Human Performance

HUMAN FACTORS

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OVERVIEW o o o o

Human Sensory System Spatial Orientation/Disorientation Illusion Coping with Spatial Disorientation

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HUMAN PERFORMANCE Sensory Systems for Orientation

Orientation is the awareness of the position of the aircraft and of oneself in relation to a specific reference point.

Disorientation is the lack of orientation, and spatial disorientation specifically refers to the lack of orientation with regard to position in space and to other objects.

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visual, vestibular, and postural. o The eyes maintain visual orientation. The motion sensing system in the inner ear maintains vestibular orientation. The nerves in the skin, joints, and muscles of the body maintain postural orientation

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THE EYES MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

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There are two types photoreceptors in the human retina. MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

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Cones

Cones are small nerve endings that, when you look at something, figure out how much red, green, and blue is in each part of what you are looking at. Why red, green, and blue? Because with those three colors, you can mix them in different ways to get any other color! Now the cones know the color of what you are looking at.

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Rods

Rods are much like cones, but they have a different shape and instead of detecting color, they detect light and dark. They tell how much gray is in a picture. If you didn't have cones, you would see in black and white! When you "see" at night, since there is no color, you are seeing only shades of black and white. Without rods, when the light goes out you would be blinded! MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

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CONES & RODS o During the day, the eye uses receptors called cones, o At night, vision is facilitated by the use of rods. o o

Both of these provide a level of vision optimized for the lighting conditions that they were intended. That is, cones are ineffective at night and rods are ineffective during the day.

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OPTICAL ILLUSION

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OPTICAL ILLUSION

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VISUAL FALSE HORIZON / OPTICAL ILLUSION

Muller-Lyer

Ponzo Herring

Poggendorf MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

Orbison Zollner

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What do you see? FALSE HORIZON & OPTICAL ILLUSION

n

Where is the ball?

B

Which line is longer? A MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

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C

What Do You See?

AUTOKENESIS MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

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A Brain MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

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Human Brain The human brain process information in chunks. When new information is received, there will be consideration whether to use immediately or to send to the back. This may result in confusion & miscalculation, leading to errors .  1020

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Memory

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Brain’s memory comprises of; Short term memory

Long term memory

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Short-term memory, sometimes referred to as "primary," "working," or "active" memory, is said to hold a small amount of information for about 20 seconds Estimates of short-term memory capacity vary – from about 3 or 4 elements (i.e., words, digits, or letters) to about 9 elements: a commonly cited capacity is 7±2 elements. Short-term memory can be described as the capacity (or capacities) for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state. The information held in short-term memory may be: - recently processed sensory input; - items recently retrieved from long-term memory; or - the result of recent mental processing, although that ishaz08 more generally related to MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

Long-term memory (LTM) is memory, stored as meaning, that can last as little as a few days or as long as decades. LTM is typically divided up into two major headings: declarative memory and implicit memory (or procedural memory).[4] Declarative memory refers to all memories that are consciously available. Declarative memory also has two major subdivisions: - Episodic memory refers to memory for specific events in time - Semantic memory refers to knowledge about the external world, such as the function of a pencil. Procedural memory refers to the use of objects or movements of the body, such as how exactly to use a pencil or ride a bicycle. MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

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Long term memory

Declarative Semantic MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

Procedural Episodic haz08

ZQECTBUMONRV LBFQRPMAUX AVCYISEH KXCEJO TZLD UM

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How did you do? Compare your results with the table on the next page. How many letters from each trial did you remember? Is there a "pattern" to the letters that you remembered? For example, did you remember the first few letters better than the middle letters? Did you remember the last letters? Graph your results for each set of numbers. One way to do this is to graph the number of letters you remembered as a percentage. For example, if you remembered 2 of the 4 letters presented in the second trial, then you have remembered 50% of the letters.

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UM TZLD KXCEJO AVCYISEH LBFQRPMAUX ZQECTBUMONRV MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

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Cambridge University Research Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh?

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Human Brain ALZHEIMERS' EYE TEST Count every " F " in the following text:

FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE SULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTI FIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS...

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Human Brain WRONG, THERE ARE 6 -- no joke. READ IT AGAIN ! Really, go Back and Try to find the 6 F's

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Count every " F " in the following text: FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE SULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTI FIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS...

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.

The reasoning behind is……… ….. The brain cannot process "OF".

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Left – Right Conflict

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Left – Right Conflict Look at the chart and say the COLOUR, not the word.

RED GREEN BLUE YELLOW YELLOW BLUE ORANGE BLACK RED GREEN PURPLE YELLOW RED ORANGE GREEN BLACK BLUE RED PURPLE GREEN BLUE ORANGE Left - Right Conflict Your right brain tries to say the color but your left brain insists on reading the word

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What Do You See?

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Information Processing Flow Long Term Memory

Filters

Sense Organs

Stimuli

Central Processing Unit Central Processing Unit

Feedback

Short Term Memory

Feedback

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Output Control

Action or Response

Long term memory

My Brain

Central decision maker

Perception Sensor y input

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Attention mechanism

Short Term memory Motor programme

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Action

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TAKE A BREAK

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BALANCE MECHANIS MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

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BALANCE MECHANISM

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BALANCE MECHANISM

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WATCH THIS!

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THE EFFECTS MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

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HUMAN PERFORMANCE

- Another factors in Human Physiology; - Effect of Altitude (breathing) - Medication

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CONCLUSIONS Information processing capability of man has severe limitations Short and long term memory involved   Motivation and stress may also influence effectiveness of the system Many human errors find their origin in this area of information processing MHS Kerteh Trg Dept

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CONCLUSIONS o A safe pilot needs to understand these sensations and effectively counteract them. o Flying in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) can result in sensations that are misleading to the body’s sensory system. o Instrument flying requires a pilot to

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Thank you! Congratulations, here is what you’ve just accomplished;

Human Performance in Aviation To know more about new exciting subject , refer to the training programme given out to you.

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