Pratibha207-221

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 2 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Vasanth: Hi Hemanth, how was the match yesterday?

(E†oöÀ ´÷u-î˝ à-¢Á’iç-C?)Hemanth: We did play well. We did win too, but our game was not better than last sunday's game.

(¢Ë’ç ¶«í¬ØË Çú≈ç, ÈíLî√ç èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË E†o ´÷ Çô §Ú®·† ÇC-¢√®Ωç Çô-éπç-õ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ™‰ü¿’.) Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ äéπ-≤ƒJ îÁ§ƒpç. ´’Sx îÁ°æ¤hØ√oç. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Not ™‰†-°æ¤púø÷, question 鬆-°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈, did ¢√úøû√ç, °j¢√-é¬u-™x-™«. Å™« ¢√úÕûË N≠æߪ÷Eo é¬Ææh í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œp-†ôx-´¤-ûª’çC. I did meet him yesterday =

-ØË-†’ -E-†o -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. (É™«çöÀ expressions O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.) Vasanth: Why do you say so?

(áçü¿’-éπ™« Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?) Hemanth: Our score this time were not more than that last time. Moreover the wickets we took are not more than those we took last time.

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ ≤Ú\®˝ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’.-Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç -BÆæ’èπ◊-†o N-Èé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J N-Èé-ôx éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’) Vasanth: Why so?

(áçü¿’-´©x Å™«?) Hemanth: We made a few changes in the team. We had Kiran and Charan in place of Mahesh and Satish, but they were no greater than Mahesh and Satish.

(¢Ë’ç öÃç ™ éÌEo ´÷®Ω’p©’î˨»ç. -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ, Ææ-B-≠ˇ •ü¿’©’, - M. SURESAN éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ -©†’ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ O∞¡Ÿx íÌ°æpí¬ ™‰®Ω’) Vasanth: What about the pitch?

°œ-î˝ á™« ÖçC?) (Pitch= È®çúø’ -¢Áj°æ¤-™« NÈé-ôx ´’üµ¿u -°æ*aéπ Åçûªí¬ ™‰E ¶µ«í∫ç) Hemanth: The pitch this time was not faster than the pitch last time. That's why we took a spinner in place of a pace bowler. (°œ-î˝ Ñ≤ƒJ fast bowling èπ◊ Åçûª ņ’í∫’ùçí¬ -™‰-ü¿’. Åçü¿’Íé ¢Ë’ç, ã fast bowler •ü¿’©’. ã spin bowler †’ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç) (pace bowler = fast bowler.

(not + comparative -

a) Ooty is not cooler than Kodaikanal. (

Ñ ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’)

tive.

Positive: Our score last time was (at least) as high as our score this time.

-Ü-öÃ, éÌ-úÁjÈé-Ø√-™¸ éπçõ‰ xE v°æü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’) Ééπ\úø 1) adjective cooler - degree - compara-

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝, Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ ÅçûË.)

2) comparison superlative

(§ÚLéπ) È®ç-úÕçöÀéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. 鬕öÀd Öçúøü¿’. Å®·ûË í∫-ûª lessons ™-E examples ™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, °j sentences ™ comparative ´·çü¿’ not ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰, Ñ ¶µ«¢√Eo, positive ™ îÁÊ°p-ô°æ¤púø’ not ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. positive îª÷ü∆lç.

3) The wickets we took this time were not more than the wickets we took last time. (not more - not + more (comparative))

(at least)

éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπFÆæç Öçô’çC.

Ü-öà Åçûª- xí¬

we have Harish =

Vasanth: What about the next match? (

ûª®√y-ûª -Ç-ô Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?-)

Hemanth: We may play the team from Warangal, but we take it easy. The Warangal team is no more a problem for us than yesterday's team.

(´îËa-≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç- ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç ûÓ ÇúÌa. Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç ü∆Eo ûËL-í¬_ØË BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. E†oöÀ öÃç éπç-õ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç °ü¿l Ææ´’ÊÆuç é¬ü¿’.) Vasanth: I appreciate your confidence.

(F N¨»y-≤ƒEo -Å-Gµ-†ç-CÆæ’h-Ø√o.) Hemanth: Our Captain is more confident than I (am)=

Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ ÖØ√oúø’.)

captain

Éçé¬ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ

Vasanth: Best of luck then. Bye.

captain

Åçûª N¨»y-Ææç-í¬-™‰†’.) aloud in

F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª ¶«´¤ç-üÓ! F -vúÁÆˇ éπçõ‰ °ü¿l -àç ¶«í¬-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Pramada: éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ø√ -vúÁÆˇ F -vúÁÆˇ Åçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃߪ’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ÂÆ-©éπ{-Ø˛ F ÂÆ-©éπ{-Ø˛ Pramada:

Vasudha:

Many (positive) - more (comparative) most (superlative)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Positive: The wickets we took last time were

(at least) as many as we took this time.

Study this: Comparative

(¢Ë’ç éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x, éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-ØËo – áèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’.)

Ü-öÃ, éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπç-õ‰ x-EC é¬ü¿’. Positive

éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ (éπFÆæç) Ü--öà Åçûª x-í¬ Öçô’çC. A, B éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’, Åçõ‰ B (éπFÆæç) A ûÓ Ææ´÷†-´’E éπü∆?– É™« comparative †’ç* positive éÀ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø comparative ™ not Öç-C, 鬕öÀd positive ™ not ®√ü¿’.

4) They were no greater than Charan.

Chandra is not taller than Tara = Positive: Tara is (at least) as tall as Chandra. At least

î√-™« ≤ƒ®Ω’x ´C-™‰-Ææ’hçö«ç– ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: Positive degree adjective ´·çü¿’ so/as, positive degree ûª®√yûª as ®√´ôç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆? Å®·ûË, positive degree ™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púË, ü∆-E ´·çü¿’ so é¬E,/as é¬E- ¢√úøû√ç. positive degree ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ü∆-E ´·çü¿’, as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. So ¢√úøç. a) He is not so/as tall as his brother-

Éçü¿’™ not ÖçC. 鬕öÀd é¬F é¬F ¢√úøû√ç.

Positive: Kiran and Charan were (atleast) as great as they.

(éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝-©’ éπ-FÆæç -¢√-∞¡xç-ûª íÌ°æp-¢√-∞Ïx) 5) The pitch this time was not faster than the pitch last time (not faster - not + comparative) Positive: The pitch last time was (at least) as fast as the pitch this time

b) He is as clever as his brother-

ÉD positive degree. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ not é¬F, no é¬F ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-´©x clever ´·çü¿’ as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç, so ¢√úø-ôç- ™‰ü¿’. ÉC î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. Now let us study the following sentences from the conversation between Vasanth and Hemanth at the beginning of this lesson. 1) Hemanth: Our game yesterday was no better than last sunday's

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J °œ-î˝ èπÿú≈ Ñ≤ƒJ °œ-î˝ Åçûª ¢Ëí∫-¢Á’içüË) 6)

The Warangal team is no more a problem for us than yesterday's team.

(no more a problem - no + comparative) Much (positive) - more (comparative) - most (superlative)

(´÷èπ◊ ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç E†oöÀ -öÃç éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ææ´’Ææu- é¬ü¿’)

Positive: Yesterday's team was (at least) as much a problem for us as the warangal team

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô éπçõ‰ E†o ´÷ Çõ‰ç ¢Á’®Ω’-í¬_-™‰ü¿’.)

(E†oöÀ -öÃç, ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç Åçûª Ææ´’ÊÆu ´÷èπ◊ = ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’) – Åçõ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’ ÅE.

(no better - no + comparative) Positive: Last Sunday's game was (at least) as good as our game yesterday =

7)

Our captain is more confident than I (am) captain comparative, not Positive not

Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô èπÿú≈ E†o ´÷ Çôçûª ¶«í¬ ÖçC (éπFÆæç) 2) Our score this time was not higher than that

Kiran and

(¢√∞¡Ÿx – ¢Ë’ç éÌûªhí¬ BÆæ’èπ◊-†o¢√∞¡Ÿx, éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ éπç-õ‰ íÌ°æp Çô-í¬∞Ïxç 鬮Ω’). Ééπ\úø äéπ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a – -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ, Ææ-B-≠ˇ, -éÀ®Ωù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – Éçûª ´’çCE îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, ÉC È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u §ÚLéπ ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’-çü¿-E. Å®·ûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-LqçC– Ééπ\úø à äéπ\JØÓ, N’í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JûÓ §Ú©aôç ™‰ü¿’. ´’Ê£«-≠ˇ, Ææ-B-≠ˇ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω’ 1st set. -éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω÷ 2nd set. Ééπ\úø comparison Ñ È®çúø’ sets of players èπ◊. 鬕öÀd, DEo È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u §ÚL-éπ-í¬ØË BÆæ’éÓ¢√L.

b) Comparative:

´·çü¿’,

≤ƒn†ç™ £æ«K≠ˇ ÖØ√oúø’)

(؈’ ´÷

Exercise: Practise the following English

207

I appreciate your confidence

positive degree. tall so as

Ææ’Í®-≠ˇ

Positive: I am not so (as) confident as our captain.

Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç-- BÆæ’èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ NÈé-ôx éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç 鬴¤.

Kodaikanal is at least as cool as Ooty =

ÉC •ü¿’-©’í¬/≤ƒn†ç™.

In place of Suresh

(

last time.

û√®Ω éπçõ‰ îªçvü¿ §Ò-úø-´¤-é¬ü¿’.

(

In place of =

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË (´‚úø’ N≠æߪ÷©’ é¬èπ◊çú≈) §Ú©aôç ᙫíÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ 1) Superlative Öçúøü¿’. 2) Comparative ™ not ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ positive ™ not ´Ææ’hçC. 3) compare îËÆæ’h†o ´Ææ’h-´¤© positions ´·çü¿’èπÿ ¢Á†éπèπÿ û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ last lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆! É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ:

2

´Ææ’hçC.

áèπ◊\´ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ -ÖØ√oúø’ – ™‰èπ◊çú≈, 鬕öÀd ™

Åçûª-Ææ-Jí¬_ (proper) ™‰ü¿’. é¬E Ø√ vúÁÆˇ F ü∆-E éπçõ‰ êK-üÁ-èπ◊\-´. Åçü¿’Íé ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. Vasudha: Å™«çöÀN ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√-®·™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. Å®·ûË, Ééπ\-úø’†o ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J -vúÁÆæ’-™x FüË î√-™«- Åç-ü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿-E ØËE-°æp-öÀéà ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Pramada: N†-ö«-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. é¬E ÅC Eïç é¬ü¿’. Vasudha: Éçûª- E-ñ«-®·--Bí¬ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ™‰†’. Answer: Pramada: How beautiful your dress is! Vasudha: (It is) not more beautiful than yours. Pramada: Certainly my dress is not as/so attractive as yours. My selection is not so as proper as yours, but my dress is more expensive than yours. That makes me sad. Vasudha: Such things happen. Don't worry. But I still feel that yours is the best of the dresses of all those/ the people here. Pramada: Good to hear that, but it is not true. Vasudha: I have never been so (as) truthful / honest as I am now.

v°æ¨¡o.

'Æœçõ„é˙q— Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å©ç-é¬-®√-™‰Ø√? ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ç-úÕ. à¢Á’iØ√ v°æûËuéπ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√oߪ÷? èπ~◊ùoçí¬, Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. – áÆˇ. ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü.˛ Syntax Åçõ‰ Å©ç-é¬-®√©’ é¬ü¿’. Syntax Åçõ‰ English ™E ¢√é¬u™xE ´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ (order of words - à ´÷ô ´·çü¿÷, à ´÷ô ûª®√yûª ®√¢√L)†’ í∫’-Jç-*-† E•ç-üµ¿-†©’. É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπÿ ÉEo lessons ™†÷ -ûÁ-L°œç-C ÉüËéπü∆? OöÀE í∫’Jç-* English story books, Magazines ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*, Newspapers (English), °ü¿l †´-©©’ ™«çöÀN îªü¿-´ôç ´©x English ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC.

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Dhananjai: So, which school did you put your son in, finally? (*´-®Ωèπ◊ O’ ¢√-úÕ-E -à school ™ -

îË-Jpç-î√-´¤?) Lokeswar: In the Ambit Public School. Dhananjai: Congrats. How could you ever get him admission in that school? It is one of the best schools in the state.

Dhananjai: Tomorrow? I should very much like to, but tomorrow is a friday. On fridays, I am busier than most other days. I'll try to come, but don't look for me. Anyway, many happy returns of the day.

(Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-©ØË ÖçC, é¬F Í®°æ¤ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç. -N’-T-L-† ®Ó-V-©-ûÓ -§Ú-LÊÆ-h ؈’ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√-®√©’ î√™«- G-@. Å®·-

(Ç Ææ÷\--™x -Å-úÕt-≠æ-Ø˛ ᙫ Ææ秃-Cç--î√´¤? ®√≠æçZ -™ -Ö-†o -Ö-ûªh-´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Å-üÌéπ-öÀ.)

What do you think?

Lokeswar: And one of the most expensive too. My son has been selected in the selection test. Very few admission tests he has taken are as tough as this.

(Å´¤†’. Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x èπÿú≈ -Å-üÌéπöÀ. ´÷¢√úø’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~™ áç°œ-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’. -¢√úø’ ®√Æœ† °æK-éπ~™x éÌEo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Éçûª éπ-≠d-¢æ Á’i-†N.) Dhananjai: (Do) you mean he has taken as number of admission tests?

(Åçõ‰ -O’ -Å-¶«s®· î√-™« v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~©’ ®√¨»-úøØ√ -F -Ö-üËl-¨¡uç?) Lokeswar: What do you think? I have had five transfers in the past nine years. With every transfer he had to be put in a new school, and that meant an admission test.

(à-´’-†’èπ◊ç-ô’--Ø√o-´¤? Ñ -ûÌ-N’t-üË∞¡x-™ Ø√èπ◊ -Å®·-ü¿’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x •CM Å®·çC. v°æA≤ƒ-K éÌûªh -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™ îË®√aLq ´îËaC.

than that in most other recent movies.

Ø√ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. - é¬-F -Ø√éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’îª÷-úÌü¿’l. É™«çöÀ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V-©’ î√-™« -ï®Ω’°æ¤éÓ-¢√©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’) Lokeswar: Thank you. Compare sentences (a) and (b) below: a) Kolkata is the largest city in India

( ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-†-í∫®Ωç éÓ™¸-éπû√) - superlative degree. b) Bangalore is one of the largest cities in India.

(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x- ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ) – superlative. a), b) È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ superlative ™ ÖØ√o®·. Å®·ûË (a) ™ the largest Åçô’Ø√oç – Åçõ‰ éÓ™¸-éπû√ ÅEo †í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC -Å-E -Å®Ωnç. (b) ™ Bangalore is one of the largest Åçô’Ø√oç – Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™E (Åûªuçûª) °ü¿l-†-í∫-®√™x -¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ Åçô’Ø√oç. ✓

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

208

Åçõ‰ v°æA-≤ƒK ã v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-Kéπ~ ®√ÊÆ-¢√-úø’) Dhananjai: How good is he at studies?

(O’ ¢√úø’ á--™« îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’?) Lokeswar: Quite bright, I must say. Certainly brighter than most other students his age or class. He has had no difficulty getting admission in the best schools. (ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úøØË ÅØ√L. ¢√úÕ- ûª®Ωí∫-A,

¢√-úÕ ´ßª’-Ææ’q- ¢√-∞¡x™ î√-™« -´’çCéπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úË. -Ñ é¬®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª’u-ûªh´’ §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç §Òçü¿-í∫Lí¬úø’) Dhananjai: I see that. That he got a seat in Ambit school shows that. Wish him all the best.

(Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª÷ØË ÖçC. Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™ Æ‘-ô’ ®√´-ô¢Ë’ -Å-ûª-ØËç-ö ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C). Lokeswar: Tomorrow is his birthday. How about attending it? ( Í®°æ¤ ¢√úÕ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -´≤ƒh´¤ éπü∆.)

The best, the largest, the tallest, etc. comparatives, positive

É™«çöÀ¢√öÀéÀ ᙫ ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. One of the best (Åûªuçûª ¢Ë’-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ-™  äéπöÀ), One of the largest (Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-¢√-öÀ™  äéπöÀ), ņo-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀéÀ Positive, Comparative ᙫ Öçö«ßÁ÷ É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷ü∆lç. é¬F äéπ ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç– ✓ §ÚL-éπ©’ °æJQ- L - ç-îôª ç, îÁ°pæ ôç (´Ææ’h´- ¤©÷, ´uèπ◊h© ûª®Ωû- ´ª ’ ¶µü‰ ∆©’)- Éç-T≠-x flæ ™ ÆæçéÀ≠-x çdæ (Complex)í¬ Öç-ô’ç-C. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Å-™« Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´÷ö«xú,Ë ®√ÊÆ ûÁ©’í∫’™ Superlative, Comparatives èπ◊ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ °æü∆©’ ™‰´¤ éπü∆. Öü∆: Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸™ -Ö-†o †í∫-®√™x £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ °ü¿lC (Superlative), N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√© éπçõ‰ £j«ü¿-®√¶«ü˛ °ü¿lC (Comparative), à †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ £j«ü¿®√-¶«ü˛ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’. ÅE ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Åç-ö«ç. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. ✓ Three degrees ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç '°ü¿lC— -Å-ØË ´÷-ô-ØË Åçô’Ø√oç. -Éç-Tx-≠æfl™™«, big, bigger, biggest ÅE äÍé ´÷ôèπ◊ degree E •öÀd ´‚úø’ ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Öç-úø-´¤ éπü∆. Åûªuçûª °ü¿lC, ÅA °ü¿l ÅØË ´÷ô© ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç é¬ü¿’. ÅD é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -áEo ®Ω鬩 §ÚL-éπ©’Ø√o, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÓ ´÷ô éπ-*a-ûªçí¬ -¢√úø’û√ç. é¬F ¢√éπuç É™« Öçú≈L ÅØË E•ç-üµ¿-†©’

Table- 1 II Type

I Type Superlative: Kolkata is the largest city in India.

Bangalore is one of the largest cities in India.

Comparative: Kolkata is larger than

Bangalore is larger than most other

any other city / all other cities in India.

cities in India.

Positive: No other city in India is

Very few cities in India are

so (as) large as Kolkata.

as large as Bangalore.

Superlative:

éÓ™¸éπû√ ÅEo †í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC Comparative: N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√-©- éπçõ‰ éÓ™¸éπû√ °ü¿lC (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™) Positive: à Éûª®Ω †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ éÓ™¸éπû√ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬-ü¿’.

2

-Å-ûªuç-ûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ î√™« †í∫-®√-©- éπç-õ‰ ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ °ü¿lC

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -™‰-´¤. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ -Ççí∫x¶µ«-≠æ™ î√™« -E-•ç-üµ¿-†-©’ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’éπE à ®Ωéπç §ÚL-éπ†’ à degree ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´Ææ®Ωç.

Naresh: But the songs in the movie are not sweeter than the songs in 'Kalalu'.

Satish: (Do) you mean that songs in Now look at the following sen'Kalalu' are sweeter than the tences from the conversation at M. SURESAN songs in the movie. the beginning of the lesson 1) It is one of the best schools in the state. Naresh: I Don't mean that. The songs in superlative 2) And one of the most expensive too.

this. Satish: You are one of the best singers in our

(Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x èπÿú≈ äéπöÀ) 3) Very few admission tests... are as tough as this (positive) 4) He is certainly brighter than most other students of his class or age (comparative) 5) ... I am busier tomorrow than on most other days. (comparative).

É°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 §ÚLéπ© -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç: (-õ‰-•’-™¸ 1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) É°æ¤púø’ ´’† Ææ-ç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù™E degrees transformation to other degrees îª÷ü∆lç. Positive

1)

College. I do not have the knowledge of music you have / my knowledge of music is not so (as) good as yours. Naresh: Very few songs are as good as 'Vasantaragam' in 'Kalalu' It is a moving song. Satish: True. I like it too.

Comparative

Superlative

Very few schools in the It is better than most other It is one of the best schools in the state are as good as this. schools in the state. state. lesson sentence)

(

™ É*a†

2) Very few schools are as ... and more expensive than and one of the most expensive expensive as this. most other schools. too. (lesson sentence)

...

™ É*a†

3) Very few admission tests This is tougher than most other This is one of the toughest tests. are as tough as this. (les- tests. son sentence)

™E

4) Very few students are as He is certainly brighter than most He is certainly one of the brightest bright as he (is). other students. (lesson sen- students. tence)

™E

5) On very few days am I as I am busier tomorrow than on Tomorrow is one of the days I am busy as I am tomorrow. most other days. (lesson the busiest on. sentence)

™E

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC... a) The + superlative ÅE ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ comparative ™ than any other / all other ´Ææ’hçC. Positive ™ No other ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’´¤-ûª’çC.b) One of the + superlative ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ comparative ™ than most other ´Ææ’hçC. Very few ûÓ Positive v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’´¤-ûª’çC. very few ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u positive- ™ as + positive + as ´÷vûª-¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. so + positive + as ®√ü¿’. Carefully observe the following conversation between Satish and Naresh Satish: This is one of the greatest movies I've seen recently. Naresh: I agree. Very few recent movies are

à éÌCl †í∫-®√-™ ¶„çí∫∞¡⁄®Ωçûª °ü¿lN (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™)

'Kalalu' are as sweet as the songs in

(®√≠æZç™E Öûªh´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x ÉC äéπöÀ)–

as great as this. Satish: The photography in the movie is better

This diversity is seen not only among the plants belonging to different groups but also those belonging to the same group. is seen present continuous verb

-v°æ-¨¡o-:

°j ¢√éπuç™ ûª®√yûª Ö°æ-ßÁ÷Tç-î √®Ω’. ™ ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷-§ƒEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√a?-ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’? áç. ü∆L-Ø√-ߪ·úø’, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç ï-¢√-•’: Ééπ\úø seen ÅØËC present continuous tense é¬ü¿’. present simple / present indefinite. present continuous tense ™ verb formam seeing / is seeing / are seeing. present simple, passive voiceis seen-

ÉC îª÷úø-•-úø’-ûÓçC ÅØË Å®Ωnç™.

This diversity is seen = Ñ ¢ÁjNüµ¿uç îª÷úø•úø’ûª’çC (Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îª÷≤ƒhç ÅE) is seen- is (be form) + seen ( verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷°æç Åçõ‰ past participle) - voice, passive.

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 6 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Tarun: Hi Saran, you are not the earliest to class, are you?

(Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ class èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´*açC †’´¤y é¬ü¿’-í∫ü∆?) Saran: Sarika and some others were earlier than me. I was not later than they (were)/them by more than ten minutes.

(≤ƒJéπ, ÉçéÌç-ü¿®Ω’ Ø√éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’ ´î√a®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ؈’ °æC EN’-≥ƒ© éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ç©Ææuç é¬ü¿’.) Tarun: Sarika isn't always the earliest to come

? (á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿®Ω ´îËa ¢√∞¡x™ ≤ƒJéπ Öçô’ç-C-éπü∆?)

Saran: No, she isn't. In fact, she is not among those who are the earliest.

(é¬ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ ´îËa-¢√-∞¡x™ x ÅÆæ-™«¢Á’ Öçúøü¿’.) Tarun: You were thinking of buying a bike. You had better buy now. It is on sale at a discount and is cheaper than before.

(†’¢ËyüÓ bike éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o´¤ éπü∆. É°æ¤púË é̆ôç ´’ç*C. Discount ™ Å´·tûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ éπ.)

a) Madanapalle is not the coolest place in A.P = Adjective - the coolest - degree superlative sentence superlative not sentence

Å®·ûË Ñ ™ ´·çü¿’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ñ Å®Ωnç: Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x Åûªuçûª xE v°æü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆. Åçõ‰, ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x éÌEo Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o x-E-Cé¬ü¿’ ÅE– ÉC comparative.

Madanapalle is not cooler than some other places in A.P.

DEéÀ

Åçûª x-EN.

2. I was not early as Sarika and some others.

Sarika and some others were earlier than me. sentence)

I was not the earliest.

3. It was not as cheap before as it is now.

It is cheaper than before sentence)

No superlative.

4. Some others are always as early as Sarika.

Sarika is not always earlier than some others.

Sarika is not always the earliest. sentence)

5. It is not as cheap as it was earlier.

It is not cheaper now than before.

It is not the cheapest now. sentence)

6. Some other brands are going to be as cheap as this. sentence)

This is not going to be cheaper than some other brands.

This is not going to be the cheapest of brands.

7. The bike is not as important for me as some other matters.

Some other matters are more important for me than the bike now. sentence)

The bike is not among/ not one of the most important matters for me.

8. No other matter has as little priority as the bike.

The bike has less priority than any other matter

The bike has the least priority now. sentence)

-á.°œ.™ éÌEoîÓô’x ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x

b) That is not the tallest tree in the garden.

(Ç ûÓô™-E ÅEo îÁôx™ ÅC áèπ◊\´ §Òúø-¢ÁjçC é¬ü¿’) – not the tallest (not + superlative)
The tree is not taller than some other trees in the garden.

(Ç ûÓô™ N’í∫û√ éÌEo îÁôx-éπØ√o ÉC §Òúø-¢ÁjçC é¬ü¿’) not taller than some other - comparative.
Some other trees in the garden are as tall

c) Some other novels are as good as 'You only live Twice'

(éÌEo Éûª®Ω novels, 'you only live Twice' Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·)

M. SURESAN

Saran: Moreover some other matters are more important for me than the bike now.

(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ bike éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®· Ø√èπ◊.) Tarun: (So) you mean a bike has the least priority now.

(Åçõ‰ F v§ƒ´·-ë«u稻™x ü¿ç-ö«¢√?)

bike

*´-J-

DEéÀ

comparative

"you only live Twice" is not better than some other novels ('You only live Twice' novels

éÌEo Éûª®Ω

éπçõ‰ Åçûª ¶«Ííç Öçúøü¿’).

superlative 'You only live Twice' is not the best novels. (You only live Twice' novel

ÅEo-öÀ™ Öûªh-´’-¢Á’i†

é¬ü¿’)

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) You are not the earliest to the class. 2) Sarika and some others were earlier than me.

Saran: There are other more important matters.

3) It is cheaper than before. 4) Sarika is not always the earliest to come.

(ÅE é¬ü¿’. é¬E Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N ´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®·.) Tarun: When you decide to buy just let me know. I know the dealer. We can get some concession.

5) It is not the cheapest now. 6) Some other brands are going to be as cheap as this or even cheaper. 7) Moreover some other matters are more

(†’´¤y éÌØ√-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰®·. Ø√éÓ dealer ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’†èπ◊ é¬Ææh ûªT_ç°æ¤ üµ¿®Ω-éÌ-Ææ’hçC.) Saran: Thank you.

9) there are other more important matters.

You observe that the conversation above has mostly negative sentences. There are, among them, superlatives, comparatives and positives too. Now before we study them look at the following sentences.

Spoken English

important for me than the bike now. 8) ... the bike has the least priority now?

All the sentences above are more or less the same pattern.

Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† not the best/ greatest, etc èπ◊ Ææç•çCµç-*-†N. OöÀéÀ other degrees îª÷ü∆lç.

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

[little (positive) - less (comparative) - least (superlative)] 9. Some other matters are as important as this.

There are other more important matters than this. sentence)

As good as - degree - positive

It is cheaper than before (Å´¤ØËx. ´’J-éÌEo company © bikes Éçûª -í¬_†÷ Öçö«®·, Éçé¬ îª´-í¬_†÷ Öçö«®·.)

You are not earlier than some others to class.

Some other places in A.P. are as cool as Madanpalle =

(ûÓô-™E éÌEo îÁô’x, Ç îÁôdçûª §Òúø´¤Ø√o®·.)

Tarun: Yes. Some other brands will then be as cheap as this or even cheaper.

superlative You are not the earliest to class. sentence)

1. Some others are as early to class as you.

as the tree.

(É°æ¤púø’ Åçûª ûªèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’. Éçé¬ îª´-éπ-´¶-ûÓçC. ÉçéÓ ØÁ™«-í∫’û√.)

comparative

positive

positive:

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 209

Saran: It is not the cheapest now. It is going to be cheaper still. I'll wait for another month.

2

äéπ ´·êu-N-≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: É™« äéπ degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç ã exercise í¬ practice îËߪ’ôç ´©x confusion ûª°æp Spoken English improve é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’ regular í¬ Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-®Ω-†’-éÓçúÕ, Å°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÃd, à degree ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. English Ŵ鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø™«x ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´·êuç. É´Fo ¢√ôçûªô Å¢Ë ûÁL-Æœ-§Ú-û√®·. îªü¿-´ôç ´©x èπÿú≈ ÉçTx≠ˇ ´Ææ’hçC.

(É*a†

This is not the most important matter.

Rahul: That's true. But once he regains form, very few of us can play as well as he.

(Eï¢Ë’. é¬E ´’Sx form ™ éÌî√a-úøçõ‰ ´÷vûªç ´÷™ à éÌCl-´’çüÓ Åûª-†çûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫©ç) Sindhu: Wish him the best. Look at the following sentences from the conversation above: 1) You played the best of all. 2) You scored more runs than any other member of your team.

Now study the following conversation:

3) ... I could not bowl as well as Ganesh.

Sindhu: Congrats Rahul, your team won the match yesterday. You played the best of all. You scored more runs than any other member of your team.

4) He took more wickets than I did.

(-E-†o O’ team ÈíL-*çC. Åçü¿-J™ †’´¤y ¶«í¬ Çú≈´¤. N’í∫-û√-¢√-∞¡x-éπØ√o †’¢Áy-èπ◊\´ °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’ B¨»´¤.) Rahul: Unfortunately, I could not bowl as well as Ganesh. He took more wickets than I did.

(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h Ganesh Åçûª ¶«í¬ bowl îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ø√éπçõ‰ Åûª-ØÁèπ◊\´ wickets BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) Sindhu: Your captain played the worst of all. His single digit score shows that.

(Åçü¿®Óx Åüµ∆y-†çí¬ ÇúÕçC O’ Èé°dØË. ÅûªE äéπ ÅçÈé score ü∆EéÀ û√®√\ùç) Rahul: He hasn't been in form of late. Otherwise he plays better than most of us.

(Åûª-F-´’üµ¿u Åçûª form ™ ™‰úø’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷™ î√™«-´’çC éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ¶«í¬ Çúøû√úø’.) Sindhu: But he didn't play so well in the earlier match either.

(é¬F Åûª†’ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ match ™†÷ Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆)

5) Your captain played the worst of all. 6) ... he plays better than most of us. 7) But he didn't play so well in the earlier match either. 8) ... very few of us can play as well as he.

°j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈ §ÚL-éπ-©’-Ø√o®· éπü∆– ÅFo ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©†’ í∫’JçîË. Å®·ûË Ñ sentences ™ ´Ææ’h-´¤©/ ´uèπ◊h© í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†÷, ≤ƒ´’-®√n u-©†÷ é¬éπ ´uèπ◊h© °æEB®Ω’†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h-Ø√o´’E í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. äÍé °æEE Éü¿l®Ω÷, Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´uèπ◊h©’, äéπ-J-éπçõ‰ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ ¶«í¬ î˨»®√, ûªèπ◊\´ î˨»®√ ÅØËC §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçõ‰ ÉC comparison of adverbs, comparison of adjectives é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ degrees of comparison, adjectives Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈, adverbs èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç study îËÆ œçC comparison of adjectives.Ééπ ´·çü¿’ ´’†ç °æJ-Q-Lç-îËC, degrees of comparison of adverbs. (adverb

Åçõ‰, verb ûÁLÊ° °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ÅE ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç) You played the best of all - Ééπ\úø verb, played = Çú≈´¤. Ç Çúøôç ᙫ ïJ-TçC? Answer: the best. 鬕öÀd best ÅØËC Ééπ\úø adverb.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 8 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Komal: Visal, doesn't Ramana speak English the best of all of us in the class? (Class

™ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ English ¶«í¬ Ramana éπü∆) Vishal: Yes; he does. (Å´¤†’) Komal: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?) Why so = áçü¿’-éπ™«?; Why not? = áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’? Ñ expressions conversation ™ î√™« common. O’®Ω÷ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ. ´÷ö«x-úËC

Vishal: From the beginning he has studied in English medium, that too, in very good schools. Moreover, he reads more than any one of us.

(¢Á·ü¿-öÀ†’ç* Åûªúø’ îªC-NçC English ™, ÅD ´’ç* English medi™, ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.) That too = ÅC èπÿú≈.

Komal: He certainly works harder than any of us. At the same time he plays games better than us too. Remember he scored higher than any other member of our team in the last match.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åûªúø’ ´’†-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’°æ-úø-û√úø’. Å™«Íí games ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ¢Á’®Ω’Íí. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ match ™ ´’† team ™ Éûª®Ω players éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ score î˨»úø’). Vishal: Here he is. Let's spend some time with him.

(ÉCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Åûª-úÕûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç)

medium um schools

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 210 Komal: What does he read? How much does he read?

(àç îªü¿’-´¤û√úø’? áçûª îªü¿’-´¤-û√-úøçö«´¤?)

☺

☺

☺

☺

lesson comparison

™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, degrees of äéπ\ adjectives Íé é¬ü¿’, adverbs èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E. Adverbs Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç. verb, subject îËÊÆ °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ç verb îËÊÆ °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ™«çöÀ N´-®√-©†’ ûÁLÊ°-´÷ô adverb. He plays well. Ééπ\úø verb - plays. ᙫ Çúø-û√úø’? ÅØË verb (ûÁLÊ° °æE)éÀ v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÊÆh, Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç well éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE well, adverb Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéπ sentence ™ äéπ ´÷ô îËÊÆ °æEE •öÀd, ÅC noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., OöÀ™x àC ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-î√Lq Öçô’çC. í∫-ûª

This is a fast train.

M. SURESAN

Ééπ\úø ᙫçöÀ ï¢√•’. 鬕öÀd

train? fast, adjective.

ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊,

fast train

ÅØËC

Why so? Vishal: For one thing, he reads the English news paper daily. He reads too, a lot of fiction in English. He reads quite often English news magazines too.

(äéπ-õ‰-N’-ôçõ‰ ®ÓW English newspaper îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. Éçé¬ English †´-©©’, éπü∑∆-Eéπ©÷ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. ûª®Ωîª÷ English news magazines èπÿú≈ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.) fiction = °∂œéπ{Ø˛ – '°∂œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç – éπ©p†– éπLpç-*† éπü∑¿©’ – novels (†´-©©’), short stories (éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’) ™«çöÀN. Komal: (Do) you mean he speaks English so well because of his reading?

(Åçõ‰ †’´y-ØËC Å™« îªü¿-´ôç ´©xØË English Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøç-ö«¢√?) Vishal: Exactly. Reading English helps you more than a thorough study of grammar.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ví¬´’®˝ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ Å¶µºu-Æœç-îªôç éπçõ‰, îªü¿-´ôç áèπ◊\´í¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.) thorough = ü∑¿®Ó = èπ~◊ùo-¢Á’i† Komal: The language of the English newspapers is difficult to understand, isn't it? How then does it help? (English newspapers English

Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçô’çC. Å™«ç-ô°æ¤púø’ ÅüÁ™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC?) Vishal: Ramana says he began with short news items, and then went on to news stories.

A Cheetah runs fast.

(*®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æ®Ω’-Èí-ûª’h-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø runs, ÅØË èπ◊ fast, 鬕öÀd ÅØËC Åçõ‰ – 1) ᙫçöÀ, ᙫç-öÀC (äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ) ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ ´îËa-´÷ô Adjective. 2) °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ answer í¬ ´îËa ´÷ô Adverb. Ñ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ degrees of comparison á°æ¤púø’ Adjectives èπÿ, á°æ¤púø’ adverbs èπÿ ÅØËC Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.

verb. How does it run? question fast adverb. answer

a) Australia plays best of all teams in the world.

(v°æ°æç-îªç-™E ÅEo ïôx™ ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ïô’d Åûªuçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø’-ûª’çC.) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– Ééπ\úø 'best'- adverb, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, plays ÅØË verb °æEE ᙫíÓ N´-J-≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd. (Note: Superlative degree of the adjective the superlative degree of the adverb the

´·çü¿’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈-©E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Å®·ûË ´·çü¿’ Åçûª °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕûË ´’ç*üË, ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.) °j sentence ™ adverb, superlative degree ™ ÖçC éπü∆? ÉC superlative of 'well'. É°æ¤úø’ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. b) Tendulkar plays better than any other/ all other players = player/ players

Spoken English

Adjective

Å®·Ø√,

adverb

Å®·Ø√, äéπ

N’í∫û√ Ééπ\úø better, comparative degree of well

c) No other player hits the ball so/ as well as Dhoni= player ball adverb, wellpositive. good=

ÉçÍé Éûª®Ω èπÿú≈ üµÓE Åçûª †’ éÌôdúø’. Ééπ\úø

´’ç* (adjective) well= ¶«í¬ (adverb)

better (comparative) best (superlative)

degree

positive 1. Adjective No other team in the world is so/ as good as Australia. Adverb No other team in the world plays so/ as well as Australia. 2. Adjective Very few teams in the world are as good as Australia. Adverb Very few teams in the world play as well as Australia.

†’ç* ÉçéÓ

degree

éÀ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A äéπõ‰.

comparative

superlative

Australia is better than any (all) other team (teams) in the world.

Australia is the best team in the world.

Australia plays better than any other team/ all other teams in the world.

Australia plays best of all teams in the world.

Australia is better than most other teams in the world.

Australia is one of the best teams in the world.

Australia plays better than most other teams in the world.

No proper superlative.

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A Adjective Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰, adverb Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰.

Comparative. verb - reads. DEo posèπ◊ ´÷JÊÆh, not ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – reads + not = does not

– ÉC itive

1) Tendulkar bats better than Sehwag.

read.

(ÉC Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË §ÚLéπ – Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’– ÉC comparative degree) DEéÀ superlative Öçúø-ü¿’-éπü∆. Positive ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, Tendulkar, Sehwag Ê°®Ω’x û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·; not ´Ææ’hçC.

Positive degree: Ravi does not read so/ as fast as Krishna. (Krishna

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ®ΩN

îªü¿-´úø’) 3) Kites fly faster than crows.

Sehwag does not bat (bats + not = does not bat) so (as) well as Tendulkar

(é¬èπ◊© éπçõ‰ í∫ü¿l©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ áí∫’-®Ω’-û√®·) Comparative. verb - fly. Comparative not Positive verb - fly. fly + not = do not fly.

™

2) Bret Lee does not bowl faster than Shoaib Akthar- comparative degree. (Bret Lee, Shoaib Akthar bowl not superlative Positive not subjects Lee, Akthar positions

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îËߪ’úø’) – §ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµËu, ÖçC. DEéÀ ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. ™ ®√ü¿’, © û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·.

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson.

Positive: Shoaib Akthar bowls (at least) as Bret fast as Bret Lee. (Shoaib Akthar Lee bowl

1) Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of all of us in the class? (superlative degree of the adverb)

™‰ü¿’.

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îË≤ƒhúø’) Adverb degree ´îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’, do, does, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L.

did

2) He reads more than any of us.

©

(comparative degree) 3) Reading English helps you more than a study of grammar (comparative)

Eg: 1) Steve played more matches than Mark. (Mark éπçõ‰ Steve áèπ◊\´ matches Çú≈úø’) – ÉC comparative. verb - played. DEo positive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, played + not = did not play Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ positive.

4) He certainly works harder than any of us. (comparative) 5) At the same time, he plays games better than us too. (comparative)

Mark did not play as/ so many games as Steve. (Steve games Mark

ÇúÕ-†Eo

™ ´Ææ’hçC.

Positive: Crows do not fly so/ as fast as kites.

éπFÆæç

6) He scored higher than any other member of our team. (comparative)

Çúø-™‰ü¿’)

2) Krishna reads faster than Ravi

Exercise:

(

OöÀéÀ Éûª®Ω degrees practise îËߪ’çúÕ.

Answer:

®Ω-N éπçõ‰ éπ%≠æg ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’) superlative

comparative

positive

1. Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of all of us? sentence)

Doesn't Ramana speak English better than any of us?

Does any of us speak English so well as Ramana?

2. Of all of us he reads the most.

He reads more than any of us. sentence)

None of us reads as much as he (reads/ does)

Reading helps us more than a study of grammar. sentence)

A study of grammar doesn't help us so much as/ as much as reading.

4. He certainly works hardest of all of us.

He certainly works harder than any of us. sentence)

None of us work as/ so hard as he, certainly.

5. Of all of us, he plays games best.

He plays games better than us too. sentence)

We don't play games so well as/ as well as he.

6. He scored highest of all of us.

He scored higher than any other member of our team.

No other member of our team scored so/ as high as he.

(É*a†

(É*a†

3. No superlative.

õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ à Éûª®Ω éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Çúø-û√úø’.

¶«í¬

(¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô *†o ¢√®√hç-¨»-©ûÓ v§ƒ®ΩçGµç*, Ç ûª®√yûª °ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√®Ωh© reports îªC-¢√-†E ®Ω´’ù ÅØ√oúø’)

2

(É*a†

(É*a†

(É*a†

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 10 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Chandan: Of the two who do you find the better- Sekhar or Srikar?

(Ç Éü¿l-J™, Åçõ‰ ¨Ïê®˝, Xéπ-®˝™ á´®Ω’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫ç-ö«´¤?/ á´®Ω’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-E°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?) Santhan: Difficult to say. Each has his virtues and defects. Srikar is the more intelligent but Sekhar is the more industrious.

(îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ . Éü¿l-J™ éÌEo ´’ç* í∫’ù«©÷ ÖØ√o®·, éÌEo üÓ≥ƒ©÷ ÖØ√o®·.) Virtue = ´îª÷u– '´— bird ™ '•— ™« ØÌéÀ\°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç– Å®Ωnç – Ææ’í∫’ùç. Gandhi was a man of virtue = í¬çDµ Ææ’í∫’-ù«©’ éπL-T† ´uéÀh. Chandan: And who is the more suitable for this job then?

(Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† °æEéÀ á´®Ω’ ûªT-†-¢√®Ω’?) Santhan: Certainly Sekhar. He doesn't complain about the work.

(¨ÏêÍ®. °æE N≠æߪ’ç™ îËߪ’úø’.)

Santhan: We're going to appoint him. Better sooner than later. I'll send the appointment order today itself.

(ÅûªEo appoint îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ç îËÊÆ-üËüÓ ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh †ßª’ç. Ñ®Óñ‰ appointment order °æç°æ¤û√) Chandan: O.K. Go ahead. (ÆæÍ®, é¬F.) Go ahead = é¬F/ é¬E´¤y/ Ææ´’t-Aç-îªôç. Ram: I want to tell you something.

(Fèπ◊ ØËØÓ-N-≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) (é¬F/ îÁ°æp-®·ûË). ÉC English ™ common. O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Sam: Go ahead.

☯

☯

☯

2) Between Bangalore and Bangalore is the cooler =

Hyderabad,

Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ¢√úÕûË ´’† conversation î√™« Åçü¿çí¬, effective (v°æ¶µ«´ç éπ©’-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆ-C)í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd Comparative degree ¢√úø-ôç™ ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ´’† Spoken English ™ ¢√úøü∆ç:

3) The sooner, the better =

3) Of (between) his two sons, the elder is the stronger = (The elder is the stronger of his two sons

´ç-ûª’úø’.

ÅE èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa).

4) Pranav: How does he compare with his father?

ÅûªE ûªçvúÕûÓ Åûª-ØÁoç-ûª-´®Ωèπÿ §Ú©a´îª’a? (Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ ûª† ûªçvúøçûª íÌ°æp-¢√ú≈? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.) Sourav: The father is certainly the better.

complain

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

(ÅûªEÍé´’Ø√o Péπ~ù É¢√y™«?)

2) Who is the more suitable for this job?

Bangalore is cooler than Hyderabad.

ÅûªE éÌúø’èπ◊Lü¿l®Óx °ü¿l-¢√úø’ •©-

Comparative degree (adjective/ adverb)

Chandan: Has he to be trained?

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ûªçvúÕ éÌúø’-éπ\çõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’. (Ééπ\úø - better - comparative. Better ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’† better ´·çü¿’ the.)

211

áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË Åçûª ´’ç*C. É°æ¤púø’ sentence 3) ™«çöÀ comparative sentences îª÷ü∆lç: Ééπ\úø, È®çúø’ comparatives °æéπ\ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. È®çúÕçöÀ ´·çü¿÷ the ®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. a) The taller a player is, the better can he play

= véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’úø’ áçûª §Òúø’-ÈíjûË Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúøí∫-©úø’. É™«çöÀ sentences, conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

b) Prasad: How did our team play yesterday?

(E†o ´’†

team

ᙫ ÇúÕçC?)

He is as good as ..

Santhan: I don't think so. He has

2

M. SURESAN

two years' experience in the field.

(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ņ’-éÓ†’. Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ Åûª-EéÀ È®çúË∞¡x ņ’-¶µº´ç ÖçC.) Chandan: How good is he at the job?

a) The Giraffe is taller than any other land animal. Giraffe

Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰

§Òúø’í∫’. Giraffe =

(Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç áçûª ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’?) Santhan: He is as good as or even better than any employee we have.

(É°æ¤púø’ ´’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o ÖüÓu-í∫’-©ç-ûª-é¬F, Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-é¬F ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Ö†o-¢√úø’.) Good = ´’ç* – Éü¿-Ææ©’ Å®Ωnç. é¬F ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '´’ç*—-™«-í¬ØË, 'good' èπÿú≈ î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x àü¿-®·Ø√ ã N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ íÌ°æp/ Ææ´’-®Ω’n-™„j†/ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn u-´·-†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. good actor = ´’ç* †ô’úø’– DE Å®Ωnç íÌ°æp †ô’-úøE. ÅçûË-í¬F ´’ç* í∫’ùçí∫© †ô’úø’ ÅE é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. good at something = àüÁjØ√ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫©/ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ†. He is good at maths = Åûª-EéÀ maths ¶«í¬ ´îª’a. Chandan: Then let's appoint him. The sooner, the better. We've a lot of pending work.

(Å®·ûË ÅûªúËo Eߪ’-N’ü∆lç. áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË, Åçûª ´’ç*C. °æE ¶«í¬ Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·çC.) pending = °æ‹Jh-é¬E/ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷-Lq† Santhan: What about the pay?

'ï—®√°∂ˇ – 'ï— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Ééπ\úø §ÚLéπ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u. taller - comparative. taller ûª®√yûª than any other (singular)/ than all other (plural) é¬E ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. b) The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant = Giraffe taller (comparative) than comparative. sentences (a), (b) i) comparthan ii) comparative ative the

à†’í∫’ éπç-õ‰

èπÿú≈ ´’üµËu. °j ûª®√yûª ´·çü¿’ ™‰ü¿’.

§Òúø’í∫’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC Å®·ûË §ÚLéπ È®çúÕçöÀ ©™ ´≤ÚhçC.

Now compare sentences (A) and (B) below: Sentence A The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant = Giraffe

à†’í∫’ éπØ√o §Òúø’í∫’.

Sentence B Of (between) the Giraffe and the Elephant, the Giraffe is the taller = Giraffe, Giraffe degree, comparative

à†’í∫’, Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ™ §Òúø’í∫’. i) È®çúø’ sentences ™†÷, ii) È®çúø’ sentences ¶µ«´ç äéπõ‰, îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç ûËú≈, ÅçûË. iii) Sentence A ™ Sentence B ™ comcomparative ûª®√yûª parative ûª®√yûª than than ÖçC. ™‰ü¿’. iv) Comparative Comparative ´·çü¿’ ´·çü¿’ the ™‰ü¿’. 'the' ÖçC. v) Sentence subject, begin Giraffe

ûÓ

Sentence, (between)

ûÓ

Of begin

(´’J @ûªç Ææçí∫A?) Å®·çC.

Å®·çC.

Chandan: Let's pay him more than what he gets now in his present job?

(É°æ¤púø’ ÅûªE job ™ §Òçü¿’-ûª’†o ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-Nü∆lç). Santhan: How much more? (áçûÁ-èπ◊\´?) Chandan: Say Rs. 200/- (È®çúø’´çü¿-Lü∆lç.) Say = îÁ°æpôç – ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç. Ééπ\úø Say Åçõ‰ – ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

Spoken English

Comparative sation

†’ sentence B ™ ™«í¬ conver™ î√™« ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ:

1) Of the two girls, the one in the red dress is red the more beautiful = dress (Comparative than comparative the.)

Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·™x, ™ Ö†o Å´÷t®· áèπ◊\´ Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. ûª®√yûª ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ´·çü¿’,

Ééπ\úø

compare

Pramod: The less we talk about it, the

¢√úÕ† B®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

better.

How does this car compare with imported cars? = cars Compare practice

(ü∆E í∫’Jç* áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª-´’ç-*C – less -

NüËQ ûÓ DØÁoç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a´îª’a? Åçûª íÌ°æpü∆? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. É™« ¢√úøôç îËߪ’çúÕ.

How does this CM compare with his predecessor? =

Ñ ´·êu-´’ç-vAE ûª†èπ◊ ´·çü¿’†o ´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-´îª’a? predecessor (v°‘úø-ÂÆÆæ/ v°úÕ-ÂÆÆæ. 'v°‘—E/ 'v°—E ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) = äéπ °æü¿N/ ≤ƒn†ç™ äéπ-JéÀ ´·çü¿’†o ¢√∞¡x†’ predecessor Åçö«ç. eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the predecessor of Rajasekhara Reddy =

®√ï-¨Ï-ê-®˝-È®úÕf ´·çü¿J ´·êu-´’çvA îªçvü¿-¶«-•’-Ø√-ߪ·úø’. Predecessor X Successor (ûª®√yûª ´*a† ¢√∞¡Ÿx – °æü¿-N™/ ≤ƒn†ç™)

eg: YSR is the successor of Chandrababu Naidu 5) Janaki: Is Rekha as good at dancing as Suma? (Rekha, Suma

Åçûª ¶«í¬

dance

îËÆæ’hçü∆?) Devaki: No, Suma certainly dances the better.

comparative of little) c) The higher a place, the colder it is

= äéπ v°æü˨¡ç áçûª á-ûÁj h-†-üÁjûË (Ææ´·-vü¿-´’ôdç †’ç*) Åçûª xí¬ Öçô’çC.

d) The longer you walk, the healthier you become

= †’´¤y áçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ †úÕÊÆh, Åçûª Ç®Ó-í∫u´ç-ûª’-úÕ-´-´¤-û√´¤. = †úÕ-*-†-éÌDl Ç®Óí∫uç áèπ◊\´. Ñ English proverbs (≤ƒ¢Á’-ûª©’) îª÷úøçúÕ: a) The nearer the temple, the farther from god.

í∫’úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-®·† éÌDl, üË´¤-úÕéÀ ü¿÷®Ωç. Åçõ‰ í∫’úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx, á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢Á∞Ôx-a™‰ ÅE ÅÆæ©’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, Åçûª ¶µºéÀh ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅE. farther - comparative of far. far =

ü¿÷®Ω-¢Á’i†

b) The more you eat, the less you wish

(é¬ü¿’, Æ撢˒, Í®ê éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’hçC) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ better (comparative) ´·çü¿’, the ´Ææ’hçC. Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson: 1) Of the two, who do you find the better, Sekhar or Srikar? (Whom do you find the better? whom ioned -

ÅØ√-©E éÌçü¿É™«çöÀîÓôx old fash®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. é¬F É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-õ‰xü¿’) better - comparative ûª®√yûª than ™‰ü¿’ – 鬕öÀd, better ´·çü¿’ the. Å™«Íí conversation ™E éÀçC sentences ™ comparative ´·çü¿’ the îª÷úøçúÕ– comparative ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’-´©x.

to eat; the more you earn, the more you wish to earn

= áèπ◊\´ A†o-éÌDl ûªèπ◊\´ AØ√-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC, áèπ◊\´ Ææ秃-Cç-*-†-éÌDl, Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ Ææ秃-Cç-î √-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC. (ÅçûË éπü∆! éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ† ûª®√yûª A†™‰ç. ÅüË úø•’s ´Ææ÷h Öçü¿†’-éÓçúÕ, Ç, î√™‰x ņ’-èπ◊çö«´÷? Éçé¬ é¬¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çö«ç) c) The more, the merrier = áçûª ´’çü¿-®·ûË, Åçûª Ææ®Ωü∆. (°j ´‚úø’ English proverbs; O’ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ.) ÉO comparative uses.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 12 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prakash: What's wrong with you, Chum? You appear run down nowadays.

Prakash: We start at my place at 5. We can see him at 6.

(àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? Ñ ´’üµ¿u †’´¤y F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπ∞¡-ûª°œp éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.) Chum= ØËÆæhç. ´’†èπ◊ î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-úÁj† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’. They are chums= ¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« v°œßª’-N’-vûª’©’. Chummy= î√™« ÊÆo£æ«çí∫©.

(´÷ ÉçöÀ †’ç* Å®·ü¿’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. Ç®Ω’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ Çߪ’-††’ éπ©’ü∆lç.)

He is chummy with the CM=

Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ î√™« ≤ƒEo-£œ«ûªuç/ ÊÆo£æ«ç ÖçC. be run down= F®Ω-Æ œç-îªôç. He is run down= Åûªúø’ F®Ω-Ææçí¬, EÊÆh-ïçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. É´Fo conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´îËa ´÷ô©’. ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ O’ Spoken English ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. Prasad: Certainly I am not in the best of health. I wish to see a doctor. Who do you suggest? Is Dr Kushalam OK?

2

Prasad: That's OK. Then I will be here at 5.

(ÆæÍ®. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ âCç-öÀéÀ Ééπ\úø’çö«)





Degrees of comparison, grammar exercise sentence degrees practice degree, degrees conversation study Lesson No. 210 practice express idea degree

äéπ í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Åçõ‰ äÍé †’ ´‚úø’ ™ îËߪ’ôç é¬èπ◊çú≈ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo N’í∫û√ È®çúø’ ûÓ •öÀd à Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ ¢√ú≈™, °j ™ îËߪ’çúÕ. ™ èπÿú≈ ÉüË î˨»ç éπü∆. ´’†ç îËߪ÷-©-†’´’†èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ à èπ◊†o ¢√ú≈L ÅØËC ´’†Íé ûªúø’-ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’† ¶µ«´ç Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ ´’†ç îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç èπÿú≈ Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçô’çC. Å™« Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ à degree ¢√ú≈©-ØËC, Ç™-*ç-îª-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ´’†èπ◊ ûªúø’-ûª’çC. Ñ lesson ™ ¢√úÕ† comparisons îª÷úøçúÕ.

(Eï¢Ë’. ؈çûª Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ ™‰†’. Doctor †’ éπ©¢√©†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. à Doctor †’ éπ©-¢√©çö«´¤? Dr èπ◊¨¡©ç ´’ç* ¢Ájü¿’u-úËØ√?)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 212

b) He is among the more popular actors on the Telugu screen -

c) A Chief Minister is more influential than any Union Minister -

à Íéçvü¿-´’ç-vA-éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ Ö†o-¢√úø’.

ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ áèπ◊\´ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷-†-´·†o †ô’úø’ = °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’, ´’ç* †ô’úË ÅE.

Åçü¿’-éπE

à

Though, he is in the 7th class, he can speak English better than any 10th class student =

áèπ◊\´

(Chief Minister, Union Minister any other

3) He has more practice than any MS or MD = MS/ MD practice

éπØ√o Åûª-E-Èé-èπ◊\´ ÖçC. More practice - ÉC comparative degree. ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ comparative ûª®√yûª than any other é¬F than all other é¬F ®√¢√L, È®çúÕç-öÀéπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’. é¬F Ñ Â°j sentence ™ than any MS or MD Åçô’Ø√oç – any ûª®√yûª other ™‰ü¿’. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ:

Chief Minister

ûª®√yûª,

äÍé ûÁí∫ é¬ü¿’. ™‰ü¿’.)

d) The Home Minister is more powerful than any other minister = Home Minister Home Minister, any other.

Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©éπçõ‰ ¨¡éÀh-´’ç-ûª’úø’. Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’©÷ äÍé ûÁí∫ – Åçü¿’-éπE

e) Shoiab Akthar is faster than any Australian bowler. any other Shoiab Akthar Australian

™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd,

é¬úø’.

f) Bret Lee is faster than any other Australian bowler=

Éûª®Ω other

Australians éπçõ‰ Bret Lee, Fast. Any ÅØ√oç 鬕öÀd, Bret Lee èπÿú≈ Australian.

g) No Australian plays like Laxman.

à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ à -úÕ-vU? Prakash: He is certainly OK. He is among the better doctors in the town. I know him well. Shall I take you to him?

(Ç -ú≈éπd®˝ ´’ç*-¢√úË. ´’† Ü∞x ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† -ú≈éπd®Ωx-™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπ\úø’. Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’ E†’o BÆæ’-èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡}Ø√?) Prasad: When shall we see him then? This evening?

(Å®·ûË á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’ü∆lç Çߪ’-††’?Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-ü∆l´÷?) Prakash: Why not? This evening is as good as any other time.

(áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’? á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’.) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. This evening is as good as any other time=

Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç, Éûª®Ω Ææ´’--ߪ÷-™«xÍí ´’ç*üË. Åçõ‰ Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª-¢Á’iØ√ ´’ç*üË/ Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢Á∞«lç/ Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª¢Ë’ ¢Á∞«lç– ÉC O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. üËFo ¢√®·-ü∆-¢Ë-ßÁ·ü¿’l ņ-ö«-E-éÀ™« ņçúÕ= Now is as good as any other time=

á°æ¤púÓ •ü¿’©’, É°æ¤púË îËÊÆ-ßÁ·-aí¬! ÅE Prasad: He appears to have good practice. practice

(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ î√™« ´’ç* Ö†o-ô’dçC)

Prakash: What do you think? He has more practice than any M.S. or M.D. He is better at diagnosist than many MDs. (M.S, M.D. doctors practice MDs

Ö†o éπçõ‰ ÖçC. î√™«Çߪ’-†èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ éπØ√o Çߪ’† ®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù-™ ´’çC î√™« ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) M.S. M.D. Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? MBBS ûª®√yûª

Surgery/ Medicine Degrees. Diagnosis= Diagnosists Prasad: Then let's see him this evening. When is the best time?

®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù- îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx

Å®·ûË Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Çߪ’-††’ éπ©’ü∆lç. á°æ¤úø’ ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç? best time= ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç= right time.

Spoken English

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) I am not in the best of health, certainly. (English expressions

™ É™«çöÀ M. SURESAN î√™« ûª´÷≥ƒ Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀE N†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç äéπöÀ, usage ™ ¢√öÀ-èπ◊çúË Å®Ωnç ¢Ë®Ω’.) Ñ sentence ØË BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. ÉC N†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç: Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç Åûª’u-ûªh-´’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’ é¬F, °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’ ÅE. Å®·ûË DE ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç, usage ™ 'Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç àç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’— ÅE. ã N≠æߪ’ç °æôx ´’†-èπ◊†o ´uA-Í®-éπûª†’ É™« ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰≤ƒhç. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ É™«çöÀ sentences ™ é¬Ææh ´uçí∫uç èπÿú≈ Ææ’p¥J-Ææ’hçC. ´’J-éÌEo sentences É™«ç-öÀ¢Ë îª÷ü∆lç. a) Suraj: What do you think of our hockey team?

(´’† £æ…éà öÃç í∫’Jç* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç àN’öÀ?) Neeraj: Well, it is not the greatest team in the world.

(Ñ sentence N†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç– Åûª’u-ûªh´’ ïôx™ äéπöÀ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. ÅÆæ-©’ -Å®Ωnç: ´’ç* ïõ‰dç é¬ü¿E, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æEéÀ®√E-ü¿E.) b) She is not the most beautiful girl here, is she?

Ç¢Á’ °ü¿l Åçü¿-í∫ûËhç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? – ÉD ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç. é¬F ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç Åçü¿®Óx Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh é¬ü¿’, é¬F Åçü¿-í∫ûËh, ÅE– ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. 2) He is among the better doctors in the town. doctors best doctor

Ñ °æôd-ùç-™E ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† ™ Åûª-ØÌéπ\úø’. Åçõ‰ Éûªúø’ é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. é¬E Åçûª BÆœ-§ƒ-Ȯߪ’uü¿í∫_-¢√úËç é¬ü¿’ (Åçõ‰ Ñ °æôd-ùç-™E doctors †’, ´’ç*, °æE-éÀ-®√E ÅE È®çúø’ ûÁí∫-©’í¬ N¶µº->ÊÆh, Éûªúø’ ´’ç* ûÁí∫-™Íé îË®Ω-û√úø’ ÅE)

a) AP is among the bigger states in the country.

ü˨¡ç™ °ü¿lN ņ-ü¿í∫_ ®√≥ƒZ™x -á.°œ.äéπ-ôE.

Å®·Ø√, 10th class ¢√∞¡xéπç-õ‰ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’. Dçöx èπÿú≈ other ™‰ü¿’. Any other/ all other, äÍé ûÁí∫èπ◊ îÁçC† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú™‰a-ô-°æ¤púË ¢√úøû√ç. °j sentence ™ 7th class student †’, 10th class student ûÓ= Åçõ‰ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ®Ω鬩 N≠æ-ߪ÷©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE other ®√ü¿’. Å™«Íí,

h) No other Australian plays like Ponting. Laxman, Australian no other no (sentence h) Australian.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ņç,

7th class English

é¬úø’, 鬕öÀd ÅE Åçö«ç. Ponting Åçü¿’-éπE, no other

Åûªúø’

He has more practice than any MS/ MD MS/ MD MBBS

Åçõ‰, Åûªúø’ ÅE Å®Ωnç.

é¬ü¿’ ÅE, Öûªh

a) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any doctors MS/ MD = MS, MD Dr. Kushalam practice Dr. Kushalam MS/ MD

i)

Åçö«ç. Åûªúø’ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i-† †ô’© éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-îª -í∫-©úø’ (Åçõ‰ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ωçí¬ Åûª†’ †ô’úø’ é¬úø’)= He acts better than any professional actor. (Any other Any/ no other

é¬ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i† †ô’úø’ é¬ü¿’). ÉD ûª®√yûª ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ´îËa Å®Ωnç. O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ á°æ¤úø÷ äÍé ûÁí∫ ¢√∞¡x†’/ ¢√öÀE §Ú©a®Ω’ éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ any/ no ûª®√yûª other, ¢√úø-éπçúÕ. 4) Now is as good as any other time=

éπçõ‰ ÖçC. é¬úø’ ÅE.)

á°æ¤púÓ îËÊÆ •ü¿’©’ É°æ¤púË îËßÁ·îª’a éπü∆ ÅE. (N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷©’ áçûª ´’ç*¢Ó, É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Åçûª ´’ç*üË ÅE.) ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo éÀçC-N-üµ¿çí¬ îÁ§Òpa.

b) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any other MS/ MD = MS/ MD practice Dr. Kushalam MS/ MD

Now is the best time/ Now is better than any other time/ no other time is so (as) good as now.

©’†o èπ◊ áèπ◊\´

(Åçõ‰

Éûª®Ω áèπ◊\´. (Åçõ‰ ÅE Å®Ωnç.)

© éπçõ‰ ÅûªúÕ èπÿú≈

Practise the following aloud in English. Pratiksha:

E†o match ™ -v°æ-ûª÷u-≠æ î√™« ¶«í¬ ÇúÕçC éπü∆? Niriksha: ûª†’ regular player é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, regular players éπçõ‰ î√™« ¶«í¬ ÇúÕçC. Pratiksha: Å´-ûªL team captain í∫’Jç* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç àN’öÀ? Niriksha: ûª†’ ´’ç* player ÅE ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. (not/ neverûÓ superlative ¢√úøçúÕ) Pratiksha: -Ç-¢Á’-†’ ´’K ûªèπ◊\-´-îËÆ œ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊. ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† players ™ -Ç-¢Á’ -äéπ®Ω’. Niriksha: àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ûª†çûª íÌ°æp captain àç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? Pratiksha: Å™« ņèπ◊. Ç¢Á’ captaincy ™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÈíL-*† games ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’. Niriksha: OK. äéπ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷? Pratiksha: É°æ¤púË éπü∆ Ç¢Á’ ´’ç* player é¬ü¿E ÅØ√o´¤. Niriksha: àüÓ ûª´÷-≥ƒ-éπ-Ø√o-†’™‰. Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠d¢æ Ë’. Pratiksha: á°æ¤púÓ áçü¿’èπ◊, É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«lç.

Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç ¢√úÕ† expressions ÅFo daily conversation ™ ¢√úø-ü¿-T-†¢Ë. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Answer Pratiksha: Pratyusha played very well in the match yesterday. Didn't she? Niriksha: She is not a regular player, but she played better than any regular player. Pratiksha: What's your opinion of the captain of the opposite team? Niriksha: I never thought her the best of players. Pratiksha: Don't undermine her so much. She is certainly among the better players. Niriksha: Whatever it is, she is certainly not the greatest of captains, is she? Pratiksha: Don't say that. The games the team has won under her captaincy are not a few. Niriksha: OK. Shall we meet her once? Pratiksha: You've just said she isn't a great player. Niriksha: I was just joking. I do like her. Pratiksha: Why any other time? Let's meet her now. Now is as good as any other time.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 14 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Bharat: Sarat, Vasanth has yet to come. He is late most of the days.

(¨¡®Ωû˝, ´Ææçû˝ Éçé¬ ®√™‰ü¿’. ¢√úø’ áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’ Ç©-Ææuç-í¬ØË ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’) Sarat: Yesterday he was even later than the day before.

(¢Á·†oöÀ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ E†o Éçé¬ Ç©-Ææu´’-®·çC) Bharat: Isn't he the last to come to class most of the days?

(áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’ Åçü¿-J™ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ (*´®Ωí¬) ´îËaü¿ûª-ØË-éπü∆?) Sarat: That he is. I don't know what his problem is.

(Åûª-†çûË. ÅûªE Ææ´’-ÊÆuçö ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’) (That he is = Å´¤†’, Åûª-†çûË. That he is ÅØËC èπÿú≈ conversational) Bharat: I think his mother is ill most of the time and delays packing his lunch.

(¢√∞¡x-´’tèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í∫’ç-úø-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. Åûª-úÕéÀ carrier ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’ôç Ç©-Ææu´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«)

2) not the + superlative =

Åçûª íÌÊ°pç-é¬ü¿’.

a) Hari is not the best in our team, is he?

´’† team ™ £æ«J Åçûª íÌ°æp player é¬ü¿’. b) certainly Sudhakar is not the worst of our friends.

´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’™x Ææ’üµ∆-éπ®˝ î√™« ´’ç*-¢√úø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç. 3) Comparative + than + any éÃ, comparative + than + any other éà ûËú≈: ´’†ç §Ú©’-Ææ’h†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ äÍé ûÁí∫èπ◊ îÁçC†¢ÁjûË than any other, ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ûÁí∫-©èπ◊ îÁçCûË than any Åçö«ç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. 1) Sunayana is cleverer than any other girl in her class.

(Ææ’†-ߪ’† ûª† class ™ N’í∫û√ Å´÷t-®·© éπçõ‰ ûÁLN í∫©C) (Ææ’†-ߪ’†, Éûª®Ω Å´÷t-®·©÷ äÍé class ¢√∞¡Ÿx) 2) A Cheetah is faster than any tiger.

(à °ü¿l-°æ¤L éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ *®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫ç éπ©C – Ééπ\úø Cheetah, tiger ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ûÁí∫-©N – Åçü¿’-éπE than any Åçö«ç)

Sarat: Hasn't he a sister? She can help his mother.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 213

(Åûª-úÕéÀ sister ÖçC éπü∆? Ç¢Á’ ¢√∞¡x-´’tèπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø-´îª’a.) Bharat: Is she his elder or younger? I think she is younger than he and she goes to school too.

(Ç¢Á’ ÅûªúÕ Åé¬\, îÁ™„x™«? îÁ™„x-©-†’-èπ◊çö«, ûª†’ èπÿú≈ Ææ÷\©’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûÓçC) Sarat: That's a pity. Bharat: To add to all this, his dad is most of the time on camp. His poor mom has to take care of everything.

(Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ ûÓúø’, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o áèπ◊\´ Æ洒ߪ’ç camps ™ Öçö«úø’. ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’t ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq ´Ææ’hçC.) To add to all this = OöÀéÀ ûÓúø’/ OôEo-öÀéÀ ûÓúø’ Sarat: What's her present condition? Bharat: He told me yesterday she was much better than before.

(´·çü¿’-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E E†oØË Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’) (ÅC-éÌçûª †ßª’¢Ë’)

Sarat: That's something.

Bharat: She is under the treatment of the foremost doctor of the town Dr.Vaidyanath. Still she isn't all right.

(†í∫-®Ωç™ ÅA íÌ°æp doctor ¢Ájü¿u-Ø√ü∑˛ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. Å®·ûË Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¶«í∫-´ôç ™‰ü¿’) Sarat: Yea, I have heard about him. Is he expensive?

(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† í∫’Jç* NØ√o†’. î√™« êK-üÁj† ú≈éπd®√?) Bharat: No, not at all. He doesn't charge more than the lesser doctors in the city.

ÉD ´’†ç spoken English èπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫°æúË Nüµ¿çí¬ degrees of comparison í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊çC. Now look at the following sentences. a) The train arrived late this morning = b) The match began later than the time fixed =

´÷uî˝ EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç éπçõ‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC.

c) He was the last to come to class yesterday=

Åûªúø’ E†o é¬xÆˇ èπ◊ Åçü¿-J™ Ç©Ææuç (*´-®Ω)í¬ ´î√aúø’ Late (positive), later (comparative) – Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o time/ ã EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç ü∆öÀ† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷© í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-û√®· éπü∆. (late = Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i†/ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ = ņ’-èπ◊†o Æ洒ߪ’ç ü∆öÀ†; later = (§ÚL-éπ™ ) ü∆öÀ† Ææ´’-ߪ÷E éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i†/ Ç©-Ææuçí¬) É°æ¤púÕC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. í∫ûªç™ àüÁjØ√ Ç©Ææuç Å´úøç Åçõ‰, ÅC v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-®·-†õ‰x éπü∆? ¢Á·†o ï®Ω-í¬-LqçC E†o ïJ-Tç-ü¿çõ‰, ÅC Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊ (Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ) ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ ïJ-T-†õ‰x éπü∆. I got the news late =

(àç é¬ü¿’. Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬E (´÷´‚©’) doctors éπçõ‰ Çߪ’† fees áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’.) Sarat: Let's hope she will recover completely soon.

(ûªy®Ω-™ØË Ç¢Á’ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-ô’ç-ü¿E ÇPü∆lç.) ☯

☯

☯

☯

comparatives, superlatives lesson points

´’†ç

í∫’Jç* í∫ûª ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o èπ◊x°æhçí¬. 1) Among + comparative degree - é¬Ææh ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† é¬Ææh áèπ◊\-¢Áj†, etc N≠æߪ’ç ÅØË Å®Ωnç. eg: She is among the clever students of the class = class

™ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† ÖçC – ÅE Å®Ωnç.

students

™ Ç Å´÷t®·

Spoken English

ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– a) old news (§ƒûªC, Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æ œ† ¢√®Ωh) b) late news (û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh – Åçõ‰ éÌûªhí¬ ûÁL-Æ œ† ¢√®Ωh) c) later reports contradict the earlier reports of the incident =

Ç °∂æ’ô† í∫’Jç* ´*a† É°æpöÀ ¢√®Ωh©’, Åçü¿’-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´*a† ¢√®Ωh-©èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ (N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬) ÖØ√o®·. contradict (é¬çvô-úÕé˙d. 'é¬ç— ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ 'úÕ—E áèπ◊\-´í¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = ´uA-Í®-éÀç-îªôç. incident = °∂æ’ô† d) later, comparative éπü∆ – É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ. My shirt is of later cut than yours = F shirt éπçõ‰ Ø√ shirt fashion ûª®√y-ûªC. (Åçõ‰ Ø√ shirt fashion éÌûªhC, F shirt éπçõ‰. cut = fashion)

Older, elder -

ÉN È®çúø÷, old èπ◊ comparatives. OöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Old - ´·ÆæL, §ƒûª-•-úÕ†. ´·ÆæL ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊, ïçûª’-´¤©èπÿ, îÁôxèπÿ; §ƒûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´Ææ’h-´¤©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç. Older - ÉC èπÿú≈, §ÚLéπ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´·ÆæL ÅØË/ áèπ◊\´ ´ßª’Ææ’†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπÿ, ïçûª’-´¤-©èπÿ, îÁôxèπÿ; §ƒûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Elder - áèπ◊\´í¬ ´’†’-≠æfl-©Íé ¢√úøû√ç, Å°æ¤p-úø°æ¤púø÷ ïçûª’-´¤-©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç. 1) Older - äÍé èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçü¿E¢√J ´ßª’-Ææ’q©’ §Ú©a-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. a) Mahatma Gandhi was older than Nehru

(´’£æ…-û√t-í¬çDµ, ØÁv£æfi éπçõ‰ °ü¿l – äÍé èπ◊ô’ç•ç é¬ü¿’)

Bhima was Arjuna's elder Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç wõ„jØ˛ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´*açC.

(Ç¢Á’ v°æÆæ’hûª °æJ-Æœn-ûËçöÀ?)

2

Ç ¢√®Ωh Ø√èπ◊ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ûÁL-ÆœçC. (Åçü¿’-´©x †≠ædç, Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç éπLT ÖçúÌa)

latest -

èπ◊ superlative. Åçõ‰, É°æp-öÀ-´®Ωèπ◊ (Till now) ´*a† ¢√öÀ™ *´-JC – Åçõ‰ Åûªuçûª û√ñ«, Åüµ¿’-Ø√-ûª† ÅE. ´’†ç ´÷´‚©’í¬ ¢√úË ´÷õ‰ éπü∆. latest fashion - Ñ ´’üµËu ´*a† fashion – DE ûª®√yûª Éçé¬ àD ®√™‰ü¿’. latest news éπúø-°æöÀ ¢√®Ωh (¢√®Ωh©’ – ûÁ©’-í∫’™) latest score (cricket) ™ éπúø-°æöÀ score - Åçõ‰ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ äéπ ïô’d îËÆœ† °æ®Ω’-í∫’©÷, éÓ™p-®·† ÉC

late

wickets.

b) My information is later than his =

ÅûªúÕ ´ü¿l Ö†o Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç éπçõ‰ Ø√ ´ü¿l Ö†oC Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC – Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ éÌçîÁç ´·çüË ïJ-T-†ô’x – Åçõ‰ û√ñ« Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç. ´’†ç à news paper †’ áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úøû√ç?late news ÉîËa newspaper †’ éπü∆ – Åçõ‰ û√ñ« Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÉîËa news paper †’.

any other person in the village =

Ç ví¬´’ç-™ E N’í∫-û√-¢√∞¡x éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ °ü¿l. (äÍé M. SURESAN èπ◊ô’ç•ç é¬ü¿’) 2) elder - ÉC äÍé èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√J ´ßª’-Ææ’q©’ §Ú©a-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. a) Sri Rama was Laxmana's elder.

latest developments

É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJT† °æJ ù«-´÷™x éπúø-°æöÀC– Åçõ‰ éÌûªh °æJ-ù«´’ç. latest techniques = (É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ éπúø-°æöÀ) éÌûªh °æü¿l¥A É°æ¤púø’ last N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç. latest, É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† time ™ *´J Å®·ûË, last, äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤© véπ´’ç™/ ´’†’-≠æfl© véπ´’ç™ *´-JC/ *´-J-¢√®Ω’

(®√´·úø’, ©éπ~ t-ù’úÕ éπçõ‰ °ü¿l – äÍé èπ◊ô’ç•ç) Å®·ûË elder ¢√úË B®Ω’ ´·êuç. elder than é¬F, elder to é¬F ņç b) Bhima was Arjuna's elder - É™« ¢√ú≈L elder †’.

a) Kumar is the last to come =

c) My uncle is my mother's elder -

Åçü¿-J™ *´®Ω ´*a-†-¢√úø’ èπ◊´÷®˝. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – Ééπ\úø time èπ◊ é¬ü¿’ v§ƒüµ∆†uç, ´*a† ¢√∞¡x ´®Ω-Ææèπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. b) This is the last book written by the author=

Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª *´J °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC. °æ-öÀdéπ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ.

The news came late =

¢√®Ωh Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´*açC. °∂æLûªç, †≠ædç, Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç 鬢Ìa. Å®·ûË ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. a) Late news = Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ÅçC† ¢√®Ωh ÅE. Åçõ‰ û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh. Å™«Íí,

b) He is older than

Last 1) This is the last book of the author

(Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª*´J °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC – DE ûª®√yûª Çߪ’† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’) 2) This is the last of the series (Ç ´®ΩÆæ véπ´’ç™ ÉC *´-JC – DE ûª®√yûª ÉçÍéD ™‰ü¿’) 3) The last wicket fall at 313. (*´J Çô-í¬úø’ 313 °æ®Ω’-í∫’© ü¿í∫_®Ω Å´¤-ô-ߪ÷uúø’– Innings ´·T-ÆœçC) (Å®·ûË, last Åçõ‰ §Ú®·† ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿ-ú≈ ÖçC éπü∆– last week/ last year ™™«. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L)

´÷ Å´’t-éπØ√o ´÷ ´÷´’-°ü¿l. (My uncle is elder than my mother. My uncle is elder to my mother -

Ñ È®çúø÷ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’) Å®·ûË American English ™ He is my older brother, She is my older sister ņôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. Latest This is the latest book of the author.

(Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ®√Æœ† ¢√öÀ™ *´-J-CC/ DE ûª®√yûª Éçé¬ ®√ߪ’-´îª’a) This is the latest in the series

(Ç ´®Ω-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ ÉC éÌûªhC) The latest wicket to fall is that of Sehwag.

(É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† Çô™ éÌûªhí¬ out Å®·çC Sehwag (Éçé¬ Çú≈Lq†¢√∞¡ŸxØ√o®Ω’)

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 16 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Sampath: Why are people so crazy about imported stuff? They are proud of possessing them.

2

Sanath: You pay for quality; that's all. But I think wrist watches are among the lesser imported items.

(Imported

´Ææ’h-´¤-©çõ‰ Åçûª ¢Á÷ñ‰çöÀ ï-Ø√-EéÀ ÅN Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« í∫®Ωyçí¬ Öçö«®Ω’.) imported Éç§Ú-öÀú˛ – Cí∫’-´’-ûÁj†, Åçõ‰ NüËQ (foreign). crazy vÈé-ß˝’> – °œ*a-¢Á÷V. Sanath: (Do) you mean imported TVs, imported cars, imported watches etc.

(†’´y-ØËC NüËQ鬮Ω’x, öÃO©’, ¢√’ ´Èíj®√ í∫’Jçî√?) Sampath: Yea. I am sure our country goods are as good as the so called imported ones. Moreover, I think, the so called imported goods are not suitable for Indian conditions.

(Ø√ùu-ûªèπ◊ ê®Ω’a °úø-û√´¤. ÅçûË éπü∆. Å®·ûË Øˆ-†’-éÓ-´ôç, ûªèπ◊\-´èπ◊ Cí∫’-´’ûªßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤™x wrist watches äéπôE) ☯

(äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ íÌ°æpü∆, -ûªèπ◊\-´-ü∆ ÅØËC ü∆Eo -´’-†ç -¢√-úË °æ-JÆœn-ûª’-©èπ◊ -Å-†’í∫’-ù¢Á’iç-ü∆ é¬-ü∆ -Å-ØË-ü∆-Eo •öÀd éπü∆ Öçô’çC? Å™« BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ ûªßª÷®ΩßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤©’, NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤©Íéç BÆœ-§Ú´¤, Éçé¬ ¢Ë’™„j†N èπÿú≈.) adaptibility °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’©èπ◊ ņ’í∫’-ùçí¬ ÖçúË Ææy¶µ«´ç. Sanath: Look here. I have been a dealer in electronic goods and appliances for far longer than you. I am senior to you in the field. Our goods are not half as durable as imported ones.

(îª÷úø’ Ñ electronic ´Ææ’h-´¤©, °æJ-éπ®√© NvÍé-ûªí¬ ؈’ Féπçõ‰ î√™« áèπ◊\´ 鬩çí¬ ÖØ√o†’. ؈’ Féπçõ‰ Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç Ö†o-¢√-úÕE. NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© ´’Eo-éπ™ ´’† ´Ææ’h-´¤© ´’Eoéπ Ææí∫ç èπÿú≈ Öçúøü¿’.) Appliances = Å°æx-ߪ ’-Eq-ñ ¸ – '°æ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = °æJ-éπ-®√©’ (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬) í∫%£æ«Ù-°æßÁ÷í∫ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. Durability = ´’Eoéπ Sampath: I do admit I am your junior, but I still feel that the prices of imported goods are unreasonable.

éÌEo éÌEo comparatives usage ´÷´‚©’ éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Öçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x äéπöÀ elder, older - OöÀ N≠æߪ’ç ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ Å™«ç-öÀN ´’J-éÌEo comparatives ÖØ√o®·. ÅN superior inferior, senior and junior. Oô-®√n©’ ´’†çü¿®Ωèπÿ ûÁL-Æ œ-†¢Ë éπü∆; Å®·ûË ÉN comparatives Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà OöÀ ûª®√yûª than ®√ü¿’. To ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.

Spoken English

Now look at the following sentences from

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 214

positive

the conversation: 1) They are definitely superior to Indian goods. 2) Our technology is inferior to theirs and nat-

comparative

superlative

little

less

least

few

fewer

fewest

Little, uncountables

3) I am senior to you in the field.

ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd, ü∆EéÀ comparative Å®·† less, superlative Å®·† least †’ èπÿú≈ uncountables ûÓØË ¢√ú≈L.

4) I do admit I am junior to you.

a) The milk in this glass is less than the milk in

urally the quality is inferior too.

ÅEoçöx, superior, inferior, senior, junior - Ñ comparatives ûª®√yûª than é¬èπ◊çú≈ to ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. °j

sentences

that glass =

Ç glass ™ §ƒ©’ Ñ ûªèπ◊\´.

glass

™ §ƒ©éπçõ‰

I have few friends here Superior: Ø√ùu-ûª™ , Ææy¶µ«-´ç™ ÉçÍé-üÁjØ√ ´’ç* í∫’ùç™ N’í∫-û√-¢√öÀéπçõ‰/- N’-í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xéπçõ‰ íÌ°æp-C/íÌ°æp ÅE. a) This camera is superior to that because of its extra features =

Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Ñ columns ™ èπÿú≈ little, few ©†’ í∫’Jç* îªJaçî√ç éπü∆. ¢√öÀ comparatives Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îªJaçî√ç, äéπ\-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁaèπ◊çü∆ç.

camera camera

Ñ

èπ◊†o Åü¿-†°æ¤ ≤˘éπ-®√u© ´©x, Ç éπçõ‰ ÉC íÌ°æpC.

FEW

LITTLE

bles

£æ…L-´¤ú˛ *vû√™x îµ√ߪ÷-ví∫-£æ«ùç ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ *vû√™x éπçõ‰ ¢Ë’©’í¬ Öçô’çC. Inferior = ûªèπ◊\´ ®Ωéπç

(™„éπ\-°--ôdE ¢√öÀ)ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

á°æ¤púø÷ countables (™„éπ\°õ‰d-¢√öÀ)ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

(little rice/ sugar/ milk, etc)

(few books/ friends/ boys)

a) Indian bowling strength is inferior to

Little =

Few =

b) The camera work in Hollywood movies is superior to that in Indian movies =

Australian bowling strength = Australian bowling

°æöÀ-´’-éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωûª bowling

uncounta-

á°æ¤púø÷

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’

There is little milk in the glass = glass

°æöÀ´’ ûªèπ◊\´. b) In speed and mileage Indian cars are infe-

¢Ëí∫ç, mileage N≠æ-ߪ÷™x Japanese cars éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ cars BÆœ-éπõ‰d. senior = ´ßª’-Ææ’™, ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ (à ®Ωçí∫ç-™ -ØÁj†) °ü¿l/ áèπ◊\´. a) He was senior to me/ my senior at school by a year = school

™ Åûªúø’ Ø√éπçõ‰ °j

class

™ ÖçúË-

b) She is senior to me in age by a year =

Ç¢Á’ Ø√éπçõ‰ äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °ü¿l (´ßª’-Ææ’™) c) NT Rama Rao was senior to Jaggaiah as a movie actor =

†ô’-úÕí¬ NTR èπ◊ ïí∫_ߪ’u éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç. èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – ´ßª’-Ææ’™ *†o, ņ’-¶µº´ç ûªèπ◊\´. Junior. Senior

a) Sehwag is junior to Kumble = Sehwag cricket

ņ’-¶µº´ç ûªèπ◊\´

b) Though we are classmates, he is junior to me in age.

(¢Ë’ç äÍé class Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´ßª’-Ææ’™ Åûª†’ *-†o.)

I have few friends here =

A few friends of mine are coming today = friends

®ÓT--§Ò-ü¿’l-† éÌ-Eo -§ƒ-©’ -û√í¬-úø’ Very little = The patient had very little food yesterday =

î√-™«-

¢√úø’.

™‰®Ω’

The Patient had a little milk in the morning =

àüÓ éÌçûª/

éÌCl.

Ø√ ™ É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_-®Ì-Ææ’hØ√o-K-®Ó-V. Very few = î√-™«éÌ-Eo/ éÌ-Cl-´’ç-C

Very few know this secret =

®ÓT E†o î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ ǣ慮Ωç BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’. The little = Ö†o Ç éÌCl =

î√-™« -éÌCl ´’çCÍé Ñ ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ûÁ©’Ææ’. The few = Ö†o Ç éÌ-Eo / éÌCl ´’çD.

The patient threw up the little food she had taken =

The few that passed got very low marks =

®ÓT BÆæ’èπ◊†o Ç éÌCl Ç£æ…-®√Eo ¢√çA îËÆæ’èπ◊çC.

this glass has the least milk =

Ç ´‚úø’ glasses ™, Ñ glass ™ ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ §ƒ©’-Ø√o®·. M. SURESAN Less, countables ûÓ èπÿú≈, ´·êuçí¬ 'no' ûÓ, ûªèπ◊\´é¬èπ◊çú≈/ ûªèπ◊\´é¬E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«®Ω’. a) The book has been translated into no less than twenty languages =

Ææy©pç

A little =

b) Of the three glasses,

ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰´¤/

Ééπ\úø Ø√èπ◊ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ™‰®Ω’ (ü∆ü∆°æ¤) A few = à¢Ó éÌEo/ éÌçûª´’çC

™ §ƒ©’ ™‰-´¤ (ü∆ü∆°æ¤)

rior to japanese cars =

èπ◊綉x éπçõ‰ (Féπçõ‰ Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ ûªèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç Ö†o ¢√úÕ-†E -Åç-Uéπ-J≤ƒh. é¬F NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© üµ¿®Ω©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´.) unreasonable = Ææ•-•’-é¬-†çûª áèπ◊\´

☯

continues.

Sanath: No, no. They are definitely superior to Indian goods. Our technology is inferior to theirs, and naturally the quality is inferior too.

Sampath: Whether a thing is inferior or superior depends on its adaptability to the situation of its use, doesn't it? If that's the case, Indians goods are as good as, even better than foreign ones.

☯

Our study of comparative in spoken English

(´’† ÆæyüËP Ææ®Ωèπ◊, NüËQ Ææ®Ω-éπçûª ´’ç*üË ÅE Ø√ †´’téπç. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈, Ñ NüËQ Ææ®Ωèπ◊©’ ´’†-ü˨¡ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©èπ◊ ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ Öçúø´¤.) So called = ÅØË (ņ-•úË) The so called honest man = Eñ«--ߪ’Béπ©¢√-úÕí¬ Å†-•-úË-¢√úø’ – Åçõ‰ ÅûªE Eñ«--ߪ’B ´’†ç †´’túøç ™‰ü¿’.

(ÅüËçé¬ü¿’. NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ´’† ´Ææ’h´¤© éπçõ‰ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj-†¢Ë. ´’† ≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ ØÁj°æ¤ùuç, ¢√∞¡x ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ®Ωéπç, Åçü¿’-éπE Ææ£æ«-ïç-í¬ØË ´’† ´Ææ’h´¤ Ø√ùuûª NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© Ø√ùuûª éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë)

☯

pass

Å®·† Ç éÌCl ´’çD ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’.

-Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç 20 éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\-´-é¬E ¶µ«≠æ-™xéÀ ņ’¢√-ü¿-¢Á’içC. (-ü∆--ü∆°æ¤ 20 -¶µ«-≠æ-™xéÀ) b) The movie has been released in no less than thirty theatres =

Ç *vûªç 30éÀ ûªèπ◊\-´-é¬E ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-∞¡x™ Núø’-ü¿™„jçC. (-ü∆-ü∆-°æ¤ 30 Æœ-E-´÷£æ…-∞¡x-™) Little èπ◊ comparative, less. Little †’ uncountables ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd less †’ countables ûÓ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’, fewer ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈-©E éÌçü¿-®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. eg: I tried to contact him no fewer than ten times

(à °æC-≤ƒ®Óx/ °æC-≤ƒ-®Ωxèπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-EûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’.) Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’ spoken English ™ countables èπ◊ èπÿú≈ less, fewer °ü¿l ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. I gave him no less than a hundred books/ no fewer than a hundred books.

Åûª-úÕéÀ ؈’ à ´çü¿ °æ¤Ææh-鬙/ ´çü¿èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ é¬èπ◊çú≈ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Éî√a†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ less, fewer éÀ ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøôç ´÷´‚-™„jçC. less ¢√úøôç °ü¿l ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. (Å®·ûË fewer ´÷vûªç uncountables èπ◊ ¢√úøç).

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 18 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Jayanth: Hi Anant, good to see you though after such a long time. How goes life?

(£æ…ß˝’ ņçû˝, î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√y-ûª®·Ø√ E†’o îª÷úøôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?)

Ananth: Getting on. How is it with you?

(àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?) (´÷´‚™‰)

Jayanth: As usual. Ananth: How is Vasanth? Long since I met him.

(´Ææçû˝ ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? îª÷Æœ î√™«-é¬-©-¢Á’içC.)

Jayanth: Not in the best of circumstances, I must say.

(ÅûªúÕ °æJ-ÆœnA ÅçûËç ¶«í¬™‰ü¿ØË îÁ§ƒpL ) Why? what is wrong? (àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç)

Ananth: Jayanth: He has had losses in business. His partners have cheated him. But he is facing all this very bravely. A lesser man than he would have gone mad.

(¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ †≥ƒd©’ ´î√a®·. ÅûªúÕ ¶µ«í∫-≤ƒy-´·-©-ûª-úÕE ´·çî√®Ω’. é¬E Éçûª ïJ-TØ√ üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª-úÕéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÂÆkn®Ωuç Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË, ѧƒöÀéÀ °œ*a-¢√-∞¡x-®·-§Ú-ßË’-¢√®Ω’.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 215

2

Ananth: That'll be too late for me to see him. I think I'll wait and see him today. Won't you come with me?

(Å°æp-öÀéÀ ´’K Ç©Ææu¢Á’i-§Ú-ûª’çC. Ñ®ÓV ÇT, ¢√úÕE îª÷ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. †’´¤y- Ø√ûÓ®√¢√) Jayanth: I will, of course. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´≤ƒh) Ananth: OK. Let's in the meantime watch the TV. - little degrees - little (positive), less (comparative), least (superlative). little comparative lesser. Less, lesser little comparatives use Less less a) She has less jewellery than her sister (has) = b) He gets less income from his job than from his rents=

(-ÆæÍ®. Ñ´’üµ¿u é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ öÀ.N. îª÷ü∆lç.) ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ îª÷ÆœçC èπ◊ Éûª®Ω

Å®·ûË èπ◊ È®çúÓ, (ÉçéÓ) èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÅC Ñ È®çúø÷ èπ◊ Å®·Ø√, ¢√öÀ ™ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. Å®Ωnç, Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉçéÓ ¢√úøû√ç. ü∆EûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ûªèπ◊\-¢Áj† ÅØË Å®Ωnç™

Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o †í∫©’, Ç¢Á’ ≤Úü¿J †í∫© éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´.

Åûª-úÕéÀ ÅüÁl© ´©x ´îËa Çü∆-ߪ÷-E-éπçõ‰, ÖüÓuí∫ç ´©x ´îËa Çü∆ߪ’ç ûªèπ◊\´. Lesser Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÓ-ü∆-Eéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅE Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà less ¢√úË îÓô™«x lesser ¢√úøç. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ •©ç/v°æA¶µº/¨¡éÀh, -¢Á·ü¿-™„j-† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

d) He is involved in the crime to a lesser or greater extent=

Ç ØË®Ωç™ éÌüÓl, í̧Úp OúÕ

§ƒvûª èπÿú≈ ÖçC. extent= ´®Ωèπ◊/ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊=

degree.

e) This is the lesser of the two evils

= È®çúø÷ îÁúË, Å®·ûË ÉC È®çúÕç-öÀ™ ûªèπ◊\´ îÁúø’.

g) A lesser man than he would have gone etc) mad =

b) If 3.30 is too early, 5.30 is too late. 3.30










Look at the following sentence from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) He is too trusting and too risking

(N†-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. Å®·ûË äéπöÀ. Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ ÅAí¬ †´·t-û√úø’; ÅAí¬ ûÁT-≤ƒhúø’. Åü¿-ûªEo *èπ◊\™x °æúË-Ææ’hçC.) Trusting= †¢Ë’t Ææy¶µ«-´ç-éπ©; risking= ûÁTç-îªôç, -JÆˇ\ BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. Land somebody in trouble= *èπ◊\™x °æúË-ߪ’ôç Jayanth: I agree with you there.

(Ç N≠æߪ’ç ؈ç-U-éπ-J≤ƒh.) Ananth: I wish to see him.

(¢√úÕE îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿ô 50,000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©úÕ-TØ√, *´-®Ωèπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Á·û√hEéÀ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-î√®Ω’. ÉüË ¶µ«´ç, less ¢√úÕûË É™« îÁ•’û√ç.

c) They originally ... , accepted a sum less than that. a lesser sum = (c) a sum less (b) lesser than ... sum noun lesser noun Eg: A lesser player, A lesser degree A lesser offense etc. A lesser player than Tendulkar could not have scored so many centuries= cricketer, Tendulkar centuries lesser noun

™

Jayanth: It is too early. You wait for an hour. He will then have returned from his morning walk.

(É°æ¤púø’ ´’K °çü¿-™«úË Å´¤-ûª’çC. ã í∫çô Çí∫’. Å°æp-öÀéÀ ´÷Joçí˚ ¢√é˙ †’ç* AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’.)

Ananth: Does he still continue his morning walk?

(Éçé¬ ´÷Joçí˚ ¢√é˙èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√oú≈?)

Jayanth: He does. That keeps him healthy.

(Å´¤†’. ÅC ¢√úÕE Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ Öç-ûÓçC.) Ananth: (Do) you suggest that I wait for another hour to see him. I'm afraid that's too long. I have work at 9.30. I think I'll see him tomorrow.

(¢√úÕE îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ††’o ´’®Ó í∫çô ¢Ë*-îª÷-úø-´’ç-ö«¢√? ÅC ´’K áèπ◊\´ Ææ´’-ߪ’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ø√èπ◊ ûÌN’t-C-†o-®Ωèπ◊ °æ†’çC. Í®°æ¤ îª÷ú≈-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) Jayanth: I leave it to you, but I'm not sure of his programme tomorrow. He may be out of town, and return only on friday.

(F É≠ædç ´’J. é¬E Í®°æûªE v§Úví¬¢˛’ àN’ö Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-Mü¿’. Í®°æ¤ Ü∞x Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπÿ ®√éπ-§Ú-´îª’a)

Spoken English

Ç 15 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©’ç-úøü¿’. ¶«í¬ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë Öçô’çC. ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç È®çúÕç-öÀéà ֆo°æpöÀéà ¢√úÕ-†çûª ûª®Ω¢√úøç. í¬

™ ûËú≈ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’, ÅØË ®√´ôç – É™« ´Ææ’hçC. áèπ◊\-´í¬ (ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ é¬Ææh (Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊), ØË®Ωç),

ûª®√yûª ûª®√yûª

2) It is too early 3) I'm afraid that's too long 4) That'll be too late Look at the use of too in the sentences above. too

Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, ÅA/ ÅAí¬ ÅE. ÅAí¬ Åçõ‰ Å´Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬, ¢Á÷û√ü¿’èπ◊ N’ç* ÅE éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúø’ °∂æL-û√©’ éπ©-í∫-´-îªaE. 1) He is too trusting and risking = Åûªúø’ (Éûª-®Ω’©†’) ÅAí¬ †´·t-û√úø’. ü∆E-´©x ü¿’≠æp¥-Lûªç – ÅûªE partners ÅûªEo ´·çîË-ߪ’ôç. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ too risking = ´’K áèπ◊\´ ûÁTç°æ¤ – v°æ´÷ü¿çûÓ èπÿúø’-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo (risk †’) èπÿú≈ ûÁTç* îËߪ’ôç. – Éûª†’ ÉC ´’K îË≤ƒhúø’ – °∂æLûªç, †≠ædç 2) It is too early = ´’K °çü¿-™«úÁ – Åçü¿’-´©x °æE ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.

5 í∫çô©èπ◊ ´îËa éÓÆæç, 3.30Íé èπ◊ îË®Ω’éÓ-´ôç ´’K ´·çü¿Í® ¢Á∞¡xôç Å´¤-ûª’çC.

éÀ ´’K ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡}ôç Å®·ûË, 5.30 éÀ ´îËa •çúÕ-éÓÆæç 5.30 èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}ôç Åû√u-©Ææuç (•çúÕ ûª°œp-§Ú-ûª’çC– v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’™‰ç.) 3) I'm afraid that it is too long = ÅC ´’K áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-Ê°¢Á÷ ÅE-°œ-≤Úhç-C-Ø√èπ◊. (°æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’ N≠æ-N’çîËçûªÊÆ°æ¤) a) He stayed here too long = Åûª-E-éπ\úø ´’K áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√oúø’. (Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤çúøôç ´©x °∂æL-û√©’ îÁúø’. ÅûªE ÖüËl-¨¡´‚ îÁúø’é¬-´îª’a/ Åûª-EéÀ, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ éπL-TçC) Very, too- Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπöÀ鬴¤ – Å®Ωnç™ é¬F, use ™ é¬F. Very Åçõ‰ î√™«/ áèπ◊\´ ÅE ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’-´©x Åçûª îÁúø’/ †≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. Too Åçõ‰ ´’K/ ÅA ÅE. a) The train is very late = Train î√™« Eü∆-†çí¬/ ØÁ´’t-Cí¬ §ÚûÓçC. ´’†ç í∫´’uç îË®Ωôç (î√™«) Ç©Ææuç 鬴a, °∂æLûªç ü¿éπ\-´îª’a. b) Train is too slow = Train ´’K/ ÅA Eü∆-†çí¬ ¢Á∞hçC. ´’†ç îËÍ®-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ, v°æߪ÷ù °∂æLûªç ü¿éπ\ü¿’. c) The doctor was called in very late = Doctor

†’ î√™« Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °œL-î√®Ω’. (N’ç* §Ú™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh-®·Ø√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ©Gµç*çC)

d) The doctor was called in too late = Doctor

†’ ´’K Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °œL-î√®Ω’. (Å°æp-öÀÍé N’ç*-§Ú-®·çC. v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC. Doctor îËûª’©’ èπÿú≈ ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC.)

ûªèπ◊\´ ûªèπ◊\´

éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ v°æA¶µº éπL-T† ÅEo îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ é¬úø’. †’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ äéπ (Ê°®Ω’x Åçõ‰ ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç) ´·çü¿’ ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Á·ûªhç (amount), v§ƒ´·êuç (importance), °æJ-´÷ùç (size) Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. a) The growing pollution, and, to a lesser degree, the scarcity of drinking water, are the cause of the trouble=

°®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o 鬩’≠æuç, ü∆Eéπçõ‰ é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊, ´’ç*-FöÀ éÌ®Ωûª, ¶«üµ¿-©èπ◊ 鬮Ω-ù«©’.

b) Though a city of lesser size and population than Kolkata, Mumbai has greater prominence=

éÓ™¸-éπû√ éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ïØ√¶µ«, °æJ-´÷ùç-éπ© †í∫-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´·ç¶„j v§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´.

c) A lesser leader than Gandhi would have yielded to the British= British

Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’

(´’K ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤ – ûÁJ* Öçúøü¿’/ †’´¤y áèπ◊\-´ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë* Öçú≈Lq ´Ææ’hçC.)

a) Reaching the station at 3.30 for a train that arrives at 5.00 is too early = train station




Look at the following. a) The pen can't be Rs 15/- It'd be much less= pen less, lesser less lesser b) They originally demanded Rs. 50,000/- but finally settled for a lesser sum=

Syam: It is too early Bank

Åçûªí¬ Ê°®Ω’-§Òç-ü¿E ¶«M-´¤ú˛ †ô’™x Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.

f) He is among the lesser known actors of Bollywood=

That'll be too late Ananth: Sorry to hear that. But one thing. He is too trusting and too risking. That sometimes lands him in trouble.

èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL. •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-

ûª’Ø√o)

Åûª-úÕéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ (ÂÆkn®Ωuç, ¢√∞¡x-®·ûË, °œ*a ¢√∞¡x-®·-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞Ïx. ÉD lesser Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. M. SURESAN

Prem: I want to go to bank urgently. I am starting. (Bank

í¬çDµéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ íÌ°æp ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ™ÔçÍí-¢√úø’.

EXERCISE Sumithra:

Ñ <®Ω ᙫ ÖçC? E†oØË éÌØ√o. Suchithra: Ñ <®Ω °æô’d (silk) †’´¤y Åçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿’ é̆o <®Ω °æô’d-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ø√ùu-¢Á’içC. Å®·ûË ü∆E ï-KéÀ D†çûª Ø√ùu-ûª-™‰ü¿’. (ïK = brocade - v¶ÔÈé-ß˝’ú˛ – 'Èéß˝’— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) Sumithra: Å®·ûË ÉC ü∆E-éπçõ‰ êK-üÁjçC. Suchithra: Ñ È®çúø’ Ææç´-ûªq-®√™x †’´¤y -á-E-N’-C °æô’d <®Ω-©-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ é̆’ç-úø-´¤-éπü∆? Sumithra: ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Suchithra: áç°œéπ FüËØ√,- -¢ËÍ®-´-J Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√? Sumithra: ´÷ ´C††’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ø√éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº-´´·çC. Suchithra: Selection î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.Sumithra: üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’.

ANSWER Sumithra: How is this sari? I bought it yesterday. Suchithra: The silk/ texture

of this sari is superior to that of the sari you bought earlier, but its brocade is inferior to that of the earlier sari.

(ØËûª)

Sumithra: But this is costlier than that. Suchithra: You must have bought not less than/ no fewer than eight saris in the last two years. Isn't that so? Sumithra: I think so. Suchithra: Is the selection yours, or do you take any one's help? Sumithra: I take my sister-in-law's help. She is senior to me in these matters. Suchithra: The selection is really good. Sumithra: Thank you.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 20 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Govind: Aravind, where did you get the information from?

(Å®Ω-Nçü˛, Fèπ◊ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ´*açC?) Aravind: Which information (do) you mean?

(à Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç í∫’Jç* Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?) Govind: That there will be a hike in the allowances to employees.

(ÖüÓu-í∫’© Öçô’çü¿E)

¶µºû√u™x

°ç°æ¤-ü¿©

Aravind: I had it from Gopal. You know he is in a key position in the finance ministry

(íÓ§ƒ™¸ îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√èπ◊. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬, Åûª†’ finance ministry ™ éééπ °æü¿N™ ÖØ√o-úøE.) Key = éé-éπ-¢Á’i†; position = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç îÓô’. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç °æü¿N.

(†’´‹y ؈÷ Å™« ØÁô’d-éÌ-Ææ’hØ√oç. Ê°ü¿-¢√∞¡xç 鬴·. ÅC î√©’ éπü∆? Sekhar á°æ¤púø÷ úø•’s Ææ秃-ü¿†™ í∫úø’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. Ææ秃-Cç-*† úø•’s ņ’-¶µºNç-îª-ö«-EÍé BJ-éπ-™‰-ü¿-ûª-EéÀ. Åçûª trouble °æ-úø-ôç éπç-õ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ úø•’sûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EÍé É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’ ؈’) get on = Å™« í∫úÕ-Ê°≤ƒhç. we are not starving = ´’†ç °æÆæ’h-©’ç-úøôç ™‰ü¿’ – Åçõ‰ Ê°ü¿©ç é¬-´· ÅE. üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÕE é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ØËØËç Hü¿-¢√-úÕ-E-鬆’, ÅE í∫öÀdí¬ Å†-ö«-EéÀ, English ™ I am not starving Åçö«ç. ÉC O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. starve = °æÆæ’hç-úøôç; fast = äéπ-§Òü¿’l/ Ö°æ-¢√Ææç Öçúøôç. I'd do = I would be satisfied

Aravind: He hasn't earned much, though. He is too honest for that. Others in similar or even in lower positions are much richer than he.

good position, he hasn't earned much = He is in a good position, he hasn't earned much, though. Though, position

Ééπ\úø *´®Ω ®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. ´’ç* ™ ÖØ√oúø’, Å®·Ø√ àç Ææ秃-Cç-îª-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. ÉC ´’ç* conversational expression. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Govind: He has more power than money.

(Åûª-EéÀ úø•’s-éπç-õ‰, ÅCµ-鬮Ωç, °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ áèπ◊\´.) Aravind: That way Mukund is the best of the lot. He is very wealthy but has little else. Unfortunately he is more wealthy than healthy.

(Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷ÊÆh ´·èπ◊çüË Åçü¿-J™ ´’ç* ÆœnA™ ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª†’ Ææç°æ-†’oúË é¬E úø•’s ûª°æp Åûª-E-éÀç-Íéç-™‰ü¿’. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠æd-´-¨»ûª’h Åûª-EéÀ Ç®Óí∫uçéπç-õ‰ úø¶„s-èπ◊\´.) Govind: Life's like that. It isn't an unmixed blessing for any. Look at koteswar. He has more fame than happiness or money.

(@Nûªç ÅçûË. Åçü¿-JéÀ ÅFo Öçúø´¤. éÓõ‰-¨¡y®˝ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷úø’. ¢√úÕéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æç, -úø-•’s éπç-õ‰ ë«uA -á-èπ◊\´.) Life's like that = @Nûªç ÅçûË. (ÅüË @Nûªç – ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’d ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.) unmixed blessing - ÉC @N-û√Eo í∫’Jç* îÁÊ°p N≠æߪ’ç – @N-ûªç™ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´’†èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEoîËa N≠æߪ’ç Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç ņ’èπ◊-†oô’d àD °æ‹Jhí¬ Å´’-®Ωü¿’. Aravind: You and I just get on. We are not starving. That's enough for us, isn't it? Sekhar is all the time busy making money. God knows when he finds the time to enjoy what he gets. I'd rather do with less money than put myself to such trouble.

Spoken English

Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤©éπç-õ‰ à†’í∫’ •©-¢Á’içC. Ééπ\úø î√™« ïçûª’-´¤©èπ◊†o äÍé í∫’ù«Eo – strong - §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – 鬕öÀd

☯

☯

☯

2) äÍé ´uéÀhéÀ/ äéπ-ü∆-EÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«©’ §ÚLÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’ more ¢√úøû√ç, regular comparative forms Ö†o ¢√öÀéÀ èπÿú≈.

☯

eg: The elephant is more strong than fast.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 216

a) I'd rather die than tell a lie

(Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ°æpúøç-éπçõ‰ î√´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ) b) Our Indian movie heroes rather dance in the movies than act =

stronger.

à†’-í∫’èπ◊ (äÍé ïçûª’-´¤èπ◊) Ö†o È®çúø’ ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – 鬕öÀd, more strong Åçô’Ø√oç.

£‘«®Ó©’ †öÀç-îªôç éπçõ‰ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.

´’† ÆœE-´÷™x dance áèπ◊\´

c) It is better to call them dancers rather

¢√∞¡x†’ actors ņ-ôç-éπçõ‰ ņôç †ßª’ç. (É™«çöÀîÓôx than •ü¿’©’ rather than áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.)

than actors = dancers

He is more smart than good Look at the following sentences:

(Å®·Ø√ ÅûªØËç Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’, ´’J. Åûª-E-™«çöÀ °æü¿-´¤™x, Åûª-E-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ °æü¿-´¤™x Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx Åûª-E-éπçõ‰ üµ¿E-èπ◊-©’í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.) He hasn't earned much, though - Ñ v°æßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Though he is in a

eg: The elephant is stronger than any other land animal.

Govind: Yes, That's true.

Govind: Yea, I know. He is really in a good position in the IAS. I think of all of us he enjoys the highest official status.

(Å´¤†’, ûÁ©’Ææ’. IAS ™ Åûª†’ ´’ç* °æü¿-N™ ÖØ√oúø’. ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ Åûª’u-†oûª ÅCµ-é¬-Jéπ ÆœnA™ ÖØ√o-úø-ûª†’.)

2

a) Gopal is richer than Gokul (Gokul Gopal

éπçõ‰

üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’úø’)

b) Gopal is more rich than handsome - (Gopal

üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÁj-†çûª, Åçü¿-í¬úø’ é¬úø’ = íÓ§ƒ-™ ¸èπ◊ Åçü¿çéπç-õ‰ úø¶„s-èπ◊\´) (a) ™ rich éÀ comparative í¬ richer ¢√ú≈ç. (b) ™ more rich ÅØ√oç. (a) ™ Éü¿l-J-èπ◊†o äÍé í∫’ù«Eo (rich) §Ú™«aç. Åéπ\úø richer ÅE regular comparative ¢√ú≈ç. (b) ™ äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«©’ §Ú™«aç éπü∆. (b) ™™« äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ í∫’ù«-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o í∫’ùç-´·çü¿’ more ¢√úøû√ç – Åéπ\úø regular comparative ®√ü¿’. i) She is more clever than beautiful = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Åçü¿ç-éπç-õ‰ ûÁL-¢Á-èπ◊\´. (äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE more clever Åçö«ç, cleverer ÅE ņç.)

So that is the difference between the regular comparative form, and more + adjective form. Some more examples. a) This building is more M. strong than beautiful = (stronger

Ñ ¢Ë’úø Åçü¿çí¬ éπçõ‰ •©çí¬ ÖçC.

d) Rather than get into a crowded bus, why not walk?/ why don't you walk? =

Åçûª ï†ç Ö†o ¢Ë’©’ éπü∆?

áéπ\úøç éπçõ‰ †úø-´ôç

e) I decided to be jobless rather than do

SURESAN

é¬ü¿’)

b) He is more smart than good = (smarter

´’ç*ûª†ç éπçõ‰ ûÁLN áèπ◊\´.

bus

ÅûªEéÀ é¬ü¿’.)

Now study this sentence from the conversation: I'd (I would) rather do with less money than put myself to such a trouble =

Åçûª v¨¡´’°æúËéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ úø•’sûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√†’ ؈’. Ñ sentence ™ rather ... than èπÿú≈ äéπ ®Ωéπçí¬ §ÚL-éπ†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆. Ééπ\úø rather ... than ´’† áç°œéπ (choice) †’ ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

such a job =

Å™«çöÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç îËߪ’-úøç-éπçõ‰ ÖüÓuí∫ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-ö«-EÍé E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o. (E®Ω’-üÓu-Tí¬ Öçú≈-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o.) É™« rather than ´’†ç äéπ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† comparative í¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ´·êuçí¬ à Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú™‰a-ô-°æ¤púø’ rather than ¢√úøû√ç. f) Rather than talk all the time, why don't you do some work? =

Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ ´÷ö«x-úËéπç-õ‰ àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? (´÷ô-™«°œ °æEîÁ®·u ÅE).

ii) Kumar is more good than intelligent = Kumar

èπ◊ ûÁL-N-éπçõ‰ ´’ç*ûª†ç áèπ◊\´. (äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – Åçü¿’-éπE better ¢√úøç; more good Åçö«ç.)

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) He has more power than money =

Åûª-EéÀ

úø•’s-éπç-õ‰ £æ«Ùü∆-´©x ÅCµ-鬮Ωç áèπ◊\´ 2) He (Mukund) is more wealthy than healthy =

´·èπ◊ç-ü˛èπ◊ Ç®Óí∫uç éπç-õ‰ Ææç°æü¿ áèπ◊\´. (í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: wealthier ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. more wealthy Åçô’Ø√oç. áçü¿’-éπE? äÍé ´uéÀhèπ◊†o È®çúø’ ©éπ~-ù«©’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç– Åçü¿’-éπE wealthy, healthy èπ◊†o regular comparatives - wealthier, healthier ®√´¤.)

3) He has more fame than happiness or money.

Åûª-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æç, úø•’séπç-õ‰ ë«uA áèπ◊\´. äéπ-JÍé Ö†o äéπ í∫’ùç N’í∫û√ í∫’ù«-©éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÅE îÁ°æpôç – 鬕öÀd more fame than Åçö«ç É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç. 1) î√™«-´’ç-C-èπ◊†o äÍé í∫’ù«Eo §ÚLÊÆh regular comparative form ¢√úøû√ç.

EXERCISE

ANSWER

Practise the following aloud in English:

Gandharv: Why are you awake so late at night? It is 12 midnight.

Gandharv:

Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™Ô\-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ? ®√vA 12 í∫çô-©-®·çC. Kinnera: Ø√èπ◊ Í®°æ¤ Exam ÖçC. Gandharv: É™« Evü¿-§Ú-íÌ-ô’d-èπ◊E ®√vûªçû√ ¢Ë’™Ô\ØË •ü¿’©’ °æí∫©’ time waste îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ îªü¿-¢Ì-a-éπü∆? Kinnera: ÅC Eï¢Ë’. é¬F àç îËߪ’†’? ؈’ Å°æq-®Ω-™«í¬ 鬆’. ûª†’ v¨¡´’-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú®·Ø√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. ûª† Ææy¶µ«´ç, (by nature) éπ≠d-° æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-éπçõ‰ clever í¬ Öçúøôç. Gandharv: ؈-ØË-üËç-ôçõ‰, †’´¤y ®√vA •ü¿’©’ °æí∫©’ îªü¿-¢Ì-a-éπü∆ ÅE. Kinnera: Ø√èπ◊ °æí∫-©’-éπçõ‰ ®√vA îªü¿-´-ô¢Ë’ É≠ædç. Gandharv: Ø√éÓ friend ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úø÷ clever student. Å®·ûË §ƒ°æç Ö†o-¢√-úËçé¬ü¿’. Kinnera: Åçõ‰ Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-´¤-†oçûª úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Gandharv: Å´¤†’. Kinnera: @Nûªç Å™«ØË Öçô’çC.

Kinnera:

I have an exam tomorrow.

Gandharv: Rather than lose sleep by keeping awake late at night, you can study during the day without wasting time. Kinnera:

That's true. But what can I do? I am not like Apsara. It doesn't matter even if she doesn't work. By nature she is more clever than hard working.

Gandharv: What I mean is rather than study at night, you can study during the day. Kinnera:

I'd rather study at night than during the day.

Gandharv: I have a friend. He is clever too. But he is not rich. Kinnera:

That means he is more clever than rich.

Gandharv: Yea. Kinnera:

Life's like that.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 22 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Pramod: Vinod, this book doesn't give all the information about the tourist spots in

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

2

2) She wants full details of all the tourist spots in the state.

A.P.

3) She wants to make full use of this trip to see

(Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™E °æ®Ωu-ôéπ Ææn™«© °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´yôç ™‰ü¿’.) (Tourist = °æ®Ωu-ô-èπ◊©’. Spot= îÓ-ô’)

4) They can help your sister plan a perfect

Vinod: This booklet appears to better. In fewer

5) She said I was free to plan it any way I liked.

all the places. holiday.

pages, it gives complete information

6) The road from here to it is straight.

about the matter.

7) I will go direct from here.

(Ñ *†o°æ¤Ææhéπç ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ éπE°œ- Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ™- éÌEo adjectives èπ◊ degrees of com- woman = °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i† ( à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† üÓ≠æç ™‰E) Æ‘Y. ÅçûË. Åçõ‰ Circle (´%ûªhç), Square (îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç), ≤ÚhçC. ûªèπ◊\´ Ê°-@-™x °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç parison Öç-úø´¤. °j† Åç-úø®˝-™„j-Ø˛ îËÆœ† -´÷ô-©-Fo (Ééπ\úø she was more perfect than other women Rectangle (D®Ω` îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç), Triangle (vA¶µº’ïç), É≤ÚhçC) (Booklet= *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç) Å™«ç-öÀ¢Ë. ¢√öÀéÀ comparative, superlatives ņç. she was perfect; some other women were etc. Pramod: Let me have a look at it. My sister is Öçúø´¤. Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀE comparative, superlative í∫’çvúøç (circular/round) í¬ ÖçúËüË circle. perfect too, others were not perfect.) returning from the states. She wants ©™ ¢√úøç. 鬮Ω-ù«©’ îª÷ü∆lç. 5) She said I was free to plan it anyway I í∫’çvúøçí¬ ™‰EC circle é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd This Circle is full details of all the tourist spots in the 1) It gives complete information: liked: more round than that Circle = Ñ ´%ûªhç, Ç ´%ûªhç state. She wants to make full use of éπçõ‰ í∫’çvúøçí¬ ÖçC. Circle í∫’çvúøçí¬ Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË Free = Ææyûªçvûªç/ ÊÆyîªa- Ö-†o this trip to see all the spots. °j† îÁ°œp† N’í∫û√ ´÷ô--™«x free èπ◊, freer, freest ÉçÈ陫 Öçô’çC? Å™«Íí N’í∫û√ geometric fig(†ØÓo-≤ƒJ îª÷úøF. ´÷ -ÆœÆd®æ ˝ ÊÆdö¸q †’ç* ÅE degrees of comparison ¢√úøç. á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ures N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈. OöÀ-™ ¢ËöÀéà degrees of AJ-íÌ-≤ÚhçC. Ñ °æ®Ωu-ôéπ Ææn™«© N´®√-©’ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 217 Öçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx free. -™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ -¢√-∞¡Ÿx free 鬮Ω’. comparison Öçúø´¤. ¢Á·ûªhç ûª†èπ◊ 鬢√-©ç-öçC. Ñ≤ƒJ ´*a-†Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ™‰ü¿’. Åçõ‰ ÊÆyîªa ¥èπ◊ éÌEo

It gives complete information °æ¤púø’, ¢√öÀ-†-Eo-öÀE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ ûª† v°æߪ÷- Ééπ\úø complete Åçõ‰ °æ‹Jh. àüÁjØ√ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æJ-N’-ûª’-©’ç-úÌa. Åçü¿’-éπE ù«-Eo °æ‹Jhí¬ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÌç- °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Öçúøü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬F äéπ éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. öçC.) N≠æߪ’ç, ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç éπçõ‰ °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçúøôç ÅØË Kumar is free to a °æJ-ÆœnA Öçúøü¿’. Vinod: Why don't you consult a travel agency? greater degree than They can help your sister plan a perfect This glass is more complete than that glassKesav. Íé-¨¡-¢˛ éπç-õ‰ èπ◊´÷-®˝èπ◊ ÉC Å®Ωnç ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç éπü∆. Öçõ‰ holiday. áèπ◊\´ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ÖçC. M. SURESAN (†’¢Óy -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ñ„-FqE Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? a) È®çúø÷ °æ‹Jhí¬ EçúÕ Öçö«®·. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰) (Å°æ¤púø°æ¤púø’ Kumar has ¢√∞¡x-®·ûË O’ ÆœÆd®æ ˝ ÂÆ-©-´¤ °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωgçí¬ -§ƒx-Ø˛ b) äéπöÀ EçúÕ Öçúøôç, ÉçéÓöÀ Eçúø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç more freedom in these matter than Kesav- É™« îËߪ’-ôç™ ûÓúøp-úø-í∫-©®Ω’.) Å-¢Ìa. ÅçûË-é¬E äéπ glass ÉçéÓ glass éπçõ‰ îÁ°æpôç ¢√-úø’éπ™ ÖçC. 鬕öÀd Åü¿çûª ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. é¬E °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçúøôç Å®Ωn-®Ω-£œ«ûªç. Holiday- ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– ÂÆ-©´¤. freer, freest ´÷vûªç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ spoken English É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç– ÂÆ©-´¤™x ´’† N£æ…- a) é¬-•-öÀd – Both the glasses are complete ™ N-E°œç-îª-´¤. ®√©’, Ææ®Ω-ü∆©’. Åçö«ç. 6) Straight: Pramod: That's a good idea. She said I was b) Å®·ûË– This glass is complete but that glass ÉC èπÿú≈ °j´÷-ô-™«xí¬ØË. Åçõ‰ DEéÀ èπÿú≈ degrees free to plan it any way I liked. I will isn't Åçö«ç. so, complete has no degrees of Öçúø´¤. approach the Vihar Travel Agency. comparison. straight= A†o-í¬/--ØË-®Ω’í¬. Öçõ‰ straight (A†o)í¬ They are known to give correct infor2) she wants full details of.....: Öçô’çC, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË -Öç-úø-ü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬F, äéπ-ü∆E-éπçõ‰ Complete ™«Íí full èπ◊ èπÿú≈ degrees of comparmation. ÉçéÓöÀ A†oí¬, Ø訽Ւ ÖçúË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. (ÅC ´’ç* Ç™-îªØË, Ø√ É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’x ison Öçúø´¤ éπü∆. full Åçõ‰ EçúÕ-§Ú-®·†, ÅE éπü∆. 鬕öÀd straighter/ more straight, straightest/ most §ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ Öçü¿E Öçõ‰, EçúÕ -Öçô’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ EçúÕ-†ô’x é¬ü¿’ ÅçûË. straight ™«çöÀ expressions Öçúø´¤. îÁ°œpçC. ؈’ -N-£æ…®˝ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ñ„-Fq ¢√∞¡x (fuller, fullest, ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ ¢√úøç) Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ 7) Direct: ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«h†’. ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´’-î√®Ωç É≤ƒh-®ΩØË Åéπ\-úø-éπ\úø îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çö«ç, Nçô’çö«ç; ÉC èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Give me a direct answer= A†oE/ Ê°®Ω’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊çC.) I promise you my fullest cooperation/ You shall Ö†oC Ö†oô’d (úÌçéπ A®Ω’-í∫’úø’ ™‰E) Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç approach (Å—v§Úî˝ – v§Ò—ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) have my fullest cooperation= O’èπ◊ Ø√ °æ‹Jh Ææ£æ«É´¤y. Öçõ‰ direct, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ indirect ÅçûË. More = ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡xôç/ÆæO’-°œç-îªôç/Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓ®Ωôç. 鬮Ωç Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø fullest ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. full Åçõ‰ direct, most direct Öçúø´¤. î√©’ éπü∆. °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æ‹Jhé¬ü¿’. 8) Correct (ÆæÈ®j†): Vinod: Where is this Vihar Travel Agency? ÅçûËé¬E áèπ◊\´ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÖçC/-ûª-èπ◊\´ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÖçC A thing is correct or incorrect. äéπ\öÀ Ææ-J (áéπ\úø’çD -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ï-Fq?) ņç. Pramod: It is in the round building next to -Å´¤-ûª’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æp-´¤-ûª’çC ÅçûË. More correct, Chitramahal 4) They can help you plan a perfect holiday: most correct Öçúø´¤ éπü∆. (*vûª´’£æ«™¸ °æéπ\† í∫’çvúøöÀ ¢Ë’úø™ ÖçC) ÅEoNüµ∆© ¶«í∫’†o/ à üÓ≠æ´‚ ™‰E N£æ…-®√©’ §ƒx-Ø˛ His answer is more correct than yours... Åûª-úÕ -îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ôç-™ ûÓúøp-úø-í∫-©®Ω’.Vinod: Are you going now? -ï-¢√-•’ F Ç-†q®˝ éπçõ‰ éπÈ®é˙d. É™« îÁ°æpôç áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ (É°æ¤p-úø’ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?) Perfect= °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i†; à üÓ≠æ´‚ ™‰E (fault-less, Ææ••’? Åûª-úÕ -ï-¢√-•’ correct Å®·ûË, F -Ç-†q®˝ ÅüË Pramod: Yea, I am. good in every way) 鬆-°æ¤púø’, ÅC ûª°æ¤p (Wrong/incorrect) Å´¤-ûª’çC, Vinod: The road from here to it is straight. Perfect èπ◊ èπÿú≈ more perfect, most perfect é¬F F -Ç-†q®˝ ûªèπ◊\´ correct, Åûª-úÕ -ï-¢√-•’ áèπ◊\´ (Ééπ\-úÕ -†’ç-* -Å-éπ\-úøéÀ ®Ó-ú˛ A†oí¬ ÖçC) ™«çöÀ degrees Öçúø-´E O’®Ω’ -Ü-£œ«ç--éÓ-í∫-©®Ω’. correct Å´ü¿’. àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤/ á´-È®jØ√ Öçõ‰ perfect í¬ Öçö«®Ω’, °j† îÁ°œp-†-´Fo èπÿú≈ degrees of comparison ™‰E Pramod: I Will go direct from here. à üÓ≥ƒ©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈, °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-ûªûÓ. üÓ≠æç Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ ´÷ô©’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ç í∫’ù«©’, Öçúøôç Åçô÷ ïJ(Ééπ\-úÕ-†’ç* A†oí¬ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o) ¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ÅO imperfect (üÓ≠æ-´·-†o) Åç-ûË é¬F äéπ®Ω’ TûË Öçö«®·, ™‰èπ◊ç--õ‰ -Öç-úø´¤ Åç-ûË. ¢√öÀ™ áèπ◊\´, ❒❒❒ ÉçéÌ-éπJ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ó, ûªèπ◊\¢Ó Öç-úø-™‰®Ω’ éπü∆. í∫ûª éÌEo lessons -†’ç-* degrees of comparison Sita, Lord Sri Rama's wife, was a perfect ûªèπ◊\-´-©’ç-úø´¤. Geometrical figures N≠æ-ߪ’ç™†÷ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç í∫ü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îª÷ü∆lç:

Spoken English

Look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson: 1) It gives Complete information.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-v°æ-¨¡o: I Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫°æ-úË °æ¤Ææhé¬-©†’ -ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’. II éÀç-C-¢√-öÀéÀ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™  -Å®Ωnç -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ? 1. I'm enjoying my new job. 2. Diana said that she was enjoying her new job. 3. My father isn't very well. 4. She said that her father wasn't very well. 5. I have to go early. 6. Peter said that he had to go early.

-N. X®√-´’-îªç-vü¿-´‚Jh, ûª®Ωxç-°æ‹-úÕ (-ûª÷.-íÓ.->™«x.)

-ï-¢√-•’: -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ®√´-ö«-E-éÀ -Ö-°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’:

i) a) Living English structure: By stannard Allen Let's Learn English, b) NCERT series series No.5 ii) 1) I'm (= I am) enjoying my new job=

v°æ-Jç-*†

™

– 11

Ø√ éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC (؈’ îªéπ\í¬ Å†’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’) 2) ûª† ÖüÓuí∫ç ûª†’ îªéπ\í¬ Å†’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E (ûª†èπ◊ éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçü¿E) úøߪ÷Ø√ îÁ°œpçC. 3) ´÷ Ø√†o Åçûª èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰®Ω’. 4) ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o Åçûª èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰®ΩE Ç¢Á’ îÁ°œpçC. 5) ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL 6) ûª†’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL ÅE °‘-ô®˝ îÁ§ƒpúø’. -v°æ-¨¡o: 1. vis - a - vis - Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 2. Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ °æEîËÆœ† ÅCµ-é¬J îËÆœ† ûª°œpü¿ç. 3. Ééπ°j Å™«çöÀ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ´’-Sx îË-ߪ’†’. 2, 3 -v°æ-¨¡o-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -™ -à-N-üµ¿çí¬ -îÁ-•’-û√®Ω’? – Èé. džç-ü¿- π◊-´÷®˝, í¬ü¿-®√úø (ûª÷.íÓ.->™«x) -ï-¢√-•’: 1) vis - a - vis (Oñ«O/ Nï-N–ï, size ™ z ™«í∫) = ü∆EûÓ §ÚLÊÆh, ü∆E Ææç•ç-üµ¿çí¬. a) What are your job opportunities vis-a-vis the reservation policyreservation

Ñ © Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç/- ØË-°æ-ü∑¿uç™, F ÖüÓu-í¬-´-é¬-¨»-™„™« ÖØ√o®·?

b) India is not vis - a - vis the US=

Å-¢Á’-Jé¬ûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Ææç°æ-†o-ü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’. ii) This the mistake made by/ the lapse of the previous official/ incumbent. (Incumbent = Incumbent: Pronunciationiii) I will not repeat this mistake.

°æü¿-N™ Ö†o-¢√®Ω’) ÉØ˛-éπç-•çö¸

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 24 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Kavitha: You've been out too long. Where have you been?

(F´¤ î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ •ßª’-ô’-Ø√o´¤. áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oNç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤?) Sabitha: I am returning from the Cinema. I have been there to book tickets for us. (

ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-™¸-Èé-∞«x†’. öÀÈé\ô’x •’é˙ îËߪ’ú≈-EéÀ) Kavitha: Have you got them? For what show on what day? (üÌJ-é¬ßª÷/ ûÁî √a¢√? à ®ÓV?)

show

c) The car is very expensive -

¶«í¬ êK-üÁjçC. (Å®·Ø√ ´’†ç é̆-´îª’a) d) The car is too expensive car ´’K êK-üÁjçC. (Åçü¿’-´©x é̆ç/ é̆-™‰†çûª üµ¿®Ω) ÉC too èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n™x, ¢√úø’-éπ™x äéπöÀ. Look at the following sentences. a) The patient is too weak to walk -

®ÓT †úø-´-™‰†çûª •©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖçC. b) The amount with him is too little to buy a car -

à ÅûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s 鬮Ω’ é̆-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´.

Sabitha: Of course I have. With great difficulty I was able to get two seats for the matinee the day after tomorrow. The queue was too long.

Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰†çûª Eü∆†çí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 218

(ÅC î√™« °ü¿l ÆœE´÷. First show Å®·ûË ÉçöÀéÀ AJ-T-®√-´úøç Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤ûª’çC. ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ´’ç*C (Íé~´’-éπ®Ωç) é¬ü¿’) Kavitha: We can't bear the heat. How about giving away the tickets to others?

(Ç áçúø ¶µºJç-‰ç. Ç éπØ√o ÉîËaÊÆh?)

tickets

ÉçÈé-´-J-

Sabitha: That'd be foolish. I've taken a lot of trouble to get the tickets. Don't worry. It's an AC hall.

sentences

™

too

¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

... too + adjective (sentences a & b) + infinitive adverb (sentences c & d) [a) Adjective

Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. í∫’ù«Lo ûÁLÊ°

Åçõ‰ adjectives ûÁLÊ° í∫’ù«©’ à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ᙫ ÖØ√o®· ÅE; verb ûÁLÊ° °æ†’©’ ᙫ, á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-í¬®· ÅE ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’. c) Infinitive Åçõ‰ to & 1st regular doing word. eg: to go, to see, to sit, etc - Åçõ‰ ¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊/ ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ/ ¢Á∞¡xôç; îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊/ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ/ îª÷úøôç; èπÿ®Ω’a-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ èπÿ®Óa-´-ú≈-EéÀ/ èπÿ®Óa´úøç, etc.] °j† É*a† v°æA sentence ™ v°æA-ü∆-EéÃ, ûÁ©’-í∫’™– ™‰†çûª, 鬆çûª – ÅE negative ´≤Úhç-C-éπü∆. ÅC too v°æûËu-éπûª. too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive= Ç adjective/ adverb ´©x 鬢√Lq† °æE ï®Ω-í∫-ü¿ØÓ, †≠ædç Öçô’ç-ü¿ØÓ Å®Ωnç. i) He is too poor to continue studies.

¢√úø’ îªü¿’´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-†çûª Ê°ü¿¢√úø’. ii) She is too proud to listen to advice.

Ç¢Á’ Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ©-£æ…†’ N†-†çûª í∫Jy. iv) She knows too little to teach others.

´’†ç ¢Á·†o îª÷Æœ† Å´÷t®· N≠æߪ’ç àçöÀ? Fèπ◊ †*açü∆?

´’†ç ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª ™«´-ûª†’. ´·çü¿’ for ... ÖçC) v) ´’†ç B®Ωa-™‰-†çûª Ææ´’Ææu ÅC It is too difficult a problem for us to solve/ The problem is too difficult for us to solve. vi)

´’†ç îª÷úø-™‰-†çûª <éπ-öÀí¬ ÖçC It is too dark for us to see.

vii)

؈’ é̆-™‰-†çûª üµ¿®Ω. The car is too expensive for me to buy.

viii)

Ç¢Á’ éπç®∏Ωç N†-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ≤ƒn®·™ ÖçC Her voice is too low for him to hear.

ix)

g) Sankar: I'll carry this box and you carry that.

x)

Ñ

dress

Ç¢Á’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª §ƒûªC

Vishnu: Oh, that's too heavy.

M. SURESAN

ÅC ´’K •®Ω’´¤ – Åçõ‰ ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª ÅE. Vishnu's response èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– heavy for me to carry ÅE.

That's too

h) Prabhakar: Why don't you send Ganesh for talks?

Ωa-©èπ◊ í∫ù‰-≠ˇ-ØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ °æç°æ-èπÿ-úøü¿’? Sudhakar: He is too innocent.

ÉC Ç ´%ü¿’l¥úø’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤

Åûªúø’ ´’K Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ – Ωa©’ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-†çûª. Éçé¬ Núø-´’-®Ω* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, He is too innocent

This is too heavy for the old man to carry.

to participate in talks/ to handle talks

This dress is too old for her to wear. xi)

ØËF-°õ„d BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. †’´yC BÆæ’éÓ.

°œ©x©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç

This is too difficult for children to understand.

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. ûÁ©’-í∫’™– ÉC ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤ Åçõ‰ = ÉC î√™« •®Ω’´¤, ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰†’– ÅE éπü∆. English ™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.

Åûªúø’ ûÁL-Ní¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-†çûª/ Ææ´÷-Rç--éÓ-™‰†çûª Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’. i) Gowtham: How do I look in this shirt?

ØËF shirt ™ ᙫ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’?/ Ñ shirt ᙫ ÖçC?)

a) It is very heavy; I cannot carry it.

A†-™‰-†çûª ü∆®Ω’-ùçí¬ ´çúø’-ûª’ç-ü∆¢Á’. It is too heavy for me to carry.

Viswam: Isn't that too big for you?

b) The movie is very good; We cannot miss it.

Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ¶Cµç-îª-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ûÁ©’-≤ƒ-¢Á’èπ◊. Now study the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) The Queue was too long.

èπÿu ´’K §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC. (؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ®√™‰-†çûª) 2) I think it will be too hot (for us) to go out. 3) It will be too late in the night (for us) to return home safely. 4) It is too good a movie to miss.

The movie is good for us to miss. c) The chapter is very important; Nobody can ignore it.

Ñ chapter î√™« ´·êuç. á´®Ω’èπÿú≈ ü∆Eo ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-îª-™‰®Ω’. The chapter is too important for anybody to ignore it. d) The problem is very serious; We cannot neglect it.

Sentence No (2): ... it will be too hot for us to go out.

Ææ´’Ææu î√™« Bv´çí¬ ÖçC; ´’†ç °æöÀdç-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø™‰ç.

´’†ç •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ Öçô’çC.

The problem is too serious for us to neglect.

Pranav: Mom, don't you think she is too tall for me?

Sentence No (3): It will be too late in the night for us to return home safely.

e) The room is very big; The table is very small.

´’K §Òúø’-í∫-E-°œç-îª-™‰ü∆ Fèπ◊? (Åçõ‰– Ø√ áûª’hèπ◊ ûªT-†çûª/ Ø√ ÅçûªØ√o/ Ø√éπçõ‰ áûªhØ√o 鬴a)

´’†ç Íé~´’çí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ®√™‰-†çûª Ç©Ææuç 鬴a ®√vA-°æ‹ô.

í∫üË¢Á÷ î√™« °ü¿lC, table ´÷vûªç î√™« *†oC. (Åçûª °ü¿l í∫CéÀ ûªí∫-†çûª *†oC)

Spoken English

؈’ î√™« BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o – §ƒKdéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª Ééπ\úø Subhash's reply í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. I am too busy ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’ – Åçõ‰, I am too busy to attend ÅE. Ñ too †’ °j dialogue ™™« ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.

(Infinitive

´÷ô©’.

AC hall)

b) Aruna: Son, how about the girl you saw the other day? Is she to your liking?

´·çü¿’

iv) Hari is too fat for us to carry.

b) Adverbs

(ÅC °œ*a-°æE. Ç tickets ûË´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« v¨¡´’°æ-ú≈f†’. àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Ç hall,

(Å™«Íí. ´’†ç ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-™‰†çûª ´’ç* ÆœE´÷ ÅC) Very, too èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. very Åçõ‰ áèπ◊\´, î√™«– Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúø’ éπ©-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Too Åçõ‰ ÅA, Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúË ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. a) Ramana is too good - ®Ω´’ù ÅA ´’ç*. (Åçü¿’-´©x Åûª-EéÀ éπL-ÍíC éÃúË)

éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’-Ø√o¢√?

The car is too expensive

iii) She cooks too badly to eat.

Kavitha: OK. It's too good a movie to miss.

(Infinitive

for ...

°j

Sabitha: It's such a lengthy movie, you know. If it is the first show, it will be too late in the night for us to return home safely.

iii) Hari is too fat to walk fast.

¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úø-´-™‰-†çûª ™«´¤. ™‰ü¿’)

party

Subhash: I am too busy.

´’†ç ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úø-ûªúø’. Sentence (i) ™ infinitive ´·çü¿’ for ... ™‰éπ-§Ú´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. Sentence (ii) ™ infinitive ´·çü¿’ for us ÖçC.

Íé~´’ç-鬆çûª E®Ωxéπ~uçí¬ †úÕ-°œÆæ’hØ√oúø’.

Sabitha: I thought so too, but ...

(†’´¤y first show í∫’Jç* áçü¿’-é¬-™-*çîª-™‰ü¿’? î√™« £æ…®·í¬ ÖçúËC éπü∆? Pleasant = Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†

f) Prakash: Are you attending the party tomorrow?

†’´¤y Í®°æ¤

ii) He is too clever for us to cheat.

d) He is driving too carelessly to be safe.

(matinee é¬? Ñ ´’çúø’ ¢ËÆæ-N-™ Ø√? Åçûª áçúø™ ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡x™‰ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oØË. áçúø ´’†-Lo ´÷úËa-ßÁ·îª’a) Scorch (≤ƒ\î˝) = ´÷úËa-ߪ’úøç. In the scorching sun = ´÷úËa áçúø™ 

Kavitha: Why didn't you think of the first show? We shall have had a pleasant time.

i) He is too foolish to understand this.

The table is too small for the big room/ The room is too big for the small table.

ÉC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ÅN-¢ËéÀ ¢√úø’. Train

Kavitha: For the matinee? In these dog days? I think it'll be too hot for us to go out. The sun could scorch us.

؈÷ Å™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, é¬F ...)

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† sentences èπÿ, sentences (2) and (3) éÀ ûËú≈: - for us ÅØËC extra.

c) He is walking too slow to catch the train -

(ûËéπ-§Ú-´-ô¢Ë’çöÀ? ÅA éπ≠dçæ -O’ü¿ á©’xçúÕ matinee éÀ È®çúø’ tickets üÌJ-鬮·. Queue ´’K §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC)

(

2

ÅC Fèπ◊ ´’K °ü¿l-Cí¬/ ´ü¿’-©’í¬ ™‰ü¿÷? É™« 'too' - question form ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. j) Bhaskar: Is the curry too hot?

Ñ èπÿ®Ω ´’K 鬮Ωçí¬ Öçü∆? ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ¢ËúÕ. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÓöÀ – 鬮Ωç – A†™‰ç.

hot -

Bhavan: So it is, and the sambar is too salty.

Å´¤†’ – ≤ƒç¶«®Óx Ö°æ¤p ´’K áèπ◊\´ – A†™‰ç ÉO too Ö°æßÁ÷-í¬©’. É™« 'too' ¢√úø-éπçûÓ ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp©†’èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ î√™« short sentences ™ simple í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. conversation Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 26 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Praful: Are you telling me that you are doing all this just for me?

(Éü¿çû√ Ø√éÓÆæç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†ç-ö«¢√?) Mohan: What then? Why should I go about places to get your papers moved?

(´’Jç-ÍéçöÀ? F é¬T-û√©’ éπü¿-°æ-ö«-EéÀ ÅEo-îÓô’x áçü¿’èπ◊ A®Ω-í¬L ØË-†’?) Praful: Come now, Mohan. You are too clever not to have any self interest.

(¢Á÷£æ«Ø˛ îª÷úø’. àüÓ ≤ƒy®Ωnç Öçõ‰ØË îËÊÆ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úÕN †’´¤y) Mohan: You are right. Let me be frank. I do take this opportunity to meet officers and get their acquaintance.

(†’´yØËC Eï¢Ë’. Ö†o--ü¿’-†oô’d îÁ°æpF. Officers †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ö«-EéÃ, ¢√∞¡xûÓ °æJ-îª-ߪ÷Eéà DEE ØËØÓ Å´-鬨¡çí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 219

2

lesson we discussed the meaning and use of 'too'. Let's know something more about 'too'. Look at the following sentences:

éÀçü¿öÀ

™

He is too strong not to beat his opponent

ÅûªúÕ v°æûªu-JnE ãúÕç-îª-í∫-L-Ííçûª •©-´ç-ûª’-úø-ûª†’ ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷ÆœçC: too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive Ö†o sentences ™ Å®Ωnç, infinitive èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. a) He is too weak to walk - Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, Ñ sentence ™ Ö†o infinitive 'to walk' èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ É™« ´Ææ’hçC – †úø-´-™‰-†çûª •©£‘«-†çí¬ ÖØ√o-úøE.

Sentence No.1: Not to have any self-interest

èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬, ≤ƒy®Ωnç Fèπ◊ç-úËçûª ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. ≤ƒy®ΩnçûÓ îËÊÆçûª ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úÕ¢Ë †’´¤y. É™« èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ≤ƒy®Ωnç àç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îËÊÆçûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√úÕN é¬ü¿’ †’´¤y.

b) She is too slow to understand things. infinitive, to understand

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª (Eü∆†ç Ç¢Á’) ÅE ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. ÉC ´’†ç last lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ sentence îª÷úøçúÕ.

c) He is too clever not to understand this. sentence infinitive not

Ñ ™ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

´·çü¿’

No. 2: You are too smart not to miss the point either = not to miss the point

èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – Å稡ç í∫´’-Eç-îËçûª ûÁLN ÖçC Fèπ◊/ Å稡ç í∫´’-Eç-îª-éπ-§Ú-ßË’çûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√-úÕ-N鬴¤.

We aren't too unlucky frank =

´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC •ßª’-ô-°õ‰d/ ´’†-Ææ’™ àD ü∆-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†oC Ö†oô’x îÁÊ°pߪ’ôç.

To tell you frankly/ To be frank I don't like you

Ø√ ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰/ Ö†oC ü∆éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√o – †’´yçõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. Acquaintance (ÅÈéj y-®·-Ø˛-ôØ˛q. 'éπy— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)= °æJ-îªßª’ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’/ ´·ê °æJ-îªßª’ç (ÊÆo£æ«ç é¬èπ◊çú≈)/ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’húø’ I have acquaintance with him =

ÅûªúÕûÓ Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç ÖçC. He is an acquaintance of mine =

Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’húø’ Praful: I appreciate your frankness.

(F´¤ ´’†-Ææ’q-™ØË Â°ô’d-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ •ßª’-öÀéÀ îÁ°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) appreciate Åv°‘-≠œ-ß˝’ö¸ – 'v°‘— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = ´’ç*-ûª†ç/ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ™«çöÀN Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫ôç/ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç. äéπ Ææ´’-Ææu†’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. He doesn't appreciate the seriousness of the situation =

infinitive ´·çü¿’ ¢√úÕûË, sentence èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, not infinitive èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπçí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ infinitive îÁÊ°pC ï®Ω’í∫’-ûª’çC ÅE. É°æ¤púø’ M. SURESAN sentence (c) éÀ Å®Ωnç É™« ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. Åûªúø’ ÉC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫© ûÁLN Ö†o¢√úË. Åçõ‰ not to understand (Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓE/ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E) èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË/ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫© ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.

É™« not

°æJ-ÆœnA Bv´ûª†’ Åûªúø’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-õ‰xü¿’

(Ç Å稡ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËçûª ûÁLN F-C. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ °æE Ø√ ´™‰x Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E) Praful: The dependence is mutual

(Ñ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç ÅØËC °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç.) Mutual (´‚u-Å™¸)– ´‚u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’. The husband and wife have mutual understand =

Ç ¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh™x °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω Å´-í¬-£æ«† ÖçC Mohan: So what now? (Å®·ûË É°æ¤p-úËç-öÀçé¬?) Praful: The officer is too efficient not to speed up matters.

(N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ é¬EîËa ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Ö†o Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ -Ç-ߪ’-†, Åçõ‰ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûªy®Ωí¬ Å´¤-û√-ߪ’E) Mohan: We aren't too unlucky there.

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´’†ç ´’K ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠dæ -´ç-ûª’©ç é¬-ü¿’) ☯

☯

☯

☯

a) The Australian team was too strong for India = The Australian bowling was too much for India =

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫© (not to understand èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç) ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’. (Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√úËç é¬ü¿’)

¶µ«®Ωû˝ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†çûª •©-¢Á’i† öÃç ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷. ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ¶˜Lçí˚ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†ç-ûªC.

a) She has had too much of practice not to play well =

¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-L-Ííçûª (not to play well

practice

Ö†o-ü∆-¢Á’èπ◊. èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç ¶«í¬ Çúø-

Compare the following. i) He is too lazy to pass =

§ƒÆˇ Å´-™‰-†çûª •ü¿l¥-éπ-Ææ’h-úø’-¢√úø’.

(to pass

EXERCISE

ÅßË’uçûª (not to pass èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç) í¬ v¨¡´’-°æ-úË-¢√-úø-ûª†’. ÉN πÿú≈ §ÚLa îª÷úøçúÕ. i) She is too careless to observe this = (to observe

èπ◊ ´uA-

ii) She is too keen not to observe this = (not to observe

ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îËçûª ´uA-Í®éπç) ®Ω’-ÈéjçC Ç¢Á’.

Ç èπ◊v®√úø’ ÅûªE ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’. c) The old man is too strong for his age = Ç ´·Ææ-™«-ߪ’-†èπ◊ Çߪ’† ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† •©ç ÖçC. É¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ñ columns ™ØË also (èπÿú≈) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ too ¢√úøéπç îªJaçî√ç. ÅC-èπÿú≈ ã≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Mohan:

pass

ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îª-™‰-†çûª Í®éπç) Åñ«-ví∫ûªh ´’E≠œ Ç¢Á’.

b) The boy is too clever for a boy his age =

™ áèπ◊\´ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ ™ áèπ◊\´. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ é¬èπ◊çõ‰, ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ É¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ sentence *´®Ω ´≤ƒh®·. 1) ؈’ ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ ûª´·t-úÕF éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’= éπçõ‰ ÅüË Å®Ωnç (èπÿú≈)ûÓ, ¢√úøéπç éÌçîÁç

I met him, and his brother too/ I met him and his brother as well. (I met his brother also also, sentence

ÉC äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬ ûªÊ°p – *´®Ω ¢√úøôç.) 2) †’´¤y Ç èπ◊Ka 鬢√-©çõ‰ BÆæ’éÓ, ü∆çûÓ §ƒô’ õ‰•’™¸ èπÿú≈ 鬢√-©çõ‰ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ =

You take the chair, but you can't take the table too./ You can't have the table as well Also

¢√úÕûË, ü∆Eo verb ´·çü¿’-í¬F, ´·çü¿’-í¬F ´îËaô’x ¢√úøû√ç.

'be' form

I went to Delhi last month; I also stayed there for a week.

(؈’ §Ú®·† ØÁ© Delhi ¢ÁR} Åéπ\úø ã ¢√®Ωç èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o†’)– also, verb- stayed ´·çü¿’ ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 3) The British ruled us for centuries and robbed us too/ robbed us as well =

vGöÀ≠ˇ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†Lo §ƒLç*, üÓ-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ èπÿú≈. ÉD spoken English™ too (as well) èπ◊ Ö†o v§ƒ´·êuç. Not ûÓ Å®·ûË ÅÆæ©’ also ®√ØË-®√ü¿’. ÅC ûªÊ°p (äéπ\ not only ... but also sentences ™ ûª°æp). Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ either ¢√úøû√ç. 1) Åûªúø÷ ®√™‰ü¿’, ÅûªúÕ ûª´·túø÷ ®√™‰ü¿’. He hasn't come, his brother hasn't either. (his brother hasn't come toosentence as well

ÅE *´®Ω ®√´îª’a/ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a) 2) Ç¢Á’ ®√™‰ü¿’, ®√´-õ‰x-ü¿E §∂ÚØ˛ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ =

She hasn't come; She hasn't phoned either she won't come.

èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç)

ii) He is too hard working not to pass.

èπ◊

Now, take the sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the Lesson: 1) You are too clever not to have any self interest 2) You are too smart not to miss the point either 3) The officer is too efficient not to speed up matters 4) We aren't too unlucky there

Spoken English

èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËÊÆçûª ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Ç officer °æ†’©’ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-í∫© ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Ö†o-¢√úø’. (ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª ÅÆæ-´’-®Ω’núø’ é¬úø’) No.4: We aren't too unlucky there = ´’†ç ´’K Åçûª ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠dçæ í¬ (°æE-é¬-†çûª) ™‰ç 'Too' †’ áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úÌîÓa îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆! É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷úøçúÕ.

He is too clever not to understand the point

í∫-L-Ííçûª) Mohan: You are too smart not to miss the point either. You know I alone can get things done for you.

No. 3: Not to speed up things

Spoken English (British or American) also too Also formal. serious speech/ book language too, as well,

†’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ É≠æd°æ-úø-ô癉ü¿’? Madan: ´’K îªLí¬ ™‰ü¿÷? Mohan: Eï¢Ë’. †’´¤y sweater ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-´¤-éπü∆? Madan: Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†çûª îªL ÅE-°œ≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. Mohan: Fèπ◊ ûªô’d-èπ◊ØË ¨¡éÀh (resistance) ´’K ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o-ô’dçC. Madan: Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ typhoid ´*a-†-°æp-ô’oç< resistance ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC. Mohan: Doctor †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’S} Madan: É°æp-öÀÍé -î √-™« áèπ◊\-´-≤ƒ®Ω’x éπL-¨»†’. î√™« fees Éa-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ¢Ájü¿u ê®Ω’a©’ ´’K áèπ◊\-´-ߪ÷u®· Ø√èπ◊. Mohan: ؈C Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y doctor †’ îª÷úøôç ´’ç*C. É°æp-öÀÍé ¶«í¬ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. Madan: †’´y-†oC correct. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç îª÷≤ƒh†’.

ANSWER Mohan: Why are you unwilling to go out? Madan: Isn't it too cold? Mohan: That's true. But you are wearing a sweater. Madan: Still I feel it is too cold for me to bear. Mohan: You seen to have too little resistance. Madan: Yes, since I had the typhoid my resistance has been too low. Mohan: See your doctor again. Madan: I have seen him too often already. I have spent too much on medicine, already. Mohan: I can understand all that. Still you had better see the doctor. You have delayed too much already. Madan: What you say is correct. I'll see him this evening.

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 29 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prabha: Hi Subha, how goes the world with you?

'Enough'

2

Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆. î√©’/ î√L-†çûª ÅE.

1) I have enough money to buy a car =

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?) Subha: Well, I can't complain. How is it with you?

2) She hasn't (doesn't have) enough money to buy a house =

(

¶«üµ¿™‰ç ™‰´¤. -†’-¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?) (Ñ response English ™ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ) Prabha: How did you spend the week in your cousin's place in Hyderabad?

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ O’ éπ->-Ø˛ Éçöx ᙫ í∫úÕ-§ƒ´¤?) Subha:

Ø√-ü¿í∫_®Ω 鬮Ω’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª úø•’sçC.

Happily enough to remember the days there for a long time.

É©’x éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª úø•’s Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’. 3) Preethi: How about some more biriyani?

(Éçé¬Ææh G®√u-F ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?) Pratima: Enough. No more, please.

(î√©’. °‘x-ñ ¸ Éçéπ ´ü¿’l.

Preethi: Is so little enough for you?

Subha: My cousin. Namrata is jovial enough to make your time pass very quickly.

4) Surendra: When shall we go to the next movie?

(ûªü¿’-°æJ ÆœE´÷ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç) Narendra: Enough is enough. No more of

Prabha: Yea. She was here last summer, wasn't she? I remember her jokes well enough to make me laugh whenever I remember them.

Subha: I asked her over here for the Dasara holidays, but she has enough assignments to keep her home.

Prabha: We shall be missing here a lot.

(´’†ç ûª††’ î√™« N’Æˇ Å´¤-û√ç- ) Subha: She is a good laugh. She is entertaining enough to make us like her company. Prabha: Well, by the way, I have a bad cold. I don't know how to get rid of it.

(ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ï©’•’ îËÆœçC. ÅC ᙫ ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-¢√™ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç-™‰ü¿’) get rid of = üˆo-®·Ø√ (îÁúø’†’) ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-´ôç Subha: A cold is not serious enough to cause worry in hot countries, but it is nuisance enough to make us feel out of sorts with yourself.

(-Ö-≠ægü˨»™x ï©’•’ -ÅØËC °ü¿l Çü¿’®√l éπ©-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆçûª ï•’sé¬ü¿’. é¬E *é¬èπ◊ éπLTçîËçûª Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπç) (Feel out of sorts = *é¬èπ◊ §Òçü¿ôç) Prabha: Why didn't you take some medicine?

(´’ç-ü¿’-©’ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-ü¿’?) Subha: I did, of course, but the relief has been temporary.

(BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬F û√û√\-Léπ Ö°æ-¨¡-´’†¢Ë’) Prabha: Doctors say you are cured of cold in seven days if you take medicines, and in one week if you don't take medicines.

☯

☯

☯

Spoken English

☯

á°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*aØ√ †¢Ëyçûª ¶«í¬ Ç¢Á’ -ñ é˙q Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h/ ؈’ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊ç-ö«†’. I remember her jokes very well; they make 4) She has enough assignments/ assignments enough to keep her home -

220

these movies.

(ÉçéÌü¿’l ¶«•÷. Ñ ÆœE-´÷©’ Ééπ ´ü¿’l) 5) He has enough and to spare

Åûª-úÕéÀ î√L†çûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Éûª-®Ω’© éÀ´y-í∫-L-T†çûª -Öç-C. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. enough Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-ç. Look at the following too: 1) You are clever enough to understand easi-

ûª††’ áéπ\-úÕéà éπü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈ (ÉçöxØË ÖçúË-ô’xí¬) îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª -ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’ç-ö¸q ÖØ√o®·.

She has a good number of assignments. They keep her home. 5) A cold is not serious enough to cause worry in hot countries -

Ö≠ægü˨»™x ï©’•’ Çü¿’®√l éπL-TçîËçûª Bv´--¢Á’içC é¬ü¿’. A cold is not very serious in hot Countries; it does not cause worry. 6) It is nuisance enough to make us feel out of sorts =

ly =

(†’´¤y Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËç-ûª ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√úÕN.) = You are clever; you understand easily.

*é¬èπ◊ éπL-TçîËçûª Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπç. = It is a big nuisance; it makes us feel out of sorts.

Æ‘-Lçí˚ -§∂ƒu-Ø˛-†’ û√éπ-í∫-L-T-†ç-ûª §Òúø-´-ûª-úø’ =

ÉN enough Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ too Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç. too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive ´ÊÆh (´’K, ÅA ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ´uA-Í®-é¬-®√n-Eo-Ææ’hçC. Enough + infinitive ´ÊÆh positive Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC (Å´¤†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

He is tall. He can touch the ceiling fan.

Compare:

= †’´¤y ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN. †’´¤y Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. (†’´¤y Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËçûª ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN.) 2) He is tall enough to touch the ceiling fan=

a) He is too weak to walk - He is very weak,

-Å-ûª-úø’ -§Ò-úø-´¤. -Å-ûª-úø’ Æ‘-Lçí˚-§∂ƒu-Ø˛-†’ -Åç-ü¿’éÓí∫©-úø’.

Ç¢Á’ î√™« Bv´çí¬ ï•’sûÓ ÖçC. -ú≈éπd®˝ Å´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. -(ú≈éπd®˝´*aØ√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’) b) She is ill enough to need a doctor -

ï•’s ¶«í¬ Bv´çí¬ ÖçC. -ú≈éπd®˝†’ ¢ÁçôØË °œ©-¢√L. (v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçô’çC) ÅD too èπÿ, enough èπÿ ûËú≈, È®çúÕçöÀ ûª®√yû√ infinitive ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’. Å®·ûË ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p îª÷úøçúÕ enough ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’. a) He is wise enough to understand such things =

Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-T†çûª ûÁL-Ní∫©¢√úø-ûª†’. ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p (Word Order) îª÷ü∆lç Wise

(Adj)

+

enough + infinitive

(ÅüË

too

¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’

too

+

adjective/

adverb

+

infinitive

´Ææ’hçC éπü∆?) M. SURESAN ÉD í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. ÅüË adjective •ü¿’©’ noun Å®·ûË, enough + noun + infinitive ´Ææ’hçC. a) There is enough water in the tank to last for the whole day =

(Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊ ÆæJ-°æúË F∞¡Ÿx-Ø√o®· -ö«uçé˙™.) b) I have enough friends to help me = (

Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ î√L-†ç-ûª-´’ç-C ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’.)

so he cannot walk =

3) The class room is large enough to seat 45 students -

45 -´’ç-C -N-ü∆u®Ω’n-©’ èπÿ®Óa-í∫© ´ÆæA Ö†oçûª °ü¿l é¬xÆˇ ®Ω÷ç ÅC. 4) He is ill enough to need a doctor =

-ú≈éπd®˝ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√-Lq†çûª ï•’sí¬ ÖØ√o-úøûª†’. Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) (I spent) happily enough to remember the

(´’çü¿’©ûÓ 7 ®ÓV™x, ´’çü¿’-™‰x-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√®√-Eéà 禍•’ †ßª’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’ ú≈éπd®Ω’x)

2) a) She is too ill to need a doctor =

Enough is enough

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ¢ËÆæ-N™ Ééπ\-úø’çC éπü∆. á°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*aØ√ -†-¢Áy-ô÷d -îË-ߪ’í∫-© Ç¢Á’ -ñ é˙q Ø√èπ◊ í∫’-®Ω’h-Ø√o®·)

(ü¿Ææ®√ ÂÆ©´¤©èπ◊ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®Ω´’tØ√o. é¬F É©’x éπü¿-©-F-ߪ’†çûª -ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’ç-ö¸q ÖØ√o®· ûª†èπ◊)

me laugh whenever I remember them =

me laugh whenever I remembered them.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª •©çí∫©-¢√úø’.

3) I remember her jokes well enough to make

(ÅC î√L†çûª éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´)

(-õ„i-¢˛’ î√™«ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ßË’ç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª/ ûªT†çûª £æ…Ææuç éπ©C ´÷ éπ->-Ø˛ †v´’ûª)

b) He is strong enough to walk fast =

make your time pass quickly.

Pratima: That's more than enough.

(àN’-ôçûª Ææ®Ωü∆ éπ-L-Tç-îË N≠æߪ’ç Åéπ\úø?)

-õ„i-¢˛’ -î√-™« ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ßË’-ôô’x îËߪ’-í∫©çûª ’-û√\J †v´’ûª. Namrata is quite/ very jovial; she can

(Éçûª ûªèπ◊\´ î√™« Fèπ◊?)

(áçûÓ-鬩ç í∫’®Ω’hç-úËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬) Prabha: What was so enjoyable about it?

pass quickly -

¶«í¬ •©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’, †úø-´-™‰úø’.

)

days for a long time -

î√™«-鬩ç í∫’®Ω’hçúËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ í∫úÕ-§ƒ-†-éπ\úø.

do you have?

EXERCISE Preetham:

F ü¿í∫_-È®çûª úø•’sçC? Priya: àç? áçü¿’èπ◊? Preetham: Ø√éÓ È®çúÌç-ü¿-L-îËaçûª Öçü∆? Priya: Åçûª-™‰ü¿’. Ø√é¬\-¢√Lq† È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh鬩’ éÌØËçûª úø•’sçC. Preetham: Ø√èπÿ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®Ω÷.200 ûªèπ◊\-¢ÁjçC. ´÷ Ø√†o °æç°œçîË´®Ωèπ◊ ¢Ë* ÖçúË -õ„i-¢˛’ ™‰ü¿’. Priya: ≤ƒ-K. Answer Preetham: How much money have you?/

Priya:

Why? What do you want?

Preetham: Have you enough money to give/ spare/ lend me Rs.200? Priya:

Not so much. I have enough money to buy the two books I need.

Preetham: I am short of Rs.200/- to buy the books I need. I don't have the time enough to wait till my dad sends me money. Priya:

I'm sorry.

2) Namrata is jovial enough to make your time

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006

Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛

Prem: Hi Syam, you are so late that all the people have left.

(¨»uç, †’¢Áyçûª Ç©Ææu-´’çõ‰ FéÓÆæç Ö†o ¢√-∞¡xçû√ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’) Syam: I was held up on my way by a terrible traffic jam. The traffic was so heavy that I took an hour to travel one kilometer by car.

Prem: Why didn't you tell us of it over the cell? (cell

nothing.

(àD N-E°œç-îª-†ç-ûª íÌúø´) Prem: Anyway, it's all over. Our friends have gone away. Let's plan a meeting this weekend.

(à¢Á’i-ûËØËç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†v°∂çú˛q Åçü¿®Ω’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË à®√pô’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç)

Prem: Didn't you hear us on your mobile?

Syam: I knew you were calling, but I couldn't make out anything. The whole road was so noisy.

(O’®Ω’ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’h-†oC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, é¬F O’Í®ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†oD ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ§Ú-ߪ÷†’. ®Ó-úøfçû√ -Åç-ûª íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC.)

™ îÁ°æp-™‰üËç Ñ N≠æߪ’ç?)

Syam: It was so noisy that you could hear

(ü∆J™ ®ΩDl ††’o ÇÊ°-ÆœçC. 鬮Ω’™ äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ í∫çô °æöÀdçC – Åçûª ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC) (F ÂÆ™¸-§∂ÚØ˛™ ´÷ ´÷ô©’ NE-°œç-‰ü∆ Fèπ◊?)

Syam: OK.

´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’: So èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n©’: So = 1) Åçü¿’-´©x/ 鬕öÀd 2) Åçûª (American usage)

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç, so = Åçûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ö†o Ö°æßÁ÷í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. (Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, so, such (Å™«çöÀ) ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç) a) I can't go out now, It is so hot =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

2

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰†’, Åçûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC = ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC.

221

It is so hot now that I can't go out.

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. 1) The traffic was so heavy that I took an hour to travel one kilometer.

vö«°∂œé˙ áçûª ®ΩDlí¬ Öçü¿çõ‰, äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝ v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô °æöÀdçC. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ûÁ©’-í∫’™– äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝ v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô °æöÀdçC; vö«°∂œé˙ Åçûª ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC. 2) You are so late that all the people have left= Éûª-®Ω’-©çû√ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’çûªí¬ Ç©Ææu-´’-ߪ÷u-´¤ †’´¤y. 3) I couldn't make out any thing. The whole road was so noisy

= Ø√Íéç Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’ (NE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’).Road Åçû√ Åç-ûª íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC.

ÉD so... that Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Ééπ\úø ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-î√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: so ûª®√yûª adjective/ adverb, ü∆E ûª®√yûª that ®√´ôç. a) She hates him so much that (so + much (adverb) + that) she doesn't want to talk to him

Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç É≠ædç-™‰-ü∆-¢Á’èπ◊. Åçûªí¬ ÅûªúÕE üËy≠œ-≤ÚhçC. b) He is so tall that he can touch the ceiling fan = ceiling fan

†’ û√éπ-í∫-©çûª §Òúø´¤ Åûªúø’.

(so + tall (adj) + that)

鬕öÀd 'so' É™« ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ûª®√yûª adjective/ adverb, Ç ûª®√yûª that ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√L. (Å®·ûË present day (É°æpöÀ) American usage ™, so ûª®√yûª that ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. He is so tall he can touch the fan.

It is too difficult .. to understand Prem: Our friends had waited and waited. They had to wait for so long that I served them coffee twice. That was how long it was.

(´’† v°∂çú˛q F éÓÆæç áçûÓ-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë*îª÷-¨»®Ω’. áçûª-ÊÆ-°æçõ‰ ؈’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ È®çúø’≤ƒ®Ω’x 鬰∂‘ É¢√y-Lq-´-*açC. Åçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o-®Ω-†o´÷ô ¢√∞¡Ÿx) Syam: I'm really sorry but I couldn't help it. When I took out my car to make it here I didn't expect it to happen this way.

(Eïçí¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’, é¬E àç îËߪ’†’? ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ Ø√ 鬮Ω’ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ BÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çü¿-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’) (... I couldn't help it = ØËØËç îËߪ’-™‰E °æJ-Æ œnA/ Ø√èπ◊ ûª°œpç-C-é¬ü¿’.) eg: I have to go now. I can't help it =

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«x-LqçüË. Ø√éπ-C-ûª-°æpü¿’. fine

Ç é¬®Ω’ ≤ƒ´÷-†’u©’ é̆-™‰®Ω’. Åçûª êK-üÁjçü¿C =

The car is so expensive that ordinary people can't buy it = The car is too expensive for ordinary people to buy it. =

5) Why was the traffic so heavy?=

sentence simple infinitive conversation effective

= È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x coffee ÉîËaç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢√∞¡Ÿx áü¿’-®Ω’îª÷-¨»®Ω’. (F ®√éπ Åçûª Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·ç-ü¿E ¶µ«´ç)

Ordinary people can't buy the car; It's so expensive =

≤ƒ´÷-†’u©’ é̆-™‰-†çûª êK-üÁj† 鬮ΩC =

4) They had to wait so long that I served them coffee twice

Traffic

M. SURESAN

The car is so expensive that ordinary people can't buy it. c) It is a long way off; the girl can't walk the distance =

ÅC î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. Ç Å´÷t®· Ç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´™‰ü¿’. Ç Å´÷t®· †úø-´-™‰ü¿’; Åçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç ÅC. = The girl can't walk the distance; it's such a long way off/ so distant.

Åçûª ®ΩDlí¬ áçü¿’-èπ◊çC?

6) ... it was so long that it took nearly 20 min-

È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ éπü∆. Å®·ûË too ... + Å®·ûË, í¬ ÖçúÕ í¬ Öçô’çC. Too ... infinitive ¢√úø-í∫-L-TûË, ÅüË so that ... éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.

utes to clear the road.

Compare:

Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ áçûª §Òúø-´çõ‰, ÅC ®Óú˛ ü∆ô--ú≈-EéÀ 20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æöÀdçC. (Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ ®Óú˛ ü∆ô-ú≈EéÀ 20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æöÀdçC. Åçûª §Òúø-´C.)

a) It's too heavy for me to carry.

7) It was so noisy that you couldn't hear any-

b) It is so heavy that I cannot carry it.

îª÷úøçúÕ: so ... that Ö†o sentence (b) ¶«í¬ §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC. éÌçûª ÆæçéÀx-≠dçæ í¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC éπü∆.

thing

c) It is too difficult for me to understand

´’†èπ◊ (Ééπ\úø, you Åçõ‰ F´¤/ O’®Ω’ ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬ü¿’; you – Åçõ‰ 'á´-È®jØ√— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩØË N≠æߪ’ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.)

d) It is so difficult that I can't understand it. c)

éπçõ‰

(d) complicated

so ... that practice

í¬ ÖçC éπü∆? îËߪ’çúÕ, é¬F too ... infinitive

áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøçúÕ.

= It is such a long way off that the girl cannot walk.

He has to pay the fine. He can't help it =

Åûªúø’

b)

É™« ņôç American usage ™ ûª®Ω’îª÷ NE°œÆæ’hçô’çC.) O’éÀ-°æp-öÀéÀ Å®Ωn-´’ßË’u Öçô’çC- so ... that éÀ, ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o too ... infinitive éÀ î√™« ü¿í∫_®Ω Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçü¿E.

éπö«d-LqçüË. ÅûªúÕéπC ûª°æpü¿’.

To make it here = to reach here =

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. so †’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË 'so' É™« ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, sentence ™E ´÷ô-© èπÿ®Ω’p í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) The box is so heavy that I cannot carry it.

Ééπ\-úÕéÀ îË®Ω-ö«-EéÀ. Prem: Why was the traffic so heavy?

(Ç Â°õ„d ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤) (áçü¿’-éπçûª ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC vö«°∂œé˙ É¢√y∞¡?) Syam: For onething, it is a peak traffic hour. Secondly some procession was in the

2) He is walking so slowly that he cannot catch the train.

took nearly 20 minutes to clear the

(wõ„jØ˛ Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª Eü∆-†çí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’) ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p îª÷úøçúÕ:

road.

... so + adjective (heavy - 1) + that + ... (not) etc.

way. At one point it was so long that it

adverb (slowly - 2)

(äéπ N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ ÅC ´÷´‚-©’í¬ vö«°∂œé˙ ®ΩDl ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçúË Æ洒ߪ’ç. È®çúÓüËçôçõ‰ àüÓ ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ Åúøfç ´*açC. äéπ ü¿¨¡™ Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ áçûÓ §Òúø-´¤çC. áçûªçõ‰, ÅC ®Óúø’f ü∆ô-ö«-EéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω Å®Ω-í∫çô °æöÀdçC) peak traffic = Åûªuçûª ®ΩDl

Éçé¬-îª÷-úøçúÕ. 3) He is so lazy that he cannot finish the work on time.

(Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æE-°æ‹-Jh-îË-ߪ’-†çûª ≤Ú´’J Åûª†’) 4) He talks so fast that I can't understand him

EXERCISE

ANSWER

(Practise the following aloud in English; use only so ... that structure.)

Ramana: The rain is so heavy/ It's raining so heavily that we can't go out.

Ramana:

´’†ç É¢√y∞¡ •ßª’öÀÈé∞¡x™‰ç. Åçûª ¢√†í¬ ÖçC. Sumana: ´’J shopping îËߪ÷L éπü∆? Ramana: Í®°æ¤ îËü∆l癉. Sumana: Ñ®ÓV éÌØ√-Lq†N î√™« ÖØ√o®·. ÅN Åçûª ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N. Ramana: Å´¤†’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Í®°æ-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Ç°æ-™‰-†çûª Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†N éπü∆? Sumana: Å®·ûË ´’†ç °æ‹Jhí¬ ûªúÕ-Æ œ-§Ú-ßË’çûª ¢√†í¬ ÖçC. ´’Í®ç îËü∆lç? Ramana: ã í∫çö«T •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωü∆ç. Sumana: Å°æp-öÀéÀ shops ÅFo ´‚ÊÆ-≤ƒh®Ω’. Ramana: Auto ™ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç.

Sumana: But we've to do shopping. Ramana: Let's do it tomorrow. Sumana: Some of the things are so important that we have to buy them today. Ramana: Yes, I remember. Some of the things are so important that they have to be bought/ we have buy them today. Sumana: The rain is so heavy that we will be drenched. What shall we do? Ramana: Let's start after an hour. Sumana: By then the shops will all have closed. Ramana: We'll take an auto.

؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-úø-ûª†’.

Spoken English

-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm