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Assessing English Language Proficiency in ASEAN Context: A Lingua Franca Approach Fanissa Narita (1707326) Khairunnisa (1802533) Rizka Nur Atika (1802696)

Overview Native-Speaker Norm (Anglophone) Multicultural-Norm (ASEAN) Lingua Franca Assessment Issues in ASEAN

Braj Kachru’s Circle of English

English as Lingua Franca in ASEAN Context World Englishes: localized forms of English found throughout the world.

GLOBAL EFL/ESL countries

Form a community (e.g. ASEAN)

LOCAL

GLOCALIZATION

The need of communica tion

ENGLISH AS LINGUA FRANCA

Does the native speaker-norm based works in teaching and assessing English in ASEAN?

No

Some principles in teaching and assessing English as Lingua Franca

Principle #1: The native speaker of English is not the linguistic target. Mutual intelligibility is the goal

Multilinguals Economical, political, and other relationships

Various ways of speech

ASEAN

Various accents

Mutual intelligibility

Sounding like a native speaker does not guarantee shared understandability Focus on: • Communication strategies • Accomodation skills

Some issues • Tolerated and not-tolerated (accuracy) • Different accents (issues of pronunciation)

Principle #2: The native speaker’s culture is not the cultural target. Intercultural competence in relevant cultures is the goal.

Principle #3: Local multilinguals who are suitably trained provide the most appropriate English language teachers.

Native speaker teacher of English Strength • Authentic pronunciation • Wide vocabulary • Lot of information about their culture

Weakness • Less relevant as a model for ELF learners • Lack of linguistic and cultural awareness of L2 country • Lack of teaching methodology

Non-native speaker teacher of English Strength •

Understand how students learn English • Provide linguistic target for their students • Assist the students to learn English by code-switching • Assist them to develop multilinguals’ skill

Weakness • Pronunciation

Principle #4: Lingua franca environments provide excellent learning environments for lingua franca speakers

A suitable learning environments for lingua franca speakers • To send students to places where English is naturally used as a lingua franca.

Creating a lingua franca environment in the classroom • Sustaining the intelligibility by clear pronunciation.

• Raising awareness towards non-native speakers of English.

PRINCIPLE 5#: SPOKEN LANGUAGE IS NOT WRITTEN LANGUAGE

1 Being a native speaker does not guarantee them to be classified as a literate person in English especially in written English since written English has to be consciously learned by all.

2 Disciplines and genres set the rhetorical structures and styles. Each discipline and genre has different set of norms to use the language

•

The history of the Enigma starts around 1915, with the invention of the rotor-based cipher machine. ... Officially though, the Enigma machine was invented by Arthur Scherbius in 1918, right at the end of World War I. After several years of improving his invention, the first machine saw the light of day in 1923.

3

culture contributes to different rhetorical rules in using language. The level of differences is often determined by disciplines and genre.

AMERICAN/ JAPANESE Japanese tended to use inductive paragraph in their writing starting by giving supporting ideas and at the end coming to the main ideas.

Principle #6: Assessment must be relevant to the ASEAN context Status : time allocation: teaching objectives; assessment

Outer

high-stakes testing

Inner:Outer Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei Low-stakes testing

A

In High-stakes testing, multiple choices are rarely used, it mostly applies a kind of open-ended test items, for example, examination requires test-takers to write an essay and to respond to reading passages through short-answer questions and a summary.

B

Low-stakes testing: multiple-choice testing dominates leading to a focus on language knowledge at the expense of language use

CONCLUSION English as Lingua Franca reinforces people especially the ASEAN ones to be aware toward a new concept that English is not always referred to American and British. EFL curriculum among ASEAN countries is highly suggested to put the ASEAN standard derived from multiculturalism in the community as its standard criteria. All assessment and measurement tools are developed within ASEAN.