Renaissance And Reformation

Renaissance and Reformation Chapter 12

Economic Prosperity  Life began to improve toward the end of the Middle Ages  New farming technology produced more food  There was a new emphasis on learning.

 By the 15th century cities reemerge in Italy  Trade increased as a result of the crusades  A new interest in Greek and Roman civilizations came from contact with Byzantine and Muslim cultures

 Increased trade led to a new middle class of wealthy merchants and artisans.  Patrons provided financial support for the arts  Lorenzo de Medici was a wealthy merchant and famous patron  The Roman Catholic Church also funded many artists’ work

Renaissance 1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

What did humanists focus on rather than religious subjects of the Middle Ages? The Bonfire of Vanities involved destroying humanist books and art in effort to _________. Why was Leonardo considered a “Renaissance Man”? How were Michelangelo’s sculptures like those of the ancient Greeks? How was Raphael’s view of the Madonna different from Michelangelo’s?

 The Renaissance was a time of rebirth of art and literature after the Dark Ages in Europe.  Geniuses like Leonardo Da Vinci studied a variety of subjects including art and anatomy.

Middle Ages vs. Renaissance Focus of The Middle Ages:  Religious matters and the afterlife  Warfare and danger

New Renaissance Ideals:  Artists began to focus on secular (worldly) things in addition to religious subjects.  Humanism: Human experiences and achievements were celebrated during this time  Stability and learning replaced warfare and illiteracy.

Leonardo Da Vinci Italian painter and inventor known as a true Renaissance Man due to his many interests Below: Last Supper (1498)

Above: Mona Lisa (1503)

Michelangelo

Pietà (1499)

David (1501-1504)

 Famous painter and sculptor most known for the ceiling of the Sistine chapel and the statue of David

Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (15081512)

Raphael  Painter most known for the School of Athens (below, 15101511) and the Transfiguration (right, 1516-1520 completed after his death by Giulio Romano)

Northern Renaissance Over time the Renaissance spread to northern Europe.  Around 1439 Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press: Increased literacy Spread ideas faster Cheaper and easier

 Albrecht Durer is known as the German Leonardo He studied art in Italy and took the movement back to Germany

Humanism Sir Thomas More and Erasmus were two humanist of the Northern Renaissance

War is delightful to those who have had no experience of it. Desiderius Erasmus Dutch author, philosopher, & scholar (1466 - 1536)

More focused on the government in Utopia (1515) Erasmus was concerned with church reform

They wonder much to hear that gold, which in Sir Thomas More, Utopia

Literature  William Shakespeare: wrote 37 plays that are still performed all over the world  Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote, the story of the adventures of a foolish knight.  Machiavelli: made observations about government and wrote The Prince  “The end justifies the means.”  “It is better to be feared than loved.”

Reformation

Do you think that all of the clergy members were corrupt during the Middle Ages? Is it fair to judge an entire group because of the actions of a few? Why or Why Not?

New ideas about Christianity began to spread. The Roman Catholic Church was forced to reform. Popes were caught up in worldly affairs, power hungry, lavish lifestyles They sold indulgences (forgiveness of sin) to pay for arts

Protestant Reformation  Some reformers, What is the root known as word of Protestant? Protestants, totally What do you think a Protestant is based separated from the on this root word? Catholic Church  Martin Luther:

How do you think the Roman Catholic Church responded to Luther’s concerns? How would things be different if they had responded differently?

 Drew up 95 Theses, a list of arguments against indulgences and posted them on Wittenberg's All Saints church, he argued salvation through faith

Protestant Reformation Continued  John Calvin believed in predestination (the idea that God determined long ago who would gain salvation.)  spread new ideas throughout Europe which led to wars with the Catholics  Huguenot: French Calvinists that fought Catholics  John Knox: led a religious rebellion in Scotland, overthrew the Catholic Queen and set up Scottish Presbyterian Church

Conflict Between Popes and Princes Peace of Augsburg:1555 allowed princes to decide which religion would be followed in his lands. Most in the north Lutheran, south Catholic 1. Which religion is still the most dominant in Europe? 2. Where can the Anglican Church be found? 3. If you were a Calvinist you might have lived in which kingdoms? 4. How can you tell that there were lots of religious conflicts in E. Europe?

Radical Reformers: Anabaptists sought radical social change and believed that only adults could receive the sacrament of baptism They also called for the separation of Church and State. How has the beliefs of the Anabaptists shaped our country and local community? How have they changed over time?

English Reformation and King Henry VIII  Henry VIII of England (defender of the catholic faith) wanted a son  His wife Catherine of Aragon only had a daughter (Mary Tudor).  Divorce is forbidden in the Catholic Church so Henry asked for an annulment.  Catherine’s Nephew was the Holy Roman Emperor and had connections with the pope so the annulment was denied

1. Why was it so important for Henry to have a son? 2. Explain in your own words why you think Henry’s divorce was denied. 3. What do you think will happen next?

Henry’s Break from Rome (click here ) The Act of Supremacy made Henry the supreme head of the Church of England not the pope.

He closed all catholic churches and monasteries Established the Anglican Church but kept most forms of Catholic worship and doctrine 1. How do you think the Catholics in England responded to the Act of Supremacy? 2. Would you have made the same decision as Henry? If not what would you have done differently?

"King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was wedded: One died, one survived, two divorced, two beheaded". Through a series of 6 marriages Henry produced a son and two daughters Catherine of Aragon -> Divorced -> Mary Anne Boleyn -> Beheaded -> Elizabeth I Jane Seymour (sole true wife) -> died of puerperal fever -> Edward VI Other wives include: another Anne (divorce), Catherine Howard (executed), and Catherine Parr

More accurately they were "divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived".

Compare and Contrast How was Henry VIII’s part in the Protestant Reformation similar to that of Luther, Calvin, and other reformers? How was Henry VIII’s role in the Protestant Reformation different? Do you think that his break from Rome was justified? Why or Why not? How would you feel if you were a Catholic living in England during the time of Henry VIII?

Henry’s Heirs Edward VI, his only son, ruled briefly from 15471553, he was a sickly kid and died in his teens. Mary, Henry’s first daughter, became queen in 1553 and tried to restore England to Roman Catholicism. (Bloody Mary) Elizabeth, Henry’s daughter with Anne Boleyn, finally became queen when Mary died and restored peace to England  She ruled both Protestants and Catholics with tolerance and compromise while securing England as a Protestant nation.

Catholic Response to Reformation 

Council of Trent: 

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Inquisition 

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Group that would determine catholic reform, reaffirmed traditional views, tried to end abuses, worldliness, and corruption among the clergy A church court set up to root out heresies using torture, and testimony.

Ignatius of Loyola 

A Spanish knight that founded the Jesuits a group that fought against heresy and spread the Catholic Faith

 St. Teresa of Avila  Established a convent of Carmelite nuns that lived in isolation, dedicating themselves to prayer and meditation, she also reformed other convents

 Results of the Catholic Reformation:  Rome became more pious (religious), charity and religious art flourished, it did not stop the Protestant movement

Results of the Reformation Widespread Persecution:

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Witch Hunts= religious fervor led to the accusations of many women and some men of being witches and tens of thousands died as a result. Jews= they were under pressure to convert to Christianity and began to be forced to live in Ghettos (sections of a city where mainly minorities live separated from the rest of society) Anti-Semitism grew and some were expelled from Christian lands and forced them to identify themselves 

Ottomans and Dutch Calvinists tolerated the Jews and took them in.

Looking Ahead  Age of Reason  People began to question what they had always accepted to be true.  The Scientific Method is used to explain things.  Church and Government officials felt threatened by humanism and censored many Renaissance and Scientific ideas.

 Exploration  Rebirth in learning led to questions about the world that explorers wanted to answer.  Those fleeing religious persecution in Europe went to the Americas to start a new life

 Revolution  Humanist questions about government, church, and society let to calls for reform.  Many countries experienced Revolutionary and Civil Wars that made up the world we live in today.

Persuasive Poster Create a persuasive poster for one of the Protestant sects of Christianity that emerged during the Reformation.  Use the following to catch the eye of the audience and convince someone to convert to your religion. Slogan Color Cartoon Basic Beliefs

Yourtopia Gov:

Monarchy or Dictatorship

Oligarchy

Aristocracy

Democracy

Econ:

Free Market

Communist

Mix

Other

Culture

Patriarchal

Matriarchal

Egalitarian

Other

Polytheistic

Separate from State

Other

Religion Monotheistic