Protein phosphorylation and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling Overview, protein kinases and phosphatases I.
Kinase
Ia.
Family A.
Ser/Thr: intracellular, PKA, MAPK, CDK, PKC, AMPK receptor, TGFbR, ActR
B.
Tyr: intracellular, Src, Abl, oncogene, membrane associated, nuclear Jak, ZAP70, receptor coupled Receptor, EGFR, IR, NGFR, EphR, growth, metabolism, differentiation, axon guidance
C. Dual specific: MEK, Myt1, activating MAP kinase or inhibition of CDC2 Ib.
Structure and sequence conservation
A
A.
Conserved ~300 residues
B.
Three dimensional structure
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Two domains, Nterminal small domain, β sheet; C terminal large domain, αhelix ATP binding pocket Activation loop
Ic.
Id.
Mechanisms of regulation A. Small molecules Ca++, DAG, cAMP, cGMP, AMP, PIP2 B.
Ligand, growth factor receptor, receptor coupled kinase
C.
Regulatory subunits, R and PKI for PKA, cyclin for CDK
D.
Regulators, calmodulin for CamK, Ras for Raf, Cdc42 for PAK
E.
Regulatory domain, Raf, Pak
F.
Phosphorylation, activating, inhibitory
G.
Localization
H.
Example, CDK or PKA
Function, ~30% of cellular proteins are phosphorylation, in every aspect of biology in eukaryotes, 518 kinases in human Activation/Inhibition 2
Localization Proteinprotein interaction Stability II.
Ser/Thr phosphatase
IIa. Classification, PP1, PP2A, PP2B, PP2C (diverse subfamily)
IIb. Regulation, inhibitory subunit, PI Regulatory subunits, PP2A, A, B, C subunits Calcium, calmodulin, PP2B IIIc. Function, Not always negative, for example, calcineurin/PP2B
III. Tyrosine phosphatase, IIIa. Family, receptorlike PTP, intracellular PTP, dual specific PTP IIIb. Regulation, ligand, modification, localization, expression IIIc. Function, example SHP1, CDC25, MKP1
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Analysis of phosphorylation I.
Phosphoamino acid analysis Phosphorylated protein Run SDS gel Transfer to Immobilon Hydrolyzed in HCl Electrophoresis on thin layer cellulose plate Stained with ninhydrin for standard Expose to Xray film
II.
Phosphopeptide mapping Digest with protease, trypsin Run electrophoresis Run TLC Identify spot, which can be recovered and used for sequencing
III. Determination of phosphorylation sites Sequence phosphopeptide Site directed mutation coupled with phosphopeptide mapping Mass spectrometry
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IV.
In vivo labeling with 32Pphosphate, immunoprecipitation, mobility shift
V. In vitro phosphorylation, phosphorylation by kinase, dephosphorylation by phosphatase VI. Antibodies Antiphosphotyrosine antibody Antiphosphopeptide antibody, convenience for in vivo experiments
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Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling I.
Receptor tyrosine kinase structure and regulation
Ia.
Classification based on structure
Ib.
Receptor activation Ligand induced dimmerization, bivalent ligands Transautophosphorylation, activation of kinase activity
Ic.
Autophosphorylation and substrates A.
Autophosphorylation and recruiting of associated molecules
B.
Phosphorylation of adaptor and docking proteins, IRS1, FRS2, GAB, Dos, creating docking sites for downstream signaling molecules C.
Id.
Phosphorylation of substrates PLC, Stat
Molecules implicated in RTK signaling A.
Enzymes, phospholipase C, Phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase, Src, SHP2
B.
Adaptor, Grb2, Shc
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II.
C.
Docking protein, FRS2, IRS1, Dos
D.
Regulator, SOS, GAP, VAV
E.
Transcription factor, Stat
F.
Small GTPase, Ras
Receptor associated molecules
IIa. Phospholipase Cγ Structure, SH2, SH3, catalytical domain Regulation, tyrosine phosphorylation Function, chemical reaction, products, IP3, DAG IP3 Ca2+ calmodulin ion channel, phosphodiesterase, Cam kinase, calcineurin, myosin light chain kinase, adenylyl cyclase, PKC DAG protein kinase C IIb. Phosphoinositide 3kinase, PI3K Structure, regulatory subunit p85 containing SH2 and SH3 domains, catalytic subunit p110 Regulation, activation by physical association with tyrosine phosphorylated receptor, activation by Ras, activation by the SH3 domain of Src, recruit to membrane proximity 7
Function, chemical reaction, products, PI3P; PI3,4P2; PI3,5P2, essential for mitogenic effect, antiapoptosis Downstream effectors, PI3,4P2; PI3,5P2, PH domain containing proteins, PDK, AKT, Vav. The PI3K PDK AKT Bad, FKHR pathway. AKT S6K (+), Glut4 (+), GSK3 () PI3P FYVE domain, many involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking IIc. Grb2 and Shc adapter molecules Association with tyrosine phosphorylated receptors Association with SOS, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Ras Activation of Ras IId. Other associated molecules, Src, GAP, SHP2, Nck IIe. Protein interaction domains, SH2, SH3, PDZ, WW, PH, FYVE, PTB A.
SH2 domain
Structure, ~100 amino acid residues, three dimensional structure Recognize phosphotyrosine with high affinity, also recognize flanking sequences
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Present in enzymes, Tyr kinase, PTP, phospholipase, GEF, GAP, PI3K, transcription factor B.
SH3 domain
Structure, ~50 amino acid residues. Three dimensional structure Recognize prolinerich sequence. PΦPpXP, lefthanded polyproline helix Present in many signaling proteins and cytoskeletal proteins C.
PH domain
Bind PIP2, PIP3, membrane translocation D. Phosphoserine/threonine recognition domains 1433, WW, WD, FHA, PBD
III. Regulation of the Ras family small GTPases IIIa. Biochemical properties of Ras Guanine nucleotide binding, GTPase, conformational changes, membrane association, interaction with downstream molecules A.
The GTPase cycle, 9
Low GTPase activity, t1/2 15 hours Slow nucleotide exchange rate, t1/2 ~14 hours Largely in GDP form in the resting state
B.
Membrane association
Membrane association is essential for biological functions HRas Cterminal CMSCKCAAX Lipid modification, farnesylation, cleavage, carboxymethylation, palmitoylation.
C.
Conformational change upon nucleotide binding
Effector domain (residue 3240)
IIIb. Ras regulators A. GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor), SOS, RasGRP Connection from RTK Grb2 (or Shc) SOS Ras Genetic evidence from Drosophila, yeast (Cdc25) Promote nucleotide release
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E.
GAP (GTPase activating protein)
Stimulate GTPase activity, RasGAP. NF1 Associated with receptor Could serve as a downstream effector
F.
GDI (GDP dissociate inhibitor), found for the Rho family
IIIc. Ras effectors, Raf, PI3K, RalGDS, GAP, MEKK, PKC, AF6, Rin1
A.
Raf Kinase activates the MAP kinase pathway Activated by growth factors Oncogene Genetic evidence functions downstream of Ras Nterminal Ras binding domain, RBD Activated by Ras
B.
PI3K Associated with Ras and activated by Ras 11
C.
RalGDS Activated by Ras Regulate Ral activation
IIId. Biological function Growth promotion, neutralizing antibody or dominant negative blocks cell proliferation Oncogenic transformation, 3040% human cancers contains activated Ras mutation Differentiation, in PC 12 cells Development, knock out is early lethal, mutation in Drosophila and C. elegans Immune response Mating in S. pombe, nutrient response in S. cerevisiae
IV. The MAP kinase pathway IVa. Biochemical mechanisms of MAP kinase activation, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation Raf MEK ERK Phosphorylation of TXY motif
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Dephosphorylation by PTP and MKP Nuclear translocation IVb. The MAP kinase module, kinase cascade, conservation in eukaryotes The JNK pathway The p38 pathway IVc. Genetic evidence for the RasMAP kinase pathway, Drosophila and C. elegans Pathways Genetics IVd. Function, cell proliferation, differentiation, stress response, transcription regulation Substrates of MAPK, Elk1, EGFR, SOS, MAPKAPK, PLA V.
MAP kinase pathways in yeast
Va. Distinct MAP kinase pathways in yeast A. The pheromone response pathway, FUS3, a MAPK coupled to trimeric Gprotein B. High osmolarity response, the HOG1 pathway coupled to a eukaryotic two component system, histidne kinase
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C.
Filamentous growth, KSS1, a unique differentiation pathway
D.
Hypotonic response, MPK1, similar to mammalian PKC
E.
Sporulation SMK1, required for spore maturation
Vb. Specificity of MAP kinase pathway Biochemical level, specificity of kinase kinase Organizational level, scaffold protein, Ste5, Pbs2 Vc. Scaffold proteins Ste5, JIP, MP1, SUR8 Vd. Inactivation by phosphatases Dual specificity phosphatase PTP VI. Cell growth and cell size control VIa. The AKT pathway and cell size regulation PI3K, PDK1, PTEN, AKT, mTOR, S6K VIb. The mTOR pathway
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TSC1/TSC2. Rheb, mTOR, Raptor, GβL, S6K, 4EBP1 MTOR regulation and substrate selection, TOS motif VIc. Translation control and cell growth regulation Translation initiation, elongation Growth factors, nutrients, cellular energy levels VId. Cell growth and coordination with energy level Structure and regulation of AMPK AMPK function, substrates VIe. Cell growth regulation and diseases Cancer/tumor, PeutzJeghers syndrome, tuberous sclerosis Hypertrophy, WolffParkisonWhite syndrome VII. The Rho family small GTPase VIIa. Rho family members, Rho, Rac, Cdc42 VIIb. Downstream effectors Rho effectors, PIP5K, PKN, Rho kinase Rac and Cdc42 effectors, PAK, PI3K, WASP, ACK, PIP5K Activation of PAK by Cdc42 VIIc. Function, regulation of cytoskeletal structure and cell morphology, axon guidance Stress fiber, filopodia, lamellipodia, cell motility 15
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References Chapter 15, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition, by Alberts et al Schlessinger, J. Cell Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. Cell, Vol. 103, 211–225, October, 2000 BarSagi, D. and Hall, A. Ras and Rho GTPases: A Family Reunion. Cell, Vol. 103, 227–238, 2000 Davis, R.J. Signal Transduction by the JNK Group of MAP Kinases. Cell, 103, 239–252, 2000 Shamji et al. Integration of growth factor and nutrient signaling: implication for cancer biology. Mol. Cell 12, 271280, 2003
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