Telugumodel Work Book

 Telugu Alphabet

Telugu Learning Kit Workbook for Module 1

C P Brown Academy The Alpha Foundation Hyderabad

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Telugu Alphabet Learning Kit Workbook for Module-1 Transliterator: G Ramesh Babu Managing Editor: GRK Murty Consulting Editor: SS Prabhakar Rao Editorial Support: C Rama Devi, Y Anand T Rajendra Prasad Chief Visualizer: A Bangaru Babu Visualizer: S Ganesh Illustrations: B Anjaneyulu @ 2008 C.P. Brown Academy. All Rights Reserved. Although every care has been taken to avoid errors and omissions, this publication is being sold on the condition and understanding that the information given in this book is merely for reference and must not be taken as having authority of or binding in any way on the authors, editor, publisher or sellers. Neither this book nor any part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the copyright holder. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Only the publishers can export this book from India. Infringement of this condition of sale will lead to civil and criminal prosecution. First Edition: 2008 Printed in India Published by

C P Brown Academy 8, Dwarakapuri Colony, Punjagutta Hyderabad - 500 082, India. Website: www.alphacharities.org Printed at: M/s. ICIT Software Centre Private Ltd. 1, Technocrat Industrial Estate Balanagar Cross Roads Hyderabad-500 037, India.

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Foreword -

The Module-1, “Telugu Varnamala”, is intended to help the Telugu . speakers, who cannot read/write Telugu, to pick up a reasonable level of linguistic competence, through Roman script. The symbols used in this book are intended to facilitate the transliteration template of the vowels, consonants, gunintamulu and the vowel-consonant clusters, i.e., vottulu. . The relationship of the Roman character with the Telugu letter and its pronunciation have been clearly explained with examples to aid phonetics. For instance, the symbol ‘a’ stands for the Telugu letter ‘’ that sounds like ‘o’ as in the word ‘come’. Let us take another example. The symbol ‘c’ stands for the Telugu letter ‘’ that sounds like ‘ch’ as in the word ‘church’. The Module-1 is thus quite self-explanatory and is certain to help those who desire to learn Telugu through the medium of English. The workbook provided along with it is scientifically designed for practice to help the learners pickup reading and writing of Telugu, satisfactorily. We know that some of the alphabet and their sounds are difficult to pronounce and quite a few are not in popular use. They do not even matter in the acquisition of linguistic skills. However, we have included all the Telugu letters irrespective of their usage in order to introduce them all to the learners. Enjoy! SS Prabhakar Rao

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 TELUGU ALPHABET Vowels (: Acculu)

              a–

a

*

come

u

far

u–

wood

.lu

look

.rusi.

root

e–

ai

get

loop

o–

rotate

feel

– ru .

ru .

e

o

i

bit

cool

.lu–

–

i

stake

mite

au

oat

out

 

am .

ah.

some

half

* ‘a’ stands for ‘’ and sounds like ‘o’ as in ‘come’. The same pattern applies to all other vowels.

4

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Consonants (: Hallulu)

36 Characters *

                       

k

g

kh

khaki

silk

.c

c

church

take .

t

tabala

nilakantha .

dh .

n.

dh

though

prana .

- asadha . .

bird

d

thumb

jug

~ sanjna

d.

th

.jabili

~ n

jhansi

th .

prajna

j

.j

witch

jh

t.

.

ghost

go

ch

.capa

. n

gh

n

dhoti

nature

* ‘k’ stands for ‘’ and sounds like ‘k’ as in ‘silk’. The same pattern applies to all other consonants.

5

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p

                ph

cup

b

bh

phone

y

bat

r

young

v

bharat

l

s

s.

´sastry

home

sun

ship

r.

ksh

h

-- kalimata .

lump

s´

month

l.

rust

levy

m

error

raksha

Semi-Vowels or Semi-Consonants – – Ubhayaksharalu)

= Sunna)= Arasunna)=Visarga) Note: Five Telugu characters are not in general use.



They are  .lu .lu-

.c

.j

 ru.

6

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 How to write Vowels? –

a

a

come

far –

i

i

bit

feel –

u

u

wood

cool

ru .

.rusi .

– ru .

root 7

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e

e-

get

stake

ai

o

mite

rotate

o-

au

oat

out am .

some ah.

half 8

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 How to write Consonants? k

kh

silk

– khaki

g

gh

go

ghost . n

. prajna c

ch

church

witch

j

jh

jug

– jhansi ~ n

~ sanjna 9

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t.

th .

take

nilakantha .

d.

dh .

bird

– – asadha . .

–

n.

– prana .

th

t

tabala

thumb

d

dh

though

– dhoti

n

nature 10

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p

ph

cup

phone

b

bh

bat bharat m

month y

r

young

rust

l

l.

lump

– – kalimata .

v

s´

levy

sastry ´

–

–

11

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s.

ship s

sun h

home ksh

raksha

.r

error 12

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How to write Vowels? For practice

a

a–

i

– i

13

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u

– u

ru .

– .ru

e

e– 14

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ai

o

– o

au

am .

ah. 15

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How to write Consonants? For practice

k

kh

g

gh

. n 16

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c

ch

j

jh

~ n 17

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t.

th .

d.

dh .

n. 18

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t

th

d

dh

n

19

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p

ph

b

bh

m 20

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y

r

l

.l

v 21

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s´

s.

s

h

k s h

r. 22

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Exercise 1: Identify the Vowels







































































 23

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Exercise 2: Identify the Consonants

























































































24

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Exercise 3: Differentiate the Letters

           

o o n  n~ j jh  dh n l  r r  s´

           

 au b j i o  gh  th n l r  th s 25

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           

s u  am m  ph l  kh p k  th e e

           

 s´ i  ah

y  bh t  bh e  ksh  th e  ai

26

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Symbols of Gunintamulu . Telugu Letter

Roman Character



a



–a



i



–



u



u–



ru .



ru .



e



–e



ai



o



–o



au



am .



ah.

Symbol How to write Symbol

For practice

i

–

27

.

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ka-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

                



ka



– ka



ki



– ki



ku



– ku



kru .



– kru .



ke



– ke



kai



ko



– ko



kau



kam .



kah.

For practice

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For practice ka Gunintamu ( ) .

                                29

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(Gunintamulu) .  (kha-Gunintamu) .

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

     



kha



– kha



khi



– khi



khu



– khu

 

        

For practice

khru .



– khru .



khe



– khe



khai



kho



– kho



khau



kham .



khah.

30

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For practice: kha Gunintamu ( ) .

                               31

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ga-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

               



ga



– ga



gi



– gi



gu



– gu

 

gru . – gru .



ge



– ge



gai



go



– go



gau



gam .



gah.

For practice

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For practice: ga Gunintamu ( ) .

                                 33

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu)  (gha-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

                                        

For practice

gha – gha ghi – ghi ghu – ghu ghru . – ghru . ghe – ghe ghai gho – gho ghau gham . ghah.

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For practice: gha Gunintamu (   ) .

                                35

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ca-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

               



ca



– ca



ci



– ci



cu



– cu



cru .



– cru .



ce



– ce



cai



co



– co



cau



cam .



cah.

For practice

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For practice: ca Gunintamu ( ) .

                                37

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (cha-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

                



cha



– cha



chi



– chi



chu



– chu



chru .



– chru .



che



– che



chai



cho



– cho



chau



cham .



chah.

For practice

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For practice: cha Gunintamu ( ) .

                          39

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ja-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

               



ja



– ja



ji



ji



ju



– ju

 

For practice

–

jru . – jru .



je



– je



jai



jo



– jo



jau



jam .



jah.

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For practice: ja Gunintamu () .

                               41

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (jha-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

       

     

       

             

                                           

For practice

jha – jha jhi – jhi jhu – jhu jhru . – jhru . jhe – jhe jhai jho – jho jhau jham . jhah.

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For practice: jha Gunintamu ( ) .

       ~¡-                       43

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ta-Gunintamu) . . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

                               

For practice

ta . – ta . ti. – ti. .tu – .tu .tru . – .tru . te . – te . tai . to . – to . tau . tam . . tah . .

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For practice: ta () . . Gunintamu

                             45

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (tha-Gunintamu) . . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

                



tha .



– tha .

  

For practice

thi . – thi .



thu . – thu .



thru . .



– thru . .



the .



– the .



thai .



tho .



– tho .



thau .



tham . .



thah . .

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For practice t.ha Gunintamu ( ) .

                                47

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (da-Gunintamu) . . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

               

    

For practice

da . – da . di . – di .



du . – du .



dru ..



– dru ..



de .



– de .



dai .



do .



– do .



dau .



dam . .



dah . .

48

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For practice: da ( ) . . Gunintamu

                                49

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (dha-Gunintamu) . . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

                

    

For practice

dha . – dha . dhi . – dhi .



dhu . – dhu .



dhru . .



– dhru . .



dhe .



– dhe .



dhai .



dho .



– dho .



dhau .



dham . .



dhah . .

50

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For practice: dha Gunintamu (  ) . .

                                51

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (na-Gunintamu) . . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

                               

For practice

na . – na . ni . – ni . nu . – nu . nru .. – nru .. ne . – ne . nai . no . – no . nau . nam . . nah . .

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For practice: na () . . Gunintamu

                              53

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ta-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

                               

               



ta



– ta



ti



– ti



tu



– tu



tru .



– tru .



te



– te



tai



to



– to



tau



tam .



tah.

For practice

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For practice: ta Gunintamu ( ) .

                                55

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (tha-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

                



tha



– tha



thi



– thi



thu



– thu

 

For practice

thru . – thru .



the



– the



thai



tho



– tho



thau



tham.



thah.

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For practice: tha Gunintamu ( ) .

                                57

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (da-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

       

       

   

       

       



da



– da



di



di



du



– du



dru .



– dru .

                                   

For practice

–

de – de dai do – do dau dam . dah.

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For practice: da Gunintamu ( ) .

                               59

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (dha-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

               

               

               

                



dha



– dha



dhi



– dhi



dhu



– dhu

 

dhru . – dhru .



dhe



– dhe



dhai



dho



– dho



dhau



dham .



dhah.

For practice

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For practice: dha Gunintamu (   ) .

                             61

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (na-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

       

       

   

       

       



na



– na



ni



– ni



nu



– nu



nru .



– nru .

                                   

For practice

ne – ne nai no – no nau nam . nah.

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For practice: na Gunintamu ( ) .

                               63

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (pa-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

      

      

 

               

               

               

               



pa



– pa



pi



– pi



pu



– pu

 

pru . – pru .



pe



– pe



pai



po



– po



pau



pam .



pah.

For practice

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)                For practice: pa Gunintamu ( .

                65

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (pha-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

       

       

   

       

        



pha



– pha



phi



– phi



phu



– phu

 

                                   

For practice

phru . – phru . phe – phe phai pho – pho phau pham . phah.

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For practice: pha Gunintamu () .

                              67

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ba-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

      

      

 

               

               

               

               



ba



– ba



bi



– bi



bu



– bu

 

For practice

bru . – bru .



be



– be



bai



bo



– bo



bau



bam .



bah.

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For practice: ba Gunintamu ( ) .

                              69

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu)  (bha-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

               

       

       

   

       

        



bha



– bha



bhi



– bhi



bhu



– bhu



bhru .



– bhru .

                                   

For practice

bhe – bhe bhai bho – bho bhau bham . bhah.

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For practice: bha Gunintamu ( ) .

                                71

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ma-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

      

      

 

               

               

               

                               

For practice

ma – ma mi – mi mu – mu mru . – mru . me – me mai mo – mo mau mam . mah.

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For practice: ma Gunintamu ( ) .

                             73

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ya-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

                             

         

       

             

                              

For practice

ya – ya yi – yi yu – yu yru . – yru . ye – ye yai yo – yo yau yam . yah.

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For practice: ya Gunintamu ( ) .

                     75

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ra-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

      

      

 

               

               

               

               



ra



– ra



ri



ri



ru



– ru

 

rru . – rru .



re



– re



rai



ro



– ro



rau



ram .



rah.

For practice

–

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For practice: ra Gunintamu ( ) .

                              77

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (la-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

      

      

 

               

               

               

               



la



– la



li



li



lu



– lu

 

lru . – lru .



le



– le



lai



lo



– lo



lau



lam .



lah .

For practice

–

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For practice: la Gunintamu ( ) .

                                79

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (la-Gunintamu) . . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

                                            

       

       

  

.la – .la



.li – li .



.lu



– .lu



. .lru



– .lru .

                          

For practice

.le – .le .lai .lo – .lo .lau . .lam .lah.

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For practice: .la Gunintamu () .

                                81

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (va-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

                                                           

       



va



– va



vi



vi



vu



– vu

 

                   

For practice

–

vru . – vru . ve – ve vai vo – vo vau vam . vah.

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For practice: va Gunintamu ( ) .

                              83

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(Gunintamulu) . ´ Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (sa-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

      

      

 

               

               

               

               



´ sa



´– sa



´ si



– ´ si



´ su



´– su

 

For practice

´. sru ´. – sru



´ se



´– se



´ sai



´ so



´– so



´ sau



´ sam .



´ sah .

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´ Gunintamu ( ) For practice: sa .



              

                85

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (sa-Gunintamu) . . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

                                            

       

       

  

sa . – sa .



si . – si .



su .



– su .



sru ..



– sru ..

                          

For practice

se . – se . sai . so . – so . sau . sam . . sah . .

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For practice: sa ( ) . . Gunintamu

                               87

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (sa-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

      

        

               

               

               

               

For practice

 sa  sa– 

si



– si

 su  su–

 sru.  sru. –  se  se–  sai  so  so–  sau sam.  sah.

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For practice: sa Gunintamu ( ) .

                              89

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ha-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

                                            

       

               

                          

For practice

ha – ha hi – hi hu – hu hru . – hru . he – he hai ho – ho hau ham . hah.

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For practice: ha Gunintamu ( ) .

                            91

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ksha-Gunintamu) . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

      

        

               

               

               

                   



ksha



– ksha



kshi



– kshi



kshu



– kshu

 

kshru . – kshru .



kshe



– kshe



kshai



ksho



– ksho



kshau



ksham .



kshah.

For practice

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For practice: ksha Gunintamu () .

                                93

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(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) (ra-Gunintamu) . . Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

                                            

       

       



.ra



– .ra

 

.ri – .ri



ru .



– .ru



.rru .



– .rru .

                          

For practice

.re – .re .rai .ro – .ro .rau ram . . .rah.

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For practice: ra ( ) . . Gunintamu

                             95

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Symbols of Vottulu k

 

g

 

gh

c

 

j



 

ch

 

jh

~ n

t.

th .

 

. n

 

kh







 

d.

dh .

n.

  th

 d

dh

n

p

ph





m





b

bh









y

r







.l

v











t









 



 

 



 l









s´

s.









s

h

ksha

ra .









 













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VOTTULU for "k" consonant

For Practice  kka   kkha   kga

 kdha  kna  kpa

 

 kpha  kba

kgha kca

  kcha



   

kjha

 kma  kya

kta .



           

kja

ktha . kda . kdha .

kbha

kra

  kla  kla.  kva

ktha

 ksa´   ksa.  ksa

kda



kna . kta

kha 97

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VOTTULU for "kha" consonant

For Practice  khka  khkha

  khdha  khna



 khgha  khca

 khpa  khpha  khba

 khcha  khja   khjha

 khbha  khma  khya

   

 khra  khla  khla.

   

khga

khta . khtha . khda . khdha . khna . khta

 

khtha

 

khda

 khva  khsa´  khsa.  khsa  khha

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VOTTULU for "ga" consonant

For Practice  gka   

gkha gga ggha

 gca  gcha  gja  



      

gjha gta

.

gtha

.

gda . gdha . gna . gta gtha gda

 gdha  gna  gpa  gpha  gba  gbha  gma  gya  gra  gla  gla.  gva  gsa´  gsa .  

gsa gha 99

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VOTTULU for "gha" consonant

 For Practice ghka  ghkha

 ghdha  ghna

 ghga

ghpa ghpha  ghba

 ghgha ghca ghcha  ghja   ghjha

ghbha ghma

 ghta.  ghtha .  ghda .

 ghra  ghla  ghla.

  ghdha .  ghna .  ghta

ghva  ghsa´  ghsa.

 ghtha

 ghsa  ghha



ghda

ghya

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VOTTULU for "ca" consonant

For Practice cka



 ckha  cga  cgha

 cna

 cca   ccha  cja

 cba  cbha  cma

  

 cya  cra

      

chja cta . ctha . cda . cdha .

cdha

 cpa  cpha

 cla  cla.  cva

ctha

 csa´  csa.  csa

cda

 cha

chna . cta

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VOTTULU for "cha" consonant

For Practice  chka  chkha  chga  chgha  chca    chcha  chja        



chdha

 chna  chpa  chpha  chba  chbha  chma

chta .

 chya  chra

chtha .



chjha

chda . chdha . chna . chta



chtha



chda

chla

 chla.  chva  chsa´  chsa.  chsa  chha

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VOTTULU for "ja" consonant

For Practice jka 

jkha

  jga  jgha  jca jcha  jja  jjha         

jta . jtha

.

jda . jdha .

  jdha  jna  jpa  jpha  jba  jbha  jma  jya  jra  jla  jla.  jva



jtha

 jsa´  jsa.  jsa



jda

 jha

jna . jta

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VOTTULU for "jha" consonant

For Practice jhka

jhdha

jhkha

jhna

jhga jhgha

jhpa jhpha

jhca jhcha jhja

jhba jhbha jhma

jhjha  jhta.

jhya jhra

 jhtha . jhda .

jhla jhla.

jhdha .

jhva

jhna . jhta  jhtha

jhsa´ jhsa . jhsa

jhda

jhha

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VOTTULU for "ta" . consonant

For Practice .tka

 tdha .

 

 tna .

tkha .

 .tga  .tgha

.tpa  tpha .

 tca .  .tcha   .tja

 tba .  tbha . tma .

  tjha .    .tta.

.tya  .tra

    

 .tla  .tla.  .tva

.ttha . tda .. tdha

..

 tna ..  .tta  .ttha

´  tsa .  tsa ..  tsa .

 tda .

 .tha 105

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VOTTULU for "tha" consonant .

For Practice

 thka .  thkha .

 

 

 .thpa  thpha .  thba .

.thga thgha .

 thca .  thcha .  thja . 



     

thjha . thta . . ththa . . thda . . thdha . . thna . . thta .



ththa .



thda .

.thdha .thna

 thbha .  thma .  thya .  .thra  thla .  .thla.  thva .  .thsa´  .thsa .  thsa .  .thha

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VOTTULU for "da" consonant .

For Practice dka .  dkha .  dga .

  ddha . dna .  dpa .

 dgha .  dca .  dcha .

dpha .  dba .  dbha .

  

dma .  dya .  dra .

         

dja . djha . dta .. dtha .. dda .. ddha

..

 dla .  dla ..  dva .

dtha

´  dsa .   dsa ..  dsa .

dda

 dha .

dna .. dta .

.

.

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VOTTULU for "dha" consonant .

For Practice

  dhka .  dhkha .  dhga .   dhgha .   dhca .   dhcha .  dhja .   dhjha .          

dhta . . dhtha . . dhda .

.

dhdha . . dhna . . dhta

.

dhtha . dhda .

 

dhdha .

  dhna .   dhpa .   dhpha .   dhba .  dhbha .  dhma .   dhya .  dhra .  dhla .   dhla . .   dhva . ´   dhsa .   dhsa . .  dhsa .   dhha .

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VOTTULU for "ta" consonant

For Practice  tka  tkha  tga

 tdha  tna  tpa

 tgha  tca  tcha

  tpha  tba  tbha

 tja

 tma

 

tjha



tta .

tya  tra

      

ttha . tda . tdha .

 tla  tla.  tva

ttha

 tsa´  tsa .  tsa

tda

 tha

tna . tta

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VOTTULU for "tha" consonant

For Practice   thka   thkha  thga   thgha   thca   thcha  thja          

thjha thta . ththa . thda . thdha .

  thdha   thna   thpa   thpha   thba  thbha   thma   thya  thra   thla   thla.   thva

 

ththa

  thsa´   thsa.  thsa



thda

 thha

thna . thta

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VOTTULU for "da" consonant

For Practice  dka  dkha  dga  dgha  dca   dcha                  

dja



ddha

 dna  dpa   dpha  dba  dbha  dma

dta .

dya  dra

dtha .

 

dla

dda .



dla .

djha

ddha . dna .

 dva  dsa´

dtha

  dsa .  dsa

dda

 dha

dta

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VOTTULU for "dha" consonant

For Practice   dhka   dhkha

 dhdha   dhna

  dhga   dhgha

  dhpa   dhpha  dhba

  dhca    dhcha   dhja          

dhjha dhta . dhtha . dhda . dhdha . dhna . dhta



dhtha

 

dhda

 dhbha  dhma  dhya  dhra   dhla  dhla.   dhva   dhsa´   dhsa.   dhsa   dhha

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VOTTULU for "na" consonant

For Practice  nka   nkha  nga  ngha  nca  ncha  nja            

njha nta . ntha . nda . ndha . nna . nta ntha nda

 ndha  nna  npa  npha  nba  nbha  nma  nya  nra  nla  nla.  nva  nsa´  nsa .  nsa  nha 113

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VOTTULU for "pa" consonant

For Practice  pka   pkha  pga

  pdha  pna  ppa

 pgha  pca  pcha

  ppha  pba  pbha

 

 pma

  



pja pjha pta .

 pya  pra

 ptha .  pda .  pdha .

 pla  pla.  pva

   

ptha

 psa´   psa.  psa

pda

 pha



pna . pta

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VOTTULU for "pha" consonant

For Practice  phka  phkha   phga

  phdha   phna

  phgha   phca

  phpa    phpha   phba

 phcha

 phbha

    

  phma   phya

             

phja phjha phta . phtha . phda . phdha . phna . phta phtha phda

 phra   phla   phla.   phva   phsa´   phsa.   phsa  phha 115

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VOTTULU for "ba" consonant

For Practice  bka

 

  

bgha

 bna  bpa  bpha

 bca  bcha   bja

 bba  bbha  bma

  

bta .

bya  bra

btha .





         

bkha bga

bjha

bda . bdha . bna

.

bta btha bda

bdha

bla

 bla.  bva  bsa´  bsa.  bsa  bha

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VOTTULU for "bha" consonant

 For Practice  bhka  bhkha  bhga  bhgha  bhca  bhcha             

bhja



bhdha

 bhna  bhpa   bhpha  bhba  bhbha  bhma

bhta .

bhya  bhra

bhtha .



bhjha

bhda . bhdha . bhna . bhta bhtha bhda

bhla

 bhla.  bhva  bhsa´  bhsa .  bhsa  bhha 117

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VOTTULU for "ma" consonant

For Practice mka

 mdha

 mkha  mga mgha

mna mpa mpha

mca mcha  mja

mba mbha mma

  mjha   mta.  mtha .

mya  mra

  mda .  mdha .  mna .

mla . mva msa´

 mta  mtha   mda

 msa . msa mha

 mla

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VOTTULU for "ya" consonant

For Practice yka ykha yga ygha yca ycha yja  yjha yta. ytha .

ydha yna ypa ypha ypba ybha yma yya yra yla

yda .

yla.

ydha . yna . yta

yva ysa´

ytha yda

ysa . ysa yha 119

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VOTTULU for "ra" consonant

For Practice rkha

 

rga

 rpa

 rka   

rgha

 rca  rcha  rja  

rjha rta .



rtha .



rda .

    

rdha rna

 rpha  rba  rbha  rma  rya  rra  rla  rla.

rta

 rva  rsa´  rsa.

rtha



rsa

rda



rha

rdha . rna

.

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VOTTULU for "la" consonant

For Practice  lka   lkha 

lga

 lgha  lca  lcha               

lja ljha lta . ltha . lda . ldha .

 ldha  lna  lpa lpha  lba  lbha  lma  lya  lra  lla  lla.  lva

ltha

 lsa´  lsa.  lsa

lda

 lha

lna . lta

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VOTTULU for "la" consonant .

For Practice  .lka  .lkha 

.lga

 lgha .  .lca   lcha .  .lja  .ljha    

. .lta . .ltha . .lda

 .ldha  .lna  .lpa  .lpha  .lba  .lbha  .lma  .lya  .lra  .lla  .lla.  .lva

  

. .lna



.ltha

 .lsa´  .lsa.  .lsa



.lda

 .lha

. .ldha

.lta

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VOTTULU for "va" consonant

For Practice  vka  vkha  vga

 vdha  vna

 vgha  vca  vcha

 vpha  vba

           

vja vjha vta . vtha . vda . vdha

.

vna

.

vta

 vpa

 vbha  vma  vya  vra  vla  vla.  vva  vsa´  vsa .

vtha

 vsa

vda

 vha 123

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´ VOTTULU for "sa" consonant

For Practice ´  ska ´  skha

  

´ sga ´ sgha ´ sca

´   scha  sja´ ´  sjha 

       



´ sdha

´  sna ´  spa ´   spha ´  sba ´  sbha ´  sma

´ sta .

´  sya ´  sra

´ stha .

 sla´

´ sda

.

´ sdha . ´ sna . ´ sta ´ stha ´ sda

 sla´. ´  sva ´´  ssa ´  ssa . ´  ssa ´  sha

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VOTTULU for "sa" consonant .

For Practice  ska .   skha .  sga .  sgha .  sca .   scha .             

sja .

 

sdha

.

 sna .  spa .   spha .  sba .  sbha .  sma .

sta ..

 sya .  sra .

stha

 sla .

sjha .

..

sda

..

sdha .. sna .

.

sta . stha

.

sda .

 sla ..  sva . ´  ssa .   ssa ..  ssa .  sha . 125

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VOTTULU for "sa" consonant

For Practice  ska  skha

  sdha  sna

 sga  sgha  sca

 spa

 scha   sja   sjha

 sbha  sma  sya

   

 sra   sla  sla.

       

sta

.

stha

.

sda

.

sdha . sna

.

sta

  spha  sba

 sva  ssa´  ssa.

stha

 ssa

sda

 sha

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VOTTULU for "ha" consonant

For Practice hka  hkha

 hdha

 hga hgha

hpa hpha

hca

hba hbha hma

hcha  hja  hjha

hna

hya

 hta.  htha .  hda .

 hra  hla  hla.

 hdha .  hna .  hta

hva

 htha  hda

hsa  hha

hsa´  hsa.

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     NOTE The vowel- consonant clusters for the Telugu letters viz., . ~ n, n, n, . ksha, r. are not given since they are not in much usage. 128

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