Pratibha91-105

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

II Anu:

Hi Suma, Wish a very Happy New Year of better communication. English

(†’´¤y -Ñ Ææç-´-ûªq®Ωç-™ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫©-´-E ؈’ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o).

Suma: Same to you, Anu. We are going to have a party on the occasion, aren't we? party

(´’†ç Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆?)

-îËÆæ’éÓ-¶-

Anu:

Pavani said so yesterday, didn't she? ( Suma: I am giving the party, aren't I? party Anu: Yes, it is your turn this time. turn= Suma: I am giving the party alright, but I am not making the arrangements, am I? party

-§ƒ-´-E -E-†o -Å-™« -Åç-C. éπü∆?

(؈’ éπü∆

É´y-¶-ûª’-†oC?)

(Å´¤†’ Ñ≤ƒJ F´çûª’...

´çûª’)

(؈’ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. à®√pô’x -ØË-†’ îË-ߪ’ôç -™‰-ü¿’ éπü∆?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 91

lesson question tags sentences 1. aren't we? 2. didn't she? 3. aren't I? 4. am I? 5. aren't you? 6. doesn't it, etc. aren't we? didn't she? aren't you? etc., question tags form question tags.... 1. aren't I? 2. am I? sentences: 1) I am giving the party, aren't I? rule stem 'I am giving the party' verb, am giving question tag am, n't (stem not I question tag, amn't I? aren't I I?) I begin sentence verb, am+ not question tag aren't I? amn't I? question tag English stem not question tag am I? ( I am not making the arrangements, am I? stem not

É°æ¤úø’ Ñ

Ö†o

- ≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 2 -ï-†-´-J 2006

v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™E Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™... í∫´’-Eü∆lç.

OöÀ™x Ñ -´’†èπ◊ éÌûËhO’é¬ü¿’.ÉN ᙫ îËߪ÷™ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. É°æ¤úø’ ´’†èπ◊ éÌûªhí¬ ´*a† ÉN Ö†o

´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o v°æ鬮Ωç ™ Ééπ\úø 鬕öÀd, ™ ü∆E ûª®√yûª ™ ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd), ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´*a, Å¢√L éπü∆. ¢Á·ûªhç (ÇØ˛d ÅE ´≤ÚhçC. ÉC é¬E Ééπ\úø ÅßË’u î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. ûÓ ™ í¬ ÖçúÕ, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, á°æ¤púø÷ í¬ØË Öçô’çC. ÅØË ™ ™‰ü¿’. ÅüË ™ Öçõ‰, Å°æ¤úø’ ´’Sx Ééπ\úø

™

ÖçC)

f) might..., - mightn't? g) have..., - haven't...? has..., hasn't...? h) had..., - hadn't...? i) need..., needn't...? (pron: j) should..., shouldn't ...? k) would..., wouldn't...?
stem not verbs subject example 1) a) Sachin could play well, couldn't he? b) Sachin could not play well, could he? 2) a) Ramesh will help you, won't he? b) Sudha will not / won't help you, will she?

(¢Á’iõ„Ø˛d) – î√© Å®Ω’ü¿’.

FØ˛d) (≠æflØ˛d...?) (ÖØ˛d?) ™ Öçõ‰ Ææ´’ÊÆu ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? ™ îÁ§ƒhç. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô îÁ°œp, îª÷ü∆lç.

Ah here comes Bhargavi. Hi Bhargavi, We are talking about the party. You are making all the arrangements, aren't you? party

(ÉCíÓ ¶µ«®Ω_N. ¶µ«®Ω_O, ¢Ë’ç í∫’-Jç-* ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. à®√p-ôxFo †’´¤y îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?)

Bhargavi: I am. I am getting the money from Suma, aren't I? suma

(îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ¢√L éπü∆?)

Suma:

ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s©’ BÆæ’éÓ-

Bhargavi: That doesn't matter as long as I don't spend.

(؈’ úø•’s ê®Ω’a °ôd-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °∂æ®Ω-¢√™‰-ü¿’-™‰) as long as- so long as = ÅC ïJ-Íí-´-®Ωèπ◊, Ç °æü¿l¥-A™.so long as ´÷´‚-©’í¬ 'not' Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√-úøû√ç. As long as á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Suma & Anu: Thank you.

Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù í∫-ûªç-™- -´-*a-† È®çúø’ lessons ™ (question tags °j -´-*aç--C) -™«í¬-ØË -Öç-C éπ-ü∆. äéπ\-≤ƒJ ´’Sx, don't, doesn't, didn'tûÓ ´îËa question tag N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç. Bhushan: You get up quite early, don't you?

(†’´¤y î√™« °çü¿-™«úË Evü¿-™‰-≤ƒh´¤, éπü∆) (†’´¤y èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆?) (O’ 10éÀ éπü∆, †’´¤y Ç©-Ææuçí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´îª’a, éπü∆?) But our school started at 7.30, didn't it? so I got used to getting up early. school 7.30

(´’† èπ◊çúËC éπü∆? Åçü¿’éπE Å©-¢√-ô-®·-§Ú-®·çC.) Get used to = Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç. I have got used to the hot weather here = (Ééπ\úÕ ¢ËúÕéÀ ؈-©-¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’). ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç 1) 'Get up' ÅØË Regular doing word verb Å®· not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Question tag, 'don't you?' 2) 'Begins' ÅØË second regular doing word verb Å®· not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, question tag, 'doesn't it?' 3) 'started' ÅØË past doing word verb Å®·, not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, question tag, 'didn't it?' (Didn't pronunciation - úÕØ˛d)

Spoken English

™

™

™‰ü¿’)

ÖçC)

3) a) Ameet has scored good marks, hasn't he? b) Ameet hasn't (has not) passed, has he?

É™« N’í∫-û√-N ¶«í¬ practice îËÊÆhØË M. SURESAN question tags éπÈ®èπ◊dí¬ form îËߪ’-í∫©ç. Question tags ™‰E Ææ綵«-≠æù î√-™« EKb-´çí¬ Öçô’çC.

(No not in the stem) b) I am not a fool, am I?

Now practice the following in English:

(ØËØËç ´‚®Ω’^-úÕo é¬ü¿’, éπü∆? (not in the stem) 鬕öÀd 'I' N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçC– a) Stem™ not ™‰èπ◊çõ‰, question tag aren't I? (verb, 'am+' Å®·ûË) b) stem ™ not ÖçúÕ, verb 'am+' Å®·ûË question tag, 'am I?'

´’Sx éÌEo Éûª®Ω verb farms éÌîËa question tags Ééπ\úø ÉÆæ’hØ√oç. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. É´Fo èπÿú≈ stem™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púø’. a) Shall..., - shan't...? b) will.., - won't..? c) can..., _can't...? d) could..., couldn't...? (couldn't - pronunciation e) may..., - mayn't?

(èπ◊Ø˛d)

(¢Á’ß˝’Ø˛d?)

books

Revathi: Jyothi: Santhi:

Ñ´’üµ¿u innerwear ÅØË word èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´≤ÚhçC. Innerwear correct Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà (usage ™éÀ ´≤ÚhçC), î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ Å®Ωnçé¬éπ-§Ú´îª’a. áèπ◊\-´-´’ç-CéÀ Å®Ωnç ÅßË’u-´÷ô under-

ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀ™x éÌçîÁç ´’ç*N.

Underwear Innerwear

(-Åç-úø®˝-¢Ë®˝) -Åç--ö«®Ω’. (-É-†o®˝-¢Ë®˝) -Å-E -á-ç-ü¿’éπ-†®Ω’?2) •Ææ’q -áÍé\-ô°æ¤p-úø’, Æœ-E-´÷£æ…-∞¡x -ü¿í∫_®Ω -öÀÈé\-ôxèπ◊ ´®ΩÆæ-véπ-´’ç-™ ®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ 'Q' '°æ-ü¿l¥-A -§ƒ-öÀç-îªç-úÕ Å-E -¶®Ω’f-©’ç-ö«®·. Íé-´-©ç Q -Åéπ~®Ωç ´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ Ê°®Ì\ç-ö«®Ω’. -´®ΩÆæ-véπ-´÷-EéÀ, -Ñ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -Åéπ~®√EéÀ Ææç-•ç-üµ¿ç -à-N’-öÀ? – -vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, -N’®√u-©í∫÷-úø

-ï-¢√-•’:

1) Underwear - (Underware

é¬ü¿’)– ™ü¿’-Ææ’h©’– ´’†ç •ßª’-öÀéÀ éπ†-°æúË ü¿’Ææ’h©- éÀç-ü¿ üµ¿JçîË ü¿’Ææ’h©’ é¬-•-öÀd Underwear Åçö«®Ω’.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

1)

1) Spoken English

™ î√™«

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ -™--ü¿’Ææ’h-©-†’ -É-ç-Tx-≠ˇ-™

Answers: Ganesh: Hi, Mahesh, you went to a movie last night, didn't you. Mahesh: I told you (that) I would (go), didn't I? Ganesh: You told me, yes. But I didn't think you'd go. Mahesh: When I say something, I am serious, aren't I? Ganesh: But I am not serious about movie matters, am I? Mahesh: I feel happy when I go to a movie with my friends, don't I ? Why didn't you come? Ganesh: I was very busy yesterday. I am the fan of the hero of the movie. Yesterday aren't I? I am sorry I missed the movie. Santhi: Hey, you are joking at me, aren't you? Revathi: I am not at all talking, am I, Jyothi? Jyothi: I am reading the novel, aren't I? Santhi: I am mistaken, aren't I? You are good people. Revathi: I am the serious type, aren't I ? I don't like jokes at all. Jyothi: I am interested only in studies, aren't I ? I don't know how to joke, do I? Santhi: You never joke at others? do you? Revathi: I don't know about Jyothi, but I am always serious.

-ï-¢√-•’:

English èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-* -´’ç-* -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. – -P-K-≠æ, -ïçí¬È®-úÕfí∫÷-úÁç

Spoken English books market English conversation by Grant Taylor; Spoken English for you by G.Radhakrishna Pillai and K.Rajeevan.

O’®Ω’ Ø√ O’ü¿ jokes ¢ËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’, éπü∆? ؈-Ææ©’ ´÷-ö«xúøôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆, Jyothi? ØËØË¢Á÷ Ñ †´© îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’. åØ√? ØËØË §Ò®Ω-°æ-ú≈f†’, éπü∆? O’®Ω’ ´’ç*-¢√∞¡Ÿx §ƒ°æç. ØËØË serious type éπü∆? Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ jokes †îªa´¤. ؈’ studies ™ØË interested, éπü∆? Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ joke îËߪ’ôç ®√ü¿’, éπü∆? O’®Ω-Ææ©’ Éûª-®Ω’© O’ü¿ jokes ¢Áߪ’u®Ω’, éπü∆? Jyothi N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ؈’ ´÷vûªç á°æ¤púø÷ serious.

E†o ®√vA †’´¤y ÆœE´÷èπ◊ 2) -¢Á-∞«}´¤ éπü∆? Mahesh: Å´¤†’, ¢Á∞«h-†E îÁ§ƒp†’. åØ√? Ganesh: îÁ§ƒp-´¤™‰. é¬F †’´¤y ¢Á∞«h-´-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Mahesh: ØËØË-ü¿-®·Ø√ -îÁ-G-ûË serious í¬ØË Öçö«†’, éπü∆? Ganesh: cinema N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ ´÷vûªç serious 鬆’, éπü∆? Mahesh: ؈’ Ø√ friends ûÓ ÆœE-´÷-Èé∞Ïh ÆæçûÓ-≠œ≤ƒh†’ éπü∆? E†o †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ ®√™‰üËç? Ganesh: E†o î√-™« busy í¬ ÖØ√o. †’-´¤y ¢Á-Rx-† cinema hero fan éπü∆ ؈’? ؈’ ®√™‰-ü¿E ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o.

1) Ganesh: Hi Mahesh,

-v°æ-¨¡o: Spoken -ï-¢√-•’:

That's right, do you, don't you?

Bhushan: Your college begins at 10, doesn't it? so you can get up late, can't you? college Dhiraj:

îª÷ü∆lç.

؈÷ O’™«í∫ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-úÕØË éπü∆?

I am ready. Thank you for making all the arrangements. You are taking trouble. aren't you? trouble

(ØËE-´y-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥ç. é¬F †’´¤y BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?)

Dhiraj:

examples a) I am Andhra, aren't I? (stem not b) I am not an American, am I? (stem not 2) a) I am getting good marks, aren't I? (No not in the stem) b) I am not troubling you, am I? (Not in the stem) 3) a) I am an Indian like you, aren't I?

´’J-éÌEo

Santhi:

Revathi:

do you, don't you? Anu:

2) Santhi: Revathi: Jyothi:

wear. 2)

´®Ω-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ E©-•úÕ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ English Åéπ~®Ωç Q é¬ü¿’ – Q Ü®Ω-éπØË Å™« ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, Thank you ™ You èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Thank U ¢√úÕ-†ô’x. ´®Ω-Ææ -véπ-´’ç™ Å®Ωnç ´îËa English word Queue. Please queue up ÅØË -•-ü¿’©’, Please Q up Åçö«®Ω’, fancy í¬. People queued for the tickets.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Spoken english èπ◊,

written english èπ◊ -ûË-ú≈-©-†’ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. 2) having been -à Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ -´Ææ’hç-C? 3) Spelling mistakes Ææ-J-îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ-©£æ… -É-´yí∫-©®Ω’. – °œ.-á-Ø˛.-†Í®-¨¸, °æ-J-T

î√™« simple í¬, Å®Ωl¥-´’-´-ú≈EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öç-úø-úøç. °æ‹Jh sentences Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Written English ÉçéÌçîÁç °æü¿l¥-Aí¬, °æ‹Jhí¬ grammatical í¬, éÌClí¬ éÀx≠d-¢æ Á’i† ´÷ô©’, ¢√é¬u-©ûÓ Öç-úÌa. 2) Having been = Å®· Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x Having been deceived by him once, I don't trust him any more

äéπ-≤ƒJ ؈-ûª-E-îËûª ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-îª-•úÕ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x ÅûªEo ؈’ ´’Sx †´’t†’. Having been selected he is happy select

Å®· Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. 3) Spelling mistakes ûªí¬_-©çõ‰ ´÷ô-©†’ syllables í¬ N¶µº->ç* spelling Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ. ûªí∫’_û√®·. Syllable Åçõ‰ ÅaûÓ Ö†o °æü¿-¶µ«í∫ç. Construction. DØÓx con, struc, tion -Å-ØË -´‚úø’ syllables ÖØ√o®·. É™« devide îËÆæ’èπ◊E spelling Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ. ûª°æ¤p©’ ûªí∫’_-û√®·.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ðû¦è[ª-

II Sunil: Hi Ramesh, the Megastar phoned me last night and asked for a few tips on acting.

(óÀª ô¢î¶ªøÉ Eìo-ô¦vA ޥ-þ§dô û¦ÚÛª ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ìåì ÞœªJÙ# Ú•Eo ú£«àŸ-ìõª Íè…-Þ¥è[ª.) Ramesh: Oh, did he?

(Íö°Þ¥?) Sunil: And what is more, he wanted to see me about a future movie of his. Unfortunately I am very busy you know. So I couldn't give him an appointment.

(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙæ˺ êµõªþ§, ÍêŸè[ª ìæ¨Ù-àŸ-ò˺꟪ìo Ú•êŸh ú‡E÷« ÞœªJÙ# ììªo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁî¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o-ìE Íû¦oè[ª. Ú¥F ë]ªô¢-ë]'ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh û¶ìª à¦ö° G@ ÚÛë¯? ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª

ú£ô¢Ù. Íö°¸Þ question tags Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯, Ð lesson ö˺E Ramesh responses ö˺E short questions - Oæ¨E response questions ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨N ÚÛ«è¯ conversation ÚÛª ú£ï£°-á-ê¦y-Eo-þ§hô³. Question tags ö°¸Þ ÏN-ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª sentenceìª ñæ¨d ÷ú£ªhÙ-æ°ô³. î¦æ¨-E-ñç¶d Oæ¨Ú¨ Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙ-åªÙC. Íô³ê¶ êµõª-Þœªö˺ Oå-Eo-æ¨Ú© Ö¸Ú Íô¢nÙ– Íö°Þ¥? ÍE. ÏN ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ ÖÚÛô¢ª àµí‡pì Nù£óŸªÙ ÷ªìÙ ì÷ªt-ö¶-E-CÞ¥ Ñìoí£±pè[ªÞ¥E, ÷ªìÚÛª ÎøŒaô¢uÙ/Îú£Ú¨h ÚÛL-TÙචNù£-óŸª-i-ì-í£±p-è[ª-Þ¥E î¦è[ê¦Ù. šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Ramesh ú response questions ÍFo ÍêŸìª ì÷ªt-ö¶E Nù£-óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶ú£ªh-û¦oô³ ÚÛë¯! Sunil ÚÛª Megastar phone à¶óŸªè[Ù, ú£«àŸ-ì-õ-è[-Þœè[Ù ö°Ùæ¨N. Ïö°Ùæ¨ responses Oªô¢« practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Íô³ê¶ Ð

ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 4 áì÷J 2006

(ÍJÚ¥ö˺ ÚÛí£±p Ú¥íƈ ÖÚÛ è¯õôÂ. ÍÙç¶ ë¯ë¯í£± 50 ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª.)

Í÷±û¦... Íö°Þ¥!?

û¶ìª Íð§-ô³Ù-æËÀ-ÙæËÀ Ï÷y-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼-óŸ«ìª.) Appointment ÷«÷´õª Íô¢nÙ ÑëÁuÞœÙ. Ú¥F appointment ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ î¦è…ì NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ Íô¢nÙ = ÚÛõªú£ªÚÁè¯-EÚ¨ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ, àÁåª Eô¢g-ô³Ù-àŸè[Ù. Ramesh: Oh! Is that so? I didn't know (I haven't known) that you are so great.

Preethi: Does it?

(Í÷±û¦?)

responses subject

ìª ñæ¨d,

ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ª sentence ö˺E ìª ñæ¨d form à¶þ§hÙ.

verb

costs II Regular Doing Word response 'does', coffee 'it' 'Does it?'

ÏÚÛ\è[

Pramod: Two or three ministers consult me whenever they have problems.

(Ïë]lô¢ª ö¶ë¯ ÷³Þœª_ô¢ª ÷ªÙv꟪õª ú£÷ª-

ÍÙç¶

Ú¥ñæ¨d ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE

Prema: Though she is not healthy, her husband does not help her.

(ÎÚÛª ÎôÁÞœuÙ ò°ÞÁ-ö¶-ÚÛð¼-ô³û¦ Î òÅ¡ô¢h ÔÙ ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶óŸªè[ª.)

(Íö°Þ¥, ìª÷yÙêŸ Þ•í£p-î¦-è…÷E û¦ÚÛª ÏÙêŸ ÷ô¢ÚÛª êµLóŸªë]ª).

Sujana:

O,

Doesn't

he?

(à¶óŸªè¯?)

Sunil: Only the megastar knows my greatness.

verb does (not) help response 'does. Kumar: The actor who played Samson fought with a real lion, you know?

Ú¥ñæ¨d

ö˺

(ޥ-þ§d-ôÂ¸Ú û¦ Þ•í£p-ë]ìÙ êµõªú£ª) Ramesh: Does he? That's news to me. But I have a doubt, my dear Sunil.

(ø‹uîª-ú£ûË ð§vêŸ î¶ú‡ì ìåªè[ª Eá-iì ú‡ÙÙêÁ ð¼æ°x-è¯è[ª, êµõªþ§) Sudheer: Did he? (Í÷±û¦?) šíj sentence ö˺ verb 'fought'. ÏC Past Doing word Ú¥ñæ¨d, did ÷ú£ªhÙC. Subject 'actor' ñë]ªõª 'he' ÷ú£ªhÙC. Ïö°¸Þ Am, is, are, was, were,

(Íö°Þ¥? ÏC û¦ÚÛª Ú•êŸh Nù£óŸªÙ. Íô³ê¶ û¦ÚÁ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ÑÙC.) 'That's news to me = ÍC û¦Ú¨Ù-êŸ- ÷ô¢ÚÛª êµLóŸªE Nù£óŸªÙ. conversation ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Sunil: What's it?

(ÔÙåC?) Ramesh: Are you mentally sound?

(FÚÛª ÷ªA-ú‡n-Nª-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙë¯ ÍE.) mentally sound = ÷ªA-ú‡n-NªêŸÙêÁ ÑÙè[è[Ù mentally unsound = í‡#a Sunil: Is that your doubt? Call the Megastar and ask him himself.

(Íë¯ F ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù. Íô³ê¶ ޥ-þ§d-ôÂ¸Ú ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ÚÛìªÚÁ\) Ramesh: Should I? (Do) you want me to be another fool like you? Come on. Cut all that stuff about his calling you and taking your suggestions. You look a real fool.

(Íö°Þ¥? Fö°¸Þ û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷´ô¢ª^è[E-í‡Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-÷ªÙ-æ°î¦? ÏÚÛ Îí£±. ޥþ§dô FÚÛª ðƼûË à¶óŸªè[Ù, F ú£«àŸ-ìõª Bú£ª-ÚÁ-è[Ù-ö°Ùæ¨ í‡#a î¦Þœªè[ª ÚÛæ¨dšíåªd. ìª÷±y EáÙÞ¥ íÆ£²öËÀ-ö°¸Þ Ñû¦o÷±.) Cut = Îí£±, ÚÛæ¨d-šíåªd , stuff = þ¼C, î¦Þœªè[ª. Sunil: Do I? (Íö°Þ¥?) šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ îµ³ë]æ¨ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ Sunil ÷«å-õÚÛª Ramesh responses Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. ★ Did he? ★ Is that so? I didn't know (I haven't known) ★ Does he? ★ Should I?

ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ question tags Óö° form à¶óŸ«L, conversation ö˺ î¦æ¨ ð§vêŸ ÞœªJÙ# êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Conversation lively Þ¥, effective Þ¥ ÑÙè¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ question tags î¦è[ÚÛÙ à¦ö° Í÷-

ú£uö¶îµjû¦ ÷›úh ììªo ú£Ùví£-C-þ§hô¢ª.) Prasad: O, do they?

shall, will, can, could, may, might, must, have, has, had etc. combinations verbs responses

êÁ ÷à¶a

ÚÛª

ÍEoÙ-æ¨ö˺ Ïî¶

(Í÷±û¦, Íö°Þ¥? – ì÷ªt-øŒÚÛuÙ Ú¥ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a response) Pramod sentence ö˺E verb 'consult'. ÏC 1st Regular Doing Word- Ú¥ñæ¨d responseö˺ 'do' ÷ú£ªhÙC (MinistersÚÛª ñë]ªõª 'they'êÁ). ÏÚÛ\è[

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 92 question tags

ö˺ö°Þ¥ not ÑÙç¶ tag ö˺ not ô¦÷ÚÛð¼÷è[Ù-ö°Ùæ¨C ÔOª ÑÙè[ë]ª.

Pramod: Most ministers are my friends.

ÑÙæ°ô³. Charan: I can bat better than Tendulkar.

Sravan: O, can you? Can't you bowl better than Pathan?

Now practise the following in English Tarun:

Spoken English

Tarun: It was very cold the whole of yesterday in Hyderabad./ Hyderabad was very cold the whole of yesterday. Kumar: Was it? It wasn't so cold here. Tarun: I went about in sweater the whole day. Kumar: Did you? It was cold here too, but it wasn't so bad. Tarun: Even in such cold,/ Though it was so cold, I had a cold water bath/ a cold bath. Kumar: Did you?/ Had you? But why? Tarun: I ran out of gas/ The cylinder was empty/ The gas was exhausted. When I called the gas company, they said it would take two days/ I had to wait for two days. Kumar: Don't you have a geiger? Tarun: Do you?/ Have you? Kumar: This place is not so cold./ It is not so cold here, is it? So we don't need a geiger, do we? Tarun: I am going to buy a flat soon. A modern construction with all amenities. Kumar: Are you? What's the price?/ What is the price likely to be? Tarun: Around Rs. 20 lac.

M. SURESAN

(Íö°Þ¥?÷ªJ í£ôȦûË ÚÛû¦o ò°Þ¥ ò®öËÀ à¶óŸª-ö¶î¦?) Ïö°Ùæ¨ responses ò°Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ú•ÙàµÙ vøŒë]lÄÞ¥ Þœ÷ª-E›úh Ð responses question tags ö°Þ¥ à¦ö° ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù. Ú•ÙàµÙ practice êÁ Oªô¢ª ú£ªõ-òÅ¡ÙÞ¥ form à¶óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª. ví£óŸª-AoÙ-àŸÙè….

Prasad: O, are they?

Suraj: In the US, a cup of coffee costs a dollar, that is, about Rs. 50/-

Answers:

(çµÙè[«-õ\ô ÚÛû¦o ò°Þ¥ ò°uæ¨ÙÞ à¶óŸª-Þœ-õìª.)

(÷ªÙv꟪ö˺x à¦ö°-÷ªÙC û¦ ›úo-꟪õª.) ÏÚÛ\è[ verb 'are'. Ú¥ñæ¨d ministers ñë]ªõª they . (Íö°Þ¥– ÎøŒa-ô¢u-ÚÛ-ô¢-iì Nù£óŸªÙ Íô³û¦ response Ïö°û¶ ÷ú£ªhÙC.)

ÑÙC Ú¥F ÍÙêŸ-ö¶ë]ª. ÍÙêŸ àŸL-öËºì« àŸFoüŒxêÁ þ§oìÙ à¶ø‹. Íö°Þ¥? ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛE? û¦ ô¢«Ùö˺ Þ¥uúà Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC. ðƼûË ඛúh ·ôÙè[ª-ôÁ-Võª í£è[ªêŸªÙ-ë]-û¦oô¢ª. Kumar: F ô¢«Ùö˺ Uáô ö¶ë¯? Tarun: FÚÛªÙë¯? Kumar: ÏC ÍÙêŸ àŸL-ví£-ë¶øŒÙ Ú¥ë]ª ÚÛë¯? ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE Uáô Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. Tarun: ÍEo ÎëÅ]ª-EÚÛ ÷ú£-꟪-õêÁ Ñìo ðƧxæËÀìª û¶ìª êŸyô¢ö˺ Ú•ì-ò˺-꟪-û¦oìª. Kumar: Í÷±û¦? ëÅ]ô¢ ÓÙêŸ ÑÙè•àŸªa. Tarun: ë¯ë¯í£± 20 õ¤Ûõ ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª. Tarun: Kumar: Tarun:

ví£øŒo:

It is not short form it's not/ it isn't. pronunciation

Ú¨ î¦æ¨ ÏæËÀq-û¦æËÀ/ ÏæËÀ ÐâµûËÂd Þ¥ í£õ-ÚÛ-÷à¦a? ÏæËÀ ÐâÉÀ û¦æËÀ Þ¥û¶ í£õÚ¥ö°? Short forms writing ö˺û¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ spelling Ú¨ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷Jh-þ§hóŸ«? ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ spellingÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷Jh›úh I would- short form I'd. He has - He's, I have - I've

EìoÙê¦ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ à¦ö° àŸLÞ¥ ÑÙC. Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÏÚÛ\-è[ÙêŸ ö¶ë¶. Tarun: EìoÙê¦ šúyåô î¶ú£ªÚÛªû¶ AJÞ¥. Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÏÚÛ\è[ ÖÚÛ îµ«ú£hô¢ª àŸLÞ¥

ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

îµ³ë]-öµj-ì-î¦-æ¨E Óö° ÑàŸa-JÙ-à¦L? – Nî¶ÚÂ, ìö˹_Ùè[ áî¦ñª: It's not = ÏæËÀq not; It isn't = ÏæËÀ ÐáûËÂd– Ïö°¸Þ í£õ-Ú¥L. Ïö° í£õªÚÛªê¦Ù Ú¥ñç¶d writingö˺ î¦æ¨-ìö° ô¦þ§hô¢ª. NªÞœê¦ contracted forms (short forms) Nù£-óŸªÙ-öËºì« Ïö°¸Þ ÑàŸa-J-þ§hô¢ª. I'd = ÕèÂ; He has = he's =âÉÀ I've = ÕîËÂ. ÍEo contractions îµ³ë]å spoken forms Ú¥ñæ¨d writing ö˺ Íö° Í÷±-꟪ÙC.

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

II Laxman: Hi Ramu, may the new year bring you all happiness.

(éÌûªh Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ûÁ*a °ö«d-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.) Ramu:

So may it to you, Laxman.

(Fèπÿ Å™«Íí ï®Ω-í¬-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ) Laxman: Thank you. Lessons

Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ™ May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ éÌEoç-öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπ∫ü∆. Ñ Â°j Sentences ™ May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷úøçúÕ. ÉN Wishes èπÿ, Greetings (ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’) èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç. Éçü¿’™ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆, Laxman, Ramu †’ wish îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’, Ramu, Laxman †’ wish îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ May ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x May á°æ¤púø÷ Sentence ´·çü¿’ç-ô’çC, Åçõ‰ Sentence May ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´¤-ûª’çC. May ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u É™«çöÀ sentences, blessings èπ◊ èπÿú≈, Åçõ‰ ÇQ-®Ωy-îª-Ø√-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 93

Ravi:

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 6 -ï-†-´-J 2006

Please go ahead. What is the matter?

(àçö îÁ°æpçúÕ) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'May' ņ’-´’A – Permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’†-éπçõ‰ °j≤ƒn®· ¢√∞¡x permission í¬E, ´’†ç î√-™« íı®Ω-NçîË ¢√∞¡x permission í¬F Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’, May, question form ™ I/ we ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. 1) May I sit here? permission 2) May I use your phone? phone permission 3) May I know your name? / May I know who you are?

(ØËE-éπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-´î√a?) (O’

¢√-úø’éÓ´î√a?)

4) 'May' in statement forms some times is used and formal way.

(O’ Ê°-Í®ç-ö/ -O’-È®-´®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?) ÉC °æ‹Jhí¬ Å°æ-J-*-ûª’-©ûÓ.

5) May in the beginning of a statement is used

4) How long may I keep this book?

for expressing wishes and blessings.

(ØËF °æ¤Ææhéπç áEo ®ÓV-©’ç--éÓ-´îª’a?) May official/ formal í¬ permission É´y-ú≈-E-éÀ statement form ™ (you ûÓ ´·êuçí¬) ¢√úøû√ç. Superior status ™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿ} éÀçC ¢√∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª, O’Jéπ ¢Á∞¡x´îª’a ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ May ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

Now practice the following in English. a) Anil: Good morning, Sir.

Murthy:

1) You may go now.

O’Jéπ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a.

(permission

É´yôç)

O’®Ω’ ´÷èπ◊ high school ™ teacher, Sir. -N’-´’t-Lo äéπ-≤ƒJ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ ´î√a†’. -†’-´¤y -Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o-´¤ -Å-E-™¸. -î√-™«é¬-©ç -ûª®√y-ûª -E-†’o éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-ôç Ææç-ûÓ-≠æç.É°æ¤p-úËç -îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-´¤?

When may I know the result? Keshav: Hi Jagan, when are you starting for Delhi? (Delhi Jagan: In a few hours from now. The train is at 3.30 Train 3.30 Keshav: I am going home now. I may not be able to come to station to see you off. May you have a very happy journey!

éÀ á°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’ûª’Ø√o´¤?)

(Ééπ éÌCl í∫çô-©èπ◊.

éÀ)

(ØËEç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oE°æ¤púø’. Fèπ◊ OúÓ\-L-´y-ö«EéÀ station èπ◊ ®√™‰éπ§Ú´îª’a. F v°æߪ÷ùç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ≤ƒí¬-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ.) Jagan:

May you have a happy time in your new course! When do your classes begins? course classes ) Keshav: They begin the day after tomorrow.

(F éÌûªh Öçú≈L. O’ û√®·.

™ †’´¤y ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ á°æ¤púø’ -¢Á·-ü¿-©-´¤-

(á©’xçúÕ) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'May' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u sentences ÅFo wishes †’ ûÁ-©°æ-ôç í∫´’-Eç-î √®Ω’ éπü∆. -É-N îª÷úøçúÕ.. u May you live long!

O’®Ω’ î√-™«é¬©ç @Nç-î√-©E. (*®Ωç-@´! ÅØË ûÁ©’í∫’ ÇQ-Ææ’qèπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç) u May your business prosper!

O’ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü∆L! (éÓJéπ, ÇQÆæ’q) u May you celebrate many more birth days like this!

2) You may use my phone if you want.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Bí∫ ´çTçC, 鬩’ NJ-TçC,

É™«çöÀ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV©’ î√™« î√-™« -îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-E! ´çüË∞¡Ÿx @Nç-î√L. u May God bless you!

üË´¤úø’ E†’o ÇQ-®Ωy-Cç--í¬éπ! F 'May' È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÉC. Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Lessons ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. May, probability E ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC, ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ´uéπh°æ®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E éπü∆! Åçõ‰ Ŵa, Å´-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. u 'May' ´‚úÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. Srinath: May I come in? (؈’ ™EéÀ ®√´î√a?) Ravi: Please do. Srinath: May I have a few minutes of your time?

(O’ Æ洒ߪ’ç é¬Ææh BÆæ’éÓ-´î√a)

Spoken English

-ï-¢√-•’:

<´’ ´·E-TçC, °æ¤Ææhéπç *J-TçC.. -É-™«ç-öÀ -¢√--öÀ-E -ߪ’-ü∑∆-ûª-ü∑¿çí¬ (--´ç-îª-•-úÕç-C,´·-†í∫-•-úÕç-C, -Å-E é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈) -Ççí∫xç-™éÀ -á-™« -Å-†’-´Cç-î√-™ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. – ®√°∂æ’-´, -´÷®√\°æ¤®Ωç-

i) ii) iii) iv)

Bí∫ ´çTçC = the wire bent 鬩’ NJ-TçC = the leg broke <´’ ´·E-TçC = The ant drowned. °æ¤Ææhéπç *J-TçC = The book got torn.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

-v°æ-¨¡o: Idioms, usage í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. -ï-¢√-•’:

Idioms

Sravan: Bhavan:

-•£æ›-¨» -Öç-úÌ-a. ؈’ ´’Sx °œ©’≤ƒh-†’. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ •ßª’ô wait îËߪ’-´îª’a O’®Ω’. O’®Ω’ front room ™ èπÿ®ÓaçúÕ. Interview Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûª èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’ âü¿’í∫çô© ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’. result á°æ¤úø’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-´îª’a? Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´®Ωèπ◊ O’®Ω’ expect îËߪ’-éπçúÕ.

Answers: Anil: Good morning sir. You were our teacher in the high school. I have come to see you. Murthy: I remember you, Anil. (I am) happy to see/ meet you, though after a long time. What are you (now)? Anil: (I am) going to the states for higher studies. I got the visa the day before (yesterday). I've come for your blessings. Murthy: You have my blessings always. May you have a happy journey and may you study well and prosper there! Anil: Today is my birthday too, sir. Murthy: I am very happy. May you live long in health and happiness! Anil: Thank You, sir. Murthy: You are welcome. (May you have a happy journey = Wish you a happy journey; may you live long = Wish you a long and healthy life)

(°jéÀ

Anil:

°j îªü¿’-´¤-©èπ◊ (O’®Ω’, 鬴-LÊÆh Ø√ phone -¢√-úø’éÓ-´îª’a) Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿhpermission É´yôç. Sir. Ø√o†’, Å™«Íí éÌçîÁç ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ (Åçûª E≠æ \-®Ω{í¬ ¢Á·†oØË visa é¬èπ◊çú≈) orders É´y-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ statement ´*açC. O’ ÇQform ™ May ¢√úøû√ç. Ææ’q© éÓÆæç ´î√a†’. 1) You may not leave office before 5 M. SURESAN (âü¿’í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ O’®Ω’ Ç°∂‘Ææ’†’ç* ¢Á-∞Ô}-ü¿’l) Murthy: Fèπ◊ Ø√ ÇQ-Ææ’q™„-°æ¤púø÷ Öçö«®·. F v°æߪ÷ùç Ææ’êçí¬ order ïJT, †’´yéπ\-úø ¶«í¬ îªCN °jéÀ ®√¢√-©E 2) You may not smoke here Ø√ ÇQ-Ææ’q©’ (May ¢√úøçúÕ). (O’J-éπ\úø smoke îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’) – order. Anil: Ñ®ÓV Ø√ birthday èπÿú≈. Sir. 3) You may leave office only after five. Murthy: î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æç. †’´¤y î√-™«-鬩ç Çߪ·-®√(O’®Ω’ âü¿’ ûª®√yûªØË •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á-∞¡x-´îª’a) – order ®Ó-í¬u-©ûÓ Öçú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. (May (Åçõ‰ Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ¢Á∞¡xèπÿúø-ü¿E order). ¢√úøçúÕ). É´-Fo May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’: äéπ-≤ƒJ Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ Anil: î√-™« thanks, Sir. îª÷ü∆lç. Murthy: ´’ç*C. 1) 'May' expresses probability (ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç) b) Sravan: ؈’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®√´-î √açúŒ? 2) 'May' expresses doubt (ÆæçüË£æ«ç) Bhavan: ®ΩçúÕ. èπÿ®ÓaçúÕ. Sravan: ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ interview attend Å´-ú≈-EéÀ 3) May in the question form, especially with I/ ´î√a†’. Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ Sravan. Ø√èπ◊ interWe is used for asking for permission in a very view á°æ¤p-úø’ç-úÌa? formal and polite manner. Bhavan: îÁ§ƒh-†’ç-úøçúÕ. Ç... O’èπ◊ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 'May' for permission is used to ask for perÈ®çúø’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ interview Öçô’çC. mission in a more polite and formal manner Sravan: É°æ¤púË äçöÀ í∫çô-†o®Ω Å®·çC éπü¿çúÕ. than 'can' and 'shall', with I/ We, and 'will', Ø√ interview É°æ¤púË ÖçúÌî√a? (May and 'would' with you (in the question form) ¢√úøçúÕ).

u May you live to be a hundred.

Bhavan:

in place of 'shall' to express orders in a polite

– ®Ω£æ…-Ø√-¶‰í∫ç, éπ-©÷x®Ω’

ÅØ√o usage ÅØ√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†o ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p, Ç ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ Ö†o Å®√n-EéÃ, Ç ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p™ Ö†o äéÌ\éπ\ ´÷ô Å®√n-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË, Ç ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p idiom Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÅüË ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd ÅC usage Å´¤-ûª’çC. use Åçõ‰ ¢√úøéπç. Åçõ‰ äéπ word †’ sentence ™ use îËߪ’ôç. O’®Ω’ vocabulary, idioms, improve îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ Vocabulary O’ü¿ books (Norman Lewis's Word Power Made Easy ™«çöÀN) éÌçûª-´-®ΩÍé Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫°æ-úø-û√®·. Idioms O’ active use ™éÀ ®√¢√-©çõ‰

®√´-ôç)

b) Sravan: May I come in (sir)? Bhavan: Please do/ do come in. Have a seat/ Please sit down. Sravan: I have come to attend an interview here. I am Sravan. When may I have the interview?/ When may be my interview? Bhavan: Wait a minute. Let me see... Yes. Your interview is at 2 in the afternoon. 1.30 sir. May I Sravan: It's already have the interview now itself ? Bhavan: That may be possible. I'll call you again. Till then you may wait outside. You may sit in the front room. You may not leave here till 5, even after the interview. Sravan: When may I know the result? Bhavan: Well, you may not expect it before tomorrow evening.

(É°æ¤púË)

Öûªh´’´÷®Ω_ç English Newspapers, The Hindu ™«çöÀN, *†o *†o story books ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* °ü¿l novels îªü¿-´ôç, ´·êuçí¬ English news magazines îªü¿-´ôç. Vocab books ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ´©x words, their meanings ûÁ©’-≤ƒh®·, but we don't know how to use them. So read, read and read- that's the best way to improve. idioms, words language dictionary Commercials/ Ads Modern expression English

Åçû√ îªü¿-Nç-ûª-®√yûª Åv°æ-ߪ’-ûªoçí¬ O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h†o O’ ™ ¢√úË-≤ƒh®Ω’. îªC-¢Ë-Æœç-ûª-®√yûª Å®Ωnç-é¬E ´÷ô™‰´Ø√o Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ. èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´çúÕ– ´Ææ’hçC. O©’-†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x ™ ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

II Brahmam: Hi Vishnu, any idea where Siva might be?

(P´ áéπ\-úø’ç-úÌîÓa à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ)? Vishnu:

Not in the least. You call Ganesh. He might know. Ganesh phone

(ÅÆæ©’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. èπ◊ îË®·. Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’-´îª’a.) Not in the least= ÅÆæ©’ ™‰ü¿’. Öçü∆.

É´¤y)

(™‰ü¿’. ÅC ñ‰•’™ °ô’d-èπ◊çõ‰ èπ◊, ü∆EoNçõ‰ îÁNéÀ üÁ•s ÅE ÅûªE ¶µºßª’ç)

Brahmam: So how do I get at him now?

Brahmam: Any idea who else might know Siva's whereabouts now? I want him urgently. Siva

(§ÚF É°æ¤-úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ îÁ°æp-í∫-©¢√∞¡Ÿx ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o ÖØ√o®√?ÅûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ-´ôç î√-™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç).

Try his home. Here's the number. But they might all be out. phone

(¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ îÁß˝’. -É-CíÓ -†ç-•®˝. Å®·ûË ¢√∞Îx-´®Ω÷ Éçöx ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a). (Try= v°æߪ’-Aoç* îª÷úø’. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆: out: Éçöx ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç; In = Éçöx Öçúøôç) É´Fo might combination ûÓ Ö†o verbs Ö†o sentences éπü∆. I mean, °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™ -EN. Might combination ûÓ verbs English ™ ûª®Ωîª’í¬ ¢√-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE might combination ûÓ ´îËa verbs †’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ´·êuç/ -Ö-°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç. Might Combination Verbs: a) Might be ('be' form); b) Might+ 1st Regular doing word - might know, might come, might like, etc. 1) Might, present future expresses doubt and uncertainty

™é¬F, ™é¬F, Åçõ‰ É°æ¤úø’é¬F, Ééπ-´·çü¿’é¬F, (ÆæçüË£æ«ç) (Ææç-Cí∫l¥-ûª). Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Öçúø-´îª’a, ®√´îª’a ÅE '´îª’a— °æü∆©èπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç. a) Might be - ÉC 'be' form; Å®Ωnç: Öçúø-´îª’a.

-v°æ-¨¡o: -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -¶«í¬ -´÷-ö«x-ú≈-©ç-õ‰ -àç -îË-ߪ÷-™ Ææ-©£æ… -É-´yí∫-©®Ω’. – -áç.-¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®ΩÈ®-úÕf, -<®√-©

-ï-¢√-•’:

Spoken English exercises regular practice English paper English story

v°æA-¶µº™ ÉÆæ’h†o

í¬

îËߪ’çúÕ. îªü¿-´ôç îËߪ’çúÕ. *†o *†o èπÿú≈ îªü¿-´çúÕ. ûª°æpéπ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’– üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh. -v°æ-¨¡o: i) -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™... consist, collapse, cultivation... -O-öÀ-E -á-™« °æ-©é¬-L? continue books

îª÷úø-´îª’a (ÆæçüË£æ«ç), ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a, Might come = ®√´îª’a. ´’† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ sentence äéπ-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.

a) Any idea where Siva might be?

P´ áéπ\-úø’ç-úÌîÓa à´’Ø√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ? í∫ù‰-≠ˇèπ◊

phone

ii) A. How do you go to home? B. I go home by rickshaw.

îÁß˝’. Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’-´îª’a.

c) He fears it might affect his heart...

í∫’çúÁ üÁ•s A†-´-îªaE... ÅûªE ¶µºßª’ç. d) You might be able to contact him there

Féπ-ûª†’ Åéπ\úø üÌ®Ωéπ-´-a/ -ûª-í∫-™Ôa. e) But they might all be out

Åçü¿®Ω÷ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa. 鬕öÀd îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, might, present ™, future ™ Åçûª éπ*a-ûªç-é¬E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’ç-ü¿E– Might be/ Might + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Word)

He might be at office now Ringup his office. You might be able to contact him. office Phone

(Åûª-E°æ¤púø’ ™ Öçúø-´îª’a. Åéπ\îÁß˝’. †’´y-ûªEo Åéπ\úø úÕéÀ °æô’d-éÓ-´îª’a). Contact: Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç/- ä-éπ-JûÓ communication Öçúøôç

Vishnu:

come, etc) Might see = Might go =

≤ƒüµ¿u-¢Á’i, ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

(´’J ÅûªEo °æô’d-éÓ-´ôç ᙫ?) Get at = îË®Ω’-éÓ-´-ôç/- °æ-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç Vishnu:

b) Might + 1st Regular doing word (see, go,

b) You call Ganesh. He might know

Brahmam: Has he a cell? Let me have the number cell Number Vishnu: He hasn't a cell/ He has no cell. He fears it might affect his heart if he carries it in his pocket, and his ear, if he hears from it- because of radiation. heart

(Åûª-EéÀ

ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaØË

N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo




Might a) You might try his office phone number if you are unable to get his home. Phone Office phone try

èπ◊ ´’®Ó Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç:

Åûª-EçöÀ îËߪ’çúÕ.

b) You might call the helpline case of trouble. trouble, help line

O’Íé-´’Ø√o îËߪ’çúÕ.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 94

Manager: Supdt.:

üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË,

Öçõ‰,

in

èπ◊

phone Supdt.:

Å®·ûË, helpline= äéπ ÆæçÆæn ´©x Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ îËߪ÷-Lq† phone) Ñ È®çúø’ Sentences ™ ™«í¬ might †’ Ææ÷-©’/- Ææ-©-£æ…©’ É´y-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç– ´·êuçí¬ ´’†-éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊, ´’†éπçõ‰ °j≤ƒn®· ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ææ÷îª-†-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬.

؈÷ ÅüË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, Å®·ûË î√-™« ê®Ω’a Ŵa éπü∆ ÅE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. é¬E, O’Í®-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, ´’†èπ◊ ü∆E-´©x business áèπ◊\´´¤ûª’çC, sir. áèπ◊\´ customers ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç Öçô’çC éπü∆, sir.

Manager:

In case of=

Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç budget ™ adjust îËߪ’-´-îªaç-ö«®√? ؈’ budget prepare îËÊÆ-¨»†’. O’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ ÅC -îª÷Æœ E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’éӴa, sir.

Answers: a) Prabhu: We are playing the match today, aren't we?

You might call the helpline Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Might èπÿ, Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o May èπ◊ î√™« §ÚLéπ Ö†oô’x ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Might, may éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ May -¢√-úÕ-†°æ¤p-úø’ áèπ◊\´ ≤ƒüµ¿u´’ßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç -Öç-ô’ç-ü¿-†o-´÷-ô. 1 a) Sunil may come this evening

Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ææ’F™¸ ®√´îª’a. b) Sunil might come this evening Sunil ®√´-îËa¢Á÷. ™éπØ√o (b) ™ ÆæçüË£æ«ç áèπ◊\´. Sunil may come ņo-°æ¤úø’ Ææ’F™¸ ´îËa Ææ÷©’ áèπ◊\´, Sunil might come ņo-°æp-öÀ-éπØ√o. 2 a) It may rain (´®Ω{ç ®√´îª’a) – doubtful

Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç

Sentence (a)

b) It might rain (Highly doubtful)


´’†ç

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o might ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç. It expresses possibility/ uncertain-

ty/ doubt in the present or in the future. (A) India might win the coming cricket series with Pakistan, atleast Inzamam says so

ï®Ω-í∫-†’†o cricket series ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Èí©--¢Ìa. Éçï-´÷¢˛’ Å™« Åçô’-Ø√oúø’. India may win Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ÈíLîË chances Éçé¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ņo-´÷ô.

Rajasekhar (Senior Manager): Manmohan, the power bills are going up. Can't we make do with two air conditioners instead of four? bills (Manmohan, 3 AC machines

éπÈ®çö¸ Ø√o®·. Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆?

¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´®·§Úûª’•ü¿’©’ È®ç-úÕçöÀûÓ

Manmohan (Manager): That might not be much use, sir. Power bills may be less, but the staff might not work so efficiently. current sir) Manager, Sr Manager Might 'What do you think of this method?'

(Åü¿ç-ûª Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. ü∆E´©x ê®Ω’a ûªí∫’_-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷ é¬E, Æœ•sçC Åçûª Ææ´’-®Ωn-ªçí¬ °æE-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. éÀîËa ¢√úÕ. ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææ÷ – (Ñ °æü¿l¥-A í∫’-Jç-* O’Í®-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?) 'It might not increase our profits, sir'

(ÅC ´’† ™«¶µ«-©†’ °çîª-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a). Now practise the following in English: a) Prabhu: Varma: Prabhu: Varma: Prabhu: Varma: Prabhu: Varma: Pitch

´’†ç Ñ®Ó-V match -Çúø’-ûª’Ø√oç, éπü∆? Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË ´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’hç-üË¢Á÷? ´®Ω{ç ´ÊÆh á°æ¤p-úø’ -ÇúÌa ´’†ç? Ñ ¢√®√çûªç Ŵa. iii) Seminar Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x how can we intro´’†ç ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»-™‰çö? duce ourselves? ´’†ç... Èí©-´-îËa¢Á÷? – -áÆˇ.-ûªéÀs-ߪ÷, -´’-*-M°æ-ôoç àçöÀ ÆæçüË£æ«ç? ´’† Players èπ◊ help îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-ï-¢√-•’: îËa-¢Á÷-†E! i) consist = éπØ˛-Æ œÆˇd – Æœ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç Prabhu: ´’† bowlers ™ Gopala Rao †’ O’®Ω’ collapse = éπ ™«°ˇq – ™« ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç try îËߪ’-´îª’a. Åûª-Eéà pitch ņ’-èπÿcultivation = éπLd-¢Á-ß˝’-≠æØ˛ – ¢Áß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç Lç-îª-´îª’a. ii) A. How do you go to home ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’– How do you go home? - correct. Home 'to' B. I go home by rickshaw, ... iii) Good morning, every body, I am... (name) presenting this paper on... (subject). My name is..., presenting this paper on...

´·çü¿’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬

®√ü¿’.

éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√?

Spoken English

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 8 -ï-†-´-J 2006

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

b) Manager:

Ñ §ƒûª furniture Åçû√ BÊÆÆœ éÌûªh furniture Å´’-®√a-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Superintendent: ÅC ´’ç* idea, sir. ´’† Office èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ´’ç* ®Ω÷°æç ´Ææ’hçC. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Éçé¬, sir, ´’† íÓúø-©-Eoç-öÀéà paint -¢Ë®·ç-îªôç èπÿú≈ ´’ç*üË¢Á÷, sir.

Varma: Yes. But (I'm afraid) it might rain. Prabhu: In case/ If it rains when might the match we? Varma: (It) might be this M. SURESAN weekend. Prabhu: What might be our chances of winning? Varma: Ah... we might win... Prabhu: What's the doubt?/ Why the doubt? Varma: The pitch might not help our players. Prabhu: You might try Gopala Rao among our bowlers. The pitch might favour him. b) Manager: I want to get rid of all the furniture in the office and get a new set in its place./ I want to replace all the old furniture by a new set. simple, better.) Superintendent: That might be a good idea. It might be good to have the walls painted too, sir. (That might not be a bad idea, after all. sentence

(È®çúÓC

Ñ áèπ◊\´ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπç–- ´·-êuçí¬ éÌçîÁç °ü¿l¢√∞¡xûÓ ´÷õ‰x-ô-°æ¤úø’, í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆:

not bad= very good.) Manager: That's what I think too. But it might cost a lot. Supdt.: If I might say so, We shall have more business, sir. We might have more customers, sir. Manager: Can we adjust this in this year's budget?/ You feel we can adjust it in this year's budget? Supdt.: I've prepared the budget, sir. You might just look at it and decide.

(O’Í®O’ ņ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-ûË-

†çúŒ)

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’

II Charan: Hi Dheeraj, long time, no see. How's every body?

(î√™«-é¬-©-´’-®·çC, ÖØ√o®Ωçü¿®Ω÷?)

îª÷Æœ.

ᙫ

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 10 -ï-†-´-J 2006

2) I thought (that) you might be interested in them.

¢√öÀ™ Fèπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh Öçúø-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o –

Past

3) I expected (that) it might go on -

Dheeraj: Fine. Thank you. How's life? (èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. †’¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?) Charan: Getting along. (àüÓ ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC.) Well, what brings you here? (àçöÀ™«

Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÇPçî√. Past Åçõ‰ might past †’ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC – àüÁjØ√ Past ™ ÖçúÌ-îªaF, ï®Ω-íÌ-îªaF Å®ΩnçûÓ. Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, Might, may éÀ past form. Compare. a) I think he may help me

´î√a´¤?) Question English ™ î√™« common. bad manners é¬ü¿’. Dheeraj: I thought I might see you at the book fair yesterday, but I didn't (E†o book fair- °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz†™ †’´¤y

Ñ

(-Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-úøE ØË-††’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o– Present/ Future)

Charan: I was out of town yesterday. In fact I had been away for 3 days. I returned only this morning.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 95

© ´’üµ¿u Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ö†o ûËú≈-©-†’ -Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ N´-Jçî√ç. É°æ¤púø’ ´’Sx N´-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. Might ûÓ éπL°œ. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ, í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.

I feared/ was afraid that he might come here.

For asking for permission with I/ we in the Might (Å®Ω’ü¿’) R question form. A May R Most E very Shall formal L Y Can slightly formal & U least formal formal & very polite S E & least polite & polite polite D

†’´¤y ††’o movie éÀ BÂÆ\-∞«h-¢Ë-¢Á÷†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Priya: Ç movie FéÀ≠dçæ Öçúø-üË-¢Á÷-†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Ç hero, heroine ©’ F favourites 鬮Ω’. Namrata: ؈’ F phone éÓÆæç wait îËÆæ’hØ√o, ´÷ îÁ™„x©’ †’´¤y phone îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE îÁ°œpØ√ èπÿú≈. Priya: Åçûª ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. ÅüË-´’çûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. Ø√Íé bore éÌöÀdçC.

ÉC might 2nd use. It is used as the past form

Now practise the following in English:

Answers:

Mallesh: F¢Á-Ø√o-∞¡Ÿxç-úÌ-*a-éπ\úø?

Mallesh: How long might you be here?

(-Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-úË-¢Á÷-†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o– Past)

ÅE present N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æ¤h-†-o°æ¤púø’ ´Ææ’hçC. b) ™ I thought ÅE past N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ-LÊ°-ô-°æ¤púø’ might ÅE past form (May èπ◊) ´≤Úhç-C-éπü∆. c) -Å-ûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒh-úË-¢Á÷-†E ¶µºßª’-°æú≈f. a)

éπ†-°æ-úø-´-îªa-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F ®√™‰ü¿’)

b)

Can, shall, may

b) I thought he might help me

™

I think

may

of May.

Namrata: E†o

Jagan:

days. I might stay for two or three

Might I come in?

days more after that. Mallesh: Then you might stay at our place for two days. My brother might come in a few days. Jagan:

a) I went there because you told me that he

(E†o Ü∞} ™‰†’. ÅÆæ©’ ´‚úø’®ÓV-©’í¬ ™‰†’. É¢√∞¡ Öü¿-ߪ’¢Ë’ AJ-íÌî√a.) Dheeraj: I bought some books at the fair yesterday. Look. Here they are. I thought you might be interested in them.

(E†o éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØ√o. É¢Ë. Fèπ◊ ¢√öÀ™ interest Öçúø-´-îªaE BÆæ’-éÌî√a) Charan: When is the fair closing?

(á°æ¤púø’ ´·í∫’-≤ÚhçC?) Dheeraj: It closed yesterday.

(E†o Å®·-§Ú-®·çC) Charan: I expected it might go on for a few more days.

(ÉçéÌEo ®ÓV-©-®·Ø√ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ÇPç-î√†’.) Dheeraj: So did I.

(-ØË-†÷ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o) Charan: One of the salesmen told me that it might go on for a few days after the date. (- ´ ’-JéÌ-Eo ®Ó-V-©’ §ÒúÕ-Tç-îª-´-îªaE äéπ salesman Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’) Dheeraj: I thought of visiting it the first day itself. But feared that there might be too much of crowd. Yesterday there was no crowd, and not many books either.

(¢Á·ü¿öÀ®Óñ‰ ¢Á∞«l-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o é¬F ï†ç áèπ◊\´í¬ Öçö«-®ΩE ¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈f†’. E†o ï†ç -™‰®Ω÷, áèπ◊\´ °æ¤Ææh-鬩÷ ™‰´¤) °j Ææ綵«-≠æù™ might combination ûÓ Ö†o Verbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Might Ö°æßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC – Might, Present ™í¬F, future ™í¬F uncertainty E/ doubt E ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hç-ü¿E. a) He might pass = ¢√úø’ pass Ŵa. (Doubt) b) They might agree to it = ¢√∞¡Ÿ} ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a. -Ñ È®ç-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©’ future. c) She might be at college now Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púø’ college ™ Öçúø-´îª’a. – Present. É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æù™ might combination ™ verb Ö†o sentences îª÷ü∆lç. 1) I thought (that) I might see you at the fair. fair ™ -†’-´¤y éπ†-°æ-úø-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o – Past

Spoken English

might be there.

†’´¤y -Å-ûªúø-éπ\úø ÖçúÌ-îªaE îÁ°œp†çü¿’-´-©x -ØË-†-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. (Past) b) He feared that they might reveal his secret

ûª† ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo ¢√∞¡Ÿx •ßª’-ô-°--úø-û√Í®-¢Á÷-†E Åûª†’ ¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈fúø’ (Past) 3) May ™«í¬ØË, Might èπÿú≈ î√-™« -´’-®√u-ü¿í¬, formal í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Might I come in? (More formal than 'May I come in?') 'May I come in?' - ÉüË î√-™« formal í¬, Polite í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç-éπü∆? 'Might I come in?' - ÉC Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ formal í¬, polite í¬ Öçô’çC, permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ. 'Might I use your phone?' O’ phone äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢√úø-´î√a? 'Might I come a little late tomorrow?' Í®°æ¤ ؈’ é¬Ææh late í¬ ®√´î√a? Å®·ûË permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. áèπ◊\´ May ü¿í∫_Í® ÇT-§Úû√ç. ´’†ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆? Can, Shall, May, are used with I/ We in the question form for asking for permission. É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç– 'Might' too is used with I/ we in the question form for asking for permission. But there are differences among them.

Jagan:

Ø√ Course 15 ®ÓV-©’ç-úø-´îª’a. ؈’ ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©’ç-ö«ØË¢Á÷ Ç ûª®√yûª. Mallesh: Å°æ¤púø’ -†’´¤y ´÷ Éçöx È®çvúÓM. SURESAN V-©’ç-úø-´îª’a éπü∆! ´÷ ņoߪ’u èπÿú≈ ÉçéÌ-Cl-®Ó-V™x ´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷. Jagan: Åü¿çû√ course Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûË ≤ƒüµ¿u-´’-´¤-ûª’çü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. Course period ™ training center ™ØË Öçúø-´’-†-´îª’a ´÷ directors. Mallesh: ®ÓW classes Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûª àç îË≤ƒh´¤? Jagan: ÅÆæ©’ programme àçö course begin Å®·çûª®√y-ûªØË ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. Å°æ¤-úø-®·ûË Øˆ’ Fèπ◊ clear í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. Mallesh: OK. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ phone ™ touch ™ Öçü∆ç. Jagan: O’ ņoߪ’u á°æ¤púø’ ®√´îª’a? Mallesh: ؈’ E†oØË ´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷ ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F phone îËÆ œ îÁ§ƒpúø’. -É-çé¬ È®çvúÓ-V©ü∆é¬ ®√-ØË-¢Á÷-†-E. Jagan: ؈’ î√™« expect î˨», O’ Éü¿l-JE Ñ ®ÓV éπ©-´-îªaE.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Get, got Åçõ‰ í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. Rama has come to Guntur.

-Ñ -¢√éπuç -à tense? -Åç-õ‰ -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ? has come -Å-E éπ-ü∆-! I shall have written a letter -Åç-õ‰ I shall write a letter -ÅE éπ-ü∆-! -É-™«ç-ô°æ¤p-úø’ -õ„iç í∫’-Jç-* -îÁ-§ƒp--Lqç-üË-Ø√? I shall be going -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? – -áç.-¢Ë-ù’, -ûÁ-Ø√-L -ï-¢√-•’:
get Åçõ‰ §Òçü¿ôç, ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç, äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç, é̆ôç, ûË´ôç, etc. got, get èπ◊ past tense and past participle.
He got going - É™«çöÀîÓôx get Ææ£æ…-ߪ’éπ véÀߪ’ Ŵa. (Å®·Ø√ English ´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÃ, ®√ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ àC à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i-† véÀߪ’ ÅE ûÁ-L-ߪ÷-Lq-† -Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.)
Rama has come. Has come Ééπ\úø present tense. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™x ÅC past action, time not stated (í∫ûªç™ ïJT, à time, day, year ûÁ©’-°æ-éπ-§Ú-ûË) †’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. Bus is come

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

My course may last/ may go on for 15

It might be possible only after the course. Our directors might ask us to stay in the Training Center during the course.

Mallesh: What will you do/ are you going to do after classes every day? Jagan:

We shall know the exact programme only after classes begin. I might then be able to tell you clearly about it.

Mallesh: OK. Till then let's be in touch over phone. Jagan:

When might your brother come?

Mallesh: I thought he might come yesterday itself. But he called to say that he might not come for another two days. Jagan:

I expected very much that I might meet both of you.

b) Namrata: I thought you might take me to the movie yesterday. Priya:

I thought that you might not like the movie. The hero and the heroine are not your favourites.

Namrata: I was expecting your call though my sister told me you might not call. Priya:

Don't worry. The movie wasn't good. It bored even me.


The bus is come = Bus come. The bus is come
I shall have written a letter = (Future letter I shall write a letter = (Future

´*a ÖçC ÅE; é¬F DE-éπØ√o better, the bus has ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’. ™ àüÓ time èπ◊ í¬F Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’®√ÊÆÆœ Öçö«-†E. í¬F) ™; á°æ¤púÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’) letter ®√≤ƒh†’. È®ç-úÕç-öÀ -´’-üµ¿u -î√-™« -ûË-ú≈ Öçü¿E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.
Shall be doing it = Future ™ îËÆæ÷h Öçö«†’(´·)/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx, O’®Ω’, Åûª†’/ Ç¢Á’ îËÆæ÷h Öçú≈L.

-v°æ-¨¡o: I want to see a doctor, He wants to meet a doctor, consult a doctor-

-O-öÀ -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ?

-ï-¢√-•’:
It is better to consult a doctor = Doctor Consult =

It is better to

–- -úÕ.Ææ’-¶«s®√-´¤, -Q-™«é¬-V-©÷®Ω’ †’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç ¢Ë’©’.

Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç


I want to see a doctor =

؈’


He wants to meet a doctor =

Doctor

Åûª†’

†’ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. †’ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

doctor

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

2

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ Ramana: Excuse me, how do I go from here Livewell Hospital? Livewell Hospital

(Ééπ\-úÕoç* èπ◊ ᙫ ¢Á∞«x-©çúÕ?) Strangers Åçõ‰ éÌûªh ¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπ-Jç-îË-ô°æ¤p-úø’, Excuse me ņúøç good manners ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡x ü¿%≠œdE ÇéπJ{ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. 'Excuse me' ¢√úË Éûª®Ω Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’: Åúøfçí¬ Ö†o¢√-∞¡x†’ é¬Ææh ûª°æ¤p-éÓ-´’-ØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, éÌûªh ¢√∞¡x °æéπ\† restaurants ™, ÉçÈé-éπ\-úÁjØ√ èπÿ®Óa-¢√Lq ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, etc.)

Manohar: Are you a stranger here?

(O’J-éπ\-úÕéÀ éÌûªh-¢√∞«x?) stranger = éÌûªh-¢√úø’ (ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh) Manohar: Where exactly do you want to go?

(O’®Ω’ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«xL?) Ramana: To Vantage Company somewhere around the Hospital. Hospital Vantage Company Manohar: Don't worry. A number of buses go to thatway: 125K, 15M, 62, etc. Take 15M; that takes you directly to the Hospital. Facing the hospital is this Vantage Company. bus 125K, 15M, 62.. 15M Hospital Hospital Vantage Company). Ramana: (Do) you suggest I take an auto. (Auto

èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o

éÀ)

(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Åô’ ¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞Ïx ©’ î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. áéπ\çúÕ. ÅC A†oí¬ èπ◊ -áü¿’-®Ω’-í¬ØË ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC.

BÆæ’éÓ-´’ç-ö«®√? (Çö™ ¢Á∞¡x´’ç-ö«®√?)

Manohar: That'd be very expensive. Don't worry. Buses on this route, especially 15M is very frequent.

(ÅC î√--™« áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√™‰ü¿’. Ñ route ™ buses frequency áèπ◊\¢Ë.) frequency = ûª®Ω, áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x ®√´ôç ÅØËC Ramana: OK. Thank you. I see 15M coming. I'll take it. (15M

´≤ÚhçC. ؈-üÁ-èπ◊\-û√†’). Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ ´’†èπ◊ éÌûªh v°æüË-¨¡ç™ ü∆J ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, ûÁL-ߪ’-E-¢√-JéÀ ü∆JîÁ°æpôç í∫’Jç* ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆? Ç expressions îª÷ü∆lç É°æ¤púø’.

1) How do I go to Livewell Hospital? 2) somewhere around 3) buses go that way 4) Take the bus 15M 5) facing the Hospital 6) take an auto. simplest expression: How do I go? simplest question. could you let me know/ please tell me how to go/ how to get there?

°∂晫-Ø√ îÓöÀ-È陫 ¢Á∞«xL ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÉC Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i†, ÉC é¬éπ-§ÚûË,

OöÀ Å®Ωnç Åéπ\-úÕ-È陫 ¢Á∞«x™ é¬Ææh îÁ•’-û√®√? ÅE ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Åúø-í∫ôç.

-v°æ-¨¡o: My

brother was come-

-Å-ØË-

¢√éπuç -ûª°æ¤p -Å-Ø√o®Ω’. é¬-E VIth -™ beform+pp Å-E -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. -Ç -v°æ鬮Ωç -Ñ ¢√éπuç éπÈ®Íéd éπ-ü∆! – -á-Ø˛.°æ%-D∑y, ®√-V-§ƒ-™„ç

form of verb

-ï-¢√-•’:

My brother was comewas come was + past participle passive voice sentence beform + pp - verb form, subject verbs verbs) Lessons explain He is come/ He is gonesentences correct,

Ééπ\úø †’ ÅE BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ Å´¤-ûª’çC– Å®Ωnç – Åûªúø’ ®√•-ú≈fúø’– DEéÀ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd ÅC Å´ü¿’ éπü∆? ÅD é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË (Åçõ‰ á´-JE, üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ï¢√•’ ´îËa èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçô’çC– ÉC Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ™ î˨»ç– îª÷úøçúÕ. Å®·ûË Ñ é¬F Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’.

Spoken English

ÅE

èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. Can you/ Could you direct me/ guide me.. conversation a) Nizam college How do we go to/ get to Nizam College, please?/ Could you tell us/ let us know how to go to/ to get to/ We can go to Nizam college, please? b) What's the best way to get to Nizam college, please?

É-ü¿çû√ éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç, ´÷´‚©’ ™ ®√ü¿’. ¢Ë’ç èπ◊ -á-™« ¢Á∞«x-©çúŒ?

c)

Ramana: I am totally new to this place.

(Ç

How do I go there/ get there please?

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 12 -ï-†-´-J 2006

d)

ÅE èπÿ-ú≈ ņ-´îª’a. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ü∆®Ω’-©’ -Öç--úø´-îªaE -¶µ«-Nç-*-†°æ¤p-úø’. Bus áéπ\úøç. Get into the bus, bus Cí∫úøç = get down from/ get off the bus. Ééπ\-úÕoç* bus/ auto ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Take a bus/ an auto. number bus

°∂晫-Ø√ BÆæ’éÓçúÕ.

™/Çö™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ/

Auto

Take/ Get into bus no./ Take an auto. Train Take a train.

™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ =

Raghu: I can manage. Thank you. I'll be back in an hour and a half or two. Where can I find you? Manage =

To the left/ right; on the left/ on the right. verbs to the left/ Turn/ go to the right on the right/ on the left He is on my right.

Subash: Let's meet for lunch at Eatwell's. Food is good there. Take bus no. 22A, get down at Samir plaza stop. Walk along for a few yards and there you find the eatery. I'll be waiting for you there. lunch eatwell restaurant food 22 A bus samir plaza stop eatery (restaurant)

(Ø√ èπ◊úÕ -¢Áj°æ¤-Ø√oúø’).

(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©-†’™‰. à °æØÁjØ√ îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©-í∫ôç. ؈’ í∫çô-†o®√, È®çúø’ í∫çô-©éπ-™«x ´îËa-≤ƒh†’. -ØË-†’ -E-ØÁoéπ\-úø éπ©’Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-†’ (-Å°æp-öÀéÀ -F-¢Áéπ\-úø’ç-ö«-´-E?)

(-´’-†ç

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 96

éÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç, ™. Åéπ\úø ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. áèπ◊\, ü¿í∫_®Ω CT éÌCl ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh Ñ éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C.)

™«çöÀ °æéπ\† Å®·ûË Åçö«ç. äéπ ´uéÀh, É©’x ™«çöÀN -Öçúøôç Å®·ûË Åçö«ç.

The school is on the left of the shop. (Shop School practice

áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ ÖçC) ÉN ü∆J îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. ¶«í¬ îËߪ’çúÕ. Practise the following in English: Tej:

´’Lxé˙ ÉçöÀéÀ ᙫ ¢Á∞¡xôç? Ééπ\-úÕoç* áçûª ü¿÷®Ωç? Nikhil: Ŷs î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. †’´¤y È®çúø’ bus ©’ ´÷J ´’Sx é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-¢√L.

How do I get there ? Éçé¬ É™« èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. go by bus/ go by ™/ auto ™/ train ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Å®·ûË ÅEoçöxéÀ simplest: Take. 11.30 train ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Í®°æ¤- -Öü¿ßª’ç -Ç®Ω’ í∫ç-ô-©éπ-™«x Åéπ\úø Öçö«®Ω’

Éü¿çû√ directions É´yôç í∫’-Jç-* éπü∆. Åçõ‰ ü∆J îÁ°æpôç. expressions ¢√úÕ†N îª÷úøçúÕ; O’®Ω÷ ¢√úÕ practice îËߪ’çúÕ:

auto/ go by train (Bus

take the 11.30 train; you will be there by 6 tomorrow morning. (at 6= by 6

1 a) walk down/ walk along/ walk up the road = Road b) Turn to the left/ to the right. take a turn to the left/ to the right. turn left/ turn right.

¢Áç•úË †úø-´çúÕ. áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤/ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ= ™‰éπ-§ÚûË

ÇJç-öÀ-éÀ; = ÇJç-öÀ-éπ-™«x = ÇJç-öÀ-éÀí¬F Ç™-°æ™‰í¬F) catch ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a– ¢Á∞¡Ÿx/- ¢Á-∞¡xçúÕ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, é¬F ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ take ÅØËC best.

ÅD é¬éπ-§ÚûË A†oí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ= go straight/ walk straight d) Ç post office ü∆é¬ †úø-´çúÕ: walk on upto the

Raghu: Is Ramesh's very far off/ a long way off from here?

e) Walk on upto the post office and then turn

c)

post office.

left. Post office ü∆é¬ †úÕ* áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ. Cèπ◊\© Ê°®Ω’x Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x.. (É¢√∞¡ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√ ÅûªEo?) a) ûª÷®Ω’pí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Go east/ Walk to (towards)

(®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ ¢√∞¡x É©’x Ééπ\-úÕéÀ î√-™« ü¿÷®Ω´÷?)

Subash: (Do) you want to see him today?

2.

Raghu: Yea, because I am leaving tomorrow.

(Å´¤†’. ؈’ Í®°æ¤ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’ éπü∆?)

the east. b)

Subash: Sorry I can't take you there today. Let's go tomorrow.

(É¢√∞¡ E-†o-éπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-™‰†’. Í®°æ¤ -¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-ç) Raghu: I'll be busy tomorrow. Just tell me how to get/ go there. I can go on my own. busy on my own = Subash: OK. Walk down the street. Turn to the left and wait for Bus No. 4. It's quite frequent. Get off at Head Post Office stop. Walk along in the direction as the bus goes, turn to the right and then left. The fourth house on the right is Ramesh's. You can't miss it. Just opposite the place is Golconda super market. street Bus Post Office stop Bus road you can't miss it = super market

(Í®°æ¤ ؈’ î√-™« í¬ Öçö«†’. ᙫ ¢Á∞«x™ îÁ°æ¤p. ؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©†’. Ø√ Åçûªô ØËØË)

(Ñ ¢Áç•úË †úø÷. áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. -Ø√-©’íÓ -†ç-•®˝ áèπ◊\. ü¿í∫_®Ω Cí∫’. ¢Á∞Ïx ¢ÁjÊ° é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ*, èπ◊úÕ™ ¢Áj°æ¤ AJT ´’Sx áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Ç èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ -Ø√-©’íÓ É™‰x ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇC. ÅC éπ†-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Åçô÷ Öçúøü¿’. áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ íÓ™Ô\çúø Öçô’çC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

à Cèπ◊\-¢Áj-°æØ√o, A®Ω-í∫ôç= north, etc. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

Turn (to the) South/ Turn to the South =

turn South. c) Road

ü¿éÀ~ùç -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC=

The road turns

(to the) South d) Road

´’©’°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC=

The road takes a

bend. e) Road

´’©’°æ¤ ü¿í∫_Í® Ç

building=

The building is at the bend of the road= You find the building

Ææ’hçC)

(Fé¬

building

éπE-°œ-

at the point where the road takes a

bend.

™ Ö†o äéπîÓô’= a point. Ñ îÓöÀ†’ç* Åéπ\-úÕéÀ 2 éÀ.O’.

f) Road g)

It is 2 km from the point.

´’†ç directions îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h©’= land marks . a)

Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_J éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h the nearest land mark to the place.

b) Hyderabad central is a famous land mark 'Hyderabd Central'

Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h.

c) How do I find your home? Any land mark?

O’ É©’x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌ-ØË-üÁ™«? àüÁjØ√ éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’hçü∆?

Tej:

†’´¤y BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-í∫©¢√? Nikhil: -Ñ®Ó-V ØË-†’ -î √-™« busy í¬ ÖØ√o. ü¿÷®Ω-¢Ë’-í¬E É©’x éπ†’éÓ\-´ôç ûËLÍé. Tej: éÌEo éÌçúø-í∫’-®Ω’h©’ îÁ°æ¤p. ؈’ éπ†’- M. SURESAN èπ◊\çö«. Nikhil: ü¿éÀ~ùç -¢Áj°æ¤ †úÕÊÆh Bus stop ´Ææ’hçC, éπü∆? 13 ´ number bus áèπ◊\. Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 6 ´ stop ™ Cí∫’. -ü∆-E-E Gulab Restaurant Stop Åçö«®Ω’. Åéπ\úø 27 bus áèπ◊\. Urdu School stop ü¿í∫_®Ω Cí∫’. Urdu School ü∆é¬ †úÕ*, Åçõ‰ ûª÷®Ω’p -¢Áj°æ¤, Åéπ\úÕoç* ü¿éÀ~ùç ¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Åéπ\úø Fèπ◊ éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h– £æ«†’-´÷Ø˛ ǩߪ’ç. Ç Ç©ßª’ç †’ç* ´‚úÓ É™‰x ´’†-¢√-úÕC. Tej: áçûªÊÆ°æ¤ °æúø’-ûª’çC?Nikhil: éπFÆæç 45 E-N’-≥ƒ-©’. Answer: Tej: How to go to/ how do I go to Malliks?/ Malliks place? Nikhil: O, it's a long way off. You need to walk some distance after changing two buses. Tej: Can you take me there? Nikhil: I am very busy today. The place is distant but is easy to find. Tej: Give me/ Let me have some land marks. I'll manage. Nikhil: Walk South and you get the bus stop, don't you? Take bus no. 13. Get off / get down at the 6th stop from here. That is the Gulab Restaurant stop. Catch Bus no. 27 there. Get off at Urdu School stop. Walk up to Urdu School, that is, walk (to the) east, and then turn South. There you have a land mark- Hanuman Temple. The third from the temple is our friend's. Tej: How long will it take? Nikhil: At least 45 minutes.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

II Ranjan: Hi Sajjan, what brings you here so early in the day?

(àçöÀ, Éçûª °ç-ü¿-®√∞Ï É™« ´î√a´¤?)

Ranjan: Ok, I'll give you another route. Drive along, take the 3rd right, proceed till you see a Ganesh temple with a large

Sajjan: Just to see you, Ranjan, long since we met you know.

neem tree behind it. Go on further

(Ç, E†’o îª÷úø-ö«-EÍé, ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-E -î√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·ç-C-éπü∆?)

sales Tax Office there. You can't miss

Ranjan: That's right/ so it is, of course. What's (what has) happened to you all these days? You forgot me. Didn't you?

booth. The 2nd house from it is

(éπÈ®Íéd™‰. ÉEo®ÓV-™‰-´’-ߪ÷u´¤ †’´¤y?/ à´’®·çC Fèπ◊? ††’o ´’Ja-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤, éπü∆?) Sajjan: I could say the same about you, couldn't I?

(E†’o í∫’-Jç-* èπÿú≈ ؈üË Å†-´îª’a éπü∆?) Ranjan: Ok, Ok, let's not quarrel. Happy we've met atleast now, aren't we?

(ÆæÍ®x, íÌ-úø-¢Ì-ü¿’l. É°æpöÀÈéjØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oçü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπü∆?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 97

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 14 -ï-†-´-J 2006

along. Then turn left. You find the it because in front of it there is an STD Bhushan's. So, distant perhaps, but easy to locate, isn't it?

(ÉçéÓ

5) Close by = near by = close to = near =

route

îÁ§ƒh. É™« ¢Á∞¡Ÿx, ´‚úÓ- èπ◊úÕ road -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Å™«Íí ¢Á∞¡Ÿx í∫ù‰¨»-©-ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπ◊. ǩߪ’ç ¢Á†’éπ °ü¿l ¢Ë°æ îÁô’dçô’çC. Éçé¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç-¢Á∞¡Ÿx, áúø-´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Åéπ\úø sales tax office Öçô’çC. ÅC miss Å´-™‰´¤ †’´¤y. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ü∆E ´·çüË ã STD booth Öç-C. Åéπ\-úÕ-Eç-* È®çúÓ É™‰x Bhushan C.) éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ ™«Íí Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ ü∆J Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÃ, ü∆J îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Ææ綵«-≠æù‰ éπü∆? Ééπ\úø ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç: cross roads, behind, in front of, proceed, go further along.

Now Practise the following aloud in English: Pavan: Arjun,

(Åéπ\-úÕéÀ) ü¿í∫_-®Ω™, Ç ü¿J-ü∆-°æ¤™x a) You know the collectorate, don't you? The electricity office is close by/ nearby/ close to it/ near it = collectorate Collector, Director, Commissioner ' - ate' electricity office 6) Proceed = a) road proceed straight along this road. b) Proceed to the east = c) If you proceed for a KM, you will see the place =

Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆? ™«çöÀ ( îËJÊÆh ¢√J 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-©ØË Å®Ωnç °æü∆-©èπ◊ ü∆EéÀ ü¿í∫_Í®. ´Ææ’hçC.) Ç Å™«Íí ¢Á∞¡xôç/ -¢Á-∞¡x-ôç. Ñ ¢Áç•õ‰ A†oí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ ûª÷®Ω’p -¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ

Å™«Íí ã éÀ-™-O’-ô®Ω’ ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞Ïh Ç îÓô’ O’èπ◊ éπE°œ-Ææ’hçC.

Need not walk further

O’ ÉçöÀéÀ -dž’-èπ◊†o Building àçöÀ? Ææçí∫û√ -†’-´y-úÕ-ÍíC? Pavan: Net Centre O’ ÉçöÀéÀ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤. ؈-úÕ-ÍíC áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ Building Ææçí∫A. Arjun: ÅC Telephone Engineering Company ¢√∞¡xC. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ •ßª’ô °æE áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ ´‚ÊÆ Öçô’çC. Pavan: -Ç -ã-†®˝ -áéπ\-úø’ç-ö«-úø’? Arjun: Çߪ’-†’çúËC X®√ç-†-í∫-®˝™ . †’Ny-éπ\-úÕoç* ¢Á∞«x-©çõ‰ ûÌN’t-üÓ-†ç-•®˝ Bus áèπ◊\. Pavan: Ø√èπ◊ bike ÖçC. Arjun: Ñ ®Óú˛ ¢Áç•úË ¢ÁRx, èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ AJ-TûË éÌçûªü¿÷®Ωç ûª®√yûª §ƒ© booth éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C. ü∆E ¢Á†-éπØË Çߪ’-E©’x. Çߪ’EçöÀ °æéπ\ building †’ Åü∆l© ¢Ë’úø Åçö«®Ω’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_Í® ´’† Maths lecturer É©’x. Arjun: Net Centre

Pavan: OK Thank you. Answer: Pavan: Arjun, What's in the building beside/

Sajjan: You can very well say that. How about disturbing Bhushan now? correct. Bhushan

1) Cross Roads/ road junction = X roads

Ø√©’í∫’ ®Óúøx ÅE -èπÿú≈ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. -èπÿ-úøL = DEo (†’´y-ØËC ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ áèπ◊\´í¬ center ÅF, î¯é˙ ÅF- Åçô’çö«ç. ¢Á∞«l´÷?) chowk £œ«çD- ´÷ô. center ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. you can say that/ you can very well say that 2) behind = ¢Á†éπ. DE •ü¿’©’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ î√-™«= †’´y-ØËC correct. ´’çC backside/ at the back side Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Disturbing Bhushan Åç-õ‰ – ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«l´÷? é¬E english ™ backside = buttocks ÅØË é¬F ÅûªEo trouble îËߪ’-ö«-E-éπE é¬ü¿’) (°œ®Ω’-ü¿’©’). Åçûªí¬ back ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, at the Ranjan: (I) Like to, but I'm not for going so far back of Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. off now?

(É≠æd¢Ë’ é¬E, -É°æ¤p-úø’ Åçûªü¿÷®Ωç ´îËa °æJ-ÆœnA™ ™‰†’) Sajjan: far off? His place is/ He lives close by, doesn't he?

(ü¿÷®Ωç Åçô’-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ? Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_Í® éπü∆ ¢√Rx-©’x?/-É-éπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω™ØË Öçö«úø’ éπü∆?) Ranjan: That was till 2 months ago. He moved to surendranagar.

(Å-C È®ç-úø’-ØÁ-©-© éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Ææçí∫-A. -¢√-úø’ Surendra nagar èπ◊ É©’x ´÷®√-úø’.) -É-©’x -´÷®Ωôç-= move; shift Åçûª- Ææ-J-é¬ü¿’. Å™«Íí 2 months ago, correct, 2 months back ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’) Sajjan: That's news. The fellow didn't even call to tell me of it. I wish to see him urgently about something important. How do I go to him?

(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. ¢√úø’ Ç N≠æߪ’ç phone îËÆæ-®·Ø√ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.¢√ùÀo-°æ¤púø’ ´·êu¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. ᙫ?) Ranjan: I'll tell you. Listen carefully. You have a bike, haven't you. Drive straight along the road. At the next cross roads, turn left. Take the third right turn again. bike road Drive = Motor Centre

(îÁÊ°pC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ N†’. F ÖçC, éπü∆?Ñ ¢Áç•úË ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. ( ¢√£æ«-†ç™ ¢Á∞¡xôç.) Ç ûª®√yûª ´îËa ™ áúø´’-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. ´’Sx ´‚úÓèπ◊úÕ- ¢Áj°æ¤ -BÆæ’éÓ)

Sajjan: You are confusing me. Why don't you come along too. confuse

(†’´¤y ††’o ®√-èπÿ-úøü∆?

îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. †’-´‹y-

Spoken English

a) The car is behind/ at back of the bus. (At the backside of the bus 3) In front of = space behind/ at the back of opposite. before Before Time space The School comes before the cloth shop Correct, cloth shop building

é¬ü¿’.) ´·ç-ü¿’ -Å-E ( Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™). èπ◊ DE ÉC áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. •ü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ Åçõ‰ '´·çü¿’— ÅØË Å®Ωnç, é¬E ÅC ™ ´·çü¿’ ÅE ™ é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø à Å®ΩnçûÓ? Ç èπ◊ É´-ûª™‰ èπ◊ ´·çü¿®Ω ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÅçûËé¬F äéπ ÅE é¬ü¿’. a) ´÷ ÉçöÀ´·ç-ü¿’ -ã éÌ•sJ-îÁ-ô’dçC. There is a

Coconut tree in front of our home. b) Post Office Their place is/ comes before the post office. 4) Beside = The Collectorate is beside the swaraj Maidan. Collectorate = Collector's office. Collector, director, Commissioner, etc, 'ate'

¢√∞¡x É©’x

É´-ûª™‰ =

°æéπ\† –

(Ææy®√ñ¸ ¢Á’iü∆Ø˛ °æéπ\ØË èπ◊

îËJÊÆh ¢√∞¡x

鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-©ØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC). a) The Cloth shop is beside the Post Office beside 'next to' better,

Å®·ûË áèπ◊\´.

éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈

b) The cloth shop is next to the jewellery on the left of/ on the right of it = shop shop, (Beside, besides. beside = by the side of =

°æéπ\ØË Ç •ôd©

Ç †í∫© èπ◊úÕ -¢Áj°æ¤/-á-úø´’ ¢Áj°æ¤

7) farther, further: farther, far Comparative; far:

next to yours?

èπ◊ ü¿÷®Ωç. i) farther: áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç. Mumbai is farther from Vijayawada, than from Hyderabad.

Arjun: Are you talking of the Net Centre? Pavan: The Net Centre is on the right of your place. I am asking you about the building on the left of your place. Arjun: That

M. SURESAN

´·ç¶„j £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ éπç-õ‰ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø- †’ç* áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç. ii) further: Éçé¬. I can't walk any further: ÉçÈé-èπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç (Éçéπ) ؈’ †úø-´-™‰†’. (Ééπ\úø farther= further éπü∆?) b) Don't talk any further: ÉçÍéç ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. c) Walk further (farther) along:

Å™«Íí Éçé¬ †úø-´çúÕ. ¢Áç•úÕ Éçé¬-ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´çúÕ.

Ç Nví∫£æ«ç ü∆öÀ †úø-´-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Lesson No 96 ´÷ô©÷, Ñ Lesson ´÷ô©÷, ü∆J ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ôç™, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ü∆J îÁ°æp-ôç™ ¢√úøôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ--üµ∆®Ωùç. O’ conversation ™ Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Main verbs (tell, drinks), -¢√-öÀéÀ -´·ç-ü¿’-´-îËa

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

(•ßª’ô). That's why it (ü∆ü∆°æ¤) always closed.

Pavan: Where does the owner live? Do you know? Arjun: He lives in Sriram Nagar. If you are going from here take bus No.9 Arjun: Drive along this road, turn right and go on for some distance; you find a milk booth. The house behind it is his. The building next to his is called Addala meda. Our Maths lecturer's place is closeby. Pavan: OK. Thank you.

I didn't tell him=

؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ ؈-ûª-E-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. (never = á°æ¤púø÷ ™‰ü¿’/ é¬ü¿’)

eg. I didn't tell, I never told I might tell, I might have told I did not tell, I have not told.

I might tell him:

-™ -Ö-†o°æp-öÀéà Ȯç-úÕç-öÀ- Å®Ωnç -äéπ\-õ‰-Ø√?

؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-´îª’a (îÁ§ƒh-ØË¢Á÷)–

Helping verbs helping verb main verbs tense, helping verb tense

¢√úËîÓôx,

ûª®√yA †’•õ‰d

eg: He does not know this: 'does' present tense verb 'does know' present tense. I did not tell him - 'did' past tense; so verb did tell- past tense.

鬕öÀd,

(future)

I might have told him =

– Èé.-A®Ω’°æ-A, ®√-´÷-ߪ’çÊ°-ô

Ééπ\úø

Telephone

work is outdoors is almost

I never told him =

-©’- -¢ËÍ®y®Ω’

Öçô’çC. °æéπ\†– ´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æéπ\† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-´÷ô. Besides = also, èπÿú≈, ü∆E-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. I lost my pen besides my book. Book ûÓ §ƒô’ pen èπÿú≈ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊Ø√o)

a

Engineering Company. Most of their

helping verbs (do, did) tenses (present tense, past tense)

-ï-¢√-•’:

to

Pavan: I have my bike.

d) Go further down the street: road e) You need not walk further than the statue

Ç

belongs

؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°œp Öçúø-´îª’a (îÁ§ƒp-ØË¢Á÷– past) îª÷úøçúÕ: 'tell' ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçC èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒpL. 'say' and 'tell' èπ◊ ûËú≈ -É-C-´®Ω-™ N´-Jç-î√ç. I did not tell him =

؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ (í∫ûªç™, ÅE îÁ°æpúøç ïJ-TûË– äéπ week, etc) I have not told him =

time, time, date, year,

Åçõ‰ á°æ¤púø’

ØËEçûª´®Ωèπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Varun: Hi Tarun, Congrats on scoring a hundred percent in Maths.

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 17 -ï-†-´-J 2006

Tarun: I want to do a PG course in IISC, Bangalore.

(†÷öÀéÀ †÷®Ω’ ´÷®Ω’\©’ Maths ™ ´*a-†çü¿’èπ◊ congratulations. Cent percent É°æ¤púø’ §ƒûª-•úÕ §Ú®·çC. A / One hundred percent ÅØËC É°æp-öÀ- ¢√-úø’éπ.) Tarun: Thank you. Congrats to you too. You scored the highest in English, didn't you?

(ÉüÁjçûªª®√yûª

Bangalore

™

IISC

îË®√-©E)

PG course= Post graduate. (MA, M.Sc

™«çöÀ Master courses †’ PG courses Åçö«®Ω’. BA, B.Sc, ™«çöÀ B ûÓ Courses= Bachelor/

degree/

Åçö«ç.

Post =

graduate

ûª®√y-ûª.

graduate

ûª®√y-ûª.

courses

Post graduate =

(Fèπÿ Congrats. Fèπ◊ English ™ Åçü¿-Jéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ´î√a®· éπü∆?)

Varun: That's a good idea. You are good at

Varun: I am happy about it. My marks in Maths

(Fèπ◊ Sciences ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hç-C é¬-•-öÀd ÅC ´’ç* idea ØË.)

aren't bad either, though didn't get a hundred percent. When I joined the course a few months I was not that confident about Maths. My hard work has paid off. The marks in this exam have given me confidence.

(Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË ÖçC. Maths ™ èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* Marks ´î√a®· †÷öÀ-éÀ -†÷®Ω’ 鬧Ú-®·Ø√. course ™ join Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ Åçûª- †-´’téπç ™‰ü¿’ Maths N≠æ-ߪ’ç™. Ñ exam ™ marks Ø√™ †´’téπç éπ-L-Tç-î √®·. Aren't bad either = ÅC èπÿú≈ -îÁúËç é¬ü¿’ ¶«í¬ØË ´*açC. English ™ not ûÓ also ®√ü¿’. either ´Ææ’hçC. Confidence = †´’téπç; paid off= ´’ç* îËÆ œçC/ ™«¶µºç éπL-Tç-*çC.

Shankar: May I Know what you are?

Sciences.

Tarun: I think the time has come for us to apply for the entrance exams of these cours-

Shankar: Studying...?

(´’†ç Ñ entrance exams – v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~©èπ◊ apply îËߪ÷-Lq† time ´*aç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ Ñ entrance exams ÅFo èπÿú≈ December ™ Öçö«®·.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 98

college in the degree course/ I am in the 10th Class/ I am doing my X class.

™ îË®Ωôç= Join a School/ college - join in é¬ü¿’. b) äéπ course îªü¿-´ôç = studying a course. äéÓ\-°æ¤púø’ taking a course.

How come you don't know this? Varun: Dad wasn't happy with any of those colleges, so he admitted me into / to this college.

(´÷ Ø√†oéπ¢Ë-O’ †îªa-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø îËJpç-î√®Ω’.) School

about the entrance exams. The last date for sending in the filled in applica-

™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?)

Varun: Upto the 7th Class in Teachwell School

(E†oöÀ papers ™ Ñ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ °æK-éπ~© ads ´î√a®·. °æ‹-Jh-îËÆœ-† applications °æ秃-Lq† *´--J-ûËC ´îËa ØÁ© 12) Tarun: Then we had better get ready. Ok, then, see you.

Varun: Bye.

Students, Studies, courses èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† Ææ綵«-≠æù éπü∆ ÉC? éÌEo expressions (7´ class ´®Ωèπ◊ Teachwell School ™, 8th °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç. †’ç* 10th ´®Ωèπ◊ Learnwell School ™) students ņ-í¬ØË marks, pass, fail, score Tarun: How do you like being a hosteller? É™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’, fees, study, ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ (Hostel ™ Öçúøôç ᙫ -ÖçC Fèπ◊?) í∫’®Ìh-≤ƒh-®·-éπü∆? î√-™« simple í¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúË Hosteller = resident = Hostel ™ ÖçúÕ ´÷ô© B®Ω’ É™« Öçô’çC. îªü¿’´¤èπ◊ØË¢√úø’. Being= Öçúøôç, Being a 1 a) †’¢Áy-éπ\úø îªü¿’´¤ûª’Ø√o´¤? hosteller = Hosteller í¬ Öçúøôç. Where are you studying?/ Which School/ and from the 8h to the 10th in Learnwell

3 a) She is taking lessons in music/ dance, etc: Music, dance She is learning music/ dance = She is doing taking a course in music/ dance. took, learned, etc b) I want to take this software course software course 4 i) study well/ do well at studies. a) 'How is he studying?/ Is he good at studies? 'O, he is doing very well at studies/ He is studying very well; he is hardworking.'

™ Péπ~ù §Òçü¿’-ûÓçC/ ØË®Ω’a-éÌç-

ÅC í∫ûªç™ Å®·ûË

ØËF ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´ôç=

School.

Varun: O, I do like it. That's a kind of experience. Valuable in its own way. The only problem is food. Where did you do Intermediate?

(Ø√éÀ≠d¢æ Ë’. ÅüÓ Å†’-¶µº-´ç–- ü∆E N©’´ ü∆Eèπ◊çC. (valuable= N©’-¢Áj†) ǣ慮Ωç äéπõ‰ Ææ´’Ææu. †’-´¤y -Éç-ô®˝ áéπ\úø îªC-¢√´¤?) Tarun: Here itself. Why didn't you go for Engineering after Inter?

(Ééπ\úË. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Engineering îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?) Ééπ\úË Å†-ö«-EéÀ Here only ÅE Åçô’çö«ç – Éü¿çûª ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’– Here itself ÆæÈ®j† expression. Varun: I am not interested. Moreover I want to be an MBA. Why didn't you?

(Ø√èπ◊

interest

™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Ø√èπ◊ MBA Å¢√-©E -Öç-C. ´’J †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Engineering îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?)

Spoken English

îªü¿’-´¤-ûÓçC.

öçC =

(Å®·ûË ´’†ç ready Å´ôç ´’ç*C. -´’-S} éπ©’Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç)

Tarun: Where did you do your schooling?

(†’´¤y à

Varun: Yesterday's papers carried the ads

tions is the 12th of next month.

FéÀC ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ-§Ú-´ôç àçöÀ?

îÓôxçû√ Éçé¬

èπÿú≈ ûªÊ°p. É™«çöÀ ¢√úÕûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.

I am taking the exams

place?

O’ Ü∞x á-ØÓo College ©’ -Öçúøí¬, Ééπ\úø -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ join Åߪ÷u--´¤? How come= áçü¿’èπ◊, purely conversational expression. O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ: How come you are here? = -àçöÀ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o¢˛?

Å™«Íí

c) She is taking a course in Software Software course

®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’-

(say either, 'Take an exam' or 'sit an exam'.) am appearing/ is appearing/ are appearing for an exam taking Do an exam She is going her final year B.Tech exam at the end of this year.

2 a) School/ College

Tarun: How come you joined this college, when

Inter exams

Ñ É°æ¤p-úøçûª ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ a) give an exam, b) write an exam ÅE î√-™« ´’çC Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’ – OöÀ™x àC-èπÿú≈ correct é¬ü¿’.

(àç îªü¿’´¤ûª’Ø√o®Ω’) Dinakar: I am doing my II year Inter/ I am at

year.

؈’ Ñ -àú≈C *´®Ω Ø√o†’

(I am taking/ will take the Inter exams at the end of this year/ I am sitting the Inter exams at the end of this year/ I sit the exam. Appear for an exam expression

Dinakar: I am a student

es which are usually in December every

you have so many colleges in your

b)

(O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-î√a?/ O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’?)

College are you studying in?/ Which School/

ii)

¢√úøû√ç.

îªü¿-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

(éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªü¿-´ôç) ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´ôç = be good at studies, clever/ bright at studies (¶«í¬, ûÁL-Ní¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√®Ω’.)

b) She is good at maths, but rather poor at Physics = Physics poor. college 5 Class attend class (es)/ attend college. 6 Poor at studies = dull at studies. 7 exam (examination exam exam test a) exam: (qualification) - X class certificates Inter, B.Tech, Msc degrees

-Ç -Å-´÷t®·éÀ ™„éπ\©’ ¶«í¬ØË -´-a, é¬F ™ é¬Ææh èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç/ éÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç

°æKéπ~ = ´·êuçí¬ ®√ûª-™ØË ¢√úøôç Ææ••’); ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’ b) F¢Ë class? = what class are you in?/ Which èπÿ, èπÿ ûËú≈: class are you studying? what class are you äéπ Nü∆u-®Ω|ûª ™«çöÀ é¬F, doing? é¬F §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´·êu-¢Á’i† OöÀéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’. Iam studying in... School/ °æKéπ~. College. I am in the I year Inter/ II year b) Test: ã exam èπ◊ •ü¿’©’í¬í¬F, Åü¿-†çí¬í¬F degree, etc. Studying •ü¿’©’, doing áèπ◊\´ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ à subject áçûª´®Ωèπ◊ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç. Ø√o®Ω ’, áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡xé¬ subject ´îª’a ÅE E®Ωga) ؈’ I year Engineering îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’ ®·çî ª-ö«-EéÀ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË °æKéπ~ test. Test Æ洒ߪ’ç, I am doing my I year Engineering. exam Æ洒ߪ’ç éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë Öçúø-´îª’a. Ææçü¿b) Which year of medicine are you in? are ®√s¥Eo •öÀd test ™ marks èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª™ Åçûªyou studying/ which year? ´·-êuçí¬ í∫’Jhç-°æ¤ -Öç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. (ÉC Éçûªèπ◊´·çüË medicine ÅE ûÁLÊÆh)/ 8 °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç: Take an exam/ sit an exam. Which year are you doing? a) ؈’ Í®°æ¤ °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’ Medicine à Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? I am taking an exam tomorrow. College are you a student of?

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

8

Ç¢Á’ Ñ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ B.tech *´J Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °æKéπ~ ®√Ææ’hçC. °æK-éπ~™x ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁaéÓ-´ôç get/ score/ secure. OöÀ™ x secure éÌClí¬ §ƒçúÕûªuç – ¢√úøéπ-§Ú-´ôç ´’ç*C.

M. SURESAN

Rama Rao: How much/ How many marks did you get/ score in last week's exam?

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ-¢√®Ωç °æK-éπ~™  áçûª/ -áEo ´÷®Ω’\©’ -ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?/ ´î√a®· Fèπ◊?) Bharadwaj: Dad, I can't say I got/ scored very high marks.

(--´÷®Ω’\-©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁa-èπ◊-†o-ô’d/- ´-*a†ô’d îÁ°æp-™‰†’) Rama Rao: Why isn't your score high? Why aren't your marks high?

(áèπ◊\´ marks áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-ü¿’/®√-™‰ü¿’?) OR Why Couldn't you score high? Why couldn't you get high marks?

(áçü¿’èπ◊ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷¢˛?) OR Why did you score low? Why did you get such low marks.

(Åçûª- ûª-èπ◊\-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o-´¤/ Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ Marks ᙫ ´î√aß˝’?) Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Marks ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ§Ú-ߪ÷¢Ëç? Why could n't you score better?/ Why couldn't you get better marks than this?.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Neeraj: Hi Suraj, ages since we met; what's wrong?

(´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E î√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC. àçöÀ 鬮Ωùç?)

b) exams busy taking/ attending exams (Busy writing exams english writing an exam/ exams lesson c) exams exams are fast approaching = exams (Approach -

®√Ææ÷hç-úøôç ´©x BJé𠙉éπ-§Úôç –

´÷vûªç-é¬ü¿’, ™ ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ ü ¿’ – éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Suraj: I was very busy till yesterday with my ™ ûÁ © ’Æ æ ’ è π ◊ Ø√oç í∫ ü ∆?) exams. Thank God, its all over. What a ´îËaÆæ’hØ√o®· = relief! No more exam nerves ÆæO’-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· = (E†oöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ exams ´©x î√-™« busy í¬ Åv§Úî˝ – v§Ú ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = ÖØ√o. Å´’tߪ’u Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. áçûª Ææ O ’° œ ç î ª ô ç = ü¿ í ∫ _ ® Ω è π ◊ ®√´úø ç/ ¢Á∞¡xúøç) £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ! °æK-éπ~© -¶-„ü¿’®Ω’ Ééπ-™‰ü¿’.)
exam nerves = °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ éÌçûª-´’çCéÀ -Öç-úË Relief = (°ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ ØÁAh O’ü¿ †’ç* Cç*-†ô’d) ¶„ü¿’®Ω’, éπçí¬®Ω’, °æK-éπ~-© -¶µºßª’ç. Núø’-ü¿©. exam nerves °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ -¶„ü¿’®Ω’) °æK-éπ~© ¶µºßª’ç †’ç* •ßª’-ô-•-úøôç– get over Neeraj: Happy to hear that. How did you do in exam nerves, get over = ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-îªôç. the exams?
How did you do in the exam? (ÆæçûÓ≠æç! ᙫ ®√¨»´¤ exams?) exam ᙫ ®√¨»-´¤? – ÉC ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î √L Suraj: Well, I hope (¶«í¬ØË ÅE ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’) ´’†ç – english ™ ᙫ ®√¨»´¤ exam ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Neeraj: What were your marks in the earlier 'write' ü∆E Éûª®Ω forms ®√ØË-®√´¤. î√-™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ exams? ¢√úË ´÷ô, 'do' ü∆E Éûª®Ω forms (Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ exams ™ marks ᙫa) ؈’ E†o °æK-éπ~©’ ¶«í¬ ®√¨»†’ ´-î√a®·?) I did well in the exam yesterday. b) ؈ç-ûª-Ææ-Jí¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’ I didn't do so well/ I haven't done so well

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 99

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 19 -ï-†-´-J 2006

(Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd) ؈-†’-èπ◊-†o ü∆E-éπØ√o ¶«í¬ ®√¨»†’

c)

I did much better than I had expected.

Vinod: You know, Vikas topped the school with his one hundred percent each in Maths and Science.

Meghana: I'm surprised. She usually does very well. She never scored below 85% in the previous exams.

(Ææ÷\™x Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ Maths Science ™ 100])

(Eïçí¬ Ç¨¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçüË, §ƒ°æç. ´·†’°æöÀ (previous - v°œN-ߪ’Æˇ) °æK-éπ~™x á°æ¤púø÷ 85]èπ◊ ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’.) É™«çöÀîÓôx less than 85% -Åç-ô÷ ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ ¢√úË-C– -Åç-ûª-Ææ-J-é¬ü¿’) Exam fail Å´ôç, pass Å´ôç = He/ she

Pramod: That's brilliant/ really brilliant.

(î√™« íÌ°æp-í¬/- E-ïçí¬ íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC, Åûª-úø’ °æKéπ~ ®√Æœ† B®Ω’) Vinod:

Every teacher likes him for his performance in the exams. teachers

(°æK-éπ~-™x -Å-ûª-úÕ B®Ω’-´©x -Åç-ü¿-Jéà Åûª-†çõ‰ É≠ædç.) äéπ N≠æߪ’ç: do, fare, perform - -Ñ -´‚-úÕç-öÀ-EÍé-´-©ç °æKéπ~© N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπJ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç •ßª’-ô-°æúË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-Eoç-öÀ-™†÷ ¢√úøû√ç.

How did you do in the exam? Suraj: In most of them just above sixty percent. In one or two others I scored quite high - above 90%

(î√-™«¢√öÀ™x 60] éπçõ‰ éÌClí¬ áèπ◊\´. äéπöÀ È®çúø’ papers ™ ´÷vûªç 90% éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ -´÷®Ω’\-©’ ´-î√a®·.) Neeraj: Why just above 60% in most of the papers? Weren't you saying you had done well in all the exams?

(î√-™«-¢√öÀ™x 60] éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ áçü¿’-éÌ-*açC? î√™« ¶«í¬ ®√¨»-†E Åçô’çúË-¢√-úÕN éπü∆?) Suraj: I thought so, but when I saw the marks I understood I had fared badly in them. One can never be sure in these matters, you know? marks

(ØË-†÷ Å™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púË ÆæJí¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰-ü¿E Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. Å®·Ø√ Éô’´çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x á´®Ω÷ à-D í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰®Ω’, éπü∆)

Neeraj: What about your performance this time?

(Ñ≤ƒJ ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?/´’J Ñ≤ƒJ Ææçí∫A?) Suraj: I think I fared very well. I am satisfied with my performance.

(¶«í¬ ®√¨»-†ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ ûª%°œhí¬ØË ÖçC) Neeraj: Well, wish you all the best. How about a movie this evening then?

(≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?) Suraj: That's be a real pleasure.

(ã, ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úÕ† expressions í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. É´Fo èπÿú≈ exams èπÿ, studies èπÿ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†¢Ë – OöÀ™ ´’†ç ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿®√s¥©’ î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçö«®·. 鬕öÀd, Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢√úÕ, practice îËߪ’çúÕ.


Busy with exams
exam nerves
How did you do in the exam?
I did well
What were your marks?
above 60% above 90%
you had done well
I had fared badly
..your performance this time?
a)Busy with exams, busy preparing for exams, busy studying for exams exams exams

Oô-Eo-öÀéà ûÓ ûª©-´·-†-éπ-©’í¬ (BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈) Å®Ωnç, èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷. Öçúøôç- – ´·êuçí¬

Spoken English

d)

a) How is YSR doing/ faring/ performing as the CM? YSR CM

ÅûªØËç ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰-ü¿’ He didn't do well at all.

e)

Åûª†’ paper îÁúÕ-Ê°-¨»úø’ (¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-ØË-™‰ü¿’ -Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) He did poorly/ very poorly in the exam. He did badly in the exam. do

É™« ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË ¢√úøû√ç, °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË ¶µ«¢√-EéÀ. ÉüË O’®Ω’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-Eç-îª-´-©-Æœ† Å稡ç. '®√ߪ’ôç— ´*a† îÓô™«x 'do' ü∆E Éûª®Ω ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC ¶«í¬ practice îÁߪ’uçúÕ. Å®·ûË Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ fare èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. ...I had fared badly... I had done badly

b) The Sri Lankans did/ fared/ performed very M. SURESAN badly/ poorly in the last cricket series. Sri Lankans poor c) Her performance in the movie was disappointing

î√-™«

í¬ Çú≈®Ω’.

Ç *vûªç-™ Ç¢Á’ †ô† E®√¨¡°æJ-*çC. d) He did/ fared/ performed well in the movie

How did you fare in the exam yesterday? I fared well b) Prakash: How did you fare in the exams?

¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’ =

(ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?) Akash: Well, I think. I got 97% Prakash: Oh, you didn't fare badly after all. Congrats.

(v•£æ…tçúøç, î√-™« ¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»-´-†o-´÷ô. í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓçúÕ = not bad = very good) c) Hold the exam any time you like, he is sure to fare well

O’ É≠ædç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ °ô’d-éÓçúÕ °æKéπ~, ¢√úø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ ®√≤ƒhúø’. °æKéπ~ °ôdúøç = Hold an exam/ exams -É-C îª÷úøçúÕ: i) what about your performance this time ii) I am satisfied with my performance.

Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ performance èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ÉC é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç. a) ᙫ ®√¨»®Ω’ E†oöÀ exam? How was your exam yesterday? b) His performance in exams is usually brilliant exams brilliant =

™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª†’ î√™« ¶«í¬ v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†, é¬çA--´’ç-ûª®√≤ƒhúø’. ¢Á’i† (vG©uçö¸ – 'vG— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç)

e) He is doing very well as a teacher Teacher Do/ fare/ perform 'do' f) I hope to do well in the exam exam expressions. Marks a) What are your marks?/ What marks did you get? What is your score?/ How many marks did you get/ score? b) marks Your score is/ your marks are, not satisfactory. c) With such a low score/ such low marks, you can't get a seat in that college. college seat

í¬ Åûª†’ î√-™« ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. – OöÀ™x Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬, áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË-´÷ô,

؈’ ¶«í¬ ®√≤ƒh-†ØË ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. -É°æ¤p-úø’ -É-çéÌ-Eo O’ àçöÀ?/-áEo?

F

àç ûª%°œh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ™‰´¤

Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ Fé¬ ®√ü¿’.

™

Meghana: Congrats Sumana, on your high Score in Physics. marks (Physics congrats.) Sumana: You didn't fare badly either. You got just one mark below mine. So my congrats to you. Poor Jamuna! she got below 50%.

™ ´*a†ç-ü¿’èπ◊

Now practise the following in English: Subodh: Hi Pranav, exams

èπ◊ ᙫ prepare Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Pranav: °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ Ø√Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ¶„ü¿’Í®, Å®·-§Ú-ßË’çûª ´®Ωèπ◊. Subodh: é¬-F FÈé-°æ¤púø÷ ´’ç* marks ´≤ƒh-®·éπü∆? Pranav: Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* marks ´≤ƒh®·, é¬F Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ marks ûÁa-éÓ-¢√-©E -Ø√ éÓJéπ. Subodh: á´-J-èπ◊ç-úøü¿’ Ç éÓJéπ? Pranav: O’ class ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æK-éπ~-™„-°æ¤púø’? Subodh: E†oØË Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. Pranav: ᙫ ®√¨»´¤ †’´¤y? Subodh: ¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’, é¬F äéπ Chemistry paper ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁúø-íÌ-ö«d† ’. N’í∫û√ papers ™ 80 éÀ °jØË-®√-´îª’a. Chemistry ™ ´÷vûªç 60 ü∆é¬- ®√-´îª’a. Pranav: O’ cousin Sucharita ᙫ- ®√-Æ œçC? Subodh: ¶«í¬ØË ®√Æœç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. -Éçûªèπ◊-´·çü¿’ exams ™ Ç¢Á’ -î √-™« -¶«í¬ ®√Æœç-C. ÅEoöx 100 èπ◊ äéπöÀ, È®çúø’ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûªèπ◊\´. Pranav: é¬F íÌ°æp performance. Girls, ´’†-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«. Subodh: îÁ°æp-™‰ç™‰. Answer:

Åûª†’ Ç *vûªç™ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’.

¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. îÁûªhí¬ ®√¨»†’. a) ᙫ-®√-¨»´¤ E†oöÀ exam?

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

í¬ -á-™« ÖØ√o®Ω’? (Ææ´’-®Ωn-ç-í¬Ø√ é¬ü∆?)

failed the exam/ passed the exam.

ÉO exams èπÿ, marks èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’:

Fèπ◊ ´’ç*

(Fèπÿ àç ûªèπ◊\´ ®√™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. äéπ\ Mark ´÷vûª¢Ë’ éπü∆ Ø√éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ -Fèπ◊ -Ø√ -Å-Gµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’. §ƒ°æç ï´·† – 50-¨»-ûªç éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ´-î√a®·) (Above - áèπ◊\-´/-£«-aí¬; below=ûªèπ◊\´)

Subodh: Hi Pranav, how are you preparing for the exams? Pranav: I always have/ suffer from exam nerves, until they are over. Subodh: But you always get good marks/ score high. Pranav: I do, but I wish to score even better marks. (Even = Subodh: Who doesn't wish it?/ Who doesn't have the wish? Pranav: When are the exams for your class?/ When are you people taking the exams? Subodh: They were over yesterday./ Yesterday was the last of them. Pranav: How did you do? Subodh: (I) did very well, but I did poorly/ fared badly in chemistry. In the other papers I may get/ score above 80%. In chemistry I may get about 60. Pranav: How did your cousin Sucharita do? Subodh: (I) think she did well. In the earlier exams, however, her performance was very good. In all the papers, she got just one or two marks below 100. Pranav: That's good performance. I suppose girls study better than we, boys. Subodh: We can't say./ Difficult to say.

Éçé¬)

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 21 -ï-†-´-J 2006

100

W

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù W (Eïçí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Ø√éÌ-*a† English Ø√Íé ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-LT, ®√ߪ’-í∫-LTûË Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçô’çC. Anand:

ÉçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ OöÀE question form ™ èπÿú≈, not ûÓ†÷, not ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈†÷ èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a éπü∆? eg: Am I a doctor? Am I not a teacher? etc.

É™«Íí N’í∫û√ 'be' forms ûÓ áEo sentences, ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions èπÿú≈, not ™‰èπ◊çú≈, not ûÓ Å†-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ. Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ O’ friend ûÓØÓ, O’ûÓ cooperate îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡x-ûÓØÓ Å†çúÕ. Questions ™ èπÿú≈, È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 questions. 1) 'Wh' words (what, when, who, etc.,)ûÓ ´îËaN.

We can be good speakers of English if we have regular practice. (Regular practice English

statements

Öçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úË¢√∞¡xç Å´¤û√ç)

Santosh: Yes, we frequently read so in these Spoken English lessons. English lessons

(Ñ ™ ÅüË ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ îª÷Ææ÷hçö«ç/ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çö«ç) ÉC 100 ´ lesson éπü∆. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ for a change (*†o-´÷-®Ω’p-í¬/ -é¬Ææh ûËú≈í¬) ã *†o Language game Çúøü∆ç. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™ E sentences îª÷úøçúÕ:

eg. Why are you happy? What is your brother? When was he a teacher? 2) 'Wh' words

I am happy today.

(ØËF-®Ó-V ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o) Santosh: Why?/ Why are you happy?

(áçü¿’èπ◊?) Anand:

Because this is the hundredth lesson in spoken English. You are happy too, aren't you? spoken English 100 lesson

(ÉC ™ ´ 鬕öÀd. Fèπÿ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC, éπü∆?)

Santosh: Ofcourse I am, but I am not satisfied. There's a lot more english to learn.

Anand:

Can he be a leader?

c) Deepti and Divya were my school mates; They were eager to learn English.

I too am anxious to learn more.

e) We can be

´÷

ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©E î√™« í¬ ÖçC, ´÷ £æ«®Ω{-

èπÿú≈) Anand:

b) Why are you happy? You are happy too; So is my cousin Harsha; They are fluent.

d) They would be ever ready to...

Santosh: My sister appears very serious about learning more English, and so is my cousin Harsha. ( sister english serious cousin

Deepti and Divya were my school mates. They were eager to learn English. They would be ever ready to read English newspapers and books, speak english, listen to others speak english, and so on. They are fluent in English now. Whenever they had an opportunity, they used to speak English. schoolmates. English English newspaper, books English English

(D°œh, C´u Ø√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©E áçûÓ Ç--ûª%-ûª-ûÓ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. á°æ¤púø÷ îªü¿-´ôç, ´÷ö«x´÷ö«x-úË-°æ¤púø’ úøôç, Éûª-®Ω’©’ N†ô癫çöÀN îËߪ’-ö«-E-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ Æœ-ü¿l¥ç. Åçü¿’Íé ¢√∞¡Ÿx É°æ¤púø’ English üµ∆®√-∞¡çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’. Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx) Santosh: To tell you frankly, I am not at all pleased with my English. I shall be happy if I am able to speak and write better.

Spoken English

´’S} OöÀE

not

ûÓ,

™«çöÀ-N.

eg: Are you not happy?

Were they not students?

™«çöÀN.

(To meet me

– áçü¿’-éπ-ûª†’

happy

ÅØËC -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-

ûª’ç-C éπü∆) b) They were not satisfied with their salaries. (with their salaries

áçü¿’-´©x

– ¢√∞¡x @û√-©ûÓ ÅØËC ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅØËC ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC)

not satisfied

c) Will they be pleased if I give them the books? (If I give them the books -

؈’ ¢√∞¡xé¬ °æ¤Ææh-é¬LÊÆh – ÅØËC ¢√∞¡Ÿx ᙫ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈h-®Ω-ØËC ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC éπü∆) É™« O’®Ω’ 'be' forms ûÓ -´-îËa sentences †’ §ÒúÕ-Tç--èπ◊çô÷ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a. Å®·ûË Å®Ωnç ´÷vûªç correct í¬ ´îËaô’x îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´ôç î√-™« ´·êuç. III Ééπ Ñ game ™ ´‚úÓ-¶µ«í∫ç: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ O’®Ω’ practice îËÆœ† sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ verb, 'be' form éπü∆. Ñ 'be' form •ü¿’©’ 'action words' áéπ\-úÁ-éπ\úø meanings ´÷®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ, Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’:

I am happy today

(Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’, Å®·ûË ûª%°œhí¬ ™‰ü¿’. ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-Lqç-C -Éçé¬ î√™« ÖçC) (Ø√èπÿ Éçé¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©ØË -Ç-ûª%ûªí¬ ÖçC)

™«çöÀ-N.

questions.

eg. Are you happy? Is she your sister?

I a) I am happy; I am not satisfied; I too am anxious to learn more; I am not at all pleased; I am able to speak; I shall be happy. Anand:

™‰E

a) He is happy to meet me

Ñ sentences ™ ´’†ç í∫´’-EçîË N≠æߪ’ç – OöÀ™x verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'be' forms ´÷vûª¢Ë’ éπü∆? îª÷úøçúÕ, Íé-´-©ç 'be' forms ûÓ áçûª Ææ綵«-≠æù ≤ƒTçüÓ? É°æ¤púø’ ´’† game. Ééπ\úÕ sentences ™ 'be' forms (am, is, are, were, shall be, can be, would be, etc,) °æéπ\† Ö†o 'happy' ™«çöÀ ´÷ô© •ü¿’©’ O’®Ω’ ¢√úøí∫LT† ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀE ¢√úÕ sentences practice îËߪ’çúÕ. äéπ statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ questions, exclamations èπÿú≈ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Not, never (á°æ¤púø÷ é¬ü¿’/- ™‰ü¿’) ûÓ èπÿú≈ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ. I am happy- Ééπ\úø Ö†o 'be' form 'am' °æéπ\† Ö†o happy •ü¿’©’, ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ O’èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† ´÷ô©’ ¢√úøçúÕ. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊, happy •ü¿’©’, a) sad, sorry, proud, tall, short ™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-©†÷ ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’ (Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬) áØÁj oØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Éçé¬ b) àüÁjØ√ ´%ûª’h©’, °æ†’©’ ™«çöÀN îËÊÆ¢√∞¡xØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ ÖçúË ´÷ô©÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆?–

É™«ç-öÀN áEo senO’®Ω’ ņ-í∫-©®Ó ™„éÀ\ç--éÓçúÕ. áéπ\úø O’®Ω’ questions ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ Åéπ\úø ¢√öÀéÀ Answers èπÿú≈ îÁ°æ¤péÓçúÕ. Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ éπLÆœ Ñ game M. SURESAN Çúø’-éÓçúÕ. O’®Ω’ áEo sentences îËߪ’-í∫-L-í¬®Ó îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. O’Íé Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ¢ËÆæ’hçC. '´’†ç ÉEo sentences ņ-í∫-L-í¬¢Ë’— ÅE. O’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç: 'be' forms °æéπ\† ¢√úøí∫LÍí ´÷ô©’ Ñ éÀçC ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ Öçö«®·. 1) í∫’ù«©’, (proud, good, bad, wicked) ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’. 2) ¶µ«¢√©’ (feelings) ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ (happy, sad, tences

jealous, etc). 3)

©éπ~-ù«©’

(tall, short, fat, etc,)

ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’.

4) Past participle forms (satisfied, pleased, trained) 5)

äéπ ´%ûÓh, °æØÓ îËÊÆ¢√∞¡Ÿ} ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô©’ (Actor, doctor, teacher, cook, lawyer, speaker, etc). Ñ ®Ωéπç ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, singular ´·çü¿®Ω a/ an ®√¢√-©E ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ countable singular ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ 'a/ an' ®√¢√L éπü∆.

6) '-ing' forms (going, singing, walking)

°j ®Ω鬩 ´÷ô-©Fo ¢√úøçúÕ. ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊†oô’x ÆæJí¬ ´≤ÚhçüÓ, ™‰üÓ îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC O’È®çûª English ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ó. I am a teacher/ an actor/ a cricketer/ an ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úø™‰-´’ØË Å§Ú£æ« Öçúøü¿’. employee/ a landlord/ a doctor, etc. II An extension of the game, Ñ game é¬Ææh ´’Sx OöÀ™x not/ never èπÿú≈ éπL°œ ¢√úø-´îª’a °çîª-´îª’a– Ñ sentences ´’J-éÌEo ´÷ô©’ éπL°œ: éπü∆? eg: He is happy. Ñ sentence †’ É™« I am not happy; I am not a teacher, etc ™«í¬. §ÒúÕ-Tça éπü∆?

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

a) They were all happy.

Ééπ\úø 'be' form 'were' •ü¿’©’ feel ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆. Å®·ûË, 'be' form í∫û√Eo ûÁ-LÊ° -´÷ô 鬕öÀd, feel èπ◊ èπÿú≈ í∫û√Eo -ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷õ‰ ¢√ú≈L éπü∆. 鬕öÀd, felt ´Ææ’hçC. Å°æ¤púø’, They all felt happy (They were all happy)

b) She can be here in 10 minutes.

Ééπ\úø 'can be' ÅØË 'be' form -ûÓ ´îËa Å®Ωnç – Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ Öçúø-í∫©ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ îË®Ω-í∫-©ü¿’ ÅE – Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îÁ°æp-í∫© sentence ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ– She can reach here in ten minutes. c) They shall be here for an hour.

¢√Rx-éπ\úø ã í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçú≈L. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'shall be' ÅØË 'be form •ü¿’©’, ´’†ç 'shall stay' ÅEé¬F, shall remain ÅE -é¬-F Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’. Å°æ¤púø’ sentence– They shall stay/ remain here for an hour. d) He could be helpful for us:

Ééπ\úø be form Å®Ωnç– Åûªúø’ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-é¬Jí¬ Öçúøí∫-©-úË¢Á÷. Could be ÅØË 'be' form •ü¿’©’ action word ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ help ¢√úÌa éπü∆. ü∆çûÓ sentence É™« ´÷®Ωa-´îª’aí∫ü∆?– could be

He could help us.

É™« O’®Ω’ áEo sentences îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x. Å´-鬨¡ç ®√éπ-§ÚûË éπLpç--éÌE É™«çöÀ sentences frame îËߪ’çúÕ– ´’J-*-§Ú-éπçúÕ – statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions (È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’ – 'wh' questions, non 'wh' questions èπÿú≈), Negatives (not, never) Ææ£æ… practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

§

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Damodar: Hi, Krupakar, I couldn't see you the whole of yesterday. What were you doing? (

éπ%-§ƒéπ-®˝, E†oçû√ †’´¤y éπ-E°œç-îª-™‰-ü¿’, àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?)

Krupakar: Busy playing the game - making as many sentences as we could - with my sister and prabhakar. ( Sister, prabhakar Game Sentences Form Busy

´÷

ûÓ éπLÆœ

-Ç-úø’-ûª÷ áEo O©-®·ûË ÅEo îËÆæ÷h ÖçúÕ-§Úߪ÷) Damodar: What game was that? (àç

í¬

Game?) Krupakar: You find the game in the hundredth lesson of spoken english. It's a simple game - forming sentences, as many as we can by adding suitable words after 'be' forms and action words - sentences to be not only statements but also questions, both types, 'wh' and 'non wh' questions, with not and never too...

4) How well Rupa sings that song! 5) The teacher never made a joke

É™« áEo Sentences îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ. ûª®√yûª ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô©’ îËJa Sentences extend îËߪ’çúÕ. eg: 1) Vineet bought a book at the college stores. 2) When did Naresh meet you to give you the book. 3) She does not like me because I do not like her. 4) How well Rupa sings that song from the movie, nuvvu naaku nachau. 5) The teacher never made a joke while teaching.

É™«çöÀ sentences O’®Ω’ O’ friends etc., ûÓ îËߪ’çúÕ. I, We, You, he, she, it and ûÓ èπÿú≈ sentences îËߪ’çúÕ.

practice they

u

u

u

Renuka: Urmila, why don't you lend me the book. I have to prepare for the exam the day after tomorrow. exam prepare Urmila: Sorry Renuka, Bhoomika has taken it away. She has to prepare for the exam as well. You are a little late.

(Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç é¬Ææh É≤ƒh-¢√? á©’xçúÕ Å¢√Lq ÖçC.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

101

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 23 -ï-†-´-J 2006

èπ◊

'be' forms. Have to be, has to be,

OöÀ

must be, should be. (Have to be/ has to be - I, we, you and

´Ææ’hçC. He, ûÓ has to be ´Ææ’hçC.) -O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç – Öçú≈L – ÅE. ÅC äéπJ Çïc (command) é¬´îª ’a, NCµ (duty) é¬´îª ’a, necessity (Å´-Ææ®Ωç) 鬴a.

they subjects

ûÓ

have to be

(éπFÆæç Í®°æ-öÀ-ÈéjØ√ -Å-ûª-úø’ -Åéπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Å´-鬨¡ç éÓ™p-û√úø’. – necessity.) ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Pramod: I am happy to have got the job, Sir.

she and it subjects

When have I to be here to report for duty, Sir? (Job

´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC. îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ/ Duty™ Join Å´-ö«-EéÀ á°æ¤-púø’ ®√-¢√-©çúŒ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ?) (Have to be Ééπ\úø duty E ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.) Report

Have to be, has to be, should be, must be =

Öçú≈L,

present

™í¬F,

future

™í¬E.

Vinod: Let me go. I have to be at home in ten

Prasanth: You have to be here by 9.30 every-

minutes. Dad will be angry if I am late.

day.

(††’o ¢Á∞¡xF. ؈’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x Éçöx Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hçC)

(9.30 éπ-™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-L- †’´¤y.

You have to be here till 5.30 in the evening. (

È®çúø÷

I have to prepare

5.30 ´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈L– Ñ

commands.) Your colleague

too, has to be here at the same time.

(F Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuT èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Ééπ\úø command.)

has to be

Pramod: I will start work now itself sir,

(î√-™« Simple game ÅC. sub + verbverb 'be' form Ŵa, action word Ŵa, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´÷ô©’ îË®Ω’a-èπ◊çô÷ §Ú-´ôç– Sentences statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Questions, Exclamations èπÿú≈. Questions È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 Questions – 'wh' words ûÓ 'non wh' words ûÓ èπÿú≈. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, not ûÓ never ûÓ èπÿú≈) Damodar: Was that so? O I missed the game. How many sentences were you able to frame? game miss Sentences

(Å™«í¬? Å®·ûË Øˆ’ Åߪ÷u†’. O’È®Eo í¬®Ω’?)

îËߪ’-í∫-L-

Krupakar: We didn't count, but we were able to make a good number. We have understood that we can improve our english by this kind of practice more than by reading books on spoken english.

(™„éπ\°ôd-™‰ü¿’ é¬F î√™«ØË î˨»ç. Spoken english O’ü¿ books îªü¿-´ôç éπçõ‰ É™«çöÀ practice ü∆y®√ØË English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oô’d, practice ´©x confidence °®Ω-í∫-ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, English Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-ûª’çC. v°æA-®ÓW Friends ûÓ Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Ñ Lesson ™ éÌClí¬ ûËú≈ûÓ É™«çöÀ game ÉçéÓöÀ îª÷ü∆lç. O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– verbs ™ È®çúø’®Ω鬩’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC 'love' ™«çöÀN. OöÀéÀ á´-JE, üËEE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√∞¡x†’ ÅØÓ, ü∆EE ÅØÓ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ´Ææ’hçC. È®çúÓ ®Ωé¬--E-N - walk (†-úø-´ôç) ™«çöÀN. á´-JE †úø-´ôç, üËE-E †úø-´ôç Åçõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ game ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ®Ωéπç verbs ûÓ sentences îËߪ’çúÕ. statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions, exclamations ûÓ Ææ£æ…, Not/ never ûÓ èπÿú≈ O’èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†Eo verbs ûÓ á†o-®·ûË ÅEo. eg: 1) Vineet bought a book 2) When did Naresh meet you? 3) She doesnot like me (at all)

Spoken English

(Sorry, exam prepare Renuka: I thought of buying the book yesterday, but I had to take mom to hospital, so I didn't find the time. I must get the book somehow. Otherwise I'll be doing very badly in the exam. book hospital

¶µº÷N’éπ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’Èé-R}ç-C. ûª†’èπ◊ Å¢√y-©E.) èπÿú≈

(E†oØË éÌØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬E èπ◊ BÆæ’Èé∞«}Lq ´÷ Å´’t†’ ´*açC. é̆-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷. ᙫíÓ äéπ-™«í¬ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L ؈’. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË á©’xçúÕ exam -¶«í¬ ®√-ߪ’-™‰éπ-§Ú-û√--†’-.)

Urmila: I must pay the fees today. Today is the last date. I should go to the bank and get the money. fees Bank Renuka: That's true. We must submit exam applications by tomorrow. That's the rule. Exam applications submit rule.) Urmila: The applications should have the signature of the parent or the guardian, shouldn't it? (Application parent/ guardian

(É¢√∞¡ ®ÓV.

éπ-ö«dL ؈’. -É-¢√-∞Ï -*-´-J èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL, úø•’s ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L.)

(Eï¢Ë’.

Í®°æöÀ ™°æ©

îÁߪ÷uL. ÅüË

™ Ææçûªéπç Öçú≈L, éπü∆?)

Renuka: Yes, that's the rule. Further we must mention the amount paid, and enclose the fee receipt. clear fee receipt Urmila: OK then. Bye. I must hurry.

(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, áçûª úø•’s éπöÀdçD í¬ ü∆-E-ûÓ ïûª-°æ®Ω-î√L.) ûÁ-©-§ƒ-L,

(´≤ƒh Å®·ûË. ؈’ -ûªy®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L.) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù™E sentences †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) I have to prepare 2) She has to prepare 3) I had to take 4) I must get 5) I must pay 6) We must submit 7) The application should have the signature 8) We must mention. sentences verbs: have to + 1st RDW; has to + 1st RDW; had to + 1st RDW; must + 1st RDW; should + 1st RDW

°j

™E

.

Have to/ has to, had to, must, should rule

É´Fo èπÿú≈ NCµí¬, v°æ鬮Ωç, ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

because I have to be thorough with

Suman: Hari too has to be at home in ten minutes. He doesn't like to miss the serial. Isn't it so, Hari?

my job.

(£æ«J èπÿú≈ 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ Éçöx M. SURESAN Öçú≈L. Åûª-úÕéÀ serial miss Å´ôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË éπü∆ £æ«J?) Hari:

That's right. I have to hurry now. Bye. (

Eï¢Ë’. ؈’ -ûªy®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L)

Suman: Don't forget tomorrow's exam time. You have to be at the centre by 9.45

(Í®°æ¤ exam time ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-éπçúÕ. O’®Ω-éπ\úø 9.45 éπ-™«x Öçú≈L) Ééπ\úø îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Present ™í¬F, future ™í¬F 'Öçú≈L— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ have to be/ has to be ¢√ú≈ç. äéπ Order / Command ´©x, NCµ ´©x (Åçõ‰ Duty), ™‰éπ§ÚûË Å´-Ææ®Ωç (Necessity) ´©x Öçú≈Lq´ÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’ Have to be/ has to be ¢√úøû√ç. a) O’®Ω’ 10éπ-™«x office ™ Öçú≈L. You have to be at office by 10 (Command) b)

(؈’ É°æ¤púË v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ƒh†’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ø√ °æE ؈’ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’éÓ-¢√L éπü∆ (Ééπ\úø have to be - necessity). I understand I have to be at office for atleast 6 hours. (éπFÆæç 6 í∫çô©ÊÆ°æ-®·Ø√ office ™ Öçú≈-©E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø have to be NCµE ûÁ©’°æ¤ûÓçC éπü∆.) Now practice the following in English: Kranthi:

†’´¤y éπFÆæç ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúø’ í∫çô© ´®Ω-ÈéjØ√ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L, Å®Ωn-´’-®·çü∆? Shanthi: Yes, Madam. Ñ®Ó-ñ‰é¬-ü¿’, Í®°æ¤ -èπÿú≈ ÉüË ¢Ë∞¡™x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-©E ûÁ©’Ææ’ madam. Kranthi: Watchman ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p, Åûª-Eç-é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L ÅE; pass Ö†o¢√∞¡’x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ™°æ© Öçú≈-©-F. Shanthi: Ok, Madam. Åûª-E-éπ\úø 8 í∫çô©´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈-©E èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒh†’. Kranthi: OK. ñ«ví∫ûªh. Ø√èπ◊ meeting ÖçC. Åéπ\úø ؈’ 1.30 éπçû√ Öçú≈L. ØËØÌîËa ÆæJéÀ files ÅFo ready Å®·-Öç-ú≈L. ûÁL-Æœçü∆? Shanthi: Readyí¬ Öçö«®·, madam.

v°æA ÖüÓuT 10 †’ç* 5´®Ωèπ◊ Office ™ Öçú≈L

Answer:

Every employee has to be in the office

Kranthi: You have to be here till atleast 2 in the

from 10 to 5 (Command)

afternoon, understand?

c) I have to be at office by 10.

؈’ 10éπ-™«x

office

™ Öçú≈L.

Shanthi: Yes, Madam. I Understand too, that (Duty =

NCµ)

d) She has to be at office for a minimum of Six hours.

not only today, but also tomorrow I have to be here during the same time. Kranthi: Tell the watchman that he has to be a

(-Ç-¢Á’ éπFÆæç 6 í∫çô-©-ÊÆ-°jØ√ Office ™ Öçú≈L = Duty/ NCµ)

little more careful, that only those who

e) I have to be at the station at 2 or I shall

Shanthi: Ok, Madam. I will tell him too that he

miss the train.

؈’

station

-™ È®çúÕçöÀéÀ Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Å´¤-û√†’. (ÉC necessity, Åçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆) train miss

f) He has to be here atleast by tomorrow.

have passes have to be here. has to be here till 8 o'clock. Kranthi: Ok. Be careful. I have a meeting. I have to be there by 1.30. By the time I return all the files must be ready. Shanthi: They shall be, madam.

Otherwise he will miss the chance.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Hitesh: Hi Mallesh, I coludn't see you the whole of yesterday. What happened?

(E†oçû√ éπ-E°œç-‰ü¿’. àç ïJTçC?) Mallesh: (I was) Busy at home. I had to be at home attending to some repairs for the house. Dad was out of town. busy repairs

d) Action word: have to + 1st Regular Doing Word, has to + 1st Regular Doing Word. (Have to go, have to do, has to go, has to do etc,

¢Á∞«}L, îËߪ÷L ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) Éçé¬ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC– a) ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© ´©x Öçúø-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’, (Éçöx í¬ ÖØ√o. ÉçöÀ îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’– have to be/ has to be; îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ÉçöxØË Öçú≈Lq ´*açC. have to + 1st RDW/ has to + 1st RDW. Ø√†o- Ü∞x ™‰®Ω’.) eg: a) Attend = College/ School/ Class ™«çöÀ 1) I have to be at home by 8. ¢√öÀéÀ, functions/ meetings/ marriages ؈’ 8 éπ-™«x Éçöx Öçú≈L. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷ Ø√-†o™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç. éÓ°æ p-úøû√®Ω’) b) attend to = äéπ °æE îË°æ-ôd-ôç / ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬ 2) He has to be here by 10. Otherwise we îËߪ’ôç; 'I am attending to the repairs'. can't start. c) Attend on = ÅA--ü∑¿’-©èπ◊, ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ (Åûª-E-éπ\úø 10éπ-™«x Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω™‰ç) îËߪ’ôç,

When I was ill, my sister, attended on me. Hitesh: You remember we have to go to Naresh's for his birthday party. It's already 5. Shall we start? (Naresh birthday party

Èé∞«x-©E í∫’®Ω’hç-Céπü∆? É°æp-öÀÍé 5 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. •ßª’-©’üË®Ω-ü∆-´÷?)

3) They have to see the doctor today. The appointment is for today. doctor appointment 'have to' has to

(É¢√∞¡ ¢√-∞¡Ÿx ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«xL. Çߪ’† Ñ Éî√aúø’)– Ééπ\úø ®ÓVèπ◊ (Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈) ´’†ç ´·çü¿’ E®Ωg-®·ç-èπ◊†o °æEéÀ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí–

éÌØ√-L-éπü∆?)

(ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L ´’J.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

í∫ûªç™ Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, E•ç-üµ¿-†© ´©xí¬F ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/ Öçú≈-Lq†°æ¤púø’ πÿú≈ had to ¢√úøû√ç. 1) Lord Rama had to go to forests to honour his father's word.

¢√∞¡x-Ø√†o ´÷ô E©-¶„-ôd-ö«-EéÀ X®√-´·úø’ Åúø-´¤©èπ◊ -¢Á∞«x-Lq- ´-*açC. 2) He had to live in the forest for 12 years

°æØÁoç-úË∞¡x ´†-¢√Ææç îËߪ÷Lq ´*açC. 3) He had to pay a fine of Rs. 250/- for driving the wrong way.

102

4) Pramila had to submit the application the day before yesterday. She submitted it yesterday, so she had to pay a late fee of Rs. 10/-.

c) Before you build a house, you should submit the plan for approval. plan submit ´ Should past form 'had to' have to/ has to sentences

(É©’x éπõ‰d ´·çü¿’, ÉçöÀ Ç¢Á÷-ü∆-EéÀ îËߪ÷L) èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ØË, ©èπ◊ ™«í¬. Ñ éÀçC †’ §Ú©açúÕ.

a) The Players should be at the field by 9 AM field present/ future b) The players had to be at the field by 9 AM. Players field Past. have to/ should has to, should have to/ has to powerful.

ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀ-éπ-™«x véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ ™ Öçú≈L. Ŵa. ÉC

9 éÀ ™ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC– ÉC ´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Å´-Ææ-®√-© π◊ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, éπçõ‰ á π◊\´

Å´-èπÿ-úøü¿’.)

You have to do it

(Éçûªéà †Í®≠ˇ ´ßª’Ææ’q áçûª’ç-úÌ--îªaç-ö«´¤? ÉC ÅûªE áØÓo birthday?– DEéÀ English ™‰ü¿’.) Hitesh: He must be 18 now. I think it is his 18th birth anniversary. birthday AnniversaryMallesh: We are all the same age then, give or take a few months.

(18 à∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈L. ÉC ÅûªE 18´ ņ’-èπ◊çö«. ¢√J{-éÓûªq-´ç)

4) He has to return my book today. He said he would.

(Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ -Ñ®Ó--V °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉîËa-ߪ÷L. É≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’.) b) Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, àüÁjØ√ E•ç-üµ¿-†© (Å®·ûË ´’†-´’çû√ ØÁ©© ûËú≈ûÓ äÍé ´©-xí¬F (Rules) ´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/ Öçú≈Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç. ´ßª’Ææ’q™ ÖØ√o´’-†o-´÷ô.)

Hitesh: Ok. Let's start. Mallesh: We must get back home early. Don't forget our exams from the day after tomorrow. Because of the change in the exam hours, we must be at college 10 minutes before nine.

(´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ´îËa-ߪ÷L. á©’xçúÕ †’ç* ´’†èπ◊ exams ÅE ´’®Ω-*§Úèπ◊. ´÷J† ¢Ë∞¡© v°æ鬮Ωç College ™ 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ûªèπ◊\´ 9 éπ-™«x -Öçú≈-L-.) éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ have to be/ has to be Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? äéπ-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç. a) I, We, You, They subjects Å®·ûË have to. b) He, She, It Å®·ûË has to. c) be form: have to be/ has to be (Öçú≈L ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ).

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1)

¢√£æ«-Ø√© ¢Á†éπ ®√ÊÆ 'please Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 2) ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ö«EéÀ Ææ´÷† Å®Ωnç ´îËa ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü¿ç à¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? – >™«E, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø sound horn'

-ï-¢√-•’:

b)

(Åûª†’ wrong direction ™ drive îËÆœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ 250 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’© -ï-J-´÷-Ø√ éπö«dLq ´*açC.)

Mallesh: But we should buy some gift for him. gift Hitesh: We must hurry then. We shouldn't be late. late Mallesh: What, do you think, is Naresh's age now?

(àüÓ

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 25 -ï-†-´-J 2006

1) Please sound horn

Åçõ‰ horn ¢Á÷Tç-îªçúÕ ÅE Å®Ωnç. äéπ ¢√£æ«†ç ¢Á†-éπ-´¤†o ¢√£æ«†ç, ´·çü¿J ¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo ü∆öÀ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, horn ¢Á÷TÊÆh, ´·çü¿J ¢√£æ«†ç, ¢Á†éπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀ ü∆JÆæ’hçü¿E îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Å™« ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. 2) '¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç— Å†o-´÷-ôèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Å†-í∫-L-TçC 'unassertive'. 'assertive' Åçõ‰ E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬ Öçúøôç, 鬕öÀd, 'unassertive' Åçõ‰ ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç í∫© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

Spoken English

1) You have to show the ticket on demand. Keep it safe until the journey is over. [ Ticket

ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’ (öÀÈéö¸– öÀ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) îª÷§ƒL. v°æߪ÷ùç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’-u´-®Ωèπ◊ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öç-. On demand = ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’-]

2) Kumar has to pay the fees tomorrow. (kumar

Í®°æ¤

fees

éπö«dL.)

3) The boss has asked us to be at office half an hour earlier than usual. We have to be at office at 9. (Boss ´’†Lo ã Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ office èπ◊ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†ç 9 éπ-™«x office ™ Öçú≈L.) Have to/ has to á°æ¤púø÷ present/ future situations èπ◊ ´Jh-≤ƒh®·. ÅüË past ™ ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ had to ¢√úøû√ç. lesson v§ƒ®Ω綵º Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Mallesh -à-´’-Ø√oúø’?I had to be at home (Yesterday - past) ÅE. Åçõ‰ ØËEçöx Öçú≈Lq ´*açC. 鬕öÀd í∫ûªç™– a) --à-üÁj-Ø√ °æJÆœn-ûª’©´©x-í¬E, E•ç-üµ¿-†©´©x-í¬E, Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´ç-ûªç-´©xí¬E áéπ\-úÁjØ√ Öçú≈Lq ´ÊÆh, had to be, àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-Lq-´ÊÆh had to + 1st Regular Doing Word (RDW) ¢√úøû√ç. 1. He had to be at station by 8, as his friend was coming. (Station friend

™ Åûª†’ 8 éÀ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC, ¢√∞¡x á´®Ó ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ 鬕öÀd)

2. Santhi had to go to Vijayawada last Sunday to attend a marriage.

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ¨»çA Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø, °RxéÀ ¢Á∞«}Lq ´*açC.) 3. Vishal had to pay the fees yesterday; he had no money, so I had to lend him the amount.

(N¨»™¸ E†o fees îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC. ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ØË-†’ -Å®Ω’-´¤ -É¢√yLq ´*açC.)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

(v°æO’© ¢Á·†oØË application submit îËߪ÷-LqçC – é¬F E-†o îËÆœçC, Åçü¿’-éπE 10 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ late fee îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC.) ´’Sx lesson ¢Á·ü¿öx Ö†o Ææ綵«-≠æù ã≤ƒJ îª÷úøçúÕ: Mallesh: We should buy some gift for him. Hitesh: .... We shouldn't (should not) be late.

Ééπ\úø

'should'

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. ÉC èπÿú≈ have to/ has to èπ◊ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ Öçô’çC. DEéÀ 'be' form should be = Öçú≈L ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ;

You have to do it =

O’JC îËߪ÷L = You Ééπ\úø you have to do it èπ◊, you should do it éπØ√o force áèπ◊\´, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌç-îÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç.

should do it.

M. SURESAN

Now practise the following in English: Prema:

´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ -•-ߪ’-©’-üË®√-L? Preethi: ÉçéÓ í∫çô™/ 9 í∫çô-©éπ-™«x ´’†ç airport Action word, should + 1st RDW (should go, ™ Öçú≈L. Passport, visa, Éûª®Ω docushould know, should do, etc.) = ¢Á∞ «xL, ments Åçû√ ready í¬ Öç-éÓ-¢√L. ¢√-∞¡Ÿx ûÁL-ߪ÷L/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, îËߪ÷L, etc. Å®√n-©ûÓ) -Å-úøí∫ç-í¬ØË îª÷°œç-îª-í∫-©í¬L. should á°æ¤púø÷ ´’†ç Öçú≈-Lq† ÆæÈ®j† B®Ω’†’ Prema: ´‚úø’ Ø√©’í∫’ ´çü¿-© *©x-®Ω èπÿ-ú≈ Öçí∫’-Jç-*, ÆæJí¬ îËߪ÷Lq† °æEE í∫’-Jç-* éÓ-¢√L éπü∆. àüÁjØ√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ®√´îª’a. ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC. Preethi: Airport entrance ticket é̆’-éÓ\-¢√-©-E O’ a) You should be here at 10 everyday. friends ûÓ îÁ§ƒpL †’´¤y. ¢√∞¡Ÿx lounge †’´¤y ®ÓW °æ-Cç-öÀéÀ -Ééπ\-úø -Öç-ú≈-L. ™ØË èπÿ®Óa-¢√L. b) He should understand that we are his well wishers.

Prema: OK. Answer:

´’†ç ÅûªE v¨ÏßÁ÷-Gµ-™«-≠æfl©-´’ØË N≠æߪ’ç Åûª†’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L. c) You should refer to the dictionary when you are in doubt.

Prema: When have we to start? / When should we start? Preethi: In an hour from now. We have to be at

FÍé-üÁjØ√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ Dictionary îª÷ú≈L. (îª÷úøôç ÆæÈ®j† °æE) E•ç-üµ¿-†© v°æ鬮Ωç ÆæÈ®j†D, é¬E-D ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’ π◊ πÿú≈ should ¢√úø-´îª’a.

the airport by 9. We have to have our

a) You should not drive at more than 20 kmph

Prema: We have to have / should have three

along this road.

(Ñ road ™ O’®Ω’ 20 éÀ-™O’-ô®Ωx ¢Ëí¬-Eo -N’ç-* -†-úø°æ®√-ü¿’.) (Kmph = KPH = Kilometres per hour) b) Passengers should be at the airport half an hour before the flight departure.

(N´÷†ç •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-ö«-EéÀ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊©’ airport ™ Öçú≈L.) flight = N´÷-†-ߪ÷†ç/ °æéÀ~ áí∫-®Ωôç, Departure = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç

passport, visa and other documents ready. We should be able to show them when they ask for it. hundred to four hundred rupees in change in case of need. Preethi: You should tell your friends that they have to buy the airport entrance ticket. They have to sit all the time in the lounge. Prema: OK.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vipula: Hi Klupta, what's new?

must 1) The application must be in the candidate's own handwriting = 2) No column must be blank =

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™

(àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?– ÉC É°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™éÀ ´Ææ’h†o °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô) Klupta: O nothing. Just getting on.

(àç ™‰´¤. àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC) Vipula: Is your application for the job ready? (job Application ready Klupta: What's the hurry, Vipula? We have plenty of time, haven't we? time Plenty of = Vipula: What are you talking? Only four days are left, you know. You must hurry.

èπ◊ °æ秃-Lq† í¬ Öçü∆?) î˨»¢√?/

Æœü¿l¥ç

(àçöÀ ûÌçü¿®Ω? é¬-¢√-Lq-†çûª î√™«) éπü∆?

ÖçC,

¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ îª÷úøçúÕ Ææyü¿-Ææ÷h-J™ Öçú≈L

ë«Sí¬ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ´’†ç ®√ߪ÷L. ïûª-°æ-®√aL. îË®√L. ´’†™ î√-™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – must Åçõ‰ ûª°æpEÆæJÅE. Must be - be form = Öçú≈L; 3) We must write = 4) You must enclose = 5) must reach =

Must + 1st RDW - Action word (Must go, must write, etc,) = etc.) Lesson have to/ has to, should must must (must be) / (must + 1st RDW)

¢Á∞«xL, ®√ߪ÷L, ™ èπ◊ èπÿ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ω Ææç•çüµ¿ç ÖçC – Å®Ωnç™, †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ N°æ¤© E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Åçõ‰ ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ Öçú≈-Lq-†O îËߪ÷-Lq-†O ¢√úøôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. éÀçCN èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. éÀçü¿öÀ

(àçöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Ééπ Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV™‰í¬ ÖçC?ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L) left = N’T-LçC Klupta: Dad's going to fill it in tonight and it will be ready by tomorrow afternoon. application ready

(´÷ Ø√†o É¢√∞¡ ®√vA îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Í®°æ¤ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-E-éπ™«x Öçô’çC.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

°æ‹Jh í¬

a) Voters must show their ID cards to the polling Officers = Voters polling officers cards (ID cards = Identity cards) b) Students must get their own geometry box to the exam = Geometry box

èπ◊ ûª´’ í∫’Jhç°æ¤ îª÷§ƒL. (E•ç-üµ¿†)

103

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 27 -ï-†-´-J 2006

°æK-éπ~èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ¢√∞¡x ≤Òçûª ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L. (E•ç-üµ¿†)

Karthik:

´’†ç lab ™ 9 éπ™«x Öçú≈L. àN’öÀ Ç©Ææuç? úø•’s ready í¬ØË ÖçC-éπü∆? Sravan: Éçöx á´-®Ω÷-™‰®Ω’. ´÷ Å´’t ´îËa-ü∆é¬ Çí¬L ؈’. ûª†’ ´îËaü∆é¬ Öçúø-´’E ´’K í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œpçC. Karthik: ´’-†ç 9 éπ™«x lab ™ Öçú≈L, éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ؈’ ¢Á∞¡xØ√? Sravan: Åçûª -éπç-í¬-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? °æéπ\ØË ÖØ√oúø’í¬ ÅPyE. ¢√úÕ bike O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«lç. b) police officer: time ? Shopkeeper: 10.30 Police officer: 10.30 shop

É°æ¤púø’

Shopkeeper:

áçûª ü∆öÀçC. éπ™«x ´‚ÂÆ-ߪ÷u-©E -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü∆? ´‚ÂÆ-ߪ÷u-L- O’-J-°æ¤púø’. •ßª’ô showcase ÖçC. ü∆Eo -™°æ©Â°ö«dL.

You must finish the work Vipula: Klupta, don't talk like a child. Don't you know that the application must be in the candidate's own hand writing? It must be complete in with all particulars. No column must be blank. If a column does not apply to us, we must write in it, Does not apply / Not applicable' No dashes either. fill Application

(*†o-°œ-©x™« ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. O’ Ø√†o îËߪ’ôç (Eç°æôç) àN’öÀ? ŶµºuJn Ææyü¿-Ææ÷h-JûÓ Öçú≈L. ÅEo N´-®√-©ûÓ °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçú≈L. à column èπÿú≈ ë«Sí¬ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ´’†èπ◊ ´Jhç-îªE column àüÁj-Ø√ Öçõ‰ Does not apply/ Not applicable ÅE ®√ߪ÷L. Dash ©’ ™«çöÀN èπÿú≈ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.) Candidate (é¬uEf-úÁ-ß˝’ö¸ – é¬u, bank ™ b ™«í¬ é¬u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = ŶµºuJn particulars (°æöÀèπ◊u-©ñ¸ öÀ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, r silent, *´J ñ¸, size ™ z ™«í∫) = N´-®√©’. blank = -ë«-S. Does not apply/ Not applicable = ´Jhç-îªü¿’. No... either = 'no' -ûÓ é¬F, not ûÓ é¬F also ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, No/ not either Åçö«ç. Column = 鬩ç = Application ™ ÅúÕÍí Å稻©’ – Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç ®√ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ÖüËl-Pç-*† ë«S Ææn©ç)

Klupta: I don't know how to fill in properly.

(´’J- Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ Eç°æôç ®√ü¿’. Properly = v§ƒ°æ-L = ÆæJí¬_) Vipula: Take your dad's help. Remember too that you must enclose all the certificates. The application must reach the office on or before the 31st January. fill certificates Application, office st Jan Certificate -

(O’ Ø√†o ≤ƒßª’çûÓ îÁß˝’. ÅEo ïûª-°æ-®√aL. Ç èπ◊, ™‰ü∆ Åç-ûªèπ◊´·çü¿’í¬-F îË®√L. 31 ÆæöÀ-°∂œ-Èé-ß˝’ö¸ – Èé ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) Klupta: I must hurry up. (Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ûªy®Ω°æ-ú≈L)

Spoken English

Varun: When will you be back, Kuber?

Police Officer: Even if the Governor comes, you must close shop by 10.30. Don't forget. game practice Infinitive lesto + Ist Regular Doing sons Word. eg: to go, to come, to know, etc,

É°æ¤púø’ Ñ *†o îËߪ’çúÕ. Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆– Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ™ N´-Jçî√ç– OöÀE ´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. 1) ¢Á∞¡xôç, ®√´ôç, ûÁ-L-ߪ’ôç/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. To go now will be the right thing

É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç ÆæÈ®jç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC. ¢Á∞«x-©E, ®√¢√-©E, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ I want to go = ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. 3) ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ, ®√´-ö«-EéÀ, ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 2)

a) He is getting ready to go

¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ she is going out to buy a book

°æ¤Ææhéπç é̆-ö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞hçC. game. É™«çöÀ infinitives Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* sentences form îËߪ’ôç – áEo îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË ÅEo, áEo varieties Å®·ûË ÅEo – statements & É°æ¤púø’

questions, negative sentences (no/ not/ never dialogue form eg: 1) She wants to sing 2) To smoke is not good for health. ( smoke 3) She has came to borrow a book from me

ûÓ, O©-®·ûË

™.

§ƒú≈-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC

Police officer:

(èπ◊¶‰®˝, á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh¢˛?) Kuber: Only after 5. Till then I must be M. SURESAN at office. I must close the accounts before I leave office. office Office accounts close kuber, must duties (office

(5 í∫çô© ûª®√yûË. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ™ØË ´C-™‰-´·çü¿’, Öçú≈L. èπÿú≈ îËߪ÷L) †’ ûª† Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆? ™ Öçú≈Lq† Æ洒ߪ’ç, îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’©’ – É™«çöÀ Nüµ¿’©’/ duties) ÉN must èπ◊ -Ö†o È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç –

Must expresses duties. Udaya: May I go now Madam? Sandhya: No. You must stay here for another hour; understand? You must finish the work I have given you and then only leave.

(¢Á-∞Ôx-î√açúŒ?)

(™‰ü¿’. ÉçéÓ í∫çô Öçú≈L †’Ny-éπ\úø. ØËE-*a† °æE °æ‹JhîËÆœ† ûª®√yûË ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y. -ûÁ-LÆœçü∆?) Ééπ\úø Sandhya ´÷ô©Fo commands/ orders = Çïc©’. Åçõ‰ ÇïcL-´y-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ must ¢√úøû√ç. É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o must uses: 1) Rules (E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπ◊) 2) duties (Nüµ¿’-©èπ◊) 3) commands/ orders (Çïc-©èπ◊) Now practice the following in English: a) Karthik: Sravan:

†’´¤y ready Ø√? •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ü∆´÷? é¬Ææh Çí∫’. ؈’ Ñ®Ó-V °∂‘V-éπ-ö«dL. Åçü¿’-éπE úø•’s ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. Karthik: Í®°æ¤ éπôd-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? Sravan: Í®°æöÀ†’ç* ®ÓVèπ◊ Rs 10/- ïJ-´÷† éπö«dLq Öçô’çC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

؈’ ´’Sx O’ shop 10.30 ûª®√yûª ûÁ®Ω* Öçúøôç îª÷úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’, ûÁL-Æœçü∆? Shopkeeper: ÉçéÓ police officer à¢Ó- éÌ-†-ú≈-EéÀ ´î√a®Ω’. ÅC é̆ôç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-ü∆é¬ shop ûÁJ-* -Öç-îª-´’E Çïc Éî√a®Ω’, sir. Police officer: Governor shop

´*aØ√ ®√vA 10.30èπ◊ éπõ„d-ߪ÷uL. ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊.

Answers: a) Karthik: Are you ready? Shall we start? Sravan: Wait I must pay the fees today. Let me get the money. Karthik: Why can't you pay tomorrow? Sravan: From tomorrow, we must pay a fine of Rs.10/- per day. Karthik: We must be at the lab by 9. What's the delay? You have the money. Sravan: No one is at home. I must/ have to wait till mother comes back. She has told me that I must wait till she is back. Karthik: We must be at the lab at 9. Shall I go? Sravan: Why are you so worried? Aswini is here. We can go on his bike. b) Police officer: What is the time now? Shopkeeper: Past 10.30 Police officer: Don't you know that you must close shop by 10.30? you must close it now. Shopkeeper: The showcase is outside. I must keep it in. Police officer: I must not see the shop open after 10.30 again; understand? Shopkeeper: Some other Police Officer came here to buy something. He ordered me to keep the shop open until his purchases are complete, sir. (Purchases =

é̆’-íÓ©’)

îËߪ’ôç Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ ´’ç*Cé¬ü¿’)

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ´*açC) 4) Where do you want to go now?

É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? 5) Vasanth: Which college do you want to join? Hemanth: I have come to consult you. Vasanth: To join our college will be the best. Hemanth: But to join your college will be expensive, won't it? game practice

É™«ç-öÀN Ñ

™

îËߪ’çúÕ.

-v°æ-¨¡o: †’-´¤y -´’®Ω-*-§Ú-û√-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†-E í∫’®Ω’h -îË-¨»-†’. 'Lest you should forget that I have reminded you' Lest should

Ñ ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†®√¢√-L -éπü∆? üËØ√? ´ÊÆ h i) ¢√úÕûÓ Øˆ’ îÁ§ƒpE îÁ°æ¤p Fèπ◊ Ç °æE-îËÆ œ °úø-û√úø’.ii) †’´¤y Å™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-´E Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’Ææ’. -O-öÀ-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? iii) old boy Åçõ‰ close friend ÅØË Å®Ωnç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√? – ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, ü¿Jz -ï-¢√-•’: 1. †’´¤y ´’Ja-§Ú-û√-¢Ë¢Á÷†E í∫’®Ω’h î˨»†’ – DEéÀ correct English - I have reminded you lest you (should) forget. 'That I have reminded you; 2. Start early lest you should be late

ûª°æ¤p

Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’. 3. He carried an umbrella lest he (should) get drenched

ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ íÌúø’í∫’ BÂÆ\-∞«xúø’. ™ îËߪ’-´îª’a. ™ èπÿú≈ BÊÆÆœ, ņ-´îª’a.

No 1, No 3 sentences should omit No. 2 should lest you be late Lest = so that not. i) Tell him it is from me. He will do it. (It is from me = ii) I knew that you would think so. iii) Close friend old boy correct,

؈’ îÁ§ƒp-†E îÁ°æ¤p)

†’,

ņôç

Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Subodh: Pramod, we must travel by some morning train to avoid hot sun. So let's have our tickets booked by an early morning train.

(´’†ç Öü¿-ߪ’ç-°æ‹ô train ™ ¢Á∞«xL, áçúø ûªí∫-©-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç §Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô train èπ◊ tickets book îË®·ç-èπ◊çü∆ç.)

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 29 -ï-†-´-J 2006

b) We must carry enough cash. cash

î√L-†çûª BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL ´’†ç, (™‰èπ◊çõ‰ É•sçC °æúøû√ç)

c) If I want to avoid the queue, I must be there atleast by 8. (Q

™ E©-´-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ؈-éπ\úø 8 éπ™«x Öçú≈L)

d) I must check up with him and see that every thing is ready.

Pramod: And as it's going to be a long journey, we must carry enough cash with us as well. We must be careful about spending too, not at every place can we find an ATM of our bank.

(î√™« ü¿÷®Ω v°æߪ÷ùç 鬕öÀd ûªT-†çûª úø•’s èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL. ÅC èπÿú≈ ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ ê®Ω’a °ö«dL. ÅEo-îÓö«x ´’† bank ATM Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a) (ATM = Automatic Teller Machine - Bank card

ûÓ úø•’s §Òçü¿-í∫© à®√pô’)

Subodh: We must carry food too. The food on the train is very expensive and not at

(ÅFo Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oßÁ÷ ™‰üÓ ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L) °j ¢√é¬u-©-Eoçöx èπÿú≈ must, necessity (Å´-Ææ®√Eo – Åçõ‰ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© v§Úü¿s©ç´©x ´’†èπ◊ 鬴-©Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷©-†’, ´’†ç îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ-†N) ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª’çC. ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC: Have to/ has to, should, must-

Ñ ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬™x î√™« ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀF èπÿú≈ ´’†ç, Rules, duty, commands, necessity ©†’ express îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

all good.

(´’†ç A†-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ à¢Á’iØ√ BÆæ’Èé-∞«xL. Train ™ ǣ慮Ωç êKüË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¶«í∫’çúøü¿’ èπÿú≈) Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ must ûÓ ´*a† expressions îª÷ü∆lç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

1) Must expresses rules.

have to/ has to expresses command,

duty, necessity, etc., more powerfully than

á°æ¤púø÷ î√™« †í∫-©ûÓ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ü∆¢Á’. ¶«í¬ Ö†o ¢√∞Îkx Öçú≈L. 2) I see prasanth's name on the book. It should be his.

should. Must

Ñ ´‚úÕçöx ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æ¤hçC, commands é¬F, duty é¬F, necessity é¬F, rules é¬F. 'Must' is stronger than have to/ has to or

-Ç •’é˙ O’ü¿ v°æ¨»çû˝ Ê°®Ω’çC. ÅC Åûª-EüÁj Öçú≈L. practice the following in English Kesav:

èπ◊´÷-®˝E ¢ÁçôØË Øˆ’ éπ©-¢√L. ÅûªúÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq† ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç äéπ-ô’çC. I should goGangadhar: Éçöx Öçú≈L°æ¤púø-ûª†’ ´’J. Å®Ω-í∫çô ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL; éÀçü¿õ‰ ؈’ phone îËÊÆh îÁ§ƒpúø’ ûªØÁ-éπ\-úÕéà ¢Á∞¡xôç ™‰ü¿E DØËo ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰– I have to goKesav: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞«xL. †’´‹y ´≤ƒh¢√? Éçé¬ í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰– I must go. Gangadhar: ´÷ ÇNúø ûª††’ áéπ\-úÕéÓ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡xÉO should, have to/ has to, must èπ◊ ÖçúË ´’çC. ØË¢Á-∞«xL ¢ÁçôØË. ÇNúø Ø√éÓÆæç ûËú≈©’. wait îËÆæ÷h Öçô’çC ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. should.

We must be careful

Must travel, must carry, must be careful.

-É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o

104

鬕öÀd

must Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. (E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-

ûª’çC) Candidates must report for the interview at 9 AM on 2nd Feb 2006. (2nd Feb 2006

interview

èπ◊

£æ…ï®Ω’ 鬢√L) 2) Must expresses commands must

(Çïc-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ

¢√úøû√ç)

(O’JC ´’Sx îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’) 3) Must expresses duty. I must be at office until 5.

(âCçöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ؈’ office ™ Öçú≈L) ´’Sx °j Ææ綵«-≠æù îªCN must Ö†o expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. a) We must carry enough cash. cash

a) You should be punctual punctual b) He should not talk like that

train

í¬ Öçú≈L– Öçúøôç ´’ç*C).

(Åûª-†™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’– Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ´’ç*C) should éπØ√o, have to/ has to, force áèπ◊\´. éÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ command É´y-ö«-EéÀ, Nüµ∆-ߪ’éπç ÅE îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÃ, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ éÌçîÁç force ûÓ ûÁ©-°æö«-EéÀ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç. a) I have to take my sister to the hospital (more powerful than, 'I should take')... b) He has to do whatever I want him to do

BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL. î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç

BÆæ’Èé-∞«xL ´’†ç

b) We must travel by some morning train.

´’†ç §Òü¿’l†

should

should

(†’´¤y

You must not do it again.

î√L-†çûª

Oô-Eoç-öÀ™ mild (ûªèπ◊\´ force). ´·êuçí¬ àC îËÊÆh ÆæJ, àC é¬ü¿’ ņ-ö«EéÀ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË

®ÓV Ŷµºu-®Ω’n-©’

™ ¢Á∞«xL.

c) We must be careful.

ØËØËC ¢√úÕo îÁߪ’u-´’ç--ö«ØÓ ¢√úøC îÁߪ÷u-LqçüË.

´’†ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. °j ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x must, necessity (Å´-Ææ-®√Eo) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ´’†ç É•sçC °æúø-èπ◊çú≈, ´’†èπ◊ îÁúø’ ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ ´’† Å´-Ææ-®√Eo ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ must ¢√úøû√ç. a) We must hurry or we'll miss the beginning of the movie.

´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ning miss Å´¤û√ç.

movie begin-

c) They have to finish the work by the evening

(≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-E-éπ™«x ¢√-∞«} °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷-LqçüË). b), c) ™ should ¢√úø-´îª’a have to/ has to èπ◊ •ü¿’©’. Å®·ûË have to/ has to Åçûª force ®√ü¿’. d) He has made mistakes and has to face the consequences.

(ûª°æ¤p©’ î˨»úø’ 鬕öÀd °∂æLûªç ņ’-¶µº-Nç-î√-LqçüË).

-v°æ-¨¡o: Learn èπ◊ past ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ È®çúø’ learned, learnt ÅE ÖØ√o®·. Å™«Íí past èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË she learnt english ÅØ√™«? She learned english ÅØ√™«? Å™«Íí passive voice ™ English was learned ņ-´î√a? English was learnt ÅØË ÅØ√™«? Å™«Íí burnt, burned, dreamt, dreamed © í∫’-Jç-< N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – á. éπ%≠æg-U-û√-®Ω’b†, Eúø-ü¿-¢Ó©’ -ï-¢√-•’: Learned, learnt- past tense éπ®·Ø√, past participle éπ®·Ø√ OöÀ È®çúÕöx àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a – ÅFo äéπõ‰, passive ™ èπÿú≈. ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬, burned, burnt, dreamt, dreamed N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ àüÁjØ√, à voice ™ØÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË learned E ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ† (àüÁjØ√ subject) ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤úø’, learned (pronunciation - ™„Eú˛ – ™„ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.

For commands, duties, necessity and rules. must have to/ has to should stronger strongest least than form strong should Commands, rules must Must

Å®·ûË ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. ¶µ«®Ωu© N≠æߪ÷™x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L ´’†ç. Gangadhar: †’´¤y ņ’-¶µº´çûÓ îÁ•’ûª’-ç-ú≈-L (´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: ™«çöÀN áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úÕûË Åçûª Kesav: Ok. Ok. ؈’ M. SURESAN îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. ´’K í∫öÀdí¬ Çñ«c-°œç-îªôç, ´’çü¿-Lç´’ç*C. îªôç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÅC ´’†ç àüÓ ´’† ÇCµ-éπu-ûª†’, Answer: ÅCµ-é¬-®√Eo îª÷°œç--èπ◊-†oô’d Å´¤-ûª’çC. ≤ƒ´÷- Kesav: I must / have to meet kumar urgently. †uçí¬ Çñ«c-°œç-îªôç, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç There is an important matter I have to Å®·ûË shall, should ©ûÓ ÇT-§Ú-´ôç good talk to him about./ I have to talk to him manners. Must, manners ûÁL-Æ œ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx Çïc-©èπ◊ about something important. î√--™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Duty, necessity ûÁ©-°æ- Gangadhar: He must be at home now. A shortö«-EéÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a). while ago I called him and he told Should, must-

-Ñ È®ç-úÕ-ç-öÀ-F ´’†ç éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ ÉN perhaps (•£æ›-¨¡) èπ◊ opposite. Pramod: Any idea where Praful is?

(v°æ°∂椙¸ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Manoj:

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

He must be at home. He is expecting some guests. guests

(ÉçöxØË Öçú≈L ´’J. á´®Ó éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’) Pramod: Who are the guests? (á´®Ω’ guests?) Manoj:

participles

Spoken English

Kesav:

His cousins from the states on a short visit to India. cousins - India

(Å¢Á’-J-鬙 Ö†o -ÅûªE -´î√a®Ω’. éÌCl ®ÓV--©’ç-ö«®Ω’)

èπ◊

Pramod: That should keep him busy for another two days then.

(Åçü¿’-´©x Åûªúø’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ busy í¬ Öçö«úø’) Ééπ\úø

must be at home, should keep him

busy-

É´Fo èπÿú≈ ´’†ç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-C/ -Öç-ô’çC ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊. ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ must, should ¢√úøû√ç. 1) See her always with a lot of jewellry on. She must be quite rich.

me he wouldn't be going anywhere. Kesav: Then I must rush. Are you coming with me? Gangadhar: My wife wanted me to take her somewhere. I must go home at once, she must be waiting for me. Kesav: Then go. We must be careful about things connected with them. Gangadhar: You must be speaking from experience. Kesav: Ok. Ok. I'm going.

Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ. éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ É*a† game ™ infinitive practice î˨»-®Ω’-í∫ü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ sentence ™ verb èπ◊, infinitive èπÿ ´’üµ¿u me, us, you, him, her, it, them °öÀd practice îËߪ’çúÕ. eg: a) I want you to go; b) She wants him to sing c) What do you want me to do? d) Dad doesn't want me to waste time. practice sentences

É™«ç-öÀN îËÆœ áEo îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sravan: Hi Pavan, how was the movie yesterday? ( movie Pavan: Not very good, but not so bad either.

E†o

ᙫ ÖçC?)

(Åçûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’, Åçûª îÁúø’í¬ ™‰ü¿’) Sravan: (Do) you suggest that I see it? suggest = Pavan: I leave it to you. leave it to you =

One of all time greats: All time great -

Ñ ´÷ô á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp-¢√-∞¡Ÿx-í¬ / -íÌ-°æp-Ní¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îË¢√∞¡Ÿx/ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îËN ÅE Å®Ωnç. a) Sankarabharanam is an all time great. b) Tendulkar is an all time great. all time great meaning and use. hall Was showing:

ÅD

(îª÷úø-´’ç-ö«¢√?

Ææ÷*ç-îªôç)

(ÅC F É≠ædç Ææ’hØ√o. F É≠ædç)

FéÌ-C-™‰-

Sravan: The other day, I happened to watch an old English movie. 'The ten commandments' on the TV. A real good movie - one of the all time greats. TV English movie, 'The ten commandments movie.

(¢Á·ØÁo-°æ¤púÓ äéπ ®ÓV†

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 31 -ï-†-´-J 2006

*vûªç -äéπ (í∫ûªç™)

Kranthi:

The movie is excellent. You must see it. I feel like seeing it a second time. Prasanth: Where is it showing?

Pavan: Why didn't you tell me?

(Ø√Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’?) Sravan: I didn't know myself that it was showing. I just turned on HBO channel and there it was. HBO channel movie Pavan: Was it very good?

It is showing in Chitramahal.

(ÅC *vûª-´’-£æ«-™¸™ Çúø’-ûÓçC) ™ Çúøôç =

theatre showing Last week it was showing in Chitradarsini. I don't know where it is showing now. Some other movie is showing in Chitradarsini.

*vûªç -äéπ

best sequence in the movie .

(Ç *vûªç™ ÅC Öûªh´’ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç)

(ÅC áéπ\úø Çúø’-ûÓçC?) Kranthi:

™ §ƒûª

îª÷¨»†’. Eïçí¬ íÌ°æp á°æp-öÀéà íÌ°æp¢Ë ņ’-èπ◊ØË ¢√öÀ™x -Å-üÌéπöÀ. (All time great - á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp)

™ -Çúø’-ûª÷çC

(í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç ÅC *vûª-ü¿-Jz-E™ Ç-úÕç-C.É°æ¤úø’ áéπ\úø Çúø’-ûª’çüÓ ûÁMü¿’. *vûª-ü¿-Jz-E™ ÉçÍéüÓ movie Çúø’-ûÓç-C-°æ¤púø’)

b) Most of the shots in the movie were shot in Kashmir ( ✓ Role= = part. a) SV Rangarao could act any role with ease (SV (with ease) b) His is the most important role in the movie ( act a role = do a role = take on a role ( a) Nageswara Rao acted the role of Narada in Bhukailas \ Nageswara Rao did the role of Narada .

Ç *vûªç™ î√-™« ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»©’ é¬Qt-®˝™ B¨»®Ω’ -§ƒ--vûª ®Ωçí¬-®√´¤ à §ƒvûª-ØÁjØ√ Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ †öÀçîª-LÍí-¢√úø’)

Ç *vûªç™ Åûª-EC ÅA ´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª) äé𠧃vûª™ †öÀç-îªôç)

(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’ ÅC -´-≤Úhç-ü¿-E Ü-JÍé A§ƒp†’. Ñ éπE-°œç-*çC)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(î√™« ¶«í∫’çü∆?)

105

(Ø√Íí-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤ Ø√®Ωü¿’úÕ §ƒvûª ¢Ë¨»®Ω’)

Answers: Sruthi: Hi Laya, weren't you (were you not) at home yesterday? Laya: No, I went to a movie. I had not going better to do. (I went to a movie, having - nothing better to do.) Sruthi: Which movie, and where is it showing? Laya: Premaku Kallu Levu. At Chitrajyothi. Sruthi: Was it good? Laya: My God! What a bore (it was)! Sruthi: Who were the actors? \ What was the cast? Laya: The movie featured a big cast./ The actors were all great./ The cast included all great actors. Sruthi: How did they act?/ How did they do?/ How did they perform?/ How was their

Sravan: You can say that again and again.

(´’Sx-´’Sx -îÁ§Òpa. Ç ´÷ô.) It ran to packed houses for weeks together those days Houseful

(Ç ®ÓV™x ¢√®√© ûª®Ω-•úÕ †úÕ-*çC)

Tendulkar is an all time great

í¬

Pavan: Who were the cast?

(û√®Ω-™„-´®Ω’?) Sravan: The movie features Charlton Heston as Moses and Yul Brynner as the Pharaoh. Charlton Heston, Pharaoh (Moses Yul Brynner MosesPharaoh Egyptian-

í¬

í¬ ¢Á÷ñ‰Æˇ; ´Jh)

†öÀç-î√®Ω’. §∂ƒ®Ó

îªvéπ-

Pavan: Any special feature of it? movie Sravan: The cleavage of the sea. It's a grand shot. I have yet to see such a shot in any movie. It looked as though the sea really parted by a path. That's the highlight of the movie. Shot

(Ç

™ àçöÀ -v°æ-ûËuéπ-ûª?)

(Ææ´·vü¿ç <©ôç – Å™«çöÀ †’ ؈’ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ à ÆœE-´÷-™†÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Eïç-í¬ØË Ææ´·vü¿ç È®çúø’-§ƒ--ߪ’© ´’üµ¿u ü∆Í®-®ΩpúÕ†ô’d îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’. Ç movie-™ v°æ-üµ∆-† Çéπ-®Ω{ù ÅüË.)

Pavan: can we get a CD of it? CD Sravan: Definitely

(ü∆E

üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çü∆?) (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) Ñ Ææ綵«≠æù©çû√ ÆœE´÷ í∫’JçîË éπü∆. Ñ lesson™ movie èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† vocabulary (°æü¿-ñ«©ç) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ? -´·ç-ü¿’ -Ñ ´÷ô©’ îª÷úøçúÕ; movie, TVéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N.

1. Movie 2. Watch a movie on the TV 3. One of all time greats 4. Was showing 5. turned on 6. ran to packed houses 7. cast 8. featured 9. shot 10. highlight English movie. Cinema English cinema hall, hall The cinema English film That cinema is good hall

´÷´‚-©’í¬ îª©-†-*vûªç -Åç-õ‰ ™ Åçõ‰ ™ Ç ™ Åçõ‰ -†-*vûª°æJÇúË *vûªç é¬ü¿’. ™ ÅE èπÿú≈ ņv¨¡´’. -†-*-vû√Eo Åçõ‰ Ç ÆœE´÷ ´îª’a. ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿ØË é¬F, Åçü¿’™ Çúø’-ûª’†o *vûªç ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿E é¬ü¿’. See / watch a movie = movie îª÷úøôç. (Å®·ûË am seeing / is seeing / are seeing a movie ņç. Am+ing / is+ing / are + ing ¢√ú≈Lq ´ÊÆh am watching / is watching / are watching a movie ņôç correct) TV™ = on the TV. We are watching an interesting programme on the TV. (in the TV é¬ü¿’)

Spoken English

Ran to packed houses: Houseful Packed house = houseful Run to packed houses = houseful ✓ movie run ✓ movie The movie has run for the past four weeks.

í¬ ÇúÕçC.

b) He acted the role well ( ✓ Live a role = ✓ Do justice to a role = ✓ Comic role = ✓ Tragic role = ✓ Perform = ✓ He performed well = His performance as Sri Rama deserves all praise.

performance?

Ç §ƒvûª™ Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’) Laya: They couldn't §ƒvûª ™  @Nçî ª ô ç act well./They í¬ †úø-´úøç. §ƒvûª è π ◊ Ø√uߪ ’ ç îË è π ÿ ® Ω a ôç didn't do well. Çúø-ö«Eo ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. £æ … Ææ u §ƒvûª , Sruthi: So I need not Ç É°æpöÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ 4 ¢√®√©’ ÇúÕçC. ü¿’”ê-§ƒvûª see it. E®Ωy£œ«ç-îª-úøç Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ. M. SURESAN ✓ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ 100 ®ÓV©’ Çúø’-ûª’çC = Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’. I know what to do. It will certainly run for a hundred days. ✓ movie Åçü¿Ko Çéπ-J{ç-îË-ü¿-®·ûË– (ØËØËç îËߪ÷™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’) Ééπ\úø O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷-LqçIt's a big draw. ü¿ ™«x ÉüË †´‚-Ø√™ O’®Ω’ îÁ°æp-í∫-L_-†Eo sentences (X®√-´·-úÕí¬ Çߪ’† †ô† ¢Á’a-éÓ-ûª-í∫_C.) a) This movie will be a big draw îÁ ° æp-í∫-©_úøç. Variety èπÿú≈ Öçú≈L. Åçõ‰, no ûÓ†÷, ✓ (Deserve = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç. (Ñ movie Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-ú≈h®Ω’/ ÅC Åçü¿Ko questions, dialogue form èπÿú≈ ®√¢√L. Å®Ωnç corHe deserves an award Çéπ-J{-Ææ’hçC.) rect í¬ Öçú≈L. (Çߪ’† •£æ›-´’-AéÀ Å®Ω’|úø’) (It will run to packed houses) eg: a) Hema forgot how to open the box ✓ Comedy = Ææ’ë«ç-ûª-¢Á’i-†/-£æ…-Ææu-v°æ-üµ∆-†-¢Á’i-† éπü∑¿ b) *vûªç™ àüÁjØ√ ã ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç î√-™« -íÌ-°æp-ü¿-®·ûË, ÅC (box ᙫ ûÁ®Ω-¢√™ Ê£«´’ ´’Ja-§Ú-®·çC) /movie / Ø√ôéπç èπÿú≈ big draw ØË. b) She did not know where to sit ✓ Tragedy = ü¿’”ë«ç-ûª-¢Á’i† Ø√ô-éπç/-*-vûªç/-éπü∑¿ The chariot race in Benhur is a big draw (áéπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-¢√™ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁM-™‰ü¿’) a) Missamma is a comedy (Benhur ™ ®Ωü∑∆© °æçüÁç ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç ´·êu Çéπ-®Ω{ù.) c) Do you know when to start? b) Devadasu is a tragedy ✓ Movie™ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç = sequence (Æ‘ÈéyØ˛q) Big (á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Comic role = £æ…Ææu §ƒvûª; draw, high light ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπ©-N = ´·êuÑ sentence pattern í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Tragic role = ü¿’”ê-°æ‹-J- §ƒvûª Ç-éπ-®Ω{ù. a) Brahmanandam is known for his comic roles Sub. ûª®√yûª verb, Ç ûª®√yûª 'Wh' Word, Ç ûª®√yûª ✓ caste = û√®√-í∫ùç, movie /drama™. (£æ…Ææu-§ƒ-vûª-©èπ◊ -v•£æ…t-†ç-ü¿ç v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-§Òç-ü∆úø’) infinitive éπü∆. Ñ dialogue èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. a) 'Danaveera Sura karna' casts Rama Rao in the roles of Duryodhana, Krishna and Karna.

(ü∆†-O-®Ω-¨¡⁄-®Ω-éπ-®Ωg™ ®√´÷-®√´¤ -ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†, éπ%-≠æ-g, éπ®Ω’gúÕí¬ ´‚úø’ §ƒvûª-™x †öÀç-î√úø’) b) He is cast as a villain in the movie ( movie villain c) The cast of the movie has chitrakumar as hero and chitrasri as the heroine (

Ç

™ ÅûªEC

(N©Ø˛) §ƒvûª)

Ç *vûªç-™ -*-vûªèπ◊-´÷®˝ £‘«®Óí¬, -*-vûª-vQ -£‘«®Ó®·-Ø˛í¬ -†-öÀç-î√®Ω’) d) Feature ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅüË.

b) Some artists are suitable for tragic roles ( comedian

éÌçü¿®Ω’ †ô’©’ ü¿’”ê-§ƒ-vûª©’ ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.) £æ…Ææu-†-ô’úø’ = (éπO’-úÕ-ߪ’-Ø˛–'-O’—-ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç Relangi was a great comedian comedienne

£æ…Ææu-†öÀ = (éπN’-úŒ-ߪ’Ø˛), úŒ, O’ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©-é¬L.

Practice the following in English. Sruthi: Hi Laya,

†’´¤y E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Éçöx

™‰¢√? ™‰†’. àçîË-ߪ÷™ ûÓîªéπ Movie Èé∞«x†’ à áéπ\-ú≈-úø’-ûÓçC? vÊ°´’èπ ◊ éπ ∞ ¡ Ÿx ™‰´¤. *vûª-ñ u-A™. 'E†’o ؈’ °∞«x-ú≈†’— *vûªç™ †õ‰≠ˇ, ÅGµ-ØËvA ¶«í∫ ’ çü∆? v°æüµ∆†§ƒvûª, v°æüµ∆† §ƒvûªüµ∆®Ω’©’. áçûª bore éÌöÀdçüÓ? ™ é¬F Ø√ô-éπç™ é¬E.) †ô’-™„-´®Ω’? íÌ°æp-†-ô’™‰ ÖØ√o®Ω’. é¬F movie àç ¶«í¬Ç *vûªç™ û√®Ω-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ íÌ°æp-¢√∞Ïx.) ™‰ü¿’. Åûª†’ Ç ™ ã *†o-§ƒ-vûª™ éπEp-≤ƒhúø’.) Sruthi: ¢√∞Îx™« î˨»®Ω’? Laya: ¢√∞¡⁄x à´’çûª íÌ°æpí¬ †öÀç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. *vûªç™ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç = Sruthi: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ îª÷úø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿-†o-´÷ô.

a) The movie, Ninnu Nenu Pelladanu features Natesh and Abhinetri in the lead roles ( Lead role = movie b) The movie features all great actors ( c) The movie features him in a minor role ( movie ✓ Shot = sequence. a) That's the best shot in the movie=That's the

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

Laya = Sruthi: movie, Laya: Sruthi: Laya: My God, Sruthi: Laya:

Prem: Do you remember when to start?

(á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ñ«c°æéπç Öçü∆?) Syam: I do, but you did not tell me where to go.

(ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x™ †’´¤y îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.) É™« Ñ game practice îËÆœ áEo sentences ®√ߪ’í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ. -v°æ-¨¡o-: éπÈ®-Fq -ØÓ-ôx-O’-ü¿ -

'I PROMiSE TO PAY THE BEARER THE SUM OF TWENTY RUPEES'

Å-E -Öç-ô’ç-C.-D-E -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ? -áÆˇ.-á-¢˛’.-úÕ. -É®√p¥-Ø˛, -†ç-ü∆u©- -ï-¢√-•’.- Currency notes O’ü¿ Ç sentence ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÅC à N©’-´-™‰E ´÷´‚©’ é¬Tûª¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Currency notes ñ«K-îË-ÊÆC Reserve Bank of India. ü∆E ÅCµ-é¬J Governor of Reserve Bank of India. Ç ÅCµ-é¬J ´’†-éÀîËa £æ…O’ßË’ Ç sentence - Ñ é¬Tûªç- Ö-†o á´-J-ÈéjØ√ (bearer) ؈’ ®Ω÷. 20/– (™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉçÈéç-ûª-®·Ø√) îÁLx-≤ƒh-†E.

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm