd dua densrr hgptdc chuatung co giCra vA TAy,giiraTrungQu6cva Li6nXo. N6imOtcAchngin gqnthi.buctranhchinhtri the gicridd du,Ecxoaychuy,On M! tir d6idAuqudnsU,haicqrcsangh0 th6ngmQtcqrc.Nr-rcrc di du,Ecgqi larmOt"t6isi6ucLrclng" bcyisu,th6ngtri c0aMy co mit trent6t cd cdc mft: quAnsqr,khoahqcvd c6ngnghe,chfnhtri,kinht6 vAvdnho6. Nh0,ng thayd6i trongbu,ctranhdiachinhtr!todncAuc0ngd5nd6n nhftngthayd6i lcvn tucrngtqrtrongkhuvLrcDongNamA. O tAmkhuvqrc,VietNamdd khongch6ngdcvn6i sLrph6ihEpc6c 6p lqlcquAnsr=r vAchfnhtri - ngoaigiaoduqc tqo ra bdi lienminhcdc qu6cgia phdnd6i sWcanthiOpcriaVi0tNamtai Cam-pu-chia. Vdothdngg ndm 19Bg (sausqrkir$n VietNamdd ruttoAnb0 lWclugngquAnsLrcirarninhra kh6iCam-pu-chia quAn rut cia Li6nX6 ra kh6iAp-ga-nis{an). Thang10 ndm1991,xungdQttai Cam-puchiachinhthuc di d6n dAuchAmh6tvcvimOtsr,rddnx6pchinhtri todndi€n.Mqtndm sau do,tu y6u cAuc0a ngucridAnPhi-lip-pin, Mi c0ngdd rut todnb0 quAnlq'cra kh6i c6ccin c[,quAnsLrct]aminh& nucyc ndy. Vdo dAunh0'ngndm90, buc tranhdia chinhtri khuvu,cdd duEcchuy6nd6i tu,e6i OAu quAnsWsangsqrhgp t6c chua tung c6 giuaASEANvd ViQtNam,vd sqrbinhthu,crng ho6 quanhe gi0a ViOtNamvd TrungQu6c.Nh0,ng thayd6i naytqo ra mOttri6nvQng chophdttri6n chri nghTakhu vLIc.ASEAN da dA ra nh0,ngmqc ti6u cho viecthi6tlap mQtkhuvr.rcthuongmaitgl do ddngthoi m& rOngs6 nucvcthdnhvi6nbao g6m cd 10 nucvc DongNamA. tuy nhi6n,cdcqu6cgiaDongNamA trd nenlo ng?i trongkhuvr.rc qud quy6t trucycst"r crla TrungQu6cvA ch0 alV6n lSnhhdi tai vung bi6nD6ng ni.m 1992vd dic bietla vdondm1995(khiTrungQu6cchi6mgiu Bii VdnhkhdnthuOcquAn ddoTruongSa) Neuchi nhinnhin nhCrng thayd6i vA cUcdiQndia chinhtri tr6ngoc d0 b5t nguontu nhirng5p lLrcbdn ngoaithoithi se lA mgtsai lArn.LAyvi dUcriaVietNamtrongnhirng ndmB0 khi mgt s6 ciic chinhs6chddi handuEc6p dUngnhim dua Vi€tNamthodtra kh6ikhirnghodngkinht6 xd hqitrAmtrsng.Chinhs6che6imOiluc bAygicrla mOtminh chungchosqrkhongcdnthichhEpc0amo hinhXOVi6tvd qudnlf vd k6 hoachhoatqp k h i c hd A ut w n u o cn g o Alia m O t t r u n gC . h i n hs d c h ' m dc [ r a ' c 0 aV i e tN a mn h d mk h u y 6 n thua nhin vA vi€cVi€tNamphdidinhhucrnglaichinhsdchd6i ngoaivcvimucdichtin d u n gl q i i c h c r l at i 6 nt r i n ht o a nc A uh o d . N g hqi u y 6 st 6 z ( 1 9 8 7 v) d 1 3 ( 1 9 8 8 c) O aB O Namra khdi chinhtri dd tao buoc d€m cho viQcrut'lqrclugngquAntinh nguV0n'Vi€t cit giim quAnng0cungsu ra doi c0a mQtchfnhs6chd6i ngoai Laovd Cam-pu-chia, hodvd da dqnghodc6cm6iquanhe'.Tcrigi0'anim 1991, mcyivcyimgcti6u'daphucrng Dai hOiDdngToAnqu5clAnthu 7 de dua ra quandi6m'lambanvcvitAtcd c6c nucvc' phdnanhdinhhucrngchlnhsdchd6ingoqimcvi c0aVi€tNam. t\ruto tcrntrongviQcthfchnghivcvinhirngthayd6i thdrnh Vi€tNamdd dat duEc nhCrng c0a cqcdiendia chinhtri th6 gicriva khuvr.rc.Nhu'dAn6utrdn,ndm 1991lA ndmVi€t hoAquanhe ngoqigiao.NhatBdnn6ilaih6 Namvd TrungQu6cthWchienbinhthucrng thench6t.ViQtNambinhthucrnghodquan trg ODA.Ndm1995lA mQtndmco y nghTa
hQvcyiM!, trd thanhthanhvi6nthLf7 cia kh6iASEAN,vd ky k6t Hiepdinhkhunghsp t6cvcviEU. diendiachinhtri th6 gicri: ndm90,co b6nnhAnt6 chinhdinhhinhcUcfe t* giiranhCrng qu6c t6 vAvi th6 si6ucu'ong b6 hec, khfrng nhAn khAu xu th6-todncAu6o6,xu hucyng c0aMy. ngaycangphUthuOcl5n Xu thdtodncAuhodnoid6nphamvi vd t6cdOciramqtth6gicvi vongttr 15 nhauvAv6n,hAngho6vir dichvq,laodQng,thongtin vd-congnghe.Trong gicri tAm cao mgi, nhung l6n ttr6 t6 qJA dAy kinh se ho6 cAu trinh todn 20 ndm tcri, toi qu6Q gia. giua Nhieu cAc phq l5n nhau thu.Oc lAmtdngmrlc's6ngvd ldmsAuth6msW xuAt dAu ti6n lAn luu s6 hon. MOttAnglcrptrung khu vWJtr6n th6 giOisCthlnhvLrEng hiQnv5n bi co-iIa ngheohoic dangp.hattri6n.Hdrngtrdm triOu higntai nh0ng nr.Icy. ngucrid d9 tu6itaodOngs6 dichchuy6nvAtr&thAnhmQtphAnc0athi trucvnglaodOng th6ngntr6t.LEiich lcynnh5tiOatoancAuhodsd thuOcvA nhirngqu6cgia hoic th?gicyi nhomc6c nucycco thd nim nit va ung dqngcongnghemoi vdo c6ngcuOcphdttri6n c0achfnhminh.D6ngA s6 ld trungtAmtangtru&ngcirath6gioi. cira nh0'nglq'c C6cxu hu,dngnhAnkhAuhgctrongtucrnglai sd chothAysWhi€n.dien phdt s6 di kemvcvi nAy Di6u gicyi tri6n. dang cAc nucvc ving th6 trong luEngtr6 tai nhi6u gid di crladAns6 s\r nhu c0ng tii6n gidmty le tengdAi so tii cacnucvc.ph.dt xu'hticyng t6. Nhat Bdnvd kinh hanch6d6i vcviting trr-rdng cdc nud" n"V.Tu,do sCOatra nhCrng Ngas6 chludnhhudngnf ng nAtu vAndAndy. vAcantf iepqudnsqrtqi l-ric do Sqrchjm du'tchi6mdongcia Li6nX6 taiAp-ga-nix-tan ciral-rdcvAthu hai la str Iit do luqc Co-oet xAm lui s\r (dAu dAy ldr iie. tien Mi d5ndAu c6c l\rc luqng H6i giao ph.at cho ngoi dd khcvi sdn) b0 mey chinhquydnSadam-H0t b6qu6c tr6ntodnthegidi.Cdcnhdnt6 OAntcvitinhtrqng.kh0ng dOngcu6cThdrnhtni6n phAn thdolu?nvd t6 *J* ra s6 kh6nghAgidmbcrttron{vong15 hay20 nim n0a (xem 'chfnhtri hgcvA bansic' duoi dAy). Trongvdng20 nim tcyiMy v5n duEccoi lA.qu6cgia mqnhnh6tth6 gicritr6n mQilTnh vq1,c. 1ry nhien,th6 h*cco tlnhch6ttuongd6i c0aMi c0ngs6 gidmsutqua haithqp\y tcyivcyiiu tr6i day cia TrungQu6cvAAn Dq vA d6ngthcvila viecph6 bi6nv0 khl gi6t thuc VV fruangung nrrocmahiQnkhdngsd hiruchung.C.6ch ngr-rcri hing loat& nhCrng uI .6 ginj tiSnhirnhmUctir3utoAncAuhoa,c6c.xu huongv6 nhAnkhAuhQcvA tinh b6 qu6ctd s6 dongmQtvaitrd chfry6u trongviecduytri trit t\r th6 gicriva trpngfif'r,ing khuvLrc. C6ctAcdOngcia toancAuho6c0ngse dit ra nh0ngthdchthuc lcvnchocd c6cth6 ch6 o6i vi€ckiemso5tthdnhcdngqu6 trinh-chuyen q;5"i6 16g nr," cdc qu6ggia tro-ng lip co th6sd 9apphaikhokhdn ndnOanch0mcviduEc.thdnh nhanhchongnay.NhCrng tri hgcv6 udns5c'(chtinghTa chinh cOa minh.'NAn tri chinh cdch trongcing # ri" cdi hEphi6ncrlanhd nucvc.Cu tlnh thuc sE th6ch tri) tv fn]aivalnri nghTacr,rcdoanchfnh phA.n gop vag vi€chinhthdrnh s6 toAncAu t'frela sLrph6 ni"6nciracongnghethong_tin ;bdn th6 gicri.ChirnghTa khdp thi6us6 nh6rdirdctren sic do'gi0a_Ldcnhom c6igqi la giCra cdc nh6mvd c6c kh6ig bo qu6ct6 r6t co ttr6s6 mangtinhchAtph.ancAprAtcao c6 nhAnkh6cnhau.Cdcnhomvd cAthekh0ngb6,du khongco nh0nglgi fchchung16 rOt,rat co th6 s6 lient<6ttaidOco duEcnh0ngthuOnlgi choviecthqrchienc6cmucti6u chlnhtri c0aminh.
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thlr 6 sau M!, NhatBdn,Duc, Anh vA Phdp. Trung_ Qu6c_dung theot! gi6 thi trucyng, qr6. prl"a* oai Tcyindm2020,t6rgia" tcrrrP)tinht-heoddngd6 la c0a TrungQu6c quoc An D0 se tr.rongduongvcvi.mOt Lrcyc tfnhdung-thuhai sau My CnpglucGNP_c0a hon t6 cao kinh trudng ting le ty se dat gia lcrnChAu-Au. TrungQuocva AriDg cq th6 cac vd Trung Qu6c xuAt san Io vcyiNhatBa; ua C[a, Au. Sl,fphattri6nciracdc nha pham bQ todn tcvi thdchthuc canhtranh dichvqrcongnghecaocia An DOsd dit ra m.Ot va congnghevd dbngthoi c0nglAmphtrctqp qu6 trinhphAt ui cacngAnhcbng,nghiep congcia cdcqudcgia kh6ctrongkhuv\rc. tri6nthdrnh Suc ting trudngkinht6 s6 thucdAynhucAue6ivdi c6c ngudnldng lu'qngvA nhilng t1ar;diAundy s6 m.orQnglgi ich c0aTrunoQq6ctir,phqmvi khuvuc nguy6niiC,ttrO-t phdiph.uthuOcviromOts6 ngu6nndngluqngco te-nbnamvi th6 gicri.ViQcTrungaqu6c du,gctrongkhu vLrcs6 lir Iy d; dd TrungCiu6cddm bdocho vi€cgin gi0 tinh 6n dinh chinhtri tai khuvqrcnay.Themvdod6,1rungQu6cc0ngs6 cAnphdigin giir tlnh an todnthongsu6tdoi vcyicdc tuydnhanghai,-dacbiettai khu vLrcDong fam A. Trung to ndnliinht6 dangphattri6nkh6cco th6 sd trd thdnh ii;6.; il-D.6 ;a .a. qu6cgia -O6i vOicdc ngudnning lugng.nhim nuoi dudng s\r ting d6i thi canhtianh nt"tfrnq tr"an! kinht6 ctlahq.Cd TrungQu6cvdln Dq d6ucAndendAum6 tu l-ran.Di6unay
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Tdngtrgdngkinht6 cia TrungQu6cs6 tdc dOngtcriDongNam{uq khuvqrcChAuA TheaBinhDycrngr6nglcynhon.Thinh tuu vA kinht6 cfraTrungQu6cs6 tao ra nhCrng 6p Iuc canhtranhbuOicdc qu6cgiakhdcphdithrtchiencdi cAchva m& cira thi trucrng sr.rir6i oayhodbinh'cia TrungQu6cs6 khuy6n ngoAi.-'SLr c0a minhcho05, t,r-nr-rOr khichthucrngmqi vA dAutu ti c6c nucycl6nggi6ng.Vi du nhu chlnhnhcvsqrthAnh thodiva ngucri congve finn t6 c1iaTrungeu6c, kinht6 NhatBdndd thoatra,kh6i.suy dd khongphdi rcyivAotinh trangtucrngtu. Nhu.cAu ning lugng c0a dAn-phi-lfp-pin m6, khl o6t vA khai d6i voi kn6icdCngAnh_dAu iirng ora. la rOt tid;"ning co tEitcyn s6 lAt6c nhAnthfc Trung Qu6c cia tri6n t6.ph6t kinh n6n Tom lal m6 c6aln-do-n6-xia. A. dAytdngtrudngcrlakhuvr,rcDOngNam Tdngtru&ngkinhtO cia TrungQu6cs6 dbngthcvitao n6n mOtccvsd u.*ngchic cho nienOaifroj qu6cphong.Con-s6ngAnsdchme trung Qu6cchi cho qu6cphong1l:o nlrunhi}uph6ngdo6nla vao khodng31-38 ti do la Mytrongndm2003,cao hcvnnhi6u so vcyrconso chlnhthuc miTrung 6u6c dua ra li)223 tF. Tcvindm 2020,TrungQu6c s6 vuqt qua Nga vd thdnhquQcgla dungthr.rhai vd chi ti6ucho qu6cPhqng,-.hi :3u dd chi ra rdngTtulg.Oy6cs6 co th6 co khi MV.DLrb6oteni trudng kinhtd TlungQu-6c njnq chi cho qr6. phonsmOtcons6 vdo khodng2.3%d6n 5% t6ng GDP.Toi 2025, ngAnsdch nhu"ngcons6 nay s6 chiSmkhodngtr)p185ti dolaMy (tuongduong voi 600/o cuaMVchoqu6iptrongnim 2003jtoi 403ti (gAp1/3ngAns6chqu6cphong2003cfra
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scymn5m O5tvir tienvAoc6c thi trucrngcOaTrungQu6ctrucvccdc thAnhvi6nWTO kh6c,vdrddngthcyiTrungQu6cc0ngdd thongqua sLruu ddi dic biet d6i vcvinhirng thanhvi6n kem phdttri6nhon trongkh6i,nhirngqu6cgia s6 thwc hi€n tham gia vd Viet Nam),Nhom HETMTDvdonim 2015(trongdo co Cam-pu-chia, Lao,Mi-an-ma s6 hodnthanh thqrc sduthanhvi6nASEAN(5 thanhvi6nsdnglapcQngthemBru-n6y) hi€ncamk6tvdohanchotndm 2010. lqi vcriqud Ti6ntrinhAPT vcvisqrtip trungvdo ch0 nghTa khuv\rcDongA d6i ngupEc trinhtoAncAuho6,sgrgiatdngcia cdc t
r nhu mqt Noitomtai,TrungQu6chi€ndangtichcr,rcthrjcdAycdc sdngki6nda phr-rcrng phucrng kinh diOn tr6n gia chi qu6c A, kh6ng giCra Dong cec kenhchlnhchosr.rhqp tdc sr? trong Trung Qu6c c0a cong t6 mdrconld cdcllnhvLrcchinhtrl vd an ninh.Swthdnh 'luin 's1c nfra trong di6mm6i Oedoa TrungQu6c' manhmAm'dd gat bd duqc dUng gi?o kinht6 cOaDii Loantrongkhu vr,rc ngo4i sdch cfrintr hdm kim Oaulhapky.90, -A, DongNam vd dbngthoi dAycdc cuongqu6ckh.acvdo vi trl cdcquan s6t vi6nthU d6nd.MOtvi du co tndUedAngnhin thAyrasangki6nvA HDTMTDcrlaTrungQu6cdd tamiSyiennh0ngphin ung trlrphiaNhatBin, An D0,HdnQu6cvdrM!. 3. Nh0nghim y cho cii c6chtqi ViQtNam hi0ndai vA cdng Viet Namda dA ra cho chinhminhmucti6utr& thdnhmqt d6t nucvc. 'dAn bdng, cong hQi gidu, xd manh, nucvc nghigphodrvio ndm 2020hay 9Anchi, vdn t6 trongnucvc kinh cAi c6ch O6 eat duEc mqctieu nay,VietNamd\ravAonhirng *']nf^t'. s6ch md c0a vd mOtctrfnh (xAydWngkinhte thi trucrngdinhhucrngxd hQichfrnghTa) ,lamnan vOit6t cd c6c nr.r-o.'. phdi d6i dienvcvi Tr.ong2-0nim sip tcvi,VietNam s6 tr! khuvqrc dia chinh cUc dien d6i thay tu sr,t ngudn bit trqng nghidm thuc nh0ngthdch vd toAncAunhanhch6ng. di6mnit AAu ddi moi,Vi0tNamdi xemx6t kinhnghiQmcfranhi6unuoc nhu Vdothcyi ph6ttri6ncframinh nhu Ddi Loan,Singapore_, li nhirngmo hinhco th6 cho qu6.trinh Qu6cdd trd vA TrungQu6c.MOis6 nhAquansdt cho rdngTrung_ HanOu6r,Malaysia cAi cdchtrong hiOn thqrc Viet Nam 06 chfnh y6u khio vd tham thAnhhinhm5u-ch0 kinht6 rAt trudng tdng dQ t6c tuqng.vcvi co An ;;r;. d Aier ney,Vlet Namdd thwcsr,r mOt ddng, d0 tri ch6 duy e6. cao cia TrungOu6cvA m6i quantAmchung:LAmth6 nAo kinh cdi cdch c6c chringhia,sLr6n dinhchfnhtrl trongkhiti6n hdnh h9 tu tudngxa f'tOi t6 co hemi5',.r"nguyco gay m6t on dinh.Cd.hai qu6Lgia ducrngnhu da d6i mdtvcvi dAuhi6uciradi6nii6n no5rjinh.VigtNamchic chin oa nninvAom6 hinhTrungQu6c trucvckhidua ra chlnhsdchtrongnucvcvir qu6ct6' SrJhiOndiqncfiaTrungQu6cc0ngla mOttrd ngaichoVietNamtrongviQcthietlflpcac qu6cquAhsr,rkhdcc0ngnhu,sLrtWdo hdnhdOng m6iquanhe quAnsWvcyicdrccucyng cia ViOtNamkhu vqrcbi6nDong(vnngbienphiaNamTrungguQc).N6i tom lai,Vi0t bOsAutrongc6c m6i Namdd dat duEc nh0ngthdnhiohg tien nA rQngchu chura-v6 qu6c quanhe te.
DAu li nhtrng bAi hgc cho cii cich & ViCtNam? TrGnphwvng diQn Qu6c t6 1. Nhyng nhAnt6 chinh d5n d6n sq thay O6itodrncAu nhu gnqc chi ra & tr6n todn cia cucrng si6u qu6c vi tri c6c xu huong nhAn kh5u hoc, khtingb6 .4, r"r6a, !6 y" l6ng vd sr,r luEc My - s6 dtra d6n mOttJcrng lai vcyiqil,c d0 mcvicfrasqrn6t 6n chi6n ldo trongquan hg cira c6c ducyngqupc.Viet Nam cAnphdttri6n nhirng cong cr,rphAn tich mcyinnlm hi6; 16 cach thf; o6i pho voi nhCrngitray d6i ney, bao gdm cd viac
phdntichnhiyngthaydoitrongU6icdntrdiachinhtri khuvqrcvd qu6cte3.DieunAy tq]ngodiViOtNamnhim ddnhgia lai muc d0 s6 dbnghAnhvbi ntr&ngn6 lqrctucyng hienthuc mcvi,chri nghiat\r do, chri phuhEpc0a chfrnghTahienthLrc,chOnghTa iighir if'l6cn6 tqrdJ vA chtl nghiatao dwngnbu lA nh0ngkhuonkh6 phu hqp d6 ptrantichcdcm6iquanhe qu6cte thcyihfluChientranhlanh. th6ngnh6t.vati6n 2. DiAuthWcsWquantrgngchoASEANla hinhdnhnhu mOtt6 chrirc "sr.r cia TrungQu6c,chrl binh" tr6i day hodr x6t o6 o5i pno voi suJ hApd5p c0a qu6c chinh.MOtASEANydu khuvq,cD6ngA vd Anhhudngcia cac cucvng nghTa dia moi'cungcfR nguydnlireutho cho k6m s6 co nguyco tr& thdnhmQt'ihuOc co nguyco MQtASEANy6u kemcCrng ch6.tao. hdng hoA OOi-lAV nh0,ng TrungQu6c manhmd ASEAN MOt hon. A lon D6ng dbng m6tcQng trongvigchoa tan vAotrong -ur.rng cOaViet vd kinh-t6 chinh tr! trQin]nap chic cho sL^p se cungcap mQtnAntdng Viet ilrr n"n gopsuc minhd6 c[rngc6 ndnglWct6 chuc.Viet Namtrong'khuv,"rc. NamcOttr'6lammqnhASEANbengc6chdua ra nh0ngcdicdchkinhte vAchlnhtri (xemmuc6 - B dudi dAy)va bing cdchkhuy6nkhichnhirngthayd6i tucvngtw d Lio vd Myanmar. 'Lam 3. VietNamphdidAutu chiAusAuvdonh0ngquanhQsongphucrngq-ualtrqng. luqc banvoi tAtcd cdc qu6cgia'khongphrii15mQtkhu6nffr6 hieuqud dA c.hi6n phdttrienquanhe dai han.Vf dU,dd qudlAuViQtNamtqrhanch6 (baog6mnhffng hanch6vA'fretu tudng)minhtrongviQcphattrienquanh0 todndienvcriMy..Trong tuong lai ducyngnhu se ti6ptqrcduytri vi trl si6uct]ong,c0?M! trentoancAu,Viet hqc JdchdWatr6ndonbAyquanhe voi My 0e fr6trq cho qu6 trinhphdt Nam-pf'',ai tri6ntoAndiOncfiaminh. cdckhuvl'fcco daida phAndAn 4. Khfingb6 qu6ct6 s6 ti6ptUcde doasU 6n dinhcCra gi6ng cia Vi€t Nary.Viet NamthLr.c l6ng nucvc s6 tnJodao Hbi,trongd6 c6 mQtvAi nay trdnth6 gicrinhungdAt bi6nOQng ti6pb&i nhCrng ra kh6ngbi dnh'hudig tn=rc b6 qu6cgia 16rdng,baog6ry nucycniy cAnxaydwn! mqtctri6nluqc chSng.kh0ng sWhEpGrcco f hghTavcyikhuvqrcva c6c qu6cgia b6n ngodic0ngnhu nh&ngt6 chucqu6cte. b. SU gia ting vA quAnsWcfraTrungQuocdit ra thachthuc e5i vOiVietNamva khd nangthWchiqn ch0 quyBnA6ivoi vr}ngdic quy6nkinh t6 vir nhirngngu6ntai ngrien bi6ntiongvr)ngbienNamtrung Qu6cma ho.dA tuy6n.n6. Ouandoi NhAn d|n-Vi€tNam pn?i khongbi bietlap v&i sr=rphdttri6ntodn cAutrongcOngnghe phongthfr.QuAndQiViQtNamcAn phdttri6nkhd ndngphongthi thongqua hiOn dai hoaco l\ra chgn l\rc luEnghdiqudnvd khongquAn( $angduqc thuc hien)vd pn6ik6t hqp cia quAndOi.D6 co dtrqckhdning ney, nAngcaokhd ndngt6c_chi6n Viet Nam phdi ph6t tri6nnhirnghinhthuc hgp tac giira quAndOivcvinhlrng lqrc luqngchrich6t c6 li6nquan. tlru hai,ViOtNamcAnxemxet mOtc6chnghiemtrjc uri tr6 A6ingoaicfiaQuAndqi NhAndAnVietNamtronghgptdc vcvicOngddngqu6c vqrcnhu gin gi0 hoabinhvAct?utrEthi6ntai' t6 tr6ncdcITnh
' d 6 i t u E n g ' , ' l d rbna n v d i t A tc d c 6 c g y i g g i " . ' . v A ' p h A t rti 6 nm O tc d c hh o db i n h ' c 6 tir nhu'd6itAc', L i Q un h u n gc r , r m gi0i dai? hien thd hQ th6ng d6i trong thay chAt sr,r vb Udn hi6u vigc th|u cho Oung thqrcsr,rhdu
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tai.SaumotphAntu th6 ky cdic6ch,mOhinhirung Qu6ckhongth6giii quy6tdugc nhfrngv5n dA c6p b6ch nhu cAutnic ngAnhdng vA tdi chfnh y6u kem, doanh nh0ngtrdnlan.C6cv6n dA nOib0 cOaTrung nhAnudc nE nangn6,-tham nghiOp au6cde phAnnAogAyra m6t6n dinhchinhtri,dic bietlAd khuvqrcthAnhthi.Viet va viQchqctQpmo hinhc0a Trung dangd6f mat nhiAuvAndAtucrng.tLr Namc0ng "ktrOng" gi.lpgiaiqry6t ntrungvAnAAdo. Di6uthwcsuPquantrgnge6i vOi O16. Oa Vi€tNamla d{y manhcdi cdchkinht6 vd phdttri6nc6c ngdnhco st"rccanhtranh thitrucrngqu6ct6. Vietnamphdinhinsangnh0nghuongkh6c06 tim gidiphap trd,n chocdcv6nOAir6ncia minh- DaiLoan,HAnQu6cva My'
thaye6i toan cAutrong20 nim ti6p theo se d5n d6n 7 . T6c dOvA phqmvi nhCrng
th6chthuc ldn choVietNamtrongkhdndngqudnly sLfthty ddihayndnglt"rc nhgrng quAntri cfianhdrnucyc. VietNamphdicdicdchti6ntrinhra quy6tdinhd6 thu hut s\r ttramgia cia nhirngb9 phal dAncu d6'lgdio hon Vie! Nam kh6ngth6 tri hoin nhungcii c6ch chinhtri. VA dAihan,n6u Viet NamthAt bai trongviQcdqravio quy6nldmchrlciradai da s6 nhAndAnthi co th6d5nd6nsWbAt6n dinhtrongnucvc Viet Nam c6 kinhnghiem ma tAnglcrpdoanhnhAn,s6 tuqngd6ngddo ngtrcvi khi ni6nthAnhthi ngdycdng vA thanh s6 thi6u tOc dAn c6c nhom lAmvi€c& nucycngodri, phdt tri6ndAtnucvc. doico ti6ngnoi hcvntrongqudtrinh
B. TodncAuhodsd dem lai ngu6nlEichonhirngnudc ti6pcanvA 6p dunggongngle hiQndai.Vi€tnamse bi tUthaun6ukhongkhaithdcc6cc6ngnghemoi.d6thucdAy cAnduqc ncvi ph6ttri6nkinht6. SU ki6mso6tchit ched6ivcviviQcsrl dUnginternet y tudng vd ph6 b.i6n dong c0a ianghon n6uViet Nammu6nkhaithdcnh0'nglqi ich thongtin tWdo v6ndongvaitroquantrgngtrongph6ttriSnnAnkinht6 thi trucrng.
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Cactai liOuthamkhdo Luu y: DAyld bdn nghi6ncuu phdcthdodqa trdnmOts6 tdi liqusau: "The politics and Economics of 'East Asia' in China -ASEAN Alice Ba, in Ho Khai Leong and samuel c. Y. Ku, eds., china and soufheasf Relations,,, Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asia:Gtobat Changes and iegional Challenges. Asian Studies,2005.170-194. "southeastAsian Perspectives on the Rise of China: Rommel C. Banlaoi, Summer 2003,98 -107' RegionalSecurityAfter 9111,"Paramefers, o{fice of the Special Advisor Canada,Maritime Forces Pacific Headquarters, /n Foctts,May 19, 2005' (policy),"GWADAR:Asia's Growing Multilateralism," and william Keith crone, Roger cliff, Evan Medeiros,James Mulvenon RAND Project overholt, Mod'erniiing Chinai'sMititary:Opporlunities?ld Constrarnfs. 2005. Air Force,Santa Monica:The RAND Corporation, "Chinese Outward Direct Investmentin Southeast Asia: How Big Stephen Frost, The Pacific are the Flows and What Does lt Mean for the Region?" -340 . Revtew,17 (3), 2004, 323 "How China & India Have Transformedthe Balance of Power Erland Heginbotham, -Bacon 'Soft Dacor Power',"Presentation, in Study Asia:A in H o u s eW , a s h i n g t o nD, . C . , M a r c h 3 1 , 2 0 0 5 ' Asia:Global Ho Khai Leong and Samuel C. Y. Ku, eds., China and Soufheasf Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Changes and Regionat Challenges. Studies,2005. "China Makes its Move,"Ihe WashingtonPost, May 27,2005' Richard Holbrooke, "The lllusin of Managing China,"Ihe Washington Post, May Robert Kagan, 15, 2005. "Multilateralismin China's ASEAN Policy; lts Evolution, Kuik Cheng-Chwe, SoutheastAsia,27(1),2005, 102-122' and Aspiration",Contemporary Characteristics, "Assuranceand Reassurance," An ComparativeConnections: Ronald N. Montaperto, 2005. st Quarter E -Journal on Easf Asian BitateralRelations,1 .Thinking Regionally,"comparatiue Globally,Acting N. Montaperto, Ronald 4th Quarter 2004' 14 Retations, -Journal Bititerat on East Asian An E Connections: "china and Globalization," cT -244,Testimony presentedto the william H. overholt, 19, 2005' U.S.-ChinaEconomicand security Reviewcommissionon May May 2005' Santa Monica:The RAND Corporation, ,,southeast Asian Regional and International Economic Mari pangestu, . Relations in Soufheasf Weatherbee,-lnternational S. Donald in Cooperation,,, Asia. New York: Routledge,2005. people,s Republic of China,State Council,China's National Defence in 2004.Beijing:state council Informationoffice,December27,2044'
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Denny Roy,"China and Southeast Asia:ASEAN Makes the Best of the Asia -Pacific Security Sfudies [Honolulu:Asia -Pacific Center for Ineviiable," SecurityStudiesl , 1(4),November 2002. Robert G. Sutter,China's Rise in Asia - Promises,Prospecfs and lmplications for Asia -Pacific Center for the tJnited Sfafes,Occasional Paper Series [Honolulu: SecurityStudiesl,February2005, U.S. Departmentof Defense,Annual Report on The Military Power of the People's Repttbticof China.FY04 Report to Congress on PRC Military Power Pursuant to the FY2000 NationalDefense AuthorizationAct. Washington,D.C. U.S. National lntelligence Council,Mapping the Global Futttre: Report of the National tnteltigence Council's 2020 Project,Washington,D.C.: U.S. Government PrintingOffice,December 2004. Bruce Vaughn,China -SoutheasfAsia Retations;Irends, /ssues,and lmplicatlonsfor the United Sfafes.CRS Report for Congress.Washington,D.C.: Congressional ResearchService,The Library of Congress,FebruaryB, 2005. "China and SoutheastAsia:Changes in Strategic Perceptions," in Wang Gungwu, Global Asia: Ho Khai Leong and Samuel C. Y. Ku, eds., China and Soufheasf Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Changes and Regional Challenges. S t u d i e s2, 0 0 5 .3 - 1 4 . "The Logic of China-ASEAN FTA: Economic Statecraft Vincent Wei -cheng Wang, 'Peaceful in Ho Khai Leong and Samuel C. Y. Ku, eds., China Ascendancy'," of Changes and RegionalChallenges.Singapore:Institute Globat and SoutheasfAsia; of SoutheastAsian Studies,2005.17 -41. The World Bank,Easf Asia Update.Washington,D.C.:April 2005.
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