Russia And Poland The Sun 30april 1893

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and Intmitlnf ontrtb Uon to Columbian literature w ar Indtbtai to Mr N POSCK VI LEoN who under the naofthd Cbfumtm Oaltcrv has published a traJto the namflso so exhaustive portrAIts on the ot the dlicoror Jonolrb quarto volume of ome doe ft hundred end seventy pages Included neatly ono hundred cuts reproducing not only pot traits but monuments statues niedaU acc painting which purport to reprtsentth It monte ot the great navigator These workot 41P0F11

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the evidence of their authenticity By seem to this book one ran determine ata lance the respective claims of the vntlon e portraits ofCoumtiuLweto not sky to atttitla excellence but to conlttutol a trustworthy transcript of his felturol group tho author places ths Did i In Ort tares or engravings the originals of which at different periWre porhaps taken from The first memberod of the Admirals of this group Is the lost original of the engrav- ¬ ing riubllshod In the Illustrated edition of the work of PitilusTovlus This was taken from a picture In the Jovian Gallery which there 104U A copy ol the same picture mad year Ufilzl GallorrIfriH Is in the the In Florence Of this Jnrlan picture there are four pretended originals namely the portrallthe Do Orchl the picture atCorao known at the National Library Madrid known as the YaHer portrait the Cogoletto portrait tho Cticcnro portrait from which andfinally taken tho Cancelllorl medallion Tho second member of this relatively authentic croup is thu original of tho enlrnvlnl publish picture at ¬ edby Capriolo tho third U tributed to Antonio del Blncon the fourth II the Juan de la Cosa portrait the fltth Is the lotto portrait and tho sixth Is tho miniature la the Cluny Museum at larl from which perhaps the Sir Anthony Moro portrait was With those approximations to first material are properly classed tho plo- ¬ ts based on them with more or less fidelity

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everit wa that above Admiral wa a man of copdapptaranc the medium height with long late and some- ¬

what prominent cheek bones and ofaverng weight he had an aquiline a complexion and wa vorr youth his hair was faIr but at TO years Other ot ago It had alt turned while accounts of the appearance of Columbus do all not deserve attention lecause a lonl tlraealter his death JUt It I any alleged portrait not obvious alrIOI m with tho four descriptions above be rejected as apotryphal And worthless

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his son orw-h Colnmtra rieV Ferdinandwrote The the Hliloirt csys

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t the four pictures which purp 10 the originals of the Jovian cut CogeUtto from Genoa small village fifteen 1jrhlch claIm to bo the birthplace of Colum- ¬ to bo that In which bus In a hool is a small por- ¬ tho discoverer WIS thee trait of Columbus luatrllo be of groat nnonly a copy of tlqulty but irlilch I the Jovlus There Is however anothor pic- ¬ ture In tho Council Hall of the village which IIs deeply Interesting According to Isnadl its In Ills work Sulle Patria de Colombo nnd history can be traed for over PoP some have gone so far as to pretend that It IIs tho original and now lost portrait of the Jovian gallery A glance at the reproduction of It In the book before us suffices U bring out all tho portraits em a Its striking oven has tbo noting fromlkoollo trpo same Inscription There Is a third noteworthy picture nt Cuocaro In the house of Fldelo Gugllolmo Colombo which has long been preserved by the branch of the Colombo family residing In this place Tho Colombo family avor that their picture U the original Jovian portrait It was accepted as genuine by Nnplono and Cnncelllerl but the majority of exports regardI It as only a poor copy A fourth picture known as tho do Orchl receives extended notice at our authors hands both on account of Its Intrinsic artistic merit nnd because the owner pretends that It Is the original Jovian portrait It seems that when was divided between tho tho Jovian two branches of the owners family one took tho pictures ot men Illustrious In arms the other that of men Illustrious In letters Tho first branch Is now represented by thp Mar- ¬ quis Glorslo Bolmondl the de Orchl family and Mr Vlotro Novell Dr Alossnndro de Orchl Is tho present owner of a remarkable picture of Columbus which Is not signed Some attribute it to Bartolomeo Buanl others to was painted Sebastian del Plombo been taken from br Plombo It could not life as this artist was born In 1485 and was therefore but 21 years of age at tho date of ho death of Columbus in 1 OJ Moreover lie never bit 1111 until 1510 Bartolomeozenith of his fame at tho Suardl reached end of the fifteenth century and died In 1530 although we jut have very full accounts of its life there Is no record of hllllnvlni over Loon admits been In Spain Mr Ponce that this picture may bo from tho brush of ono ot these painters or from that ot some who may have other distinguished copied it from an Spanish painting Its likeness however to the Jovian cut and to the copy of the Jovian original In the UfTlrl gallon Is very striking Whatever view mayo taken of the circumstances under which this picture was painted the best judges ascribe it to a master hand and the well known Americanist Mr Clement Markham tno only authentic portrait of oonldelt Columbus existence

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Let us examine somewhat carefully the embers of this group for here If anywhere 4 can we hope to get nn accurate Idea of how 1 Columbus looked Paulus Jovlus Archbishop Mocera was born In 148 and died In 1 4 In his villa near Lake Como ho made a large l collection of portraits of famous persons Abe was an enthusiastic believer In Columbus IUlnotoredlblo that he would bo satisfied with t an Imaginary copy of the features ofthodlset ovoror nor on tho other band Is It likely that ho could havo ordered the portrait from IUe teoauso he was only 23 years old at the time of the navigators death Wo oro justi- ¬ fied In Inferring that ho used the ample moans atbi comfrmnd to acquire some trustworthy il picture of the Admiral takon from Ufa either W r r by some Spanish painter or by ODO of the many who visited Spain durlol tho Italian W death t latter Irlsll the last century On Jovlus a large part ot his gallery was distributed and it Is not known what became of picture which was tbo original of I 11 engraving IIb18hei in tho edition of work8 Admltlnl see tho original has dl npPlarod j ci bow Mr Ponco da Lon describes tho I out taken from unquestionably Columbus over published the first portrait is on wood nod somewhat The IIs a rough but full of vigor und vitality oopytAken from the third edition the Eloplapt Jovlus which appeared In 1575 It represents Columbus at ovor fifty years of With abundant aud curly hair but h beard or moustache It Is a halt length show ¬ ing the hands The dress looks at first sight Wa the engraving published by Capriolo like that ot a monk but our author made from a portrait of the Admiral taken to be a kind ot cloak worn In beleY1 from life This engraving first appeared In mediaeval times but still In use by the sailors the work of Canto Capltanl Illustrl printed at ojUho Bay of moa Tho mostjmportant Homo in 1500 Considered from an artistic lJha Jolan portrait of Columbu Tiowpolntthls eOlradol is much superior to d which is taken the cut just mentioned our author has no doubt the Jovian cut undoubtedly that In the UfDzt Gallery In that is the latter It was copied from the Florence has been thorn since before this Jovian gallery Many variaWhoever painter may have been was lons nevertheless were Introduced In It due not a faithful copyist Ho was careful Indeed part to the whim of Canrlolo who liked to not to Columbus a beard or moustache f all his heroes as goodlooking and but he deliberately tried to soften the to that end purposely softened vigorous lineafeatures of the discoverer and to mike The Capriolo engraving presents ament l expression milder representing the face buatwIth3giank hair carafullrcombod at J Stiller as and the lineaments asIess the sides tfnfl covering tho ears The tabard prominent In so doing he took away 1 1 changed to Roman toga crossed over the tho energy and vigor and file expresshoulders and In the corner ore seen the arms of sion decision which render the or Columbus Carderera considered It one of engraving in thl book of Jovlus so striking he most valuable portraits of Columbus nnd Htlll ns we are able to trace this portrait to was of opinion that this cut nnd that of Jovlus 1507 end probably to 1552 Mr Ponce de were tho most fitting to ho used In oroctlng Loon would pronounce It tho oldest reasonably any Icpnographlo monument to Columbus authenticated picture of the great Genoese The wellknown portrait the Naval Museum This picture has been repeatedly copied in at Madrid Is simply a uplaudld and very recent out and by all kinds ot Among reproductIon 1001 of the Cnprlnlo engraving Ircessel by Jefferson them the copy formerly olold other historical typos above combined with and UOWI the library of tho Massachusetts described It iIs positively known that this Historical Society Is well known Our author pIcture was painted by order or tOe Spanish onsldors the oUlrvlol In the Jovlus book Government In 183U by French artist named n portrait as the originals of Chance Letrand the abo4itAll the pictures of any Importance We como now to tbo picture attribute to Artists Imro Introduced sundry variations In Antonio dot Blncon and to the socalled Juan them some from want of skill some delib- do la Cosa portrait The Blncon plcturo would erately to mako people bellnve they were be of supreme biographical Importance II Its 14 originals or copies front unknown originals authenticity could bo established It tallies In the greater part of them howovorIIs easy exactly with the description of tho Admiral to dotct that they all and looks tho Jovian Oi Itlaun typo that of tile Jovian very od and has cut han rupro We have mentioned that attempts have been ueed repeatedly From limo immemorial It made to Identify the Jovian original now lost has been In the private library of tha Kings of V s with lour portraits which are extant One of ipalu and thoro Is a legend that it was painted v these Iho Vurtcz portrait IU acknowledged to hjy Antonio del Blncon on the return of Colum l e of high impoitauce all IIt accordingly bus from his second voyage There ihi not 3f subjected to nilnuto examination at thu hands however clntllla of evidence ns to It 4 ot Mr Poneo tie leon In the year 1701 the liontlclty Thl utmost that can bo aldlsSpanish Gnvcrnment bought from Mr VnHcr- 1hat copies of J wero taken before WOO and 1 T a resident of llranada set of four beautiful that Its general characteristic confirm tuethbugh somewhat dilapidated portraits rep belief that It Is the of Hlncon or of one of sc rOntbng Columbus Corlosyuevedo anti lnpof- lila disciples There orl doubt that Blncon To judgu from appearances nil wore cj c1 Vega resided thin Spanish court from HlOupto by the seine hand hut this precludes IStXl and this portrait has In ili death uiik 4 lalotO tlialtha Columbus portrait could hev- spirited air that Iil looks as though It Itvere y oJen taken from life as Cor let wns almost a taken from life Then Is however no record LoyWlion Culumbun died and uelodo of Columbus sitting lo Blncou or nf lie exist j Lope j wrru bunt almost half century afternnl unco ol any portialt II uny Spanish master fT death The minima vhait ot Juan Oolu Iosa the Canlerora considered It In old copy of th thoJovlan phil unit us thl oldest portrait illot of Columbus was drawn according to nn I if Columbus xUtlnu In Spnlu lie 1f1It InscriptIon In the tsar lIVxx On one o its was pnlntid In Italy In the sixteenth century sides thor Is miniature rcpreentlnHt w by some ittist of tile Florentine scliojl Is Christopher conveying the infant Joins on lilt Kl noteworthy that Iirdtirera and other back Irum ono continent to thu other The art drawing Is rude and thin features ol the saint Jt observing 01 this picture tile clumsy 1 Biarks of mve not the slightest resemblance to thoee ol modern restorer decided to re Itc move those and thu operation was success as described by his contemporaries Kcfully puiformvd no direct evidence to show that Juan Indor the old picture Clumbu j new on j full of Illo and do IIn Coca Intended tc present an accurate omerKo jvigdr which Inn Columbus In this chart though houl tho chnraelerl- lortraltof of CcliiinbiH ar have wished to give an allegorical reprei sto In1 bears an exlru ordinary niHniLacu lo tint Joilau Irpe The entation nf his chiefs performance 15 hair IU aliurlnrtlun inlhu imrtraltlnFlorence io < otl portrait wlilcb IU reproduced by lr I Mbut U liiillir to Ilm cut In tho JoUn took lonc4 de Leon looks more like u grotesque ilojoon ilemim this Vnflez portrait Spanish Japanese caricature than a picture I of rlonrf now ftanOs peiliuim thu only one In- he your lOU fj wbloh am fnltlifully cxliitllej nil the ehiiirnc IV teristlee pt Columbus ai described by those k who personality knew him this seems there We come Lotto portrait which foallotlto painted for a Vene k tore u lilting pUc eJn which lo transcribe the Is supposed hav descrlptloniioflhtfAdmlralloltbyltiterMartrr tbo Instance of the Secretary Senator tan LOvIedo Las CapaiAuilKerdlnand Columbus or Venetian Ambassador to Spain who la J ll wai compiled the Historic pub 1501 is said to have been In Intimate comboOr tilt fished tinder It will be observed munication with Columbus Granada This that only ono olbe four asserts that Coluin is undoubtedly a beautiful picture In It the y busworq in beard ut anr period qf hits lead of Columbus Is uncovered the hair Is Veter iliirtrr iaVa the Admiral was a white and falls almost to the shoulder It Is tall fnturf ruddy color well built and ct parted In the middle and the face Is clean 1 good Ovledo speaks him as a haven ns Is the case with the portraits elrncu Man any claim Atall rather thin the discoverer which llt lot flands Of medium size ot vigorous build with brll Uhentlclty The Admiral Iis clothed iu a low llant ryes anti well proportioned us to Ihe rest necked white shirt without collar with a red I of bin fare eryred hair and with taco some- ¬ or scarlet coat which Is almost concealed by1 when he an ample mantle with fur lapels somewhiatlik what ruddy and freckled gracious wanted to bo so lull of Ire when his pas exhibited In the Yanez portrait before ious were loused Las Casas describes hint Ibol the additions made by an Inexpert restorer AH to his exterior person as1 follow and were removed In tho right hand he holds corporal proportions ho wu tall rather than hart copied from by De anti In pf sjzo the face long und command upon a which left an hour v1 Inglundluni lod aquiline note light eyes complexion lair The map Itself IIs eon labeled rlltolo 4 Ivndlngloadftspred The beard end hair when was not taken Ihl picture Ii waa a young man were fair but very soon from life as It was first published In 1508 two turned white on account of his manr tolls after tho death of Columbus or six or finally In his person and venerable peoth- seven years subsequent to or 1602 appearance th of ons of pOll when the portrait Is alleged 101have been i4rlstts4 fea and anthorltr and worthy of mad To attempt of Mr J

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early days roland looked with wllfodnded- land It ha never btD thoroughly Polori lion of his dominion i he still however aut1lUeUJ of thIs distrust I however the mace ot the popula on Germany Bbs was at first moreknowltdod the suteralnty of 1olnc althIthlt or less a dependency t the German empire- ton even to the present day speaklnf shall nod this suier lnty the map were alrll neighbor wa by And races 1347 HaloBusslan language potter Duohy

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the Is frustrated tact detected br Mr IhrrUse that the artist lies copied oven the errors of topgltud found In the Deliarsch map In letter to TnsBuHJlr Harris set forth many other reasons for bellovlng Lotto picture vlwod at n portrait¬ of Chrlitooher Columbus to be a sheer Ital lib doe not deem It howIanfabrication any wors than ninny other nponrypho ever daubs which are now being collected In It Mr and Spain br overzealous patriots who do not scorn to bo aware that they are alrrlos to make of history A delusion and a farce As to the SIr AolhonY1loora portrait now the property of thll In the opinion of many experts lis undoubtedly from the hAnd of Moro but It could not have been taken from lire ana It Is even questionable whether the artist Intended to represent Co name in the corner may have Jumbus Th been nddod by any one at anr time This fo called portrait depicts Colnmbui with a moustache and goatee and with his hair clipped According to the eminent Spanish painter and critic Cardererl moustaches goatees woro never worn In the tlmo ot Columbus and the hair far from being cutsbort was worn long nod cut horizontally often ooverloc tho As for the other portraits bf Columbus clan sided In distinct groups br Mr Ponce do Leon nonlot them has a claim to trustworthiness comparable with that of any of the potUr above described EmphaUcalljf this true ot those which represent Columbus with a beard 1

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Poland The editors of the Story of the Nations Series have done well to confide tho volume which deals with loland to Mr W R Slonnu well known an tho most accomplished Slavonic scholar In England In tho NOv of tomidI Putnam Mr Morflll conducts us from the first landmark In 1ollsh hlsforV across nlno hunt to the second Tollsb Insurrection dred In 18OO It Is an extremely complcale subject which ha has cuss not only because ethnologlcally word Poland moans very dlffercritthlngsatdlfforont epochs but because from an International viewpoint tho faco of the country Is sometimes turned westward toward Oermnnr sometimes northward toward Sweden and sometimes Uiorotorna dim eastward toward of Polish history cult task to oullool Wc Europe and Amor clear to renders lea but we do not hesitate to saythat Mr Mor peAn fill has accomplished It atoolV vague rusal of thu book will 10len sympathy felt in this country for the Poles for tho truth IU that most of Die socalled Polish territory now Included conquered by the In the Czars dominions Polish kings and Is tenanted by people who nearly speak dlaluota much more akin to the Russian than to tho Polish tongue When tho Czars occupied Livonia Lithuania Little and lied RusMa they did but recover lu8eln own and In 101111 those territories tho Iolos only mot with their deserts

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I It Is scarcely practicable to furnish an outline of a book which IIs Itself nn outline but on effort In that direction can bo made by markIng the principal events In Polih history Wo compress in a should first however try

paragraph certain physlogrnphlcal and ethnological dnta The country whoso story Mr Morflll would recount is a vast plain mOlt of which Is comprised in tho great central de- ¬ pression of Europe It had hardly any natural tho exception of the Baltic on frontur With and tho Carpathians In the south front the Blaok lIce It was excluded by the Tatars and the Turks Its great arterial rIver was the Vistula whose basin formed the The greatest length centre of the kingdom of the countrr from north to south was 713 English miles and from oat to west 003 miles 1ttnbrecdn area ot bout 28200-

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ported a population of 24000000 There IIs arable and pasture land but theremuch are IIIO barren tracts consisting of aloi and swamp especially in tho eastern tho country Wheat barley rye andlaru other cereproduced to In addition the vast als are salt mines near Cracow there are some small iron copper and lead deposits Tho 10lula4 ton of tho former kingdom of brarod members of three races to wit tho Aryan HeroFinnish and the Somlc InTo the Aryan race belong the lolel who eluding the Kishubes more than ilno and a halt millions Tho Poles as their unguago shows pertain to the western ranch of the Blavonlo race that Is to say aro brothers of the Czechs Aryan also are the MIlo or lIed Russians tho White Itnsslans and he Lithuanians Lettsand Samogltlins nil of whom belong to tho eastern branch ot the Slavonic Inmllv Among Aryans too should of course bo classified the Germans who ar rived In Iolnnl as oaily as tho thirteenth Century for the most part the burgher classcooliluto and who now num tier about two millions Neither should we tho Aryan constituents of the ovrlookamoni population the Armenians who like ho Germans arrived in tho thirteenth ceo tory and whose descendants are stilt to be found in great numbers In GaUche The only leroFlnnlsli Inhabitants of Poland are the sthonlans brother of the Finns who aro encountered In tho llaltlo provinces As to tile Soraitlo factor the earliest Jewish Imml rants reachoIIolnnd from the countries of the lower Danube and from the kingdom of the Kliamr who had accepted the Hebrew alth At tile end of the eleventh century nnther stieam of Jewish immigrants canto It U computed that the rorn Uermany resent Qnmbtt of Jews In the country which nco formed Poland IIs about two million Iwo hundred thousand They have neverbeen assimilated and they use German Instead of

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Now lot us Indlcato tho epochmaking events In Polish history The ahnals of the country

uay be said to begin about

A Ii IXO when Ikuzko tho PolIshPrince became a feudatory of tho herman Fiophroanil received the ntln form ot Clirlstldnltf fjfrqm Bohemian i

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became a kingdom until In the iuhiile the fourteenth century wo encounter the rolgnotCuilmlr the when Gall cia Lemherg and Yolhynla were annexed to otand In KimJTuJwl3i heiress of the Polish ominiont married Jnultdloof Lithuania who was of Poland In IK1 Albert of rrownlIIlui was Invested with the title 01 Mike of Prussia its a fiudntory Ihe Polish soy rvlgn In ir illllvoutn was united to therepub lie nnd eight years litter at the Diet of Lublinlio definite union or Poland and Lithuania Ws effected In 1051 occurred the first oxer Clle of the LlberumVeto which was to prove an ruinous the State Four years later broke out tho war with Sweden In tho course of which the Swedish King took Warsaw and meow TWO years afterward the elector of Irandenburg was reloasod from tbe feudal obligations which iu Duke of Prussia ha owed to Poland To the latter year of the same century belongs the reign of John Ho ileskl famous for bis rescue of Vienna but whose conduct In peace was by no means comparable with war In 1720 the hlllro1111 union ot the tool place and Latin churches and about duty roars later the first partition ol Poland was accomplished The dates 1703 and 1705 mark ho second and third partitions sitter which the only notable Incidents are crea lon ol the Duchy of Warsaw the of the kingdom of Poland and the two Polish Incur octlons in 1830 and 1800 During the years of their national history the more than oar ml took the quarter from which danger to be feared Their deadly enemies were not tho Swedes on the north or th Turks on the south as they sometimes Imagined but the Germans W land thBttMtai on ta

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the urban population and secondly by thl foolish Introduction of tho Teutonlo knightsout of whose territory originally small the great dyehy of Prussia was eventually formed between Russia and Poland dud until the reign of Ivan IV In the sixteenth century Stephen Batory as It an- ¬ ticipating the relations In which the two coun- ¬ tries would stand to one another was unremitting In his efforts to dIsmember Russia For a time thoro Was some prospectof success but tho tide soon turning the Poles lost Kiev and some of their eastern provinces There was always an Indistinct border line between tho two countries Inasmuch as Poland had ac- ¬ quired by oonqutst and marriage n largo popu lation of White Itnsslans and MaloRusslans whoas wo have said spoke languages closely nklnto the Muscovite tonguewera adherents of the GroekChurch and belonged to tho eastern branch ot the Blavonlo family As for Austria she did not encroach upon thoPollsh territory In Independent days of tho republic sho contented herself with getting as many nrcmarried to Polish kings hducleBelll possible of Brandenburg acquired AtorDuchy of Prussia and got released from tho homage he owed for It to the Polish Crown ho becam one ot the moitformldabhOefletales off tho country To Prussia was largely due the successive dismemberments which by tho close oftho eighteenth century lied blotted Poland from tho map of Europe

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expense ot the Palatine ot Whine The re llglous question was debated at a Diet held near Warsaw In 1B73 The principles there laid down were excellent but they were not carried out It was provided that no religious differences were to bo settled by the sword there was to be universal toleration From this statute wo learn that the Polish nobles were supposed to bo masters of the splrltuaat well as the material existence their serfs that Is to say Poland applied to Its nobles the maxim Ctijtn rraio iJmie rrligio which wits to be adopted by tho German princes With the death of Slglsmund Augustus In 1072 the di ¬ rect line of the Jaglollos ceased in Poland thought wo afterward find It continued In the female branch The most remarkable event of this reign was time abolition of homo rule iii Lithuania nnll the close union of the province with Poland This took place at the Diet ot Lublin In 1500 It was arranged that Warsaw should bo the seat of the Diet under tho enlarged republic and It became the capital of time kingdom un- ¬ der Slglemund III Wo pass over the short and Insignificant reign ot Henry the Duke Anjou minI come lo 1570 when the roles who had boon subjected to nn eruption of the Ta ¬ tars chose for their King tho renowned sol tier Stephen Batury Prlncoof Transylvania Stephen was a vigorous ruler such as Poland was not to eon again till the days ot John Sobelskl He effectually chocked the en- ¬ croachments of Ivan the Terrible and the main object of his reign was the dismember ¬ ment of Bussla whoso growing power he viewed with wellfounded misgiving Bus sla was only saved from mutilation which would have walled her out ot Europe by the deaths of the Transylvanian prince and she wits destined to run the same risk In days ot Slglsmund III and tho IV Ladlsllus It was Stephen Batorr who founded the University of Wilno and it was ho who first organized the Cos sacks of whom wo hear so much In Polish and Busslan history Tho Cossacks ot the Dnieper were formed Into six regiments of 1000 mon each Most historians hold that with the death of Batory the decadence of Poland really begins Ho lied shown himself a vigorous ruler not merely In his foreign pol icy but by tho firm hand with which ho di- ¬ rected the Internal affairs ot the kingdom He did what ho could to restrict the Inordinate privileges of the nobility and ho aimed to mako Poland a member ot the European system Hitherto although wo occasionally hear of embassies sent for extraordinary purposes the republic did not maintain permanent Ministers at foreign courts any moro than the Busslan did Even as late as the middle ot the seventeenth century King Ladlsllas IV paid no hood to nn Invitation to take part In the congress which arranged the treaty ot Westphalia Curiously enough Baton al ¬ though there Is reason to believe that he was a Protestant at the time of his election to the throne Introduced tho Jesuits and favored thorn BO much that their schools and colleges spread nil over the country To the Jesuits is due the fact that Catholicism ultimately ob- ¬ tained ascendancy oven In Lithuania It was also due to the Jesuits that In 1505 tho schism of tho socalled Unlates took place the num- ¬ ber of whom at the present time la very small In Bussla their stronghold being in Gallcla The Unlates were orthodox Greek Christians who accepted the chief points ot the Council of Florence admitted the words fllioyue In the creed the doctrine of purgatory and the Papal supremacy but wore allowed to retain some points of discipline belonging to the Eastern Church and the use of this old Slavonic language In tholr rituals

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The remaining years ot Bobteskts ridge were embittered by constant disputes In In Diets several of which were broken off by th exercise of the Itbenim veto When he died la 1000 the glory of Poland may be said to base been extinguished

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That part ot the eighteenth century during

which Poland was ruled by Electors of Sax ony was a period of decline and paved the way for the first dismemberment which took place In 1772 The Idea ot the partition IIi cab to have originated with Frederick the Great whose brother Prince Henry when he sounded Catharine visited St Petersburg II on the subject By the first partition Pros sic obtained the Palatinates ot Marlenburr the Pomorze or district adjoining the seal aol Warmla oxoopt Danzlo and Thorn To her also fell a portion ot Great Poland Austria got fled nnssla of Gallcla with parts of Po dollaand Little Poland while Biissla ssired the Palatinates ot Mscislaw and Wlttsk with some other parts ot Palatinates situated on the Dnieper In 1773 a kind ot Constitution was drawn up for the Polish r public hurt the mischievous tlberum veto was preserved In nil Its fore and In the followlna year the privileges which had recently heei granted to the Dissidents were diminished At n Diet held In Grodnow In 1778 the Poles were compelled to acquiesce In the mutilation ot their country by the three neighboring powers A short period of comparative trims quillity and progress supervened A better system of education was Introduced the con- ¬ burghers dition of the and the peasants was ameliorated the liberum relo was definitely suppressed and the throne declared hereditary For the moment It seemed as II such vigorous measures would Infuse the elixir ota newltfe Into Polandbutltls admitted even by some Polish authors that the country was In a state too deeply demoralized and gangrened to admit of a euro It was In vain that Poland established In May 1701 a now and extremely liberal Constitution largely based upon Eng llsh American models The Russians pro tested against such concessions to liberalism and In November 1882 a second treaty ot par tition was signed between the Russian anti the Prussian sovereigns The latter acquired the remainder of Great Poland while time Bus elan boundary was advanced to the centre ot Lithuania and Volhynla By the second partition Austria received nothing The abortive rising unaer Kosclusko followed after which In 1705 took place the third and final division of Poland Austria now obtained Cracow with the country between the Pllloa the Vistula and the Bud Prussia got Warsaw with the territory aa far as the Nlemen and ho rest went to Bussla It Is well known that In 1808 Napoleon took from Prus ¬ sic some of her Polish possessions and formed them Into the small Duchy of War ¬ saw comprising a population of n little more than 2000000 Br the treaty ot Vienna a new settlement wa made of the Polish territory Auttrla wa to have Gallcia and the salt mines ot Wlollozka Posen was to belong to Prussia and that power was confirmed In what she had gained at the first partition but deprived of her subsequent accessions The city and district of Craoow were to form an In dependent State under the guarantee of this three powers the remainder the former kingdom ot Poland Including the Duchy of Warsaw went to Russia and Vas to forms institutional kingdom subject to the Czar We scarcely need remind the reader that this constitution was annulled after tho Polish Insurrection of IRTfL The Diet theneame to an end and the conn try wa henceforth governed br official appointed directly by the Cznr Its ancient historical divisions were replaced br departments bearing Russian names The UnlvsrItr Wllno was suppressed and Kharkov was founded In its stead The valuable library ot Warsaw was carried off and now forms part of the public library of St Petersburg Stilt worse was the fate ot roland after tIme Illad ¬ vised Insurrection of 1800 Then all the old privileges were taken away and It wa de creed that henceforth all teaching In the schools and universities should be In the Russian language Br this ukase an organized effort was made to deprive the Poles of their last bond of union Their institutions and laws have perished In Gallcla the Austrian civil code prevails In Posen the Prussian Landrocht and Busslan law In the parts of Poland under Russian Government Yet la spite ot the difficulties under which the dis- ¬ membered country lives there are still four fairly active centres of Polish literatureWar saw Cracow Lomberc and Posen the last much less conspicuous than the other three Because the province has been more completely Germanized The University of War caw has been Russified slnco tho last insurrection but the Cracow and Lemberg Unive- ¬ rsities which are thoroughly Polish boast some eminent professors It seems that time Academy of Cracow founded In 1872 Is listing editions of rare Polish authors of the sixteenth century We are told also that many learned reviews appear In Polish quite up to the level or time best English German and M W U French periodicals

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Mindful ot this the

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was tho German Emperor Olho I who by hand of one of his lieutenants conquered Mleszko the heathen prince of the country on tho Wartn from the Oder to tho Vistula and compelled him to pay tribute Two seers later Mleszko we aro told became a Chilslaln In order to marry the daughter of Boleslas the of 10hemla reAs wo have said the typo ceived was tho Latin and titus at tho outset Poland was placed In contrast to IlussU ByzantIne Mjeszko whoso civilization was succeeded tiy his son Boloslas tho Great under whom tho Duchy of Poland was raised by Otho III into a kingdom After tho death of Oho In 1002 the quarrels about the Im enabled Boleslosto conquer nil Lusatla and Mlsnia and ultimately to take possession of Bohemia and Moravia When peace was malt made In 1013 all tho territory east of the Odor was declared Slavonic and freed from German Tho reign of Bolcslas was one of rule great progress for tho Polish people Moneywas coined trade was extended and many new cities were built To spread Christianity moro effectually Benedictine monks were brought from Franco and monas- ¬ teries were built for them In sovnrnl places At this time also tchools were established Br founding tho nrchblshoprlo of GnesenBoloslas organized an Independent Polish Church to which woro subordinated tho other bishoprics which he and his father had created By tho beginning of tho eleventh century Po ¬ land had absorbed nearly all the Western Slavonic States Including Bohemia Tho Polabos however tribe which occupied the territory now Included In Hanover wero at this time lost to the Slavs and In course of time became more and more Germanized al- ¬ though their language did not die out till the earlier part of the eighteenth century Polish society atths epoch Was organized entirely on military basis The country was divided into Pagl and Provinclic anti the Kings Governors or Castellans were stationed In tho towns or fortresses Tho priv- ¬ ileged class In whoso hands lay the power word apparently was called the Szlachta derived from tho German Geschlacht Sub- ¬ sequently this word came to mean the minor nobles as distinguished from the great t> lords We miyadd that the frequent waTS of Boloslas filled the country with slaves who The reign of Caslmlr IV 14471402 Is inT must havo produced a profound effect upon teresting from a constitutional nolnt of View During the long reign of Blglsmund lIT the preceding rural population In the two Then It was that the nobles first elected Poland was In a state ot continual decadeno and a tjalf centuries that elapsed between the Deputes to attend the Diet when they them The Dissidents were estranged by religious death Boleslas and the reign of Przemyslaw ITolloro unable to bo present Tho statute persecutions tIme anarchy of the nobles was at I only a few Incident deserve attention It of Nloszawa passed in 1454 has been I caHed is height and the Cossacks who had felled was the son who divided Poland ho Polish Magna Charts It Is in to obtain the privilege of taking part In the About a hundred years groat charter of the rights and privileges of Diet were on the eve ot their great rebellion Into palatinates later Silesia was definitely lost to Poland bari- ¬ the Polish nobility At this Ume also there The rebellion took place under Bogdanng become portly Germanized under success were enacted some mischievous laws ag- Khmelnltski Mr Morflll aocepts the derivation lye Germanized princes Tho Polish language gravating the condition of the serfs of the term Cossack from the Turkish word Previously It lied been possible for- Itazak meaning a robber A large number of however la still spoken In some of Its districts It was in tho early part of tho thirteenth a serf who was ill treated to fly from his lord bold soldiers fugitives from the many nation century that the Duke of Masoxla al Now It was provided that he must be surren- ¬ that occupied the vast steppes stretching bebowed tho order ot Teutonic Kulghts to dered on demand and penalties woro Incurredtween time confines of Poland and Turkey had settle In the Polish territories on the Baltic by any one who harbored him On Caslmlrs established a kind of military republic on some Tho Teutonic Knights were originally an death ensued some troubles about the succes- ¬ stands in the Dnieper Into which no woman order founded at Jerusalem to take earn sion Lihuania which held somewhat was allowed to penetrate As we have seen pilgrims who resorted thither loose rllIUons to her of the State hold an In he policy of Batory had converted They wero established by the POPO In lepondentDlet and chose for her prince Alex- ¬ theme marauders Into regiments of frontiers- ¬ 1101 Their habit was a black coat and ander a son of tho lato King In return Alex- ¬ men but they wore stanch adherents of the a white cloak tho latter bearing a black cross ander granted a charter whereby the princes Greek Church and as such were worried by Their weapon was n lame sword without any prelates barons minor nobles and cities of Jesuit emissaries Partly religious nod partly ornament they slept upon bed of straw and Lithuania were to have the saute rights and political motives led to their rebellion which privileges as the Polish nobility pOl8eued culminated after some years of war In their for diet were only Allowed broad and water An oath was taken by each candidate on enterIn Poland those who wished taking the oath of allegiance to the Czar Ing the order that he was of German blood and union with Lithuania should bo main It was at a Diet in 1B51 that time first In ¬ of noble family and that he would lead life tamed desired to tako Alexander for tholr stance occurred ot a single delegate bringing of chastity The Teutonic Knights wore King but others were for his eldest he proceedings to a close by using the lionurn eventually amalgamated with the sword brother John Albert who was ultimately veto or as It was called In Polish nieponcalamwas John reign who In chosen 1400Albert of of tho It In Llronla This was done by Bleloskl a I forbid ealol 1122712701 occurred the great at tho Diet of Plotrkow made further and deputy from Lithuania Joleilas knllht We have seen that Mongols These nomads after fatal concessions to the nobility Not only were he germ ol this custom can be traced much nvaslonof conquering Bussla made an Incursion into their former privileges renewed but the Kings further hack and Indeed the idea that a vote oland but belol defeated at Llegnltz In judicial and fiscal rights were limited and the hould be unanimous was rooted In the Sla- ¬ peasants were completely bound to the lolL Tbe vonic mind It was exemplified In the early as were diverted Into Hungary illesia In existing laws respecting the surrender of They carried off many prisoners however embllesof Bussla but the plan had obvious we are told that nine sacks were filled fugitive serfs were extended and made ap anti disadvantages it belneeaar to bribe deputy ply to plebeians of epoch the children not moro than with the ears of the slain It was at this The reign of John Caslmlr In which took also that large colonies ol Gorman settled In mechlU was henceforth to bo allowed to go to place the Incident just mentioned In espe country study to practice towns or They the a as established trade were free and chilly memorable for the Invasion of Poland he where only one son was born In a family he by Charles Oustavus who had succeeded to inhabitants of the land In contradistinction to the Polish peasant who was boComlnl was to stay to work upon the land The hope be Swedish throne on the abdication ot more and more enslaved by the or 106bondage of tho Polish peasant dates from Christina Both Warsaw and Cracow subforced labor required of him A considerable bis hateful statute No peasant or burgher- mitted to the Swedes and they advanced as Owing was eligible to any of tho higher ofllc of the far ao Leruborg In Gallcla Charles Gustavus number German towns e rant to the little Inclination of the Slav natives for Church tho peasantry were obliged to bring was even said to have proposed the partition wholly all legal matters In which they were concerned of the country He offered Great Poland to trade commerce fell almost Into th lands of these colonists who enjoyed peculiar before tribunals presided over by their own the Elector of Brandenburg Little Poland to privileges nod wore governed by laws of their masters they worn also forbidden to own any time Duke ot Transylvania and the great part own embodied In the Magdeburg code Inlanded property It was further provided that of Lithuania to one of the great HadzlwJIl of a century they retained he King was neither to enact any laws family But Polands hour had not yet come deed for upward of appeal to Ihe tglstrato at nor to declare war without tho consent The subjects ot JoInt Caslmlr rallied round of tho Diet This was obviously It IIs from this lime that we cin Mal him anti ho eventually succeeded in drlv trco he Introduction of many German words into step toward the transformation of tho 1001 lag out the Swedish King who how ho Polish language Contemporaneously Ilh monarchy Into an oligarchy John ever obtained nearly time whole of by lila brother with the Germans the Armenians made was succeeded Livonia by tho treaties signed In 1000 theIr appearance In Poland They likewise Alexander the Grand Duke of Lithuania At John CaMmlr abdicated In lOiS after acquired Importance as traders and under the out ct of this reign the nobility endeav- ¬ warning the Poles that their constant dlssentheir Influence the city of Lemberg attained ored to extort no additional concessIons tona would Inevitably lead lo tIme dismember considerable prosperity front the King that lied he made them ho mont of the republic With him time race of would have become merely tho Pronldenl of heJnglelltip which had been continued In time Senate Alexander professed to consent in he branch line of tint Vasas cimo to an end He Gregory VII thhiidebrnnd lied put the whole but returned to Lithuania and on tils return survived his abdication about four years most of Poland under an Interdict and for more was able to annul the obnoxious legislation of which he spent In Purls white Louis XIV than 2UO years his successors although they In his reign however may bo traced thn germ- gaye him the revenues of iwo abbeys nnd suffered thin churches to bo reopened would of thin lib mm veto In diet hold at Hudom where this nXKIng off Poland Is said to hate not recognize tho assumption of tim title of In 1505 It was settled that time decision of the secretly married Marie Miguel wIn hud orlg king by the Polish ruler who remained aceiutlos was not to depend on a majority but heath been a laiindruts hilt was then widow cordingly a duke It wa not until 1205 that must Imply unanimityot the Manclul du Illopltn Vzomyslaw reconstituted Poland a kingWith tho death of Alexander we emerge The next grvit name and possibly one dom without troubling hlmsolf to secure tho from the medummvahpemiod nnd It U worth while should say Ithe greatest nainu In Polish hit permission the Pope About 1112 Cracow tonolo how Poland stood toward the Beforoio tory Is that nf John Sohleskl who reigned became tho capital and the centre of the na I Ion thesrowth of the burgher clasa nod other from 1074 to lilitt ifs was tborn In 1020 this factors of modern history At tho beginning son of the Castellan of Cracow It was the tonal life The early part of the fourteenth of the modern epoch we find tier governed by great victor nhifh hu gained over the Turks witnessed the rise of the Lithuanian principality which wo subsequently to be In- ¬ an oligarchy of nobles who are continually on- atChorln In lU7ltht cautnl him to be chosen began croachlngupou the pownrof time Crown There King by hut IHet held ut Warraw In the fo corporated with Poland In 1333 the countrymen is no national middle class th burgher Ito owing ear Two oir later ho was obliged reign of Caslmlr III to whom gave the appellation of the and also that Germans or Jews or Armenians tie peasto encounter a second invasIon of theTurks In antry have lost ni their privileges anti conjunction with the Tatars and although ho of the Peasants King Under his rule the ma soil with no power could but muster 200OO men lie managed to tonal prosperity ol the country was augment- ¬ ate bound to tyranny or caprice make hind against his nsMllintu mind to con resisting the ed Commerce developed and Cracow anti of antzlo became members of the Hanseatlo of thor toasters No national literature cluden troitv by which part of the Ukraine and League Wo also begin to hear ot Warsaw has as yet been developed such authors 18I odolla wore rocoxorod For thin moment In which destined ultimately to become the had appeared worn eccltffclattlcs und wrote IM deed tie Turks wvie disposed to heave Poland caPital The father of Caflmlr had convoked latiim In tho rilsn of Klglsmund I hmrovnrIn ptaec lor they wero Preparing for the Unit 15071MBi Poland durlvej first known flier It consisted ot princes l uhusn I rie wits to ho Ilie certain liiftru IniiiMlon nf Aiistrh thl prelates barons anti knights Caslmlr him rom the astronomer Copernicus who wits n cltynf Vlcmnii Tho famous siege lies often lie doctrines of this llcfor Wu self In 1304 tried to found a university at Crl native of Thorn will only mention lint It boen doicrlbnl cow but tho uttempt did not succeed and for mation soon made tholr appearance In Poland lasted from July 14 1UX1 to Sept 12 nf the sometime longer the Polish youth lepalred and at first Hlglimund temporized with the same year when Fobloll lmlnc arrived for education to the University ot Prague U powerful faction which had adopted Luther from Cracow fell upon the Turks and beat was reserved for Queen Jadwlga and her hue nlsm In 1524 his nephew Albert the them in a desperate battle It Is to be noted Grand Master of the Teutonlo Kntghta and tnatSobleskl tied very little predilection for Ladlslaus to carry out the planof Cas Wa should mention that la 1340 the Jl accepted the Luth Austria aad that his rscu of Vienna was due ruleof eastern tLehiiaflty of Guide hstl twin to t the tnflusne of his Funch wU It I >

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thirtyfive of Pri4 Czar Nicholas I at the time when Austria re later the Iia became a klnsdo Under the next King paid him for Intervening In Hungary by join the the Protestants were Ing the Western powers In the Crimean war Why am I like John called made great progress In Llthua said to n bystander nil end the first Protestant Bible wa SobloskI Because we were both fools enough printed to save Vienna 1503 In at the Polish In

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celebrated Will It at which was enacted the nocalled statute the first monument of Polish jurisprudence Thn code consists ot two parts dealng with Great Poland and Little respectively Throughout the history 1011< herprov inces had many separate laws nnd privileges Tho statutes were In tho Latin language which not only In the fourteenth century but for a long time afterward was much Used In the country In 1334 also In tho reign Caslmlr nnd again In 137 wore passed some memorable laws relating to the Jews So largo wero the privileges granted to the Israelites In Poland in comparison with their disabilities In central and western Europe In a short time most of tho cities villages received colonies ot Iollli The fact that Caslmlr had only one child and that a daughter led to on Important con- ¬ stitutional chanll In Dlot at Cracow ho proposed le hil successor hits nephew Louis of practically conceding Thin to thC et thin privilege of electing their sov- ¬ ereigns and the nobles forthwith turned tho concession to nccnunt Before they allowed Louis to succeed they rondo him assent to cer- ¬ tain Btlpulntlons whIch formed the foundation of tho Pacta Convents or agreement which every succeeding sovereign had to The reign of Louis of noteworthy from the fict that offspring no hwlnl ho prevailed on tim Blot ot Koszyzcln in 1374 to motion the succession of his danchtor Jndwlca Ho only secured this concession granting fresh privileges to thin nobility and especially by relieving tho Szlachta or class of minor nobles almost from taxation On her fathers death holY a woman ot beauty and 8 by was cOIpolod lrll the Diet to marry n savage manners Jnglollo the Prlnco of Lithuania with a vlow to thin union of that country with Poland About tho Llthuanlanswe hear not Ii log till the beginning ot the thirteenth cen- ¬ tury but at that tlmo ono of tholr chiefs formed their territories Into a principality and a century later the Importance of their country reached Its height under Gedymln who contrived to possess himself of many lliisslan cities Including oven Kiev The capital of the Lithuanian State w is Wllno and extended from tho Battle to tho Black Sea rue official language of tho country was White llusslan anti In this tongue Its laws woro promulgated At tho time of his union with Jadwlga Jaglollo was a Pagan but ho was ready to turn Chris than both to please his wife and becauso ho was born of a Christian mother Ho already numbered among his subjects members of the orthodox Greek Church Don with whom neither ho nor his predecessors seem to have Interfered He assumed tho name of Ladisluus on lila conversion In 13bU and in hits person beclns the dynasty ol tho Jalelo8 which lusted for nearly two nating lu72withSlgismund Augustus We might even say that It lasted nearly a century longer If wo omit thin short nnd brilliant reign of btephen Batorr Ladlslaus really forfeited time crown in 13J through tho death of his Queen ho held It but JldwlAIn whosethorightadvantage thu of tho rocoDzlnl connection Iollnd nod Jthunnln uphold In position him his In Iolos com bined with tho Lithuanians to defeat tho Teutonic In a groat battle Iioliht near Taooon crc nn Important result which was a closer union between Poland and Lithuania Tho latter country now began to be organized on Polish principles wero appointed and Castellans worePslatnol over Whoa and Trokl Tho attempts to mako the Catholic religion preponderant In Lithuania met with sturdy opposition on tho part of the orthodox clergy who preferred to accept for their spiritual rulers the Metropolitan of Kiev and the Patriarch of Constantinople

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known that the Polish warrior met with ingratitude and neglect at the hands of the

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Card Dwrlltrsori BehrlMC 8ea Island Who Know No Other Lasd Than ThctnVom tht Port IWnMftd

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lIen E Miller a Port Townsend boy wits was on the United States steamship Bear during her eight months cruise In the northern seas has many tales to relate of his adenturesand the sights he has seen Among other timings he tells of the Bears visit to Kings Island In Retiring Straits thirty ratios off Port Clarence andto the shores of Alaska where there are about 200 of the most curious slanders that ever were seen The Island or rock they Inhabit is about half a mile wide and a little more than that dlstanoo long and islanders are cave dwellers and live on whale blubber and walrus meat On the southeast side closely nestling gainst the cliff U a village of rave dwellers One abode U bull over and under thin other anti to the right and left giving them a strange motley appearance not unlike the recesses In lablted by bald eagles There are narrow uns excavated Into the unch crum tiling volcanic rock and In rldesof thr bottom ot each is sonic of the short oath grass forming a titil on which to sleep At the ot the cave and imwt in the Interior tiresmouth are lighted and them they warm tliemnelves In the winter hkltm of different kinds are else suspended uuitshdt to keep out thin snow and cold In the urn mor the hardy natives leave their holes and hive In omit houses made of poles r nearathand on the edgeof theclllT trudod strange people are Usually an strong Thesa and vigorous as can bo found anywhirr Moreover they are entirely contented und as happy as people In any nf the great cities of They have no government Inu America chief and no need of laws Living In families nnd setting forth errr lay IIn their kinks for the whale seal and walrus they return cacti tight tottheIr caves or polo tents caring noth Inc for HIP outside world slid to relate huwoyer the prestige of time native In determined br the clotlxs lie wears As timer consist of skins and constitute tIme wealth of this islander It will be seen that they are not In hue respect so munh unlltohllled people But the man with more else has no moreaulollies than anybody hnrlty Hu Is respected for his sagacity butt llttlx tins been known of the Islanders tutu ertu Tor a great many years after tIlt whaj ore had Ping lo llehrlng Straits and this groat M ICMII mcI It wits iifipo > ed the humps It WHO IILouirown P U was iinlnlinlillrd learon I IIho KIM nnd about It nothnc UH lo ho seen IT heard evrept tlio liar of the waves anI tlit Hilril cries nfI ttho wild funI IFinally Column HUH discerned mokea c ndlne from time IherMilflol this cliff A landing wn made anti there tIme islanders were found They said they cal their tone fathers had been there always and that time knew no other world though they tied heard there was one This was onlr a dozen that years ago Since then the whalers hay kept an eye out for them for they liked the genet natlTti whpjhpjrd nuar Kood trait

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