Presentation

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN HUMANS Group 2 Rowena Muñoz, Abby Borromeo, Aira Aguilar, Engelbert Balingbing, Ariane Omnes, Kenneth Jamco

PROCESS OF DIGESTION 1. Ingestion- food from outside the body enters the alimentary tract through the mouth. 2. Digestion- process in which complex food material is broken down into simpler substances. 3. Absorption- absorbing digested materials. 4. Elimination- eliminating undigested materials.

PROCESS OF DIGESTION

IMPORTANCE OF DIGESTION Digestion is important because your body needs nutrients from food and drink to work properly and stay healthy. The

digestive system breaks nutrients into parts small enough for your body to absorb and use for energy, growth and cell repair.

• Proteins break into amino acids. • Fats break into fatty acids and glycerol

• Carbohydrates break into simple sugars.

PARTS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

MOUTH Digestion starts here before you even take the first bite of a meal. The smell of food triggers the salivary glands in your mouth to secrete saliva, causing your mouth to water.

Also called the throat, the

PHARYNX

pharynx is the portion of the digestive tract that receives the

food from your mouth. Branching off the pharynx is the esophagus, which

carries food to the stomach, and the trachea or windpipe, which carries

air to the lungs.

ESOPHAGUS Located in your throat near your

trachea

(windpipe),

the

esophagus receives food from your mouth when you swallow. By means of

a series of muscular contractions called

peristalsis,

the

esophagus

delivers food to your stomach.

LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (LES) It is a bundle of muscles at the low end of the esophagus, where it

meets the stomach. When the LES is closed, it prevents acid and stomach

contents from traveling backwards from the stomach.

STOMACH The stomach is a sac-like organ with strong muscular walls. Besides holding food, it serves as the mixer and grinder of food. The stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes that continue the process of breaking the food down and changing it to a

consistency of liquid or paste

LIVER Its main function within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine.

LIVER The

liver

is

the

body's

chemical "factory." It takes the raw

materials absorbed by the intestine and makes all the various chemicals

the body needs to function. The liver also detoxifies potentially

harmful chemicals.

LIVER Bile-

The

liver

makes

digestive juice called BILE that helps digest fats and some vitamins

GALL BLADDER Gallbladder

stores

bile

between meals. When you eat,

your gallbladder squeezes bile through the bile ducts into your

small intestine.

PANCREAS The pancreas is among the most important digestive organs,

and

is

located

behind

the

stomach. It secretes a large

number of enzymes, involved in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

SMALL INTESTINE Small intestine makes digestive

juice, to complete the breakdown of proteins,

carbohydrates,

and

fats.

Bacteria in small intestine make some of the

enzymes

needed

to

digest

carbohydrates. It moves water from the bloodstream into the GI tract to help break down food. It also absorbs water with other nutrients.

VILLI Finger-like projections;

extensive

network of blood vessels

LARGE INTESTINE In large intestine, more water

moves from the GI tract into the bloodstream. Bacteria inside help

break down remaining nutrients and

make

vitamin

K.

Waste

products of digestion, including parts of food that are still too

large, become stool.

RECTUM The lower end of your large intestine, the rectum, stores stool until

it pushes stool out of your anus during a bowel movement.

ENZYMES

MALFUNCTIONS

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) ➢Severe “heartburn” (in laymen’s language). ➢Weakness of the valve between the esophagus and stomach may allow stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus and irritate and inflame the lining.

JAUNDICE ➢Literally means “yellow” in French. ➢Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from a backup of bile metabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues. May result from excessive breakdown of red blood cells.

DIVERTICULOSIS/ DIVERTICULITIS ➢Small pouches may form along the walls of the large intestine called diverticuli which if symptomatic, causing discomfort to the patient, is called diverticulosis.

CIRRHOSIS ➢ Literally, “orange-yellow” in Greek. ➢A degenerative disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcoholics, but can have other causes. The name refers to the gross appearance of the organ.

ESOPHAGEAL VARICES ➢ Bulging, engorged veins in the walls of the esophagus are often a complication of chronic alcoholism. The thin-walled, swollen veins are at risk of tearing resulting in severe, possibly fatal, bleeding.

PORTAL HYPERTENSION ➢A potential complication of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damage and obstruction of venous blood flow through the liver. The rising blood pressure in the veins between the gastrointestinal tract and liver causes engorgement of veins around the umbilicus (navel). ➢The characteristic radiating pattern of veins is called a “caput medusae” (head of Medusa).

CROHN’S DISEASE ➢A chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel. ➢Typical symptoms are abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea. There may also be rectal bleeding that can lead to anemia.

PERITONITIS ➢Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity. ➢Before antibiotics, people would die from peritonitis if an inflamed appendix burst.

PROCESS OF DIGESTION

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FOOD FLOW M- Mouth O- Oesophagus S- Stomach S- Small Intestine D- Duodenum

J- Jejenum I- Lleum L- Large Intestine A- Anus

MOSS, DJ in Las Vegas MOS iS DJ in Las Vegas My Overly Simple System Digests Just Inside Leaving Abruptly