Reduced Clause.pptx

Reduced clauses are a common feature of written English. They are not much used in spoken language. As their name implies, they are created by 'reducing ' or contracting a standard clause. They are a stylistic device. In other words, they are used for style, not for any other reason.

Adjective Reduced clause

Noun Adverb

Adjective clause is a relative clause. adjective clause use a relative pronoun such as who, whom, which and that to replace noun. Adjective clauses can appear in a reduced form. Adjective clause can be reduced into adjective phrase that modified noun without any changes in the sentences meaning. usually, only an adjective clause that has relative pronoun , like: Who, Which or that can be reduced into adjective phrase. The following words can also be used as relative pronouns: whose, when, where, whom, why, the adjective clause use this relative pronoun in some cases can be reduced into adjective phrase.

adjective clause a. the girl who is sitting next to me is nely b. the man that is reading an encyclopedia is Jake adjective phrase a. the girl sitting next to me is nelly b.the man reading an encyclopedia is jake

In the reduced form the connector who, which, or 1 that is omitted along with the be-verb is or was. example: AC: The man who is talking to me is from holand AP: The man talking to me Is from holand AC: The ideas which are persented in that book are interesting AP: The ideas presented in that book are interesting

AC: The comic books that are on the table are mine AP: The comic books on the table are mine

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If there is no be-verb in the adjective clause, it is still possible to have a reduced form. When there is no be-verb in the adjective clause, the connector is omitted and the verb is changed into the -ing form.

AC: english has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters AP: english has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters AC: Students who sit in the front row usually participate more AP: Students sitting in the front row usually participate more.

It should be noted that not all adjective clauses can appear in a reduced form. An adjective clause can appear in a reduced form only if the adjective clause connector is followed directly by a verb. In other words, an adjective clause can only be reduced if the connector is also a subject. The woman that I just met is the tour guide. [does not reduce] The letter which you sent me arrived yesterday [does not reduce]

You may NOT delete the relative pronoun and the be verb when : 1. they are followed by an adjective: •AC: The man who is angry is my father •AP: (X) The man angry is my father (However, you may switch the positions of the adjective and noun.)

•AC: The angry man is my father. (okay) 2. they are followed by a noun: •AC: The man who is a doctor is my father. •AP: (X) The man a doctor is my father.

The relative pronoun can be deleted if there is a new subject and verb following it:

AC: This is the house that Jack built. AP: This is the house Jack built. AC: This is the place where I live. AP: This is the place I live.

(It can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be added. )

AC: I don't know the reason why she is late. AP: I don't know the reason she is late AC: I will never forget the day when I graduated. AP: I will never forget the day I graduated.

Do not delete a relative pronoun that is followed by a verb other than be: AC: The man who likes lasagna is my father. AP: (X) The man likes lasagna is my father.

Never delete the relative pronoun whose: AC: The man whose car broke down went to the station. AP: (X) The man car broke down went to the station.

A final point to note is that some adjective clauses are set off from the rest of the sentence with commas, and these adjective clause can also be reduced. In addition, when an adjective clause is set off with commas, the reduced adjective clause can appear at the front of the sentence. The White House, which is located in Washington, is the home of the president. The White House, located in Washington, is the home of the president. Located in Washington, the White House is the home of the president The president, who is now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors. The president, now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors. Now preparing to give a speech, the president is meeting with his advisors.

Directions: Change the subordinate clauses into reduced adjective clauses. 1. Puerto Ricans who take up residence in the U.S. can vote in the national election. 2. Puerto Ricans who live on the island can’t vote in a national election. 3.Puerto Ricans who live in the U.S. usually learn to speak

English. 4. Puerto Ricans who want Puerto Rico to become an independent nation are in the minority.

Directions: Change the subordinate clauses into reduced adjective clauses. I didn’t talk much to the man sitting next to me on the plane. I didn’t talk much to the man who sat next to me on the plane.

1. The company sent me a brochure containing all the information I needed. 2. The taxi taking us to the airport broke down. 3. At the end of the street there is a path leading to the river. 4. A boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital. 5. A window broken in the storm last night has now been repaired. 6. The paintings stolen from the museum haven’t been found yet.

What is Reduced Noun Clause?  Reduced noun clause is a noun clause that is reduced by remove some words while keeping same idea.  Reduce some words of noun clause can make more simple sentences than before.

Noun Clause as Subject

Question words followed by invinitives phrase invinitive phrase

Reduced Noun Clause

Noun Clause as Object That-Clause Gerund phrase

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We should only make a reduced noun clause if the following criteria are met. There are : The connector is a question word, such as What,

Where, Who, Why, How, When, whose.

The subject in the noun clause is the same as the main subject in the sentence, or there is only one clear “doer’ in the sentence. The verb in the noun clause includes the modal auxiliary such as : should, would, could, can, will.

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Remove the subject of the noun clause

Change the entire verb structure to the invinitive Example : Full Noun Clause : Please tell me how I should operate this machine Step 1 : remove the subject “I” in the noun clause Step 2 : replace should operate with to operate (to invinitive) Reduced Noun Clause : Please tell me how to operate this machine

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Full Noun Clause : He asked the receptionist when he could call to catch the prime minister. Reduced Noun Clause : He asked the receptionist when to call to catch the prime minister. Full Noun Clause : Airin can’t decide whether she should go or stay home Reduced Noun Clause :Airin can’t decide whether to go or stay home. Full Noun Clause : Please tell us where we will meet you Reduced Noun Clause : Please tell us where to meet you. Full Noun Clause : We don’t know how we can solve this problem Reduced Noun Clause : We don’t know how to solve this problem.

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In this type, that-clause can be reduced to be invinitive phrases if the verb of the statement consists of the verb which must follow by to-invinitive, such as : Agree

Dare

Intend

Seem

Aford

Decide

Learn

Tend

Appear

Demand

Manage

Threaten

Arrange

Deserve

Mean

Want

Attempt

Fail

Offer

Ask

Forget

Plan

Claim

Hesitate

Pretend

Consent

Hope

Promise

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If there is an adjective in front of noun clause, we just do the following steps to reduce the clause : Remove the connector “that”. It is urgent that he change his job Change the subject of noun clause to be objective personal pronoun (me, you, her, him, us,them and it) and add “for” before it Add “to” before the verb of noun clause It is urgent for him to change his job

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Full Noun Clause Reduced Noun Clause Full Noun Clause Reduced Noun Clause

:It is a pity that you were late :It is a pity for you to be late :It is not safe that she go alone :It is not safe for her to go alone Full Noun Clause :It is so dangerous that they swim on that area Reduced Noun Clause :It is so dangerous for them to swim on that area

If there is a verb in front of the noun clause, we just do the following steps : 1) 2) 3)

Move the subject of noun clause as the subject of sentences Remove the connector “that” and “modal” Add “to” before the verb of noun clause

Example :  Full Noun Clause : It is certain that we will win the match Reduced Noun Clause : We are certain to win the match 

Full Noun Clause : It happened that he was away that day Reduced Noun Clause : He happened to be away that day

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If noun clause acts as the object of the sentence, we just remove the connector “that”and change the verb of noun clause to be invinitive form.

Example : 1) Full Noun Clause : I hope that I can finish this work in three days Reduced Noun Clause : I hope to finish this work in three days 2)

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Full Noun Clause : I ask that you should go first Reduced Noun Clause : I ask you to go first Full Noun Clause

: He decide that we will get some of books Reduced Noun Clause : He decide us to get some of books

When we want to reduce a noun clause to gerund phrases, we must to change the verb of noun clause into verb-ing form, without considering the tenses of it. We can reduce a noun clause to gerund phrases if the verb of the entire statement consists of the verb which must follow by “–ing form”.

Admit

Fancy

Recommend

Avoid

Finish

Regret

Acknowledge

Imagine

Risk

Complete

Involve

Suggest

Consider

Mind

Stop

Delay

Miss

Deny

Postpone

Enjoy

Practise

Make sure that the main verb of the statement consists of the verb which is followed by “–ing form”. 2) Remove the connector “that” and the subject of noun clause if same as the main subject of the statement. 3) Change the verb of noun clause to “-ing form” Example :  Full Noun Clause : I admit that i have a problem about my work.  Reduced Noun Clause : I admit having a problem about my work. *The subject “I” in noun clause is omitted because same from the subject of the entire of statement. 1)

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: I recommend that you buy something because you need it. Reduced Noun Clause : I recommend you buying something because you need it. Full Noun Clause : I suggested that he studies hard before the exam. Reduced Noun Clause : I suggested him studying hard before the exam. Full Noun Clause : That the peace treaty was signed was important. Reduced Noun Clause : signing of the peace treaty was important. Full Noun Clause : She acknowledged that she had been at fault Reduced Noun Clause : She acknowledge having been at fault Full Noun Clause : She admitted that she had made a mistake Reduced Noun Clause : She admitted having made a mistake. Full Noun Clause

Adverb clauses like adjective clauses can give variety to your sentences. Sometimes we find adverb clauses that have left some words out. They are called reduced adverb clauses. Example: While (she was) speaking to the timid student, the teacher spoke slowly.

Adverb clauses that begin with the following words: Since, After, Before, and While can be reduced to adverbial phrases. Rule: The subjects of both clauses must be the same Keep the time adverb Take away the subject, make sure the VERB is the GERUND (-ing) form.

I didn’t speak English very often before I came to the United States. Reduce: I didn’t speak English very often before coming to the United States. While Steven was doing his homework, Steven fell asleep at his desk. Reduce: While doing his homework, Steven fell asleep at his desk. (keep the name) Since their international student joined the family, the Smiths have been very busy. NO CHANGE

Clause: Since Bernie was photographed by famous people, he became very well known in the music world. Phrase: Since photographed by famous people, Bernie became very well known in the music world. In this example, the subject of the adverb clause and the verb “to be” are deleted.

Clause: Before Bernie wasn’t accepted in some clubs, he could play almost anywhere. Phrase: Before not being accepted in some clubs, Bernie could play almost anywhere. Notice that the word “not” precedes the –ing form.

Rule: the same as time adverb clauses BUT remove the adverb – no “because”

Because Mary needed some cash, she wanted to find an ATM machine. Reduce: Needing some cash, Mary wanted to find an ATM machine. Because he was unable to afford a new car, Anthony bought a used car. Reduce: Being unable to afford a new car, Anthony bought a used car Because the weather was so nice, the teacher brought her class outside. NO CHANGE

1. While he was watching the geese, he saw the fox. 2. Richard got a thorn in his finger when he was pruning the roses. 3. The cat meowed loudly after it searched for a way into the house. 4. Although the man feared being ostracized, he continued helping everyone. 5. Will measured the board again before he made his final cut.

1. While watching the geese, he saw the fox. 2. Richard got a thorn in his finger when pruning the roses. 3. The cat meowed loudly after searching for a way into the house. 4. Although fearing being ostracized, the man continued helping everyone. 5. Will measured the board again before making his final cut.

1. After hearing the terrible noise, they ran for their lives. 2. The customer paid for his groceries when passing through the check out stand. 3. Allen is only happy while participating in an argument. 4. Before leaving for the hike, the boy scouts were warned about snakes. 5. Until watering the lawn in the morning, he didn't see the dandelions in it.

1. After they had heard the terrible noise, they ran for their lives. 2. The customer paid for his groceries when he passed through the check out stand. 3. Allen is only happy while he is participating in an argument. 4. Before they left for the hike, the boy scouts were warned about snakes. 5. Until he had watered the lawn in the morning, he didn't see the dandelions in it.

1. You act as if I enjoy punishing you. 2. The contractor roughened the concrete while it was still wet. 3. My sister is smarter than I. 4. The manager talked with the workers after listening to their suggestions. 5. Before returning to work, he ate his lunch.

1. as if I enjoy punishing you modifies the verb act 2. while it was still wet modifies the verb roughened 3. than I (am smart) modifies the predicate adjective

smarter 4. after (he had listened) to their suggestions modifies the verb talked 5. Before (he returned) to work modifies the verb ate