Multilateral Institutions and the Emergence of Incipient Regionalism Professor Carl Thayer Presentation to Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies Australian Defence College March 13, 2009
Learning Objectives 1. Analyse the emergence of multilateral institutions and groupings with a regional security role. 2. Assess the effectiveness of regional institutions in contributing to a greater sense of security.
Part I Analyse the emergence of multilateral institutions and groupings with a regional security role.
Longevity in Years (2009) • • • • • • •
Established
ASEAN (42) FPDA (38) APEC (20) CSCAP (16) ARF (15) ASEM (13) SCO (13)*
Incipient • ShangriLa Dialogue (7) • Six Party Talks (6) • East Asia Summit (4)
1. Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) • ‘To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development …’ • ‘To promote regional peace and stability …’ – Bangkok Declaration, August 8, 1967
• Founding members: – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand (ASEAN 5)
Phases of Development 1. 196775 – consultation and consensus 2. 197691 – ASEAN norms, diplomatic community 3. 19921997 – institutionalisation and membership expansion 4. 19972002 – multiple crises & recovery 5. 2003 – towards an ASEAN community
ASEAN DecisionMaking • Annual Ministerial Meeting (AMM) – Foreign ministers
• PostMinisterial Conference (PMC) – Dialogue partners
• Meetings of other ministers – Defence (2006)
• ASEAN Summit Meetings
ASEAN’s Dialogue Partners • • • • • •
Australia (1974) New Zealand (1975) EU (1977) Japan (1977) Canada (1977) United States (1977)
• • • • • •
UNDP (1977) South Korea (1991) India (1996) China (1996) Russia (1996) Pakistan (1997)*
*sectoral partner
2. Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) • United Kingdom withdrawal east of Suez – defence of Malaysia and Singapore indivisible
• FPDA formed 1971 – consultative body – annual joint training exercises
• Integrated Air Defence System (IADS) • Confidence building measure between Malaysia and Singapore
3. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
• • • • • • • • • •
4. Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Australia. University of Toronto-York University Joint Center for Asia Pacific Studies, Canada. Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Indonesia. Japan Institute of International Affairs, Japan. The Seoul Forum for International Affairs, Republic of Korea. Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia. Institute for Strategic and Development Studies, Philippines. Institute for Defence and Strategic Studies (formerly Singapore Institute of International Affairs), Sinagpore. Institute for Security and International Studies, Thailand. Pacific Forum/CSIS, United States of America.
5. ASEAN Regional Forum First ARF Chairman's Statement (1994): to foster constructive dialogue and consultation on political and security issues of common interest and concern; and to make significant contributions to efforts towards confidencebuilding and preventive diplomacy in the AsiaPacific region.
ARF2: Chairman’s Statement • The approach shall be evolutionary, taking place in three broad stages, namely – the promotion of confidence building, – development of preventive diplomacy and – elaboration of approaches to conflicts.
• The ARF process is now at Stage I, and shall continue to discuss means of implementing confidence building. • Stage II, particularly where the subject matter overlap, can proceed in tandem with Stage I.
DecisionMaking • Decisions of the ARF shall be made through consensus after careful and extensive consultations among all participants. – no voting
• Move at a pace comfortable to all ARF members • Chairman of ARF is Chairman of the ASEAN Standing Committee • Chairman’s Statement after annual meeting – Nonbinding
Membership Expansion (27) Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Australia Canada
China European Union Japan South Korea New Zealand PNG Russia United States Laos
Myanmar Cambodia Mongolia North Korea India Pakistan TimorLeste Bangladesh Sri Lanka
CBM and PD Overlap • Agreed definition of Preventive Diplomacy • Four CBM/PD measures overlap: – the enhanced role of the ARF Chair – the ARF Registers of Experts/Eminent Persons, – the Annual Security Outlook and – voluntary background briefing on regional security issues
6. Asia Europe Meeting ASEM • Inaugural Summit March 1996 – 26 founding members – Ministerial meetings annually – Summits every two years – Coordinators – two from each side – Enlargement to 45 members
• ‘Dialogue platform’
7. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation • 1996 Shanghai Five – China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan
• 2001 SCO (Shanghai Five plus Uzbekistan) • Address security problems along borders • Highly structured intergovernmental organisation
Central Asia
SCO Councils
8. ShangriLa Dialogue • Initiated by International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) in 2002
– Participation by defence ministers from 15 countries plus 6 deputy ministers or senior officials
• IISS: ‘the best available vehicle in the Asia Pacific region for developing and chanelling astute and effective public policy on defence and security’.
Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor Leste, UK, US, Vietnam
9. Six Party Talks • North Korea withdraws from Non Proliferation Treaty (2003) • Focus: peaceful resolution of nuclear question on Korean peninsula • Six parties: North and South Korea, China, Japan, Russian Federation and the U.S. • Six rounds of talks (200307)
10. East Asia Summit • 1st Summit held in Kuala Lumpur, December 14, 2005 – ASEAN members + China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, India – Russia has applied for membership and as of 2005, attends on observer status.
• Promote peace, stability and economic prosperity in East Asia • ASEAN driving force • 4th summit set for Thailand 1012 April 2009
Part II Assess the effectiveness of regional institutions in contributing to a greater sense of security.
1. ASEAN Bangkok Declaration 1967 Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality 1971 Declaration of ASEAN Concord I 1976 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation 1976 South East Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone 1998 Declaration of Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea 2001 • Declaration of ASEAN Concord II 2003 • • • • • •
ASEAN – Security Focus • • • • •
Nontraditional security issues Counterterrorism Myanmar and nonintervention ASEAN Defence Ministers (2006) ASEAN Charter
– New structure of decisionmaking: ASEAN Coordinating Council, ASEAN Community Councils, ASEAN Sectoral Ministerial Bodies [Defence] and ASEAN Secretary General with 4 deputies.
ASEAN Community 2020 • Three pillars: – ASEAN Security Community – ASEAN Economic Community – ASEAN SocioCultural Community
2015
2. FPDA • Integrated Area Defence System (2000) • Expanding role in addressing asymmetric threats (2003) • Facilitates cooperation in other areas – Malaysia in East Timor (currently) – Singapore and NZ in Afghanistan
• Only effective multilateral military structure with an operational dimension in Southeast Asia.
3. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation •APEC CounterTerrorism Task Force •Secure Trade in the APEC Region (STAR)
4. CSCAP and the ARF • Track 1 activities in first half of year • Track 2 activities in second half of year • ARF Chair and CSCAP – Informal to formal relationship? – Possible editor of annual Asia Pacific Security Outlook
CSCAP Working Groups 1. Comprehensive and Cooperative Security 2. Confidence and Security Building Measures 3. Maritime Cooperation 4. North Pacific 5. Transnational Crime
CSCAP Memoranda No.1 The Security of the Asia Pacific Region No.2 Asia Pacific Confidence and Security Building Measures No.3 The Concepts of Comprehensive Security and Cooperative Security No.4 Guidelines for Regional Maritime Cooperation No.5 Cooperation for Law and Order at Sea No. 6 Practice of Law in the Asia Pacific No. 7 Relationship Between Terrorism and Transnational Crimes
5. ASEAN Regional Forum Work Program on Security Issues • • • • • • • •
ASEAN and NonASEAN cochair Annual renewal of mandate 199597 ISM on SAR 199597 ISM on PKO 199599 ISM on Disaster Relief 2005 resumed 1995 ISG on CBMs 2002 ISM on Counter Terrorism & Trans National Crime
ARF Achievements Agreed principles for dialogue and cooperation • consensus, noninterference, pace comfortable to all
Habits of dialogue and consultations on political and security issues Willingness of participants to discuss a wide range of security issues multilaterally
ARF Achievements Transparency through exchange of information on defence policy and publication of white papers Networking developed among national security, defence and military officials Continuing CBMs as foundation
ARF Achievements Movement towards preventive diplomacy Enhanced role of ARF Chair interaction with other regional and international organisations ASEAN Secretariat to assist ARF Unit List of ARF Experts and Eminent Persons
Security Policy Conference (2004)
ARF Achievements Priority cooperation in fight against international terrorism and transnational crime • But stalled at CBMPreventive Diplomacy stage • Role in conflict resolution unlikely – North Korea nuclear issues
6. ASEM – Three Pillars 1 Political – fight against terrorism, the management of migratory flows, human rights, global environment challenges, and the impact of globalisation
2 Economic and Financial – Investment, financial and social policy reform
3 Cultural and Intellectual – Cooperation in higher education
7. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation • Secretariat – HQ Beijing with Secretary General
• Regional AntiTerrorism Structure (2004) – Focus on terrorist, separatist, extremist threats
• Observers and Guests – Mongolia, India, Iran, Pakistan; ASEAN, Afghanistan, Commonwealth of Independent States
8. ShangriLa Dialogue • Chiefs of Defence Staff (2003)
– National Security Advisors and Permanent Under Secretaries for Defence (200405) + intelligence and police
• Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, TimorLeste, United Kingdom, United States, and Vietnam (N = 27)
9. Six Party Talks • ‘Our hope is that in NorthEast Asia we can create the kind of community that we have already seen created in SouthEast Asia’ • China, Japan, the Koreas and Russia should form a new mechanism similar to the Association of SouthEast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to help cope with regional political problems – Christopher Hill, US Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia and Pacific Affairs, February 29, 2008
10. East Asia Summit • Build confidence by exchange of views on issues of strategic importance to the region
– poverty eradication, energy security, education, finance. Avian Influenza, natural disaster mitigation, Doha Development Agenda, economic development and regional integration, interfaith initiatives, denuclearization of the Korean peninsula,
• U.S. frozen out
Conclusion No single security architecture [multilateral institution] effectively covers the AsiaPacific Region Multiple overlapping architectures deal with hard and soft security challenges ‘The ASEAN Way’ embedded in ARF and EAS No enforcement or compliance structures
Conclusion Spread of cooperative security norms Emergence of ad hoc institutions Six Party Talks Shangrila Dialogue East Asia Summit
Growing interdependence across the Asia Pacific Region Tsunami Relief (200405)
Multilateral Institutions and the Emergence of Incipient Regionalism
Questions