Situationalawareness

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OVERVIEW • SITUATIONAL AWARENESS • ELEMENTS OF SITUATIONAL AWARENESS • HUMAN ERROR & THE ERROR CHAIN • DEGRADATION TO SITUATIONAL AWARENESS • THE DYNAMICS OF SITUATIONAL AWARENESS • WAYS TO MAINTAIN SITUATIONAL

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Situational Awareness • Knowledge of all pertinent aspects of your surroundings as it applies to the safe accomplishment of a task • Elements of Situational Awareness – Weather, Aircraft Condition and

Seeing the big picture Haz08

MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

Situational Awareness • Theory of the Situation - A set of beliefs about what is happening and what action the individual should take – Based on the interpretation of available information – It is the human’s perception of reality

• Reality of the Situation - Actual reality, without human perceptions • Theory of Practice - A person’s concepts

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Element of Situational Awareness EXPERIENCE AND TRAINING HEALTH AND ATTITUDE

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

COCKPIT MANAGEMENT SKILLS Haz08

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PHYSICAL FLYING SKILLS SPATIAL ORIENTATION

Having Situational Awareness • True situational awareness is an individual’s accurate perception of reality Indicators of HIGH SA – Precision in…………..

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Losing Situational If a discrepancy exists between the Awareness

individual’s “Theory of the Situation” and the “Reality of the Situation”, a loss of situational awareness occurs and an error chain could begin Indicators Of LOST SA Haz08

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Radio/Comm Degradation..Ambiguity… Violating Minimums Fixation/Preoccupation..Unresolved Discrepancy… Confusion…Departure from SOPs…No one flying the aircraft Use of undocumented procedure…No one looking outside… MHS Kerteh Trg Dept Failure to meet target.

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RISK FACTORS Everything that we do is entail RISK, it is how we manage the risk in which, is the key to our

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Evaluating Risk in the Flight Environment • The Plane- Type, Equipment, Etc. • The Pilot- COM, AIC - I’M SAFE Model – Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, Experience

• The Environment- IFR,VFR, Mountains, • The Situation- Day, Night, AC Haz08

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High Risk Situations • • • • • • • Haz08

Taking Off with Known Problem Midair Collision- High Density Area Inadequate Terrain Separation- CFIT Unstabilized Approach Deviation From SOP Weather COMPLACENCY MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

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The Error Chain FOUR out of FIVE Pilot Errors that caused an ACCIDENT occur before the flight left the ground…………NASA 1. Failure to meet targets

2. Use of undocumented procedures 3. Departure from SOPs 4. Violating minimums or limitations

AIRPORT

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5. No one flying airplane 6. No one looking out the window 7. Communications breakdown

9. Ambiguity 10. Unresolved discrepancies 11. “BAD FEELING” Tend to occur sequentially May or may not be related to each other May not be readily apparent to the MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

ACCIDENT

Clues to Loss of Situational Awareness • Low Stress Level – Lack of alertness – Loss of recognition of warning signals – Reduced ability to quickly & correctly • High Stress Level – Low levels of situational awareness – Information overload • Ambiguity – Information can be interpreted in more than one way Haz08

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Clues to Loss of Situational Awareness

• Fixation or Preoccupation – Ability to detect other important information lost • Departures from SOPS/Regulations – Violating minimums – Using improper procedures • Failure to Meet Planned Targets – When planned targets are not met such as airspeeds, checkpoints, times, etc – Must question why

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Maintaining Situational Experience Awareness

– Creates a mental file – Experience file helps establish how one interprets & responds to conditions • Training – Adds to pilots experience file – Can experience situations in training that occur rarely • Spatial Orientation – Position awareness

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Maintaining Situational Ability to Process Information Awareness

– use of information from sense inputs, instruments, and other sources to form an accurate picture of what is happening • Cockpit Management Skills – contribute to the ability to manage the total flight environment • Personal Attitude – professionalism – To be safe, one must think safe

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CFIT Haz08

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What is CFIT?  

Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) occurs when an airworthy aircraft under the control of a qualified pilot is inadvertently flown into terrain, water, or an obstacle with inadequate awareness on the part of the pilot Haz08

MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

The following actual incident and accident summaries illustrate some typical CFIT accident scenarios:  

At night in IMC, the pilot misread the NAV-DME due to fatigue. Read DME on wrong NAV radio, descended too early on back course LOC approach and penetrated prohibited airspace, after flying 7 hours and having been on duty for 10 hours. A low- altitude alert issued by the Approach Controller prevented an accident.   The pilot likely lost situational awareness and inadvertently flew the aircraft into the ice surface while in controlled flight because of the combined effects of the lack of external visual references and weak instrument flying skills.   The pilot continued flight in adverse weather conditions and probably did not have the necessary visual references to avoid hitting the steep slope of the mountain. Likely contributing to this accident was the pilot's over-reliance on GPS while attempting to maintain visual meteorological conditions ( VMC).   During the overshoot from the approach to the airport, the pilot probably lost situational awareness as a result of spatial disorientation, unintentionally flying the aircraft into the ground.   The pilot encountered weather conditions that were worse than forecast, and, in an attempt to maintain or regain visual contact with the ground in an area of Haz08 low cloud and dense ground fog, descended MHS Kerteh Trg Dept and the aircraft struck the

2% 1% 24

39 34

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4%

13 70

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• However…………………… by using HFACS (Human Factor analysis & Classification System) on CFIT – More fatal than non-fatal accidents were associated with violations – Decision errors were more often associated with non-fatal CFIT accidents – When weather was a factor, more CFIT accidents were associated with violations and decision errors.

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Confluence of Factors in a CFIT Accident (Bradley, 1995) Approach controller failed to update altimeter setting

Weather conditions Non-precision approach ≥ 250 foot Rapid change in terrain clearance barometric Strong pressure crosswind Tower Autopilot would window not hold broke Are most pilots Tower closed PF selected aware of this? Heading Altimeter update Select not available Airline’s use of QFE altimetry

Additional workload

PF used Altitude Hold to capture MDA PM used non-standard callouts to alert PF

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Increased vulnerability ? to error Crew error (70 feet) in altimeter setting

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Training & Standardization issues?

170 foot error in altimeter reading Aircraft struck trees MHS 310 Kerteh Dept MDA feetTrg below

Altitude Hold may allow altitude sag 130 feet in turbulence

Forget to Act (LOST SA) in Six Prototypical Situations § Interruptions • e.g., Controller interrupted before turning aircraft onto final

§ Non-habitual tasks that must be deferred • e.g., “Report passing through 10,000 feet”

§ Attention switching among multiple concurrent tasks • e.g., First officer re-programming the FMC for approach

§ Habitual tasks with normal trigger cues removed • e.g., “Go to tower at final approach fix”

§ Habitual tasks performed out of the normal sequence • e.g., Lowering Ldg Gears delayed because of time factor

§ Habit capture (a typical action must be substituted for habitual action) • e.g., Modified standard instrument departure. Haz08

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CFIT Countermeasures  

Countermeasures for CFIT prevention can be grouped in two main categories: aircraft equipment and training/education Findings from accident investigations have indicated that many CFIT accidents could have been avoided if some type of terrain warning system or an improved navigation system had been installed on the aircraft and/or if pilots were better informed of CFIT related hazards and how to avoid them

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Equipment Advances in technology have resulted in cockpit equipment that can significantly improve a pilot's situation awareness. Some of this technology is now cost effective for general aviation applications. - Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS) have been mandatory equipment on large transport aircraft for years and been instrumental in preventing some CFIT accidents. Terrain Awareness and Warning Systems (TAWS) have been developed with increased capabilities to replace GPWS. In addition, less capable but cost effective TAWS have been developed for the smaller aircraft market. These systems compare the aircraft's present position, as determined from the aircraft's navigation system, with an onboard terrain database. If there is a potential threat of collision with terrain, TAWS provides an aural and/or visual warning to the pilot, enabling corrective action to be taken even in instrument flight or night conditions. - Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are now used extensively throughout commercial and general aviation operations. Used correctly, these systems can provide increased navigation capability and accuracy, instrument approaches in locations where no ground-based approach aids are available and better situational awareness. All of these potential benefits can help to reduce the CFIT accident rate, particularly in circumstances involving flight in instrument conditions or visual flight in reduced or marginal visibility, both situations are potential factors in CFIT accidents. Haz08

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Training

  Specific training and education in the area of CFIT awareness/avoidance is perhaps more important than equipment improvements. In some countries CFIT avoidance training is mandatory for most commercial and business operations. Although the emphasis for this training has been on these types of operations, the statistics indicate that general aviation accidents account for the highest percentage of the overall CFIT accidents. Therefore, general aviation pilots should familiarize themselves with the flight circumstances typically associated with CFIT accidents and the countermeasures

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MHS Kerteh Training Dept

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REVIEW • SITUATIONAL AWARENESS • ELEMENTS OF SITUATIONAL AWARENESS • SITUATIONAL AWARENESS AND SAFETY • HUMAN ERROR & THE ERROR CHAIN • DEGRADATION TO SITUATIONAL AWARENESS • WAYS TO MAINTAIN SITUATIONAL

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MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

Tools to Reestablish Equilibrium (when SA is lost). -

Get away from dirt, rocks, trees, and metal (climb / breakaway) Stabilize the aircraft: --Roll out, Stabilize heading, airspeed, and altitude. Buy time: -- Climb to safe altitude, put on autopilot. -- Delay the maneuver (refuel, formation, etc.) --Enter holding Seek information (re-erect your gyros)

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MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

Thank you! Congratulations, here is what you’ve just accomplished;

CRM Skill – Situational Awareness To know more about new exciting subject , refer to the training programme given out to you.

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