Solar Energy Development In India

Solar Energy:- Market Development Shirish Garud

6 Jun 2008

IIT Delhi, Training course

Outline •Review •R & D

•A brief analysis of markets •Solar PV •Solar thermal

•Suggestions 6 Jun 2008

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Renewable Energy Electricity Status India All India Installed Capacity (As on 31st Nuclear March 2007) RES 3% 6%

Installed capacity as on 31st March 2007 (MW)

Status of various RE Technologies (as on 31st March 2007) Biomass pow er / cogeneration 11%

Hydro 26% Coal 54% Diesel 1%

Source: CEA, GoI

Wind 70%

Source: Small hydro MNRE, GoI Biomass pow er / cogeneration Waste-to-Energy Wind

7000 INstalled capacity (MW)

6000

Solar

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

20 06

20 05

03 20 04

20

20 02

20 01

99 20 00

98

19

19

19 97

19 96

6 Jun 2008 Source: TERI Compilation

19 95

19 94

19 93

19 92

19 91

0 19 90

Solar 0%

Small hydro 19%

Gas 10% Trend in RE Capacity over years

8000

Waste-toEnergy 0%

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Year

Global

Share in RE

Renewable Power Capacities, Developing World, EU, and Top Six Countries, 2006

Only 5% of world share

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Policy

Reforms

in India

1970s R&D programs initiated

1980s



Focus on developing RE technologies and products 

Fiscal & financial incentives introduced (subsidy, tax incentives, etc)



Demonstratio n projects

1990s



Increased role of Public Sector Undertakings 

More emphasis on fiscal incentives 

2000 Onwards EA 2003, NEP 2005, NTP 2006 



Quota/Obligat ion system introduced

Increased Private Sector Participation 



Infrastructure development

Preferential tariffs for RE 

Integrated Energy Policy 2006 

Generation based incentive for Solar PV/ Thermal 

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Product development cycle Research and Development

Demonstration

Commercialization

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R & D: Points to ponder about •

First mover advantage lost? •

IBP developed first vacuum tube collectors in 1986

•

Under the then MNES sponsored project

•

Solar box cooker

•

Lantern

2. R & D outside MNRE program Selective coating developed by NAL 3. Suggestions 1. Identify niche areas 2. Need to have programmatic approach 3. Long term r & D goals 6 Jun 2008

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R & D funding in Europe for SPV

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Solar photovoltaics

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Growth in Solar PV

2500

100 78.39

80

2000

60

1500

40

1000 500

3.84

0

20 0

Cost per watt (2007US$)

3000

19 76 19 79 19 82 19 85 19 88 19 91 19 94 19 97 20 00 20 03 20 06

Annual Production (MW)

Global scenario

Cost per watt (2007 US$)

Annual production (MW)

Source : Compiled by Earth Policy Institute along with Worldwatch Institute

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10

Solar PV technologies Technologi es

Extent of Commerciali zation

Market Share

Stabilized Efficiency

Cost of module

Long term stability (modules warranty)

Remarks

C-Si (mono & multi)

Fully commercialize d

Approx. 90% for last few years

13-18% at commercial Scale

160-180 Rs/ W

20-25 years

Better Power per unit area

Thin Film (a Si)

Not as commercialize d as C-Si

Approx. 10% for last few years

6-9%

130 –150 Rs /W

10 years

Relatively less power per unit area

New Emerging (Organic)

At R&D or Pilot study stage

4-6%

Not Available

Yet to be established

Using relatively cost effective material.

6 Jun 2008

Crystalline silicon technology is recommended IIT Delhi Training course

SPV development

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Technology development

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Indian Solar PV market

Subsidized

Non-Subsidized

PV products Solar cells

Solar modules

Individual owners Corporate/ Government

System integrators, exports

Community ownership

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Solar PV Products in Indian market

• Large variety of products designed to

meet various needs. Few examples are given below (Typical capacities are indicated in the bracket)

– – – –

Solar home systems (37 to 74 Wp) Solar pumps (1 to 2 kWp) Solar street lights (36 to 74 Wp) Solar power plants individual households ( 1-5 kWp) – Solar lanterns (2 to 15 Wp) – Solar power plants for villages (1 kWp to 110 6 Jun 2008 IIT Delhi Training course

Category wise use Others of PV Module in India Telecom

12%

7% Power Plant Pump

Exports

3%

66%

3% Street Light 2% Home Light 5% Lantern 2%

335 MW aggregate capacity; 14,00,000 SPV Systems Source : Ministry of New and renewable Energy, GoI, 2007 (as on 31 Mar 2007) 6 Jun 2008

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16

Market drivers and barriers

• Drivers

– Demand for electricity to meet essential requirements like lighting, entertainment, water pumping, communication etc – Subsidy schemes – Low interest loans – Micro-credit schemes

• Barriers – – – – –

High costs Lack of marketing efforts Lack of supply and service network Lack of Customized products Subsidy schemes

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Market characteristics

• Individual users – –

Mostly from rural and semi urban areas Need for electricity is main driver of this market – Major products include- solar home systems, solar lanterns, solar water pumps – Markets for non-subsidized products is increasing in last five years 6 Jun 2008

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Market characteristics

• Corporate / governments –

internet kiosks in rural areas • E-choupal – internet based information service developed for farmers

– Solar systems for niche applications

• Community owned systems – Solar systems such as power plants, pumps to meet the energy demand of remote communities • Mostly subsidy driven market • In recent years low interest loans assisted / replaced 6 Jun 2008

the subsidy mechanism IIT Delhi Training course

Some observations

• Share of home lighting systems in

increasing in recent years • Solar lanterns are also becoming popular due their low costs and portability • Multi-use products such as home lighting systems with connection for fan or transistor/ TV are preferred 6 Jun 2008

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UNEP solar loan program achievement (up to March 2005) Bank Karnataka Canara Syndicate Grameens

200304

200405

Grand total

1,918

1,690

3,608

2,213

2,397

4,610

616

2,380

2,996

217 3 216

217 3 216

6,903

11,650

Kerala Canara Syndicate Grameens Grand Total

•

4,747

Source: Source: ‘UNEP Indian Solar Home Programme Overviewand Performance Report, UNEP, March 2005accesed through http://www.uneptie.org/energy/act/fin/india/docs/IndSolLoanReview.pdf

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Photos- SVAM Electronics Ltd, Pune

Thrust areas for Future

• • • •

MW scale SPV systems Green power generation system Buildings utilizing solar PV systems Make domestic SPV market competitive through market development • Solar ingots manufacturing • Thin film materials / technology development 6 Jun 2008

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Niche markets • Applications – Railways

• Signaling systems,

– Telecom

• SPV Power supply for – rural transmitters, – repeater stations, – cellular network

– Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in schools – Internet kiosks

• Echoupal

– Small applications such as battery chargers, torches, mobile chargers

• India has close to 100million cell phone users

– Advertising hoardings

• Annual market of 100 MW easily possible 6 Jun 2008

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Summery • Solar PV has tremendous market potential provided – –

Customized products are designed Cost barrier is tackled successfully especially for small grid connetced PV power plant – Suitable financing schemes are offered

• Large market potential for smaller affordable systems

– Niche’ markets

• Bringing down capital costs is key to tap the •

market In spite of high costs solar PV markets are increasing and sustainable growth is expected

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Solar thermal systems

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Solar energy collectors 40–60oC UNGLAZED COLLECTORS 60–90oC SOLAR POND

NON-FOCUSSING For low temperature applications

SOLAR COLLECTORS

60–80oC FLAT PLATE (FPC) 50–200oC EVACUATED (ETC) 100–500oC

For high and medium temperature applications

SINGLE AXIS TRACKING

100–150oC COMPOUND PARABOLIC CONCENTRATOR 100–250oC LINEAR FRESNEL TYPE 100–500oC PARABOLOIC TROUGH

FOCUSSING (CONCENTRATING)

300–1000oC 300–2000oC

PARABOLIC DISH REFLECTOR

TWO-AXIS TRACKING

500–2000oC HELIOSTAT FIELD COLLECTOR

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Solar thermal systems

Potential – 140million sq. meter of area Achievement- 2million sq. m area 6 Jun 2008

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Industrial hot water systems •Working since: 1997. •GHG emissions saved: 700 t CO2 per annum

One of the World’s largest industrial solar water heating system

Capacity: 1,20,000 lit /day Application: Boiler feed water pre-heating Installed at: M/s GFCL ltd, Kakinada 6 Jun 2008

Area: 60m × 80m (1309 collectors) IIT Delhi Training course

•Energy savings 22GJ per day •Payback period:5 years

Solar water heating for hotel industry

Hotel Fishermans’ cove, (Taj Group), Chennai

Capacity: 20000 lit /day 6 Jun 2008

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Solar pond

6000m2 Solar pond at Bhuj dairy, Bhuj, Gujarat Designed and installed by TERI

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Solar steam systems

Solar steam cooking system in Leh A view of solar steam cooking system installed at Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh The system has been designed to generate over 4000 kg. of steam/day at 180 0C and 10 kg/cm2 which is sufficient to cook two meals for around 15,000 persons.

6 Jun 2008

IITwww.gadhia-solar.com/ Delhi Training course Source:

India Innovates ARUN160: Fresnel Paraboloid concentrator with cavity receiver with 2axes tracking having 160 m2 aperture area installed under IIT-Bombay -Clique R & D Project sponsored by MNRE for milk pasteurization at Mahanand Dairy, Latur, Maharashtra, INDIA

Source- M/s Clique Technologies, Mumbai 6 Jun 2008

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Solar drying applications • Men-Tsee-Khang, (A • • •

pharmaceutical company) based in Dharamsala Application - Drying of herbs 100Kg/day Moisture need to be reduced to 4% Operation hours – 1000 to 1530 hrs during winter – 0930 to 1600 hrs during summer

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Barriers

• Site constraints – – –

Shadow free area for installation Factory layout System integration with existing system • Awareness and willingness to invest • System designers and manufacturers – Limited technical capacity – Lack of instrumentation and controls 6 Jun 2008

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Solar water heating systems

• Areas for improvements – Controls and integration with existsing systems – Constant temperature supply – Hard water problem

• System integration in multi storey buildings

– Efficient system integration – Reliability of hot water supply

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Future market development

• Need to provide push for large scale

systems • Performance simulation and savings • Cooling systems • Can India be manufacturing hub for solar power plants? • Can we exploit hydropower and silica deposits to have our own silicon ingots? 6 Jun 2008

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Some thoughts

• R & D activites – Solar energy centre • Autonomous centre with independent budget? • Long term R & D plan? • Consortia projects • Infrastructure • Large scale demonstration projects

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Other technologies

• Air heating systems/collectors • Solar cooling – Air conditioning – Refrigeration

• Drying systems

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Suggestions • Programmatic r & D , D and commercialization plans • Encourage industries for R & D • Urgent need to focus on technology and market • • • • • • •

development rather than subsidy programs Special funds and fast track mechanism for demonstration projects Joint R & D programs Solar vehicles competition for engineering students Sponsored projects on designing / sizing solar systems Promote India’s success on world wide scale Long term program and road map to meet national energy needs through RE including solar Training and capacity building of industries

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Thank you for your attention!

Contact details: [email protected] Cell - 09811602069

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