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Remote sensing applications on a marine park or land park -a scientific perspective
Prof. Zulfigar Yasin Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Universiti Sains Malaysia
Spectral Resolution: ETM+ 0. 4
1. 3
0. 7
Visible
3. 0
Near-IR
Mid-IR
Thermal-IR Wavelength (µm)
Pan (15 m)
8
Multi 1 2 (30 m)
3
4
5
Thermal (60 m)
7
6 Onboard Landsat-6*, -7
N
Straits of Chinchin Pulau Langgun
Teluk Datai
Machinchang
Pulau Langkawi
Pulau Rebak
Straits of Malacca
0
5
Kuah
Pulau Beras Basah
Scale
Pulau Singa 10
km
Pulau Timun
Pulau Tuba
Thailand Pulau Langkawi
Pulau Dayang Bunting
Pulau Pinang
"Pulau" = Island
The Study Area:Pulau TelukLangkawi, Datai, Pulau Langkawi, Malaysia Malaysia
Straits of Malacca
Peninsular Malaysia
TERRESTRIAL RESOURCES
1989
41.8%
2000
33.9%
23.6%
0.1% 1.0%
0.1% 0.8% 3.0%
5.2%
23.9%
5.6%
5.5% 5.8% 8.9%
7.4%
14.2%
7.8%
11.4%
Landuse/cover class Primary Forest Cultivated Land
Mangrove
Sandy Area
Urban Area
Baresoil
Belukar
Grassland
Water Body
Composition of classified landuse/cover of north Langkawi in 1989 and 2000
Teluk Datai Reef Coral Family Teluk Dedap Reef
D
id ae
or
ep
ill
ae
ae
hy lli da e
iid
tin ro p M
en d
Pe c
hy lli d
ae
us si d ar yo p
C
M
ae
id
ae
ae
ae
ae
id
lin
lin
cu
er a O
M
Fa vi id
iti d
Po r
ae
ae
ae
iid
iid
Fu ng
Ag ar ic
or id
Ac ro p
iid
or
op
da e
na st er ii
0
Po ci ll
am
Th
Species Number
Species number
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Island Biogeography Theory [IBT] Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson (1963, 1967)
Tan ju ng Rh u, P ula u Lan gkawi
North LANGKAWI ISLANDS
Kuala Kedah
PAYAR ISLANDS
ALOR SETAR
SONGSONG ISLANDS
STRAITS OF MALACCA
MukaHead Marine Research Station USM
Merbok
Kota Kuala Muda HABITAT CLASSES
PENANG
Permanent shallow marine waters (5 m depth contour)
Intertidal mudflats
Mangrove
Reclaimed land
Coral reefs
Rocky shore
Seagrass bed
Sandy shore
Manmade island
Scale 1:80 000
Georgetown
Butterworth
Existing Coastal Habitats
Summary of water quality profile for Tanjung Rhu, Langkawi. MAJOR GROUP
Biological parameter
STANDARD B (DOE)
Ambient value
D.O. (mg/L)
NA
2.8
Temperature (oC)
40.0
26.5
Salinity (ppt)
NA
0.0
< 100
66
6.0 - 9.0
8.32
< 100
57.19 + 16.75
STANDARD B (DOE)
RESULTS
NA
1,319
<1
390
PARAMETERS
Turbidity (FTU) pH TSS (mg/L)
MAJOR GROUP
PARAMETERS Total coliform (CFU/100 ml)
Biological parameter
Faecal coliform (CFU/100 ml)
Note :NA - Not Applicable
ND - Not Detectable
Summary of water quality profile for Tanjung Rhu, Langkawi. MAJOR GROUP
STANDARD B (DOE)
RESULTS
BOD (mg/L)
< 50
2.2
COD (mg/L)
< 100
0
NA
0.03
10
0.12
6
0.03
Copper (ppb)
200
0.3
Chromium (ppb)
200
ND
Lead (ppb)
100
0.1
Zinc (ppb)
1000
0.1
Iron (ppb)
1000
21
Mercury (ppb)
5
ND
Cadmium (ppb)
10
ND
< 10
ND
PARAMETERS
Ammoniacal nitrogen (mg/L) Nitrate (mg/L) Phosphate (mg/L)
Chemical parameter
Oil & grease (mg/L) Note :NA - Not Applicable
ND - Not Detectable
Why conserve wetlands? More and more economists and other scientists are working in the field of the valuation of ecosystem services. This is a difficult task, still full of uncertainties, but there is no other choice than to progress in this direction. Some recent studies have indicated that ecosystems provide at least US$ 33 trillion worth of services annually, of which US$ 4.9 trillion are attributed to wetlands.
Holistic Ecotourism in Tanjung Rhu Biological Geological Cultural Temporal interest Historical Archaeological
Tan ju ng Rh u, P ulau Lan gkawi
Tan ju ng Rh u, P ulau Lan gkawi
What is the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands? The Convention on Wetlands is an intergovernmental treaty adopted on 2 February 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar Popularly known as the "Ramsar Convention" The official name of the treaty – The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat
Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type Marine/Coastal Wetlands (all are found at Tanjung Rhu) A -- Permanent shallow marine waters in most cases less than six metres deep at low tide; includes sea bays and straits. B -- Marine subtidal aquatic beds; includes kelp beds, sea-grass beds, tropical marine meadows. C -- Coral reefs. D -- Rocky marine shores; includes rocky offshore islands, sea cliffs. E -- Sand, shingle or pebble shores; includes sand bars, spits and sandy islets; includes dune systems and humid dune slacks. F -- Estuarine waters; permanent water of estuaries and estuarine systems of deltas. G -- Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats. H -- Intertidal marshes; includes salt marshes, salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes; includes tidal brackish and freshwater marshes. I -- Intertidal forested wetlands; includes mangrove swamps, nipah swamps and tidal freshwater swamp forests. J -- Coastal brackish/saline lagoons; brackish to saline lagoons with at least one relatively narrow connection to the sea. K -- Coastal freshwater lagoons; includes freshwater delta lagoons. Zk(a) – Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems, marine/coastal
Malaysian Ramsar sites •
Tasik Bera, Pahang was designated as a Ramsar site, or Wetland of International Importance, in 1994. The wetland consists of a complex range of habitats including freshwater and peat swamp forests (79%), transitional open-forested swamps (7%), Pandanus helicopus swamps and Lepironia articulata reedbeds (12%) as well as open water (2%) with a highly diverse algal community and beds of submerged macrophytes.
•
Tanjung Piai, Johor is significant as the southern most point of continental Asia. Large numbers of migratory birds often frequent this area, as the intertidal mudflats are haven for food such as crabs, shrimps, worms and juvenile fishes.
•
Pulau Kukup, Johor is important as a good example of uninhabited mangrove forest and refuge for migratory birds and the globally threatened Lesser Adjutant Stork. The mangrove on Pulau Kukup is one of the tallest tidal forests on the southwest coast; as tall as 30 metres.
•
Sungai Pulai, Johor possesses some interesting ecological features as the largest remaining intact riverine mangrove area in Peninsular Malaysia.
Continue…
What is the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands? The Convention entered into force in 1975 and as of September 2003 has 138 Contracting Parties. More than 1310 wetlands have been designated for inclusion in the List of Wetlands of International Importance, covering some 111 million hectares (1.11 million km2), more than the surface area of France, Germany, and Switzerland combined.
Smart tourism
Key Elements to Practitioners Education Training Research Believing in what you preach Assessment Innovation Community involvement
Prof. Zulfigar Yasin Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Universiti Sains Malaysia
Spectral Resolution: ETM+ 0. 4
1. 3
0. 7
Visible
3. 0
Near-IR
Mid-IR
Thermal-IR Wavelength (µm)
Pan (15 m)
8
Multi 1 2 (30 m)
3
4
5
Thermal (60 m)
7
6 Onboard Landsat-6*, -7
N
Straits of Chinchin Pulau Langgun
Teluk Datai
Machinchang
Pulau Langkawi
Pulau Rebak
Straits of Malacca
0
5
Kuah
Pulau Beras Basah
Scale
Pulau Singa 10
km
Pulau Timun
Pulau Tuba
Thailand Pulau Langkawi
Pulau Dayang Bunting
Pulau Pinang
"Pulau" = Island
The Study Area:Pulau TelukLangkawi, Datai, Pulau Langkawi, Malaysia Malaysia
Straits of Malacca
Peninsular Malaysia
TERRESTRIAL RESOURCES
1989
41.8%
2000
33.9%
23.6%
0.1% 1.0%
0.1% 0.8% 3.0%
5.2%
23.9%
5.6%
5.5% 5.8% 8.9%
7.4%
14.2%
7.8%
11.4%
Landuse/cover class Primary Forest Cultivated Land
Mangrove
Sandy Area
Urban Area
Baresoil
Belukar
Grassland
Water Body
Composition of classified landuse/cover of north Langkawi in 1989 and 2000
Teluk Datai Reef Coral Family Teluk Dedap Reef
D
id ae
or
ep
ill
ae
ae
hy lli da e
iid
tin ro p M
en d
Pe c
hy lli d
ae
us si d ar yo p
C
M
ae
id
ae
ae
ae
ae
id
lin
lin
cu
er a O
M
Fa vi id
iti d
Po r
ae
ae
ae
iid
iid
Fu ng
Ag ar ic
or id
Ac ro p
iid
or
op
da e
na st er ii
0
Po ci ll
am
Th
Species Number
Species number
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Island Biogeography Theory [IBT] Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson (1963, 1967)
Tan ju ng Rh u, P ula u Lan gkawi
North LANGKAWI ISLANDS
Kuala Kedah
PAYAR ISLANDS
ALOR SETAR
SONGSONG ISLANDS
STRAITS OF MALACCA
MukaHead Marine Research Station USM
Merbok
Kota Kuala Muda HABITAT CLASSES
PENANG
Permanent shallow marine waters (5 m depth contour)
Intertidal mudflats
Mangrove
Reclaimed land
Coral reefs
Rocky shore
Seagrass bed
Sandy shore
Manmade island
Scale 1:80 000
Georgetown
Butterworth
Existing Coastal Habitats
Summary of water quality profile for Tanjung Rhu, Langkawi. MAJOR GROUP
Biological parameter
STANDARD B (DOE)
Ambient value
D.O. (mg/L)
NA
2.8
Temperature (oC)
40.0
26.5
Salinity (ppt)
NA
0.0
< 100
66
6.0 - 9.0
8.32
< 100
57.19 + 16.75
STANDARD B (DOE)
RESULTS
NA
1,319
<1
390
PARAMETERS
Turbidity (FTU) pH TSS (mg/L)
MAJOR GROUP
PARAMETERS Total coliform (CFU/100 ml)
Biological parameter
Faecal coliform (CFU/100 ml)
Note :NA - Not Applicable
ND - Not Detectable
Summary of water quality profile for Tanjung Rhu, Langkawi. MAJOR GROUP
STANDARD B (DOE)
RESULTS
BOD (mg/L)
< 50
2.2
COD (mg/L)
< 100
0
NA
0.03
10
0.12
6
0.03
Copper (ppb)
200
0.3
Chromium (ppb)
200
ND
Lead (ppb)
100
0.1
Zinc (ppb)
1000
0.1
Iron (ppb)
1000
21
Mercury (ppb)
5
ND
Cadmium (ppb)
10
ND
< 10
ND
PARAMETERS
Ammoniacal nitrogen (mg/L) Nitrate (mg/L) Phosphate (mg/L)
Chemical parameter
Oil & grease (mg/L) Note :NA - Not Applicable
ND - Not Detectable
Why conserve wetlands? More and more economists and other scientists are working in the field of the valuation of ecosystem services. This is a difficult task, still full of uncertainties, but there is no other choice than to progress in this direction. Some recent studies have indicated that ecosystems provide at least US$ 33 trillion worth of services annually, of which US$ 4.9 trillion are attributed to wetlands.
Holistic Ecotourism in Tanjung Rhu Biological Geological Cultural Temporal interest Historical Archaeological
Tan ju ng Rh u, P ulau Lan gkawi
Tan ju ng Rh u, P ulau Lan gkawi
What is the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands? The Convention on Wetlands is an intergovernmental treaty adopted on 2 February 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar Popularly known as the "Ramsar Convention" The official name of the treaty – The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat
Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type Marine/Coastal Wetlands (all are found at Tanjung Rhu) A -- Permanent shallow marine waters in most cases less than six metres deep at low tide; includes sea bays and straits. B -- Marine subtidal aquatic beds; includes kelp beds, sea-grass beds, tropical marine meadows. C -- Coral reefs. D -- Rocky marine shores; includes rocky offshore islands, sea cliffs. E -- Sand, shingle or pebble shores; includes sand bars, spits and sandy islets; includes dune systems and humid dune slacks. F -- Estuarine waters; permanent water of estuaries and estuarine systems of deltas. G -- Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats. H -- Intertidal marshes; includes salt marshes, salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes; includes tidal brackish and freshwater marshes. I -- Intertidal forested wetlands; includes mangrove swamps, nipah swamps and tidal freshwater swamp forests. J -- Coastal brackish/saline lagoons; brackish to saline lagoons with at least one relatively narrow connection to the sea. K -- Coastal freshwater lagoons; includes freshwater delta lagoons. Zk(a) – Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems, marine/coastal
Malaysian Ramsar sites •
Tasik Bera, Pahang was designated as a Ramsar site, or Wetland of International Importance, in 1994. The wetland consists of a complex range of habitats including freshwater and peat swamp forests (79%), transitional open-forested swamps (7%), Pandanus helicopus swamps and Lepironia articulata reedbeds (12%) as well as open water (2%) with a highly diverse algal community and beds of submerged macrophytes.
•
Tanjung Piai, Johor is significant as the southern most point of continental Asia. Large numbers of migratory birds often frequent this area, as the intertidal mudflats are haven for food such as crabs, shrimps, worms and juvenile fishes.
•
Pulau Kukup, Johor is important as a good example of uninhabited mangrove forest and refuge for migratory birds and the globally threatened Lesser Adjutant Stork. The mangrove on Pulau Kukup is one of the tallest tidal forests on the southwest coast; as tall as 30 metres.
•
Sungai Pulai, Johor possesses some interesting ecological features as the largest remaining intact riverine mangrove area in Peninsular Malaysia.
Continue…
What is the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands? The Convention entered into force in 1975 and as of September 2003 has 138 Contracting Parties. More than 1310 wetlands have been designated for inclusion in the List of Wetlands of International Importance, covering some 111 million hectares (1.11 million km2), more than the surface area of France, Germany, and Switzerland combined.
Smart tourism
Key Elements to Practitioners Education Training Research Believing in what you preach Assessment Innovation Community involvement
