T5 B45 Student Tracking 5 Of 6 Fdr- Entire Contents- Letters- Memos- Reports- 1st Pgs For Reference 301

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WORLD REPORT

American colleges are Weapons U.' for Iraq

out any hope of finding hidden weapons. "We may have signed on to an agreement where it's impossible to get Saddam on a violation," says David Kay, a former inspector. The very notion of allowing "diplomatic nannies who want us to behave" intruding on the inspection business offends Kay, who argues that UNSCOM's brashness is the key to its success. • Will Iraq use some language in the agreement with Annan as an excuse to block UNSCOM's work? The agreement calls for the U.N. to respect Iraq's "sovereignty and dignity." Clinton administration officials dismiss that phrase as irreleBY DOUGLAS PASTERNAK vant. But the Iraqis think otherwise. • Will the United States be able to attack t's no wonder that Iraq has top-notch Iraq swiftly if Saddam breaches the deal? scientists capable of developing chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons. The United States wants the U.N. SecuriMany of them were trained here in the ty Council to declare that an Iraqi violation of the Annan deal will have "very se- United States. vere" consequences—diplomatic code for In fact, they keep coming: In the seven a military strike. But France, Russia, and years since the end of the gulf war in 1991, China oppose the use of force against Iraq. So a fight is already brewing over whether an Iraqi violation automatically triggers a military response. The White House is eager to have Butler lead his team of inspectors back to Baghdad soon to test the Annan accord. In the meantime, American military forces — 32,000 troops, 400 warplanes, two aircraft carriers, and about 20 other shipsremain at the ready. This week, the administration will ask Congress for money to keep that force in the gulf for up to five months. The buildup, without any shots being fired, has already cost $600 million. Losing patience. Clinton's critics propose to break the cycle of showdown with Saddam Hussein by trying, once and for all, to topple him. Sen. Robert Kerrey of Nebraska, who may seek the Democratic presidential nomination in 2000, is calling for the administration to back the Iraqi opposition. Sen. Arlen Specter, a Pennsylvania Republican, wants to brand Saddam a war criminal. The administration, too, is losing patience. "If it is clear that Saddam still is not complying, we will look at our overall strategy," says a senior administration official, a hint that the administration might support more- nearly 11,000 visas have been issued to aggressive efforts to oust Saddam. The students from nations that sponsor terCIA is reportedly working on a plan to rorism—including 503 Iraqis, 5,154 Iranisubvert Saddam's regime, but the presi- ans, 113 Libyans, 3,227 Syrians, 1,604 Sudent has not yet authorized it. And given danese, 103 Cubans, and 129 North KoreSaddam's track record both for surviving ans. Although these states face tough in power and causing the United States sanctions for their involvement with tertrouble, Captain Deppe, the skipper of the rorist groups—they are barred from reUSS Normandy, should keep his sea bag ceiving any U.S. economic or military aid packed. • and cannot purchase any technology that might have military applications—current \\'ith Kevin \VJ\itelaw aboard the law does not disqualify them from sendI ~SS No rmundy ing students to the United States.

No one tracks thousands of students from terrorism-sponsoring countries

I

Moreover, the Immigration and Naturalization Service readily admits it has no idea what schools these students attend, what they study, who finances their studies, whether they have been involved in criminal activity, or even whether they have overstayed their visas. One foreign student who dropped off the radar screen was a Jordanian named Eyad Ismoil. Ismoil had entered the United States in 1989 on a student visa, attended Wichita State University, and dropped out, remaining in the country illegally. In 1992 he joined up with a former high school friend named Ramzi Yousef, and the following year they bombed the World Trade Center in New York. Ismoil will be sentenced in April for his role in the bombing. American know-how. Before the gulf war, Saddam Hussein sent hundreds of students abroad to study sciences related to biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons. Samir Al-Araji, the head of Iraq's nuclear weapons program, received his doctorate in nuclear engineering from Michigan State University, for instance. And at least three Iranians involved in Tehran's nuclear program were also educated in the United States, according to a recent report by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Restrictions on study programs are loose. Only Iraqi, Libyan, and North Korean students (and Iranian males ages 18 to 65) receive automatic background checks. All students have to declare an intended major, but none is specifically barred from pursuing nuclear, chemical, or biological studies. And because it lacks up-to-date data, the INS would never even know if a student who was listed as an English major had switched to nuclear physics. Investigators also suspect that terrorists—including members of the Lebanese organization Hezbollah—have deliberately used student visas to enter the United States. One Lebanese student who had

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THE CHRONICLE of Higher Education,

Quote, Unquote

September 19, 1997 • £7.25 Volume XUV. Xiiinbct 1

CAMPUS BUILDING BOOM AHEAD

Cap Lifted on Tax-Exempt Bond Issues: A4i

News Summary: Page A7 "The blast that injured me was a re-enactmeni of a far bigger one

a generation earlier, which destroyed something basic in this society that has yet to be repaired." David (Ultmtur, th« computer •cl«ntl«t it we University who wit • trirftt of tht tna Unibomber: A14 "We are very proud of what we do here, which is to provide information and high-tech skills to prepare disadvantaged people for well-paying, careeroriented positions." The director of a proprietary school In Inner-city Philadelphia: A34 "Tuition doesn't exist in a vacuum. If we're not going to keep up the quality, then it's meaningless to have cheap tuition." The deputy executive director of the Iowa Board of Regents: A40

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'MIDDLEBROW CULTURE Studying the Book-of-the-Month Club: Al 7

REMEDIATION IS BIG BUSINESS Colleges Turn to Tutoring Companies: A44

WHO'S NO. 1? A Power Struggle in College Sports: A46

UNABOMBER VICTIM'S POLEMIC An Attack on Modern Culture: A14

"The I.N.S. was asked to assess whether we had a foolproof system for controlling foreign students. The conclusion was we did not." An official of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service: A49 "I welcome the advent of the conservative voice in our deliberations. It has gotten us thinking again; our intellectual juices are .lowing in ways they haven't for at least a generation." The president of the Johnson Foundation: A64 "The secular version of the university has been such a success that its way of doing business constitutes a new orthodoxy." A University Professor at Boston University: B4 SECTION 1

PAGES Al-64

Athletics The Faculty

Government & Politics Information Technology International Money & Management Students SECTION 2 Opinion, Letters, & Arts Notes From Academe

The Chronicle on the Internet: http ://chronlcle .com

A CLOSE WATCH ON FOREIGN STUDENTS U.S. Tests a New System That Critics Call 'Orwellian': A49

Trial Ball „ or Trojan Horse? For CIPRIS Pibt Schools the Future Is Now KYNA RUBIN "^T A ^^^hen Shanghai native ^k I^L I Chen Xiuhua arrives at % / %/ Atlanta's Hartsfield ^M ^M International Airport w w this fall on her way to Methodist College in Fayetteville, North Carolina, she will carry a new bar-coded I-20P form printed on special blue paper. The "p" is for pilot. The form was generated by Methodist's Jane Wilkins Cherry, using a PC, new software, and a laser printer—all loaned and installed in her office by the INS on June 3. An airport scanner will record Ms. Chen's I-20P, within seconds relaying her date of entry and institutional destination to the INS's newly designed central data bank. The system will match Chen's I-20P against data already entered by Jane Cherry when she produced the eligibility certificate electronically from her desk. After arriving on campus, the PRC student will have 90 days in which to apply—through her host's INS-supplied software—to the Immigration and Naturalization Service for a

foreign student information card. Replete with photo and a print from her right index finger, the multilayered, hologrammed card will contain machine-readable information taken from Ms. Chen's I-20P. Over time, the counterfeit-resistant card will also have imbedded into it data reported to the INS by Jane Cherry, via encrypted code on the Internet, about modifications in Ms. Chen's plans while in the United States. These notifications will include incidents such as employment or practical training, transfers, graduation, or failure to carry a full courseload. The new system is based on proven technology that has been used by businesses for years. Like credit card transactions, the information reported is not on the card itself but in a central data bank—in this case, at the INS. As described by Catheryn Gotten of Duke University, "if the account gets overdrawn or the payments are overdue, the system knows, puts a hold or a flag on the ID card, and INS can take further action if necessary." Cherry, who will help steer about a dozen students like the fictitious Chen Xiuhua

through the new process this September, represents one of 22 southern schools and exchange programs voluntarily participating in the CIPRIS pilot, or the Coordinated Interagency Partnership Regulating International Students. The demonstration is born of concern by the FBI and Congress that the U.S. government does an inadequate job of tracking nonimmigrant foreigners. "The involvement of former foreign students in the World Trade Center bombing and the homicide outside CIA headquarters have caused foreign students to have a higher profile within certain law enforcement circles," wrote the INS's Foreign Student Task Force in a handout distributed at NAFSA's June 1996 conference in Phoenix. "No one is under the illusion that improvements in the accuracy and availability of student information is likely to make a significant difference in our country's security. Rather, the fact that former foreign students have been involved in these incidents simply highlights and reinforces the conclusion that the Immigration Service does not currently have accurate data on this population."

Illustration by Christopher Cheetham

20

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

E D U C A T O R

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CONTROLS GOVERNING FOREIGN STUDENTS: and Schools That Admit Them

Final Report by the Task Force on Foreign Student Controls U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service

December 22,1995

United States Department of State Deputy Assistant Secretary for Visa Services Washington, D.C. 20522-0113

February 5, 1999 UNCLASSIFIED MEMORANDUM

TO:

CA/EX - Frank Moss

FROM:

CA/VO - Nancy Sa

SUBJECT:

Systems Priorities - Coordinated Interagency Partnership Regulating International Students (CIPRIS}

Issue CA/VO seeks CA/EX concurrence in i Bntifying CIPRIS* as a priority datasharing project for planning and :esourc2 purposes. VO would like to help INS meet its joal o£ Beta testing CIPRIS in one country by January 2001, and having CIPRIS installed in five countries by January I, 2002. CIPRIS may be a springboard for developing stand-alone NIVs, Background For internal security purposes, section 641 of IIRIRA requires that INS, in consultatioi with State, USIA and the Department of Education, establish a reporting and tracking system, preferably electronic, for collecting and maintaining data and information on foreign students and exchange visitors. Following consultations with interested agencies, INS launched a pilot program in the summer of 1997 involving 21 educational institutions, the Atlanta airport, INS (various levels), USIA and State (VO). Pilot schools are using CIPRIS to electronically notify INS and * Coordinated Interagency Partnership Regulating International Students

NONIMMIGRANT FOREIGN STUDENT PROGRAM [AS ADMINISTERED BY INS] OVERVIEW OF NONIMMIGRANT FOREIGN STUDENT PROGRAM

Since 1924, there have been special provisions admitting foreign students into the United States for the purpose of pursuing their education at American institutions of learning. It has been a longstanding practice of the U.S. Government to encourage and facilitate the educational objectives of bona fide foreign students. This position has not changed, albeit there is an everincreasing concern about the security of the United States, particularly of late given recent domestic and world events. There are currently three classifications of nonimmigrant students, i.e., F, J, and M. Section 101(a)(15)(F)(i) of the Immigralion and Nationality Act (INA) defines a foreign student "as an alien having a residence in a foreign country which he has no intention of abandoning, who is a bona fide student qualified to pursue a full course of study and who seeks to enter the country temporarily and solely for the purpose of pursuing such a course of study at an established college, university, seminary,conservatory, academic high school, elementary school, or other academic institution or in a language program in the United States. . ." The INA defines J nonimmigrant students as those coming to participate in a program designated by the Director of the United States Information Agency (USIA) who is coming to participate in a program under which he will receive graduate medical education or training. The INA defines a M nonimmigrant student as alien coming solely for the purpose of a full course of study at an established vocational or other recognized nonacademic institution, other than a language training program. The academic institutions attended by F and M students must have been individually reviewed, approved, and authorized by INS to certify and issue Form I-20AB (Certificate of Eligibility for Nonimmigrant F-l Academic Student Status) or Form I-20MN (Certificate of Eligibility for M-l Vocational Student Status). The Act and regulation provide authority to control the admission of aliens who pursue a U.S. education and to exercise control of schools which may accept foreign students. In applying for INS approval, every school must submit extensive documentary evidence that the school has been operating for a minimum of 2 years, its official sanction to operate, accreditation, curriculum, qualifications of staff, facilities and equipment, finances and ownership, the amount and degree of supervision over students, etc.

Implementing the President's Immigration Initiative 2/98

Refine Border Management Strategy The FY 1999 budget includes $225 million and 1,726 new positions for the Refine Border Management Strategy initiative, which will continue to facilitate legal traffic while preventing illegal crossings at ports of entry, and expand the INS' National Border Control Strategy of "Prevention Through Deterrence." These funds will maintain the aggressive hiring and training efforts begun in FY 1996 and continued in FY 1997 and FY 1998, once again increasing the agency's growing force of Border Patrol agents and other immigration officers. The request for new Border Patrol agents and Inspectors is complemented by requested increases in force-multiplying technological capabilities, which will enable INS to consolidate and expand the achievements of the past several years. The goal of the FY 1999 budget is to continue the expansion of INS' efforts to control the nation's borders and facilitate lawful commerce while deterring and denying the illegal movement of people and drugs.

Control Between the Ports of Entry - Border Patrol Agents • A total of 1,000 additional Border Patrol Agents will join those already patrolling the Southwest border in California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. The deployment of these new agents will confirm the government's enduring commitment to the National Border Control Strategy. At this point, the Border Patrol has proven that it can control key border areas near San Diego County in California and El Paso, Texas. Recent expansion of efforts into Tucson, Arizona, and the remainder of the Texas sectors, will continue and grow. At the same time, INS will not neglect nor abandon its successful regulation and enforcement operations in those border sectors now under control. While the majority of the new agents will be deployed to the Southwest border, the Border Patrol intends to deploy additional Border Patrol Agents along the northern border, the Gulf Coast and maritime areas of South Florida. ($103 million) • The Border Patrol agents are assisted in the successful accomplishment of their difficult and demanding mission by a vast array of state-of-the-art technology. The FY 1999 budget provides continued funding for development and the future ' deployment of the an integrated electronic surveillance system (ISIS) that will create an "electronic wall" along the border ($12.3 million). The ISIS system extends the efficiency and effectiveness of the line-watch Border Patrol agents, especially in the more remote and desolate regions, helping to deny these areas to illegal aliens and drug smugglers. FY 1999 plans also call for the installation of more ForwardLooking Infrared (FLIR) systems on Border Patrol aircraft, which will increase their night vision capabilities ($307,000), and purchase and deployment of additional infrared scopes and night-vision devices ($2.0 million). Total: ($14.6 million)

Prepared by the Office of Public Affairs • Immigration & Naturalization Service • (202) 514-2648

The President's 1999 Immigration Budget Initiative -

2/98(rev.)

Strengthening the Nation's Immigration System The Fiscal Year 1999 budget request for the Immigration and Naturalization Service totals $4.2 billion, a 10 percent increase over the Fiscal Year 1998 funding level. With this budget proposal, the Administration will have asked for a 179 percent increase in INS funding over FY 1993. The FY 1999 budget includes $413.4 million in funding for new initiatives. The budget will add a total of 2,609 new staff positions, which, if approved by Congress, will allow INS to grow to almost 31,600 positions by the end of FY 1999—an 84 percent increase since 1993. The INS budget for FY 1999 continues to support the immigration goals and strategies that the Administration and the agency have pursued over the past several years. Specifically, the thrust of INS' FY 1999 budget is to continue to improve our control over our international borders by deterring illegal crossers while facilitating legal commerce. INS intends to build on its successful multi-year strategy to: effectively regulate the border, both at and between the ports of entry; deter illegal employment in the interior of the United States; combat and punish smuggling as well as other immigration-related crimes; and remove expeditiously ever-greater numbers of criminal aliens and other deportable aliens. Included in this budget are requests for the staff and other resources necessary to achieve these objectives while efficiently and fairly enforcing the nation's immigration laws, as well as implementing the broad legislative mandates that Congress enacted in 1996. In addition to the expansion of INS' more visible law enforcement functions, new funding will strengthen INS' ability to process benefits for legal immigrants and prospective new citizens, and ensure that INS customers are supported by the most comprehensive and modern technology available. These resources also will ensure that the physical workplace of INS employees keeps pace with the impressive growth of the agency's workforce. While some have proposed separating the enforcement and benefit functions INS now performs, the Administration has begun developing a plan to enhance immigration law enforcement while improving the delivery of immigration services and benefits. The plan will make INS more efficient and effective in carrying out these responsibilities by separating enforcement and benefit/service operations—both at headquarters and in the field—and strengthening accountability and lines of authority. In addition, the plan recognizes that effective coordination between INS' two functions is necessary along with greater collaboration among federal agencies involved in immigration. Together, these reforms within INS and across the government will support and sustain the Administration's progress over the last five years in enforcing our immigration laws and fulfilling the nation's commitment to its immigration heritage. (more) Prepared by the Office of Public Affairs • Immigration & Naturalization Service • (202) 514-2648