Temporary Structures

TEMPORARY STRUCTURES

SCAFFOLDING AGENDA  INTRODUCTION  COURSE OBJECTIVES  SCAFFOLDS  TERMINOLOGIES  TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING  BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS  SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE

INTRODUCTION 1.

Scaffolding is one of the highest risk occupations in this country.

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Accident tolls linked with scaffolds are ranges from serious injury to fatality.

INTRODUCTION 3.

Consequently, it is imperative that various workers, i.e.. Scaffolders, Scaffold Users, Foremen, Site Supervisors, Project Managers, etc. be trained for safety & practical scaffolding. This will definitely reduce or prevent the occurrence of potential hazards from scaffold.

COURSE OBJECTIVES 1.

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To learn the basic safety requirements of scaffolding To provide and maintain a safe working place for the users of scaffolding. To achieve zero LTI/LTA.

TERMINOLOGIES 

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SCAFFOLD- is an elevated working platform for supporting both personnel and materials. It is a temporary structure… SCAFFOLDER: A person engaged in erecting, altering or dismantling scaffolding.

TERMINOLOGIES 

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SCAFFOLDING EQUIPMENT: Any component, assembly or machine used or intended to be used for the construction of scaffolding. SLUNG SCAFFOLD: A hung scaffold TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDING: A scaffold of which the standards, ledgers, braces and ties are circular tubes that are joined together by means of purpose designed couplers.

TERMINOLOGIES 

SOLE PLATE- a timber or other member of adequate size and suitable quality used to distribute the load from the base plate over an area of ground, floor joist, etc.

TERMINOLOGIES 

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ADJUSTABLE BASE PLATE- a base plate used for compensating variations in ground level. Sometimes the base plate is nailed or pinned to a sole board to stop lateral movement. LEDGERS (Runners)- are horizontal tubes that connect and support the standards and act as support for transom.

TERMINOLOGIES 

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LEDGER BRACING- tubes secured diagonally between lifts from ledger to ledger or standard to standard to ensure stability. TRANSOM (Bearer) - a tube spanning across ledgers to tie a scaffold transversely, which may also support a working platform.

TERMINOLOGIES 

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STANDARD (Post) - a tube used as a column or vertical in the construction of a scaffold, & transmitting a load to the ground via a Base Plate. BRACE- a tube diagonally across two or more members to afford stability.

TERMINOLOGIES 

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TOE BOARD- a plank positioned at the edge of a platform or place so as to prevent workers, tools and materials falling from the platform or place. MIDRAIL- a tube secured to standards midway between guardrail and platform

TERMINOLOGIES 

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GUARDRAIL- a tube erected at the edge of platform and other places to prevent persons falling from the platform or place. COUPLER (CLAMP)- a fitting used to connect scaffolding tubes together.

TERMINOLOGIES 

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SWAY BRACE- a tube secured diagonally across the face of a scaffold to ensure stability. DECKING- close-boarded scaffold platform. TIE- a tube used to connect a scaffold to a rigid anchorage.

TERMINOLOGIES 

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JOINT PIN- also known as a spigot. Used for connecting two tubes end to end. FIX CLAMP(coupler) – used to connect two tubes (ledger to standard or transom to standard) SWIVEL CLAMP (coupler) – use to connect two tubes for bracing (standard to standard or ledger to ledger)

FIXED CLAMPS

TERMINOLOGIES 

OUTRIGGER - The structural member of a supported scaffold used to increase the base width of a scaffold in order to provide support for and increased stability of the scaffold

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING 

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Tube & Coupler Scaffold System Scaffolds Tubular Welded Frame Scaffold (HFrame) Others  Rolling/Mobile Scaffold  Trestle Scaffold  Bamboo Scaffold  Timber Scaffold  Suspended Scaffold  Slung Scaffold  Suspended Scaffold (Gondola)

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS   

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Materials Foundations Ties Working Platform Guardrails / Toe boards Access Workmanship

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS MATERIALS  Materials to be used in erecting scaffolding should be in good condition.  Steel items should be free from rusts and defects.  Mandatory inspection by experienced and competent person to all materials before use.

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS SCAFFOLD TUBES  Tubes should be manufactured & tested.  3 main types:  Black Steel Tubes  Galvanized Steel Tubes  Aluminum Alloy Tubes

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS 

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Both black steel and Galvanized steel tubes possess the same properties except galvanized tubes are more resistant to corrosion. Aluminum tube has the same outside diameter as steel but is slightly thicker and much lighter.

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS SCAFFOLD TUBES INSPECTION  Straight  Free from cracks splits, had dents & excessive corrosion  Cut square & clean at each end  Common faults (damage)

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS SCAFFOLD TUBE STORAGE  Wherever possible tubes should be sorted according to length & stored in racks with their ends flush or protected.

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS SCAFFOLD BOARDS:  Cat Walk  Timber Boards  Timber boards come in 3 thickness, 38mm, 50mm & 63mm & are normally 225mm wide & 3.90m long.  Shorter boards are used when necessary.

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS STORAGE  SCAFFOLD FITTINGS:  Should be sorted by type and kept clean and dry in strong sacks, lightly oiled to prevent rust.  Experienced and competent person before use should inspect scaffolds fitting.

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS  

Any broken or damage fittings should be discarded. Rusty threads (if not defective) should be wires brushed and lightly oiled.

MANAGEMENT OF MATERIALS:  Should be delivered to site when required only!

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS 

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Should be removed and stored when the job is finished! Ensure correct amounts and types of materials arrive on site.

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS FOUNDATIONS:  The foot of any standards or upright should be adequately founded on a suitable base plate in order to prevent slipping or sinking.  Soil compaction.

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS Sole plates;  Firm Ground- 500mm long x 225mm width x 35mm thick  Soft Ground – 765mm long x 225mm width x 35mm thick  Under 2 Stds.-1.55m long x 225mm width x 35mm thick

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS TIES  It is essential that every scaffold should be securely tied to the building structure throughout its entire length to prevent movement of the scaffold.

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS RULES OF THUMB.  Space ties every other lift and every 6M along the face of the scaffold.  Ties should be fixed with load bearing couplers, as close to the node point as possible.  Avoid the use of reveal ties where possible.

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS RULES OF THUMB.  Take full advantage of any structural features of the buildings e.g. pillars, columns, lintels, rebates, etc. to provide additional strength and stability to the tie.

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS RULES OF THUMB.  Make sure that the building is strong enough to support the tie and the load imposed on it by the scaffold.  Do not remove tie for any reason until the overall stability of the scaffold has been confirmed.

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS RULES OF THUMB. 

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Dismantle first the last item installed and the last to dismantle is the first item installed. Braces should be removed last in every lift. Stairs and planks should be guarded by guardrail and midrails. Working platform should have toe boards in all edges.

BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS Do not use swivel coupler (clamp) connections at transom to standard and ledger to standard and other 90 degree connections. Use only fixed coupler (clamp) for stability of structure. Swivel clamp is to be use only at diagonal braces.

SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE 

Scafftag is an internationally used scaffold safety system and through its simplicity, encourage and controls the safety scaffolding and of those who erect or dismantle and use it.

SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE 

The “Scafftag Safety System” shall be used as a visual warning system to display the status (i.e. safe vs. unsafe ) of scaffolding.

SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE 

As soon as the erection of a scaffold is completed and before it is put in use, an inspection shall be carried out by the Safety Engineer / Inspector with particular attention to:  

Condition of the components used Place where it is erected

SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE 

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Signs indicating its presence and danger that it may occur Solidity of the base Loading and maximum number of person permitted to use

SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE 

Should the scaffolding has passed for use. A green Scafftag will be affixed restricted to the purpose for it was erected.

SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE 

Should the scaffold present any danger, then a red tag shall be attached to all its access points. Only trained personnel (Scaffolder) will be allowed to climb the scaffold for repair / certification work.

WHEN TO RE-INSPECT Re-inspection!   

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After repair. After severe weather condition. After modification/alteration. After an incident that affect the scaffold structure or the building itself where the scaffold erected and tied. When there is a signs that the structure needs to re-inspect.

SCAFFTAG SAMPLES