Pbl Nmr 1.docx

1. How the mechanism of fecal formation • Tenue Intestinum The small intestine is a terminal place for food digestion, nutrient absorption. • Duodenum a) The superior duodeni pars stretch from the ostium pyloricum gaster to collum vesica fellea, right on the right side of the LI vertebrae, and travel anteriorly to the choledochus duct, gastroduodenal artery, porta hepatis vein, and inferior vena cava. b) Pars descendens duodeni is right on the right side of the midline and stretches from collum vesica felle to the bottom of the vertebrae LIII. c) The inferior duodeni pars are the longest part, crossing the inferior vena cava, aorta and vertebral column. This section is crossed anteriorly by arteries and superior mesenteric veins. d) Pars ascendent duodeni runs up on, or on the left side of the aorta to approximately the edge of the LII vertebra and ends as a jejunal duodeno flexura.

Anatomical and histology images of duodenal • Jejenum – Ileum The length of the entire archipelago is 6-7 meters; jejenum is in the proximal part with a length of approximately 2/5 part of it, while the ileum is in the distal section with a length of approximately 3/5 the remaining parts.

Anatomical and histology images of jejenum and ileum • Crassum intestinum

Shorter than the tenue intestine, about 1.5 meters long. The base is wider than the distal end. Consists of : 1) cecum and process vermiform 2) colon 3) rectum. The crassum intestine can be seen as follows: 1. Caecum This building is the beginning of the colon, one end is dead end and facing the caudal. While the other end is open facing cranial. Located inside the dextra iliac fossa, wrapped by peritoneum (intra peritoneal), it is easy to move. 2. Colon 1. Colon ascendens 2. Colon transversum 3. Colon descendens 4. Colon sigmoideum 3. Rectum It is the caudal (anal) part of the crassum intestine, located retroperitoneal, extending from the height of the 3 sacral vertebrae to the anus. Anus is the mouth of the rectum to the outside world.

Anatomical and histology images of rectum 

Anatomy and function of gastrointestinal organs greatly influence the pattern of defecation. Food that enters the body will pass through the digestive tract to reach the rectum where the process of defecation will take place, so it takes gastrointestinal motility to support the movement of food through it to be excreted in the body in the form of feces.

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Feces in normal conditions consist of 75% water, the rest are solid materials consisting of 30% dead bacteria, 10-20% fat, 10-20% inorganic ingredients, 2-3% protein, and undigested food fibers and elements from digestive sap, such as bile pigments and released cells.

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The gastrointestinal tract has a nervous system called the enteric nervous system, all located in the intestinal wall, starting from the esophagus extending to the anus. This system mainly regulates gastrointestinal secretion and movements.

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Water absorption in the small intestine is caused by the degree of osmolarity that occurs when dissolved material (especially sodium) is actively absorbed from the intestinal lumen by the villous epithelium. Then it is rearranged through an ion pump called Na + K + ATPase to increase its osmolarity and cause other water & electrolytes to flow passively from the lumen of the small intestine through the intercellular tract into the extracellular fluid. This process maintains the osmotic balance between intraluminer intestinal fluid and extracellular fluid.

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The next Kimus goes to the large intestine. In the large intestine there is the bacterium Escherichia coli, this bacteria helps in the process of decaying leftover food into feces. The large intestine absorbs almost all of the water that comes from the small intestine and leaves it only about 1% to be excreted into the stool. The sigmoid large intestine functions as a

reservoir that accommodates fecal mass which has reduced its fluid content until the defecation process takes place. Referensi :  

E-jurnal.Kebutuhan Dasar Manusia.Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran Sobotta Jilid 2.Atlas Anatomi Manusia (Organ-Organ Dalam).