Reformation Time Line

AP European History Reformation Timeline II. The Reformation Period (1516 - 1558) 1516 Erasmus publishes his edition of Greek-Latin New Testament, Novum Instrumentum; this translation powerfully demonstrated the corruption of the Latin Vulgate's text; Erasmus promotes the translation of the Bible into vernacular tongues for reading by the plowboy and the "simplest woman" Pope Julius II convenes the Lateran Council to undertake reforms in abuses of Church in Rome Sir Thomas More writes Utopia 1517 Tetzel hired by Albert of Mainz to sell indulgences Martin Luther posts 95 theses in protest against saleable indulgences 1518 Luther appears before Cardinal Cajetan at Augsburg, but refuses to recant; in December, Frederick the Wise protects Luther from being handed over to Rome. The Spanish begin to carry out their conquest of Mexico 1519 Luther questions papal infallibility in a debate Zwingli begins New Testament sermons; Swiss reformation is born Cortes enters Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan Charles V (of Spain) succeeds Maximilian as Holy Roman Emperor 1520 Papal bull "Exsurge Domine" gives Luther 60 days to recant or be excommunicated; writes 3 seminal documents: To the Christian Nobility, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and The Freedom of a Christian; burns papal bull and canon law Suleiman I (the Magnificent) becomes sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Turks) 1521 Luther is Excommunicated by the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem; at Diet of Worms in April, he refuses to recant writings, and edict (in May) condemns him as heretic and outlaw; he is "kidnapped" and hidden at Wartburg Castle; begins translating the New Testament into German. Religious unrest in Wittenberg: private masses abolished, Karlstadt serves Communion in both elements, religious statues destroyed

Pope titles Henry VIII "Defender of the Faith" for attacking Luther's views of the sacraments Lutheran books appear in England "Zwickau prophets," early Anabaptists, arrive in Wittenberg Pope Leo X dies, succeeded by Hadrian VI The Turks capture Belgrade First Protestant communion is celebrated at Wittenburg Diet of Worms; Luther refuses to recant; gets backing of German princes; begins German translation of Bible William Tyndale begins teaching at Little Sodbury; disputes with local clergy and is arraigned on charges of heresy 1522 Anabaptist movement begins in Germany Luther introduces German liturgy in Wittenburg 1524 Tyndale seeks patronage of Bishop Tunstall and is rebuffed; then, assisted by Monmouth, he travels to Germany and registers at the University of Wittenburg 1524 Peasant Wars breaks out in southern Germany Diet of Nuremberg fails to enforce Edict of Worms condemning Luther 1525 In Cologne, Tyndale prepares to print an English New Testament; but he is discovered and escapes with only a few printed portions. Anabaptist movement begins in Zürich, spreads to Germany; First Zürich disputation with those opposed to infant baptism; First believer's baptism in Zürich; Denck banished from Nuremberg for views on Lord's Supper; First Anabaptist congregation of 35 converts established in Zollikon; First imprisonment of Anabaptists occurs in Zürich; they escape Luther marries Katherine von Bora Charles V defeats Francis I; Elector Frederick the Wise dies; France makes pact with Suleiman I 1526 Tyndale completes the printing of New Testament (in Worms); (It is the first printing of the New Testament in English and the first English translation of the scriptures from the Biblical Greek); smuggled copies of his New Testaments are soon being circulated throughout England. Cardinal Wolsey presides at a massive burning of "Lutheran" books Reformation spreads to Sweden and Denmark 1527

The German and Spanish Imperial troops of Charles V sack Rome Luther pens "A Mighty Fortress"; writes against Zwingli's views on the Lord's Supper First Protestant university (Marburg) founded 1527-1530 English agents seek to capture Tyndale on the Continent; he keeps moving and continues to translate and write 1528 Reformation established in Bern Swabian League authorizes military division of 400 horsemen to scout for Anabaptists. Thomas Bilney, respected Cambridge preacher and "Lutheran sympathizer," is dragged from his pulpit and imprisoned 1529 Tyndale publishes Obedience of a Christian Man; Sir Thomas More begins writing against Tyndale and Luther (Dialogue) Henry VIII dismisses Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey for failing to obtain the Pope's consent to his divorce from Catherine of Aragon; Sir Thomas More appointed Lord Chancellor; Henry VIII summons the "Reformation Parliament" and begins to cut the ties with the Church of Rome Diet of Speyer-Luther's followers name Protestants (first use of the term) Luther and Zwingli attend Marburg Colloquy, but no agreement reached on the Lord's Supper Tyrolean Anabaptists flea homeland for Moravia Diet of Speyer restores death penalty for rebaptizing Turks lay siege to Vienna 1530 Tyndale's translation of the the first five books of the Old Testament appears in England (printed in Worms); he also publishes Practice of Prelates. Hoffman baptizes 300 Anabaptists in Emden and sends lay preachers to Netherlands Luther, as outlaw, cannot attend the Diet of Augsburg, held in attempt to end religious division in the empire; Melanchthon presents Augsburg Confession, a statement of Lutheran beliefs. Protestants form Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V 1531 Zwingli angles for French support for the Reformation by allowing Swiss mercenaries to be hired Dressed in battle armor, Zwingli joins the forces on October 11 and is killed in battle 1532 English clergy submit to Henry VIII Calvin starts Protestant movement in France; publishes his first work-a commentary on Seneca's De Clementia.

Diet of Regensburg and Peace of Nuremberg guarantee religious toleration in face of Turkish threat

1533 Thomas Cranmer appointed Archbishop of Canterbury; (This effectively ends clerical celibacy among Anglicans, as Cranmer is twice-married) Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine is declared void; Anne Boleyn crowned Queen. Calvin and Nicolas Cop flee Paris. At about this time Calvin undergoes a "sudden conversion." Pizarro conquers Peru Ivan "the Terrible" (age 3) ascends Russian throne 1534 Tyndale's revised New Testament is printed Pope Paul III, the father of three illegitimate children, comes to power Luther completes translation of Bible into German Act of Supremacy Henry VIII establishes himself as Supreme Head of Church and Clergy of England Ignatius Loyola founds Society of Jesus to spread Counter Reformation 1535 Thomas More and Cardinal Fisher beheaded for opposing Henry VIII Anabaptist uprising at Münster put down, and Anabaptists executed Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves; Emperor forms Catholic Defense League France makes pact with Suleiman I 1536 Following a fifteen month imprisonment William Tyndale is strangled and burned at stake for heresy (6th October) Luther agrees to Wittenberg Concord on the Lord's Supper, in an attempt to resolve differences with other reformers, but the Zwinglians do not accept it Denmark and Norway become Lutheran; Erasmus dies Calvin is persuaded by Farel to remain in Geneva; publishes the first edition of Institutes of the Christian Religion Henry VIII dissolves 376 monasteries and nuneries 1538 Calvin and Farel are banished from Geneva. Calvin goes to Strasbourg as pastor to the French-speaking congregation. Luther writes against the Jews in Against the Sabbatarians

1539 Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, at the bequest of the King Henry VIII commissions Myles Coverdale to publish a large pulpit Bible. It became the first English Bible authorized for public use, distributed to every church and chained to the pulpit. The Great Bible was approved by Henry VIII: "sent abroad among the people" to be read by all and "set forth with the king's most gracious license". This Bible - mostly comprised of Tyndale's translation - was known as the "Great Bible" due to its great size: a large pulpit folio measuring over 14 inches tall. It would seem that William Tyndale's last prayer had been granted three years after his martyrdom. The Six Articles, against Lutheranism. Hugh Latimer, bishop of Winchester, resigns in protest. Henry VIII is still occasionally burning Lutherans and hanging Roman Catholics. Henry VIII marries and divorces Anne of Cleves, executes the now-unpopular Thomas Cromwell, and marries Katherine Howard. Cardinal Sadeleto writes letter to Geneva. Calvin is asked to respond on behalf of Geneva. Frankfurt Truce declared between Catholic and Protestant territories 1540 Pope recognizes order of Jesuits; will make them the chief agents of Counter Reformation Conferences at Hagenau and Worms fail to reconcile Protestants and Catholics 1541 John Calvin establishes theocracy in Geneva John Knox establishes Calvinist Reformation in Scotland Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of Irish Church At Conference of Regensburg, Melanchthon and Bucer reach agreement with Catholics on most doctrines, but Luther and Rome reject their work Calvin writes a treatise on free will against the Roman Catholic theologian Albert Pighius 1543 Luther writes On the Jews and Their Lies Copernicus writes that earth revolves around sun Alliance between Henry and Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) against Scotland and France 1544 Ferdinand I and Suleiman I agree to truce Council of Trent, for reform of Catholic Church, opens Cranmer instructed to write prayers and a litany (for the army) in English. He does this so well that he is asked to make a prayer book in English, based on the service at Salisbury Cathedral 1545

Henry VIII's last speech to Parliament; He says Papist, Lutheran, Anabaptist are names devised by the devil to sunder one man's heart from another Luther writes Against the Papacy at Rome, an Institution of the Devil Peace of Augsburg allows rulers to determine religion of their region 1546 Luther dies 1547 Henry VIII dies 1553 Edward VI dies; succeeded by Mary I ("Bloody Mary") Servetus, Spanish theologian and physician executed in Geneva as a heretic 1554 Mary I marries Philip (later Philip II of Spain); Catholicism restored in England; Elizabeth is imprisoned. During Mary's reign, about 300 Protestants are burned, including 5 bishops, 100 priests, 60 women. John Rogers, Tyndale's close assistant (alias "Thomas Matthew"), is the first to burn. Protestants are forced into exile or hiding. An attempt by Cardinal Pole (Mary's archbishop of Canterbury) to restore monasticism fizzles when, among 1500 surviving monks, nuns, and friars, fewer than 100 are willing to return to celibacy. In the 1550's the Church in Switzerland was very sympathetic to the reformer refugees and was one of only a few safe havens for a desperate people. Many of them gathered in Geneva, led by Myles Coverdale and John Foxe as well as Thomas Sampson and William Whittingham. Over 200 including 8 pastors and 2 bishops found refuge in John Knox's congregation and there were many more English Protestants in exile elsewhere. There, with the protection of John Calvin, the Church of Geneva determined to produce a Bible that would educate their families while they continued in exile. 1555 Bishops Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley are burned at the stake as Cranmer watches; Later John Hooper and John Bradford are also burned 1556 Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, is forced to recant but later repudiates; He is burned at the stake 1557 Publication of Geneva New Testament

1558 Mary I dies; succeeded by Elizabeth I Defeat of Spanish Armada "Reformation Timeline." Master's Table. 9/20/2009. Web. 20 Sep 2009. .