Chapter 15 Section 3 Outline

Chapter 15 Section 3 Outline I.

Modern Terrorism A. Terrorism believes negotiating/organizing won’t benefit their political goals; instead they use force and intimidation. 1. Examples are taking hostages, hijacking planes or killing civilians. 2. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) has killed thousands trying to unify the G.B.-ruled Northern Ireland with the Irish Republic. 3. State-sponsored terrorism – Terrorism that works for one nation to undermine the Gov. of another. a. Used by militant governments, i.e. Iraq, Iran, Syria, Libya & North Korea. B. Islamic Militants: A Clash of Cultures 1. Recent world terrorism believed to have complex roots. a. Analysts believe the Muslim’s religious beliefs haven’t adapted to the modern world, or Christians & Muslims are hostile towards each other since the Crusades. b. Poverty & ignorance could’ve caused resentment towards wealthy Western societies. c. Israeli-Palestinian conflicts being solved could render terrorism rare. 2. Yasir Arafat of PLO dies in 2004 a. His peace talks between PLO and Israel didn’t find solutions; new leader expected to succeed in his place. 3. Middle Eastern groups responsible for terrorists attacks since WW2 a. Reason could be U.S.’s oil investment benefited ruling wealthy families, not the normal poor citizens. b. Contact with U.S. increased, feared that religion/way of life would weaken; movements to overthrow proWestern Govs. were called fundamentalist militants but many don’t share their vision of a pure Islamic society. c. U.S. support of Israel angered other Mid. East. Nations; terrorists paid and supported by other Mid. East. Nations to attack Israel and the U.S. 4. Ayatollah Khomeini led first movement for a conservative Islamic society. a. Social and political changes were strictly regulated by the strict interpretation Islam.

II.

b. Militants seen as extremists, but are a minority w/their view of women; Women had extensive rights until the early 1900’s. 1. 19th/20th century Muslim scholars debate on women’s roles, leading to more extensions of rights & a shift toward more traditional roles. C. The War in Afghanistan and Its Aftermath 1. King of Afghanistan sought economic support from Soviet Union, overthrown by cousin in 1973, and then overthrown in a pro-Soviet coup in 1978. 2. Afghans opposed new communist leaders, Babrak Karmal became prime minister and Soviets led a full-scale invasion. 3. U.S. supported opposition against Soviets, Muslims headed to Afghanistan to support the effort. a. Osama bin Laden, founded the al-Qaeda (The Base) in 1988, and helped succeed in defeating the Soviet Union w/his efforts by sending arms, money, & recruited Muslims. b. Bin Laden believed western ideas corrupted Muslim societies, & dedicated himself to drive westerners out of large Muslim countries. c. The Taliban, a Muslim fundamentalist group, took control of Afghanistan in 1996, and controlled 2/3rd of the country; the north was controlled by Afghan factions. d. Taliban suspected of hiding Bin Laden and his Al-Qaeda organization; He ordered Muslims to kill Americans & set bombs off at American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania that killed 224 people. e. President Bill Clinton attacked Afghanistan and Sudan, but al-Qaeda terrorists destroyed the USS Cole by Yemen; the United Nations Security Council later demanded the Taliban to hand over bin Laden for trial but was refused. The Attacks of 9/11 A. 2 commercial jets crashed into the World Trade center in N.Y.C., 1 at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia & the last one into a field in Pennsylvania which was diverted from Washington D.C. by heroic passengers.

B. President George Bush declared a nation emergency & Congress

III.

authorized the use of force to fight the terrorists; Intelligence identified works of bin Laden and his al-Qaeda network. C. Bush led coalition of nations to start a war against the Taliban, & and the Northern Alliance of Afghanistan help force the Taliban out of the capital Kabul & the Taliban collapsed. D. U.S. and its allies help create a new Afghan Gov. w/its leaders. 1. Allied troops act as peacekeepers and hunt for stray terrorists. 2. Citizens overjoyed, Hamid Karzai elected as new president. 3. President Bush and the Congress pass the Patriot Act, letting secret searches to prevent tipping off terrorism suspects that restricted constitutional rights and caused controversy. 4. Congress passed a bill for a new cabinet department – the Department of Homeland Security for the coordination of federal agencies that work against terrorism. 5. Many Asian and European Govs. have tightened up security at airports to tracked own terrorists. The Iraq Factor A. The 9/11 attacks caused fear of al-Qaeda possessing WMD’s. 1. In his State of the Union speech on Jan. 2002, President Bush identified Iraq, Iran & North Korea as the “Axis of Evil.” B. Iraq’s Aggression 1. President Bush believed Iraq was a more immediate threat, based on the previous use of their WMD’s during their war against Iran. 2. Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait led to international outcries; U.S. led an international force that freed Kuwait & destroyed a majority of Iraq’s army, hoping to overthrow Hussein w/an internal revolt but failed. 3. UN inspectors found evidence of Iraq’s WMD’s and UN’s Security Council resolutions wanted their weapons programs to stop, but the resolutions were violated. C. War on Iraq 1. President Bush demanded a regime change in Iraq & the repossessing of their WMD’s, & would go to war w/out UN support.

2. Congress authorized use of force against Iraq, but the UN made a new resolution that required UN inspectors to return to Iraq by a certain date to see to the stop of support to terrorism, persecution of Huessin’s opponents & declaration of all its WMD’s. a. U.S. doubted their effectiveness, & still argued Iraq was still hiding the WMD’s. b. U.S. & Britain prepared war, but antiwar protestors said war wasn’t justified b/c of the inconclusive evidence. 3. The U.S.-led coalition attacked Iraq, & Hussein’s soldiers backed down and Iraq was quickly controlled. 4. Fighting & controversies continued & no evidence of WMD’s were found. 5. Citizens of Iraq rejoice to new freedom but 3 major groups: the Shiite & Sunni Muslims & Ethnic Kurds made it difficult to set up an Interim Gov. 6. Sadam was captured, but insurgent attacks didn’t cease. a. Believed to be former members of Hussein’s party who feared of no power in an American-designed Gov. b. Believed to be young radicals that wanted a strict Islamic republic. 7. Fighting continued w/anyone who cooperated w/ the interim Gov., as the war was officially over in 2004 a. President Bush continued to seek support of other countries to help the war-torn nation. 8. On June 28, 2004, Iyad Allawi was sworn in as Iraq’s interim prime minister and sovereignty was transferred to Iraq. a. Gov. needed order and restructuring, while debating on the role of religion on society & an acceptable type of Gov.