Outline 15

Stewart Pine 10/23/08 Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture I. Religious Revivalism A. Reviving Religion 1. 1850, ¾ of Americans go to church, still held great sway in the lives of Americans 2. Religion losing vigor to mass appeal a. Paine’s Age of Reason (1794), rationalist pamphlet said churches were meant to terrorize and enslave b. Deists relied on reason rather than religion for explanation, became Unitarians; God is one person, not three 3. Unitarians expressed belief in human goodness, salvation through the good deeds of a person, rather than denomination of strength of faith a. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a Unitarian 4. Second Great Awakening a protest against liberal thinking in 1800, converted thousands of people, greater than the first a. “Camp meetings” were frenzies of religious fervor b. Methodists and Baptists most conversions, Peter Cartwright a traveling preacher who used theatrics c. Charles Grandison Finney a great orator, grew large crowds, Rochester and New York City, against alcohol and slavery, 5. Feminization of religion a key part of SGA, women the first involved with it, women began to save family and later society B. Denomination Diversity 1. Many different religions, Puritans in NY, shatter by the SGA a. This “Burnt-Over” region gave rise to thousands of Millerites (Adventists), believed that October 22, 1844, day of Reckoning 2. Relationship between class and denomination a. East was Presbyterian, Congregationalist, Unitarian, Episcopalian b. Methodist, Baptist and newer religions from South and West 3. Methodists and Baptists parted from North/South parted over slavery, 1857 Presbyterians did the same, and secession foreshadowed secession C. A Desert Zion in Utah 1. 1830, Joseph Smith starts the Mormon Church, gold plates from angel 2. Mormons ousted in Ohio, Missouri, due to open voting, militia drilling, and polygamy, average Americans distrusted them 3. 1844, Smith and brother murdered in Carthage, IL, Brigham Young takes up reigns, leads to Utah, 1846-7 4. Tamed the desert like no others a. Many settlers joined them, they irrigated ingeniously b. Missionaries in Europe only fueled growth of theocracy c. 1857, army marches against them, averted, but again in 1862

II. The Education Reform A. Free Schools for Free People 1.