Ottama

1

rmwdum oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ }uD;&JŒtrSm

(3)

OwWr uAsm t±dik f;avajy 0dnmOfawG pmrsufESm 2007 tcef;9 tydk'fcGJ 17 vrf;ay:rSmpD;wJh {&m0wD

(udk&if-o) (&Jabmfarmiftdk;) (pkEdkif&) (bkef;rif;ZGef)

(5) (7) (8) (10)

a-unmcsuf r sm; jrefrmEdkifiH ta&;ESifh ywfoufI ukvor*~rS xda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifa&; wdkufwGef;csuf etz&JŒ zGJŒpnf;yHkudk -uufajccwf_yD; uefŒuGuf-u

(14) (18)

ordkif; jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pk tzGJΠ}uD;udk arG;zGm;jcif; (to#if-obmo) pufwifbma&$0ga&mif. rSwfwrf;yHk&dyfrsm;

(20) (41)

tawG ; tjrif a&$0ga&mif 'Drdku&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif; oHCmawmfrsm;. tiftm;

(to#ifvmmb)

(27) (64)

aqmif;yg; ('*kHy¾dwf)

vl,kwfrmb,folvJ (37) a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;udk prf;ppfjcif; q&meJŒ'um _yD;awmh pufwifbm aoG;pnf;nDnGwf-uavmh

(udk&if-o) (OD;vif;) (jynfolŒapwref)

(49) (58) (83)

ay;pm Oa&myygvDref trwfrsm;or*~odkŒ ay;ydkŒaom E+wfcGef;qufpum;

(55)

twˆ K ywW d yk*~dKvfxl; q&mawmf t&SifOwWr

(78)

2

oHCmawmf t&SifoljrwfawG tukefvHk;[m wpdwfwnf; w0rf;wnf;/ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; nDnDnGwfnGwf &Sd-uw,f qdkwmudk 'DoHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ‹}uD;u azmfjyvdu k w f mygyJ? wenf;qd&k v#if tzbk&m;&Si&f ‹J wynfo h m; oHCmrsm; yDyD ²²² or*~geH wayg okacg/ nDnw G jf cif;tusio hf nf csr;f om. qdw k hJ tqH;k trudk OD;xdyx f m;a-umif;udv k nf; oufaoxlvu kd w f mygyJ? e=t= z ppftpd;k &[m 1988 pufwifbmv ppftm%modr;f _yD;uwnf;u jynfov l x l t k ay: enf;rsK;d pHek ‹J zdEydS cf w hJ ,f? tm%mwnf_rJa&;twGuu f ykd J -unfch v hJ ‹kd jynfoal wG[m tusyt f wnf;aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmeJ‹ qif;&J'u k aQ &mufc&hJ w,f? }uH‹zG‹H / pGr;f tm;&Siaf wGukd vufoyfarG;_yD; jynfoal wGukd aoG;cJt G yk cf sKyfcw hJ ,f? oHCmawmfrsm; udkvnf; EdkifiHawmf oHCmhr[mem,u (r=[=e) q&mawmfrsm;eJ‹ atmufajc oHCmawmfrsm;udk aoG;cJt G yk cf sKyfcyhJ gw,f? 'g[m oHCmudk oif;cGw J mygyJ? a'0'wf&‹J vrf;pOfygyJ? _yD;awmh = raumif;jrpfwm;/ aumif;&mn$efvpf/ topfa[m-uL;/ emzl;xyfrH/ ewfxHwif&m/ arwWmvnf;ðy ²²² qdkwJh &[ef;wdk‹ usifh0wfeJ‹tnD qif;&J'u k aQ &mufaewJh jynfoal wGtwGuf arwWmyd‹k qkawmif;cGiahf wmif r&cJyh gbl;? 'Dvkd 3

t-uyftwnf; awG-um;xJrmS ausmif;om;vli,fawG[mvnf; e=t=z ppftpd;k &udk qef‹usicf -hJ uayr,fh rw&m; zrf;qD;xdr;f odr;f cHc-hJ u&ygw,f? oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; 1990 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvrSm wpf}urd /f 2007 ckEpS f pufwifbmvrSm wpf}urd f 0denf;awmfEiS t hf nD ywWeu d KU Z…e(oydwaf rSmuf) uHaqmifc-hJ u ygw,f? 'gudv k nf; e=t=z ppftpd;k &u t-urf;zuf ESrd ef if;cJjh yefygw,f? tckvnf; ta&;óuv H mjyefyg_yD? bmvnf;qdak wmh 2010 ck a&G;aumufyyJG gyJ? 1990 ck arv a&G;aumufy&JG ‹J &v'fukd rsuu f , G ðf ywm[m jynfo‹l qENukd apmfum;vdu k f wmygyJ? tu,fI 2010 ck a&G;aumufyo JG m touf0ifcrhJ ,fq&kd if jynfoal wG&‹J 'Dru kD a&pD yef;wdik [ f m a0;oxuf a0;oGm;ygvdrrhf ,f? 'ga-umifh jynfwiG ;f tiftm;pkawGa&m/ jynfytiftm;pkawGyg wpfcsed w f nf; wpfòyid w f nf; wufnv D ufneD ‹J ppftm%m&Sit f pd;k &udk tjrpfjywf acsrKS ef;Ekid zf ‹kd pkppk nf;pnf; nDnn D w G n f w G ef ‹J qufvufwu kd yf 0JG if-uygpd‹k vd‹k wyfveS ‹f E+;d aqmfvu kd yf gw,f? ?

jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ‹}uD;

4

= pufwifbm eif[m ²²² &ufpuf cg;oufoufae‹&ufawGzefqif; pl;&SwJh aorif;wrefawGeJ h _idrf;csrf;a&;vrf;rudk aoG;eJcif;cJhwmawmif t"rRawGudk tarGay;cJhcsifao;w,f? = pufwifbm eif[m²²² ±dkif;pdkif; trkef;wHwdkif;awGum&H idk_iD;jcif; *DwoHeJ‹ tarh&J‹&ifcGifxJu -u,fpifawGa¹cGcscJh_yD;wmawmif tem*wfudk acsrGypfcsifao;w,f?

5

= pufwifbm eif[m²²² -urf;wrf; a-uuGJp&mawGudkxrf;vdk‹ a0'emawG weifhwydk;eJ‹ ordkif;a-umif; rvSycJhwmawmif emusifjcif;awGudk w&GwfwdkufqGJcJhcsifao;w,f? = tdk²²² ²²² pufwifbm 'Drnf;npfnpf a-uuGJjcif;awGudkzsufqD; vSywJh aw;oGm;wpfyk'fudk oD-uL;_yD; rsKd;qufopf yef;csDum;wpfcsyfudk zefwD;zdk‹ urBmopf&J‹ wHcg;udk zGifhvSpfzdk‹ rif;vufudkwGJ²²² tem*wf&J‹ AHkoHeJ‹twl uyg&ap? rif;vufudkwGJ²²² n&J‹0wf±Hkatmuf -u,fpifawGaumufyg&ap? rif;vufudkwGJ²²² rdk;yGifhawGxJ aqmhajy;upm;yg&ap²²² ²²²vdk‹ rEdk;xao;wJh 0dnmOfawGeJ‹twl qENðyvdkufyg&ap?

udk&if-o

6

?

[dkrSm ²²² awGvm; arwWmokwf&Gwfqdk_yD; csDwufvm-u_yD cE<mudk,frSm aoewf'%f&mawGeJ‹ wrvGefu0dnmOfawG [dkrSm ²²² awG‹vm; aºuG;a-umfoHawG atmf[pf_yD; csDwufvm-u_yD OD;acgif;rSm 0g;&if;wkwf'%f&mawGeJ‹ wrvGefu0dnmOfawG tJh'g ausmif;olausmif;om;0dnmOfawG tJh'g jynfoljynfom;0dnmOfawG tJh'g &[ef;oHCmawmf0dnmOfawG tJh'D 0dnmOfawG[m bDvl;obufawGr[kwf o&Jwap>awGr[kwf vSywJh0dnmOfawG }uD;us,fjrifhjrwfwJh0dnmOfawG tJh'D 0dnmOfawG[m vl‹tcGifhta&;udk o,faqmifvmae_yD tJh'D 0dnmOfawG[m 'Drdkua&pDudk o,faqmifvmae_yD tJh'D 0dnmOfawG[m EdkifiHawmfopfudk o,faqmifvmae_yD b,folrSwm;qD;I r&Edkifay Edk;x&SifoefqJawmfvSef&J&J0dnmOfawG?

&Jabmfarmift;kd

7

“tm;” ighudkxdoGm;_yD? AdkufxJrSm vdyfvdyfvdrfhvdrfheJ‹ “tdk;” tefcsifvdkufwm r&awmh r&awmhbl; igb,fvdkrS xdef;vdk‹r&awmhbl;? “a0gh” [ ´ bmawGvJ[ ²²² aoG;awGaoG;awG tdyfcsifw,f/ tdyfcsifvdkufwm “[m±dkufw,fa[h” “a[mvJoGm;_yD” “um;ay:qGJwifoGm;_yDa[h” acG;rom; »»» ighqDudk av#mufvmoHawG-um;ae&w,f

8

“a[haumifawG 'DrSmwpfa,mufaoae_yDeJ‹wlw,f um;ay:wifvdkufprf; “'kef;” tm; ²²² emvdkufwm “0l; ²²² 0l;wDwD wDwD” igbmrS rjrif&awmhbl; r[kwfbl; igjrifae&w,f jrifw,f/ jrifw,f -um;vJ -um;ae&w,f oHCmawmfawG 100/ 200/ 300 ²²² 3000 trsm;}uD;yJ rqkH;Edkifygvm; “vltcsif;csif;ESdyfpufjcif; uif;a0;-uygap” “wdk‹arwWmpGrf; urBmv$rf; _idrf;csrf;-uygap”

pkEdkif7

9

yxraeŒ ²²² arwWmw&m;&JŒ yJhwifoHawG vrf;rawGay:udkv$rf; oHCmawmfawG cif;aewJhvrf;ab;rSm vuftkyfcsD rsuf&nf0J u|efawmfh&JŒ ajcaxmufawGudk a-umufpdwfawGu qGJxm;wkef;yJ ²²² tar?

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u|efawmf ridkbl; tar ²²² tcef;wHcg;awGudk tvHkydwf rD;yGifhawG tukefrSdwf_yD; wdwfwqdwf tdyfcJh&wJhnawGrSm igbmawGrSm;cJhvdkŒvJqdkwJh ar;cGef;wpfckeJŒ oufjyif;awGudk r+wfxkwfaecJh&w,f ²²²?

10

'kwd,aeŒ ²²² rdk;xJa&xJ ajcAvmeJŒ arwWma0-uwJhyGJrSm vli,fawG jynfolawG a&$0ga&mifpD;a-umif; ab;u_cH&H {&m0wDtopfwpfck vrf;ay:udk v#HxGufus arara& ²²² tJ'DhaeŒ uawmh u|efawmfudk,fwdkif {&m0wDjzpfcJh&aygh ²²² ? aemufwpfaeŒ ²²² ±kd;±dk;av;ygyJ ²²² tar ae&JŒ tyludk tHwk anmif;nmudkufcJr+awGudk rr+wJh oHCmtmZmenfwdkŒ twGuf tkwfwpfcsyf oJwpfyGifh u|efawmf ²²² taotcsmudk jzpfcJhw,f ²²² tar?

u|efawmfhpdwfeJŒrwefwJh tcsKdŒaomolawG&JŒ ta-umif; tarhudk pmvHk;aygif;jy raeawmhygbl; ²²² t±l;wumh t±l;xJrSmrS tqdk;qHk;qdkwJh tm%m±l; ²²² _yD;awmh olŒ E+wfrSmu trdefŒay;cGifh olŒvufatmufrSmu i&JeJŒawmif rwefwJh rdp>mawG olwdkŒ vufxJrSmu vlowfvufeuf ²²² arara& ²²² 'DEdkifiH&JŒ tem*wf olwdkŒ vufxJudk b,fvdkpdwfeJŒ u|efawmfwdkŒ tyf&rvJ ²²²?

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Ak'
11

arara& ²²² ±kdufESuf'%f&m AvyGeJ h ysHvGefawmfrlcJh-u&SmwJh oHCmawmftcsKdŒ&JŒ 0dnmOfawG u|efawmhfudk pum;vmajymaew,f ²²² “ta&S ht&yfYf &Sdaom teEWp-u0Xm teEW owW0gwdkŒ ab;&efcyfodrf; _idrf;-uygap a'gocyfodrf; _idrf;-uygap qif;&Jcyfodrf; _idrf;-uygap ESvHk;pdwf0rf; at;csrf;-uygap ²²² igwdkŒ ²²² arwWmw&m;qdkwJh tvif;eJŒ _idrf;;csrf;jciff;udk xGef;n‡dcJh-uw,f” whJ ²²²? [kwfw,f ²²² tar tm;vHk;[m wu,fudk _idrf;_idrf;csrf;csrf;ygyJ ²²² 'dkif;awGudk eHygwfwkwfeJŒ w'Hk;'Hk;wD;_yD; nmoHay; csDwufvmoHawG rsuf&nf,dkAHk; cGJoHawG

arara& ²²² rdp>mwdkŒ&JŒ usnfqHwpfawmifhudk ESvHk;om;xJ xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufcGifh ðyvdkuf&wJh ausmif;om;wpfa,muf&JŒ 0dnmOfu u|efawmfhudk pum;awGvmajymw,f ²²² “oHCmawmfawGudk u|efawmf&Sdcdk;w,f oHCmawmfawGvdktyfor#udk u|efawmfvSL'gef;w,f oHCmawmfawGeJŒtwl owW0gtm;vHk;udk u|efawmfarwWmydkŒw,f ²²² u|efawmf bmtrSm;rS rvkyfcJhygbl; ²²² u|efawmf tjzLpifqHk; pdwfwpfckeJŒ tvkyfoifhqHk; tvkyfawGudkyJ vkyfcJhwmyg”²²² wJh?

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aoewfypfoHawG atmf[pfqJqdkoHawG aemuf ²²² }udrf;armif;±dkufESufoHawG tJ'DtoHawG a&mufrvmciftcsdeftxd wpfEdkifiHvHk;[m oHCmawmfawG&JŒ arwWmw&m;awGeJŒ _idrf;csrf;jcif;twd _yD;aecJhygw,f ²²² tar?

12

[kwfw,f ²²² tar ausmif;om;awG vli,fawG jynfolawG oHCmawmfawGazmufwJhvrf;aemufudk aysmfvdkŒ av#mufvdkufaewm r[kwfygbl; trsKd; bmom omoemudk em;vnfvdkŒ trSefeJŒ trSm;qdkwmudk cGJjcm;wwfvdkŒ trSefw&m;bufu &yfwnf&r,fqdkwJh tod&SdcJhvdkŒ aemuf_yD; ²²² wwfEdkifwJh tm;av;wpfckeJŒ edpP"l0 b0awGxJu jzpfjzpfaewJh rjzpfoifhwmawGudk av#mhypfEdkifzdkŒ odyfraocsmwJh ar#mfvifhcsufav; rpdkŒrydkŒeJŒ vrf;ay:udk xGufcJh-uwmyg ²²² trSm;t,Gif;qdkwmeJŒ a0;wJh tjzLa&mifvli,fav;awG&JŒ &ifbwfudk teDa&mifaoG;awG v$rf;atmif ypfcwf olwdkŒawG vkyf&ufcJh-uw,f²²² tar?

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arara& ²²² tJ'DawmfvSefa&;rSm ²²² bk&m;&ifjyifawmfawGu tp ppfajrjyifjzpfcJh&w,f ²²² oHCmawmfawG&JŒ aoG;upvdkŒ ausmif;om;vli,fawG&JŒ aoG;tqHk; rdp>mawG _rdef&nf,Suf&nf aomufoHk;cJh-uw,f arara& ²²² tajymif;tvJwpfcktwGuf touf0dnmOfawGpaw;zdkŒ vdktyfw,fwJh _idrf;csrf;jcif;twGuf w&m;r#wr+twGuf trSefw&m;twGuf

'Dxufydk_yD; ²²² b,favmuftxdawmif xyfay;qyf&OD;rSmvJqdkwJhtar; ajzEdkifolawGudk ar;-unfhay;ygOD; arar ²²²? rdk;ay:axmifazmufzdkŒ r[kwfwJh aoewfawG tvSjyxm;wmr[kwfwJh 0g;&if;wkwfawG tJ'gawGxm;vdkufyg ²²² arar ²²² aocsmwmwpfckuawmh b,favmufowfowf ²²² b,favmufaoao ²²² vrf;ay:u {&m0wD[m ²²² u|efawmfwdkŒ&JŒ &ifbwfxJrSm xm0&pD;qif;aeOD;r,f qdkwmyg ²²² ²²²?

(bkef;rif;ZGef) 28=09=2007 (aom-umaeŒ)? 13

jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkkdif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ}uD; 88 rsKd ; quf a usmif ; om;rsm; ArmEk d i f i H v k H ; qd k i f & m ausmif ; om;or*~ r sm;tzG J Œ csKyf Zlvkdifv 31 = 2008 ckESpf

jrefrmEkid if t H a&;ESihf ywfoufI ukvor*~rS xda&mufpmG aqmif&u G Ef idk af &; wku d w f eG ;f csuf (1) 2008 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 18 &uf aeŒpGJjzifh jynfe,fESifhwkdif; pnf;±kH;a&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;/ jynfolŒv$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD0ifrsm;ESifh a&G;cs,fcH jynfolŒv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm; xkwfa0cJhaom a-unmcsufwGif 2010 a&G;aumufyGJukd vufrcH/ todtrSwf rðya-umif;ESifh 0ifa&muf ,SOfòydifrnfr[kwfa-umif; &J&ifhjywfom;pGm azmfjycJhonfukd uíEkfyfwkdŒ rsm;pGm tm;&rd ygonf? 1990 ckESpftaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif jrefrmjynfolwkd‹ua&G;cs,fcJhonfh jynfolŒ v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf jynfolu vGJtyfxm;aom tcGifhtm%mESifhtnD xkdufxkduf wefwef &J&ifhaom vkyfaqmifcsufukd uíEkfyfwkdŒaxmufcHvkdufygonf? (2) 2008 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f 21 &uf aeŒpGjJ zifh jynfoŒl v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,f (5)OD; vufrw S af &; xk;d _yD; ukvor*~vòHk caH &;aumifpD t_rJwrf;tzGŒJ 0ifEidk if rH sm;ESihf ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&; rSL;csKyf befuDrGef;xH ay;ykdŒcJhaom tdwfzGifhay;pmwGif azmfjyxm;onfh a&G;cs,fcH jynfolŒ v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. azmfjycsufrsm;ukd uíEkfyfwkdŒxyfwlcHpm;rdygonf? xkdpmxJwGif 14

2007 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv 11 &uf aeŒpGJjzifh xkwfa0cJhonfh ukvor*~vkHòcHa&;aumifpDOuUX . a-unmcsufwGif EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm;vkH; yg0ifum 'Drkdua&pDenf;us_yD; &Sif;vif;onfh/ trsKd;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk &nfrSef;onfh EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfjzpfay:a&;udk OD;wnfxm; aom &nfn$ef;pHrsm; av#musvmcJhjcif;tay: trSefwu,f pdwfysufcJhrda-umif; azmfjyxm; ygonf/ ‚if;tjyif rdrd pdwfwkdif;us/ rdrdoabmtwkdif; wzufowf t"rR a&SŒqufoGm;aeaom jrefrmppftpk;d &. vrf;a-umif;udk cGiðhf yxm;jcif;onf jrefrmjynf 'Dru dk a&pD v+y&f mS ;r+udk tusKd; oufa&mufr+ rjzpfapa-umif; uíEkfyfwkdŒ txl;ajymvkdygonf? (3) ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. wkdufwGef;csufrsm;ukd jrefrmppftpkd;&taejzifh vkdufemaqmif&Gufjcif; r&Sda-umif; uíEkfyfwkdŒodjrifae&ygonf? okdŒaomf ZifbmabG jynfolrsm; . tcGifhtm%mtwGuf &yfcHay;cJhaom taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. vlŒusifh0wfqkdif&m tm%mykdifr+ukd uíEkfyfwkdŒ tav;tjrwfxm;ygonf? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfonf ZifbmabGorwa&G;aumufyGJukd w&m;r0ifa-umif; jywfjywfom;om; a-unmcJhygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHta&;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfu vlŒusifh0wf qkid &f mtm%mykid rf u + kd tvm;wl usio hf ;Hk aqmif&u G _f yD;/ arvwGiEf pS }f udrcf u JG si;f ycJah om jynfoŒl qENcH,lyGJrS ay:xGufvmonfh&vm'frsm;ukd w&m;r0ifa-umif; a-unmvdrfhrnf[k uíEkfyfwkdŒ ar#mfvifhrdygonf? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfonf &ufpuf-urf;ñuwfaom ppftpkd;&. atmufwGif jrefrmjynfolwkdŒ. ppfrSefaomqENrsm; az:xkwfEkdifcGifhr&Sdonfukd todtrSwfðy oifhygonf? 2008 ckESpfarv 23 &ufrsm;wGif uíEkfyfwkdŒEkdifiHwGif wkdufckdufcJhaom em*pf qkdifuvkef;rkefwkdif;_yD;aemuf ppftpkd;&u qENcH,lyGJrsm; usif;ycJhonfukd ukvor*~ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;csKyftaejzifh txl;owdxm;oifhygonf? (4) ukvor*~vkHòcHa&;aumifpDonfvnf; ADwkdtm%mykdifqkdifonfh w±kwfESifh ±k&Sm;EkdifiHrsm;. taESmuft,Suf t[efŒtwm;a-umifh jrefrmEkdifiHta&;ESifh ywfoufI xdxda&mufa&muf vkyfukdifaqmif&GufEkdifjcif; r&Sdonfukd uíEkfyfwkdŒem;vnfygonf/? ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif; a&;rSL;csKyfu jrefrmEkdifiHtay: ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;bkdŒ vkHòcHa&;aumifpDukd yGifhvif;pGm/ ta&;w}uD; awmif;qkdr+vkyfcJhv#if w±kwfESifh ±k&Sm;onf olwkdŒ.taetxm;ukd ajymif;vJr+ vkyEf idk af umif;onf[k uíEkyf w f Œdk ,k-H unfryd gonf? uíEkyf w f Œdk Ekid if w H iG &f adS eaom cufc-J uyfwnf; aeonfh tajctaeukd ajz&Si;f Ekid &f ef vkòH cHa&;aumifpt D zGŒJ 0ifrsm;ukd wku d w f eG ;f &ef ol. oHwref 15

a&;&muírf;usirf E+ iS hf vlŒusi0hf wfqidk &f m tm%mykid rf u + dk tok;H ðyvdrrhf nf[k uíEkyf w f Œdk ar#mfvifrh d ygonf? (5) ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfonf t"dy`g,fjynfh0_yD; tcsdefowfrSwfcsuf&Sdaom awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;yGJjzpfay:vma&;twGuf jrefrmppftpkd;&ukd wkdufwGef;&ef ol. txl;ukd,fpm; vS,fukd jrefrmEkdifiHokdŒ apv$wfcJhygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHokdŒa&muf&Sdvmaom txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f onf av,mOfay:u qif;onfeJŒ ppftpkd;&. tusOf;om;ozG,fjzpfoGm;cJh&ygonf? txl; ukd,fpm;vS,fonf ppftpkd;&. {nfha*[mwGifom ae&mcscH&jcif;/ ol.tpDtpOfrsm;ukd ppftpk;d &u vk;H 0xde;f csKyfxm;jcif;/ jrefrmppftpk;d &ESihf awGŒqk&H mwGiv f nf; tqifeh rd t hf &m&Srd sm; ESifhom awGŒqkHapI olŒukd t&Suf&apjcif;/ ol. ajymqkdcsufrsm;tm;vkH;ukdvnf; jywfjywf om;om; y,fcsypfjcif;wkŒd udk u|Ekyf w f Œdk tHt h m;oifch &hJ ygonf? txl;uk, d pf m;vS,u f dk ppftpk;d & u pdwfóudufa&G;cs,fxm;olrsm;ESifhom awGŒqkHcGifh ðycJhygonf? ukvor*~taxGaxGaxG twGif;rSL;csKyf. txl;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf olŒtm; tyfESif;xm;onfh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;jzifh ppftpd;k &udk jyif;jyif;xefxef wku d w f eG ;f ajymqd&k rnft h pm; ppftpd;k &. wzufowf vkyaf qmif aer+rsm;udk vufcH-um;em,l&jcif;jzifhom txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fonf ppftpkd;&. wdkufwGef; ajymqdjk cif;udk cHc&Jh onf? odŒk aomf ole,l;a,mufco f Œdk jyefvnfa&mufvmonft h cg Ekid if w H um tokdif;t0kdif;okdŒ tpD&ifcH&mwGifawmh “atmifjrifr+ tjynfht0 &&SdchJonf/ ydkrdk&&Sdvdrfhrnf”[k wifjyajymqdkaeonf? trSefwu,frSm olonf urBmtodkif;t0dkif;udk rrSefuefonfh ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;ay;um vrf;vJ$aejcif;om jzpfygonf? (6) xkŒd a-umifh uíEkyf w f Œdk Ekid if . H a&G;cs,cf aH cgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm; . 2008 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f 21 &ufaeŒwGif ukvor*~oŒdk ay;ykŒd cJah om tdwzf iG ahf y;pmukd uíEkyf w f Œdk oabmwl axmufcHygonf? ,cktcsdefwGifukvor*~taejzifh jrefrmppftpkd;&. tqifh (7)qifh yg vrf;jyajrykHonf roifhawmf t&mra&muf jrefrmEkdifiH.tajctaeESifh rukdufnD a-umif;/ tajccH Oya'onf Oya'ESifhrnD w&m;r0ifa-umif; a-unmzkdŒ tcsdefusa&mufae_yD jzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfolrsm; ykdrkd raoqkH;cifrSm ukvor*~vkHòcHa&;aumifpDtm; jrefrmEkdifiH tay: xdxad &mufa&muf ta&;,lay;yg&ef taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfu awmif;qkv d rd rhf nf [k uíEkfyfwkdŒar#mfvifhrdygonf? 1990 ckESpfwGif w&m;0if a&G;cs,fcH&olrsm;. wifjycsufESifh vGwv f yfrt + wGuf &J&ifph mG wku d yf 0JG ifchJ -uonfh jrefrmjynfov l x l t k ay: txiftjrif rao;oif?h 16

vspfvsLr¶+oifhyg? a&SŒvwGif ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f tDA&m[if *rfbm&D jrefrmEkdifiHokdŒ jyefrvmrD uíEkfyfwkdŒ. wifjycsufrsm;/ ylyifaomursm;ukd pOf;pm;ay;_yD;/ jrefrmppftpkd;&tm; rpPwm*rfbm&D rSwqifh ajymqkdaqG;aEG;ap;&ef ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfokdŒ tav;teuf wkdufwGef;tyfygonf? ?

OD;-obmo jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ}uD; OD;ynm0Ho jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ}uD; xGGef;jrifhatmif 88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm; eDvmodef; 88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm; rsKd;awZ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf cifrsKd;quf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf

17

jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzG‹J }u;D / 88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;ESihf ArmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGŒJ csKyf yl;wGaJ -ujimcsuf “etz&JŒzGŒJ pnf;yku H kd -uufajccwf_yD; uefŒuGw-f u” “Edik if w H umtultnDrsm; wdu k ±f u kd af y;a&;awmif;qdk” (1) jrefrmEdkifiHudk vufeuftm;udk;jzifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm w&m;r0iftkyfcsKyfaeaom etzppftkyfpkonf 'Drdkua&pDESifh vlŒtcGifhta&;rsm;udk _idrf;csrf;pGm awmif;qdkae-uaom jrefrmjynfolrsm;tm; ppfwyf tiftm;jzifh t-urf;zufowfjzwfacsr+ef;±kHru/ obm0ab;tEW&m,frsm;udk tokH;csIyif ESdyfpuf n‡Of;yef;aeonfudk u|EkfyfwdkŒ xif&Sm;pGm awGŒjrifae&ygonf? (2) tifrwef tEW&m,f}uD;rm;aom qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;}uD; usa&mufvmrnfudk óudwifodygvsufESifh etz ppftkyfpkrS jynfolvlxktm; vkHavmufaom owday;r+rsm; rðycJhovdk/ óudwifjyifqifr+rsm;jzifh vnf; rulncD yhJ g? odŒk ygI qdik u f vke;f rkew f ikd ;f }uD; usa&mufcsdew f iG f &efuek w f ikd ;f / {&m0wDwikd ;f / yJc;l wdik ;f / u&ifjynfe,fESifh rGefjynfe,frsm;rS vlaygif;odef;eJŒcsDI aoqkH;_yD; oef;aygif;rsm;pGm tkd;rJhtdrfrJh jzpf -u&ygonf? vkHavmufaom owday;r+rsm;/ óudwifjyifqifr+rsm;/ pepfwus ae&ma&$Œajymif;r+rsm; &SdcJhygu Tr# aoqkH;ysufpD;vdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? (3) rkefwdkif;us_yD;onfhaemufwGifvnf; etz ppftkyfpkrS 'kuQa&mufaeaom jynfolrsm;tm; xda&muf aom tultnDrsm; ray;cJhyg? ykwfokd; aeaom ±kyftavmif;rsm;udk tjrefqkH; rz,f&Sm;Edkifjcif;/ aomufokH;a&ESifh pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm; r&jcif;ESifh a&m*gb,qdk;rsm;a-umifh aemufxyf toufaygif;

18

rsm;pGm aoa-uysufpD;rnfhtEW&m,fESifh óuHawGŒ&ifqdkifae&ygonf? odkŒaomfvnf; etz ppftkyfpkrS 'kuQa&mufjynfolrsm;tm; xda&mufaom tultnD ray;onfhtjyif ukvor*~ESifh EdkifiHwum tpdk;&rsm;. yHhydk;ulnDr+rsm;udkvnf; ydwfqdkŒ[efŒwm;aeonfudk 0rf;enf;pGm awGŒjrifae&ygonf? (4) rkefwdkif;'%fa-umifh jrefrmjynfol oef; 20 ausmf twd'kuQa&mufae&csdefwGif etz ppftkyfpku jynfov l x l u k kd ulnaD &;/ u,fq,fa&; ESihf jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay; aqmif&u G f &rnfhtpm; ppftm%m&Sifpepf w&m;0ifjzpfa&;twGuf zefwD;xm;onfh zGJŒpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk vmrnfh paeaeŒwGif vlxkqENcH,lyGJjzifh twnfðyEdkifa&;udkom OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Gufaeonfudk awGŒ& ygonf? (5) odkŒygI jrefrmjynfolrsm;taejzifh jynfolvlxkudk rw&m;ojzifh tkyfcsKyftEdkifusifhaeaom/ jynfol vlxk. qif;&J'kuQrsm;udk vspfv#L±+_yD; rdrdwkdŒ tm%mwnf_rJa&;udkom OD;xdyfxm;onfh etz ppftm%m&Sifrsm;tm; qENcH,lyGJwGif rJjym;ay:Y -uufajccwfjcif;jzifh jywfjywfom;om; uefŒuGwf -uyg&ef u|EkfyfwdkŒrS av;eufpGm wdkufwGef;onf? (6) vlŒtoufaygif;rsm;pGmudk tcsdefrD u,fwifEdkifa&;twGuf ukvor*~ESifh EdkifiHwumtpdk;&rsm;u etz. cGifhðycsufudk apmifhqdkif;raebJ/ rkefwdkif;'%fu,fq,fa&; tultnDrsm;udk ukvor*~vkHòcHa&; aumifp. D qk;H jzwfcsut f &jzpfap/ oufqikd &f m Edik if w H ckcsi;f . qk;H jzwfcsujf zifh jzpfap/ 'kuaQ &mufaeaom jynfolrsm;xH tjrefqkH; wdkuf±dkufay;ydkŒ-uyg&ef u|EkfyfwdkŒrS awmif;qdkonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ}uD; 88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm; ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJŒcsKyf

19

pma&;olonf &efukefòrdŒv,f r[modrfawmf}uD; y&d,wWdpmoifwdkufY pmayoif-um; avhvmaepOf &Spfav;vHk; 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHkESifh óuHóudufcJh&onf? xdkta&;awmfyHkY udk,fwdkifyg0if cJhojzifh &efukefòrdŒ. tajctae awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk udk,fwdkifjrifawGŒcGifh &cJhonf? xdkta&;awmfyHk umv r=q=v tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m; ysufpD;aecsdefwGif q&mawmfoHCmawmfrsm;. umuG,f apmifha&Smufr+a-umifh ausmif;om;jynfolrsm;pGmwdkŒ toufcsrf;om&m &cJh-uygonf? xdkta&;awmfyHk umvwGif pmoifwdkuf}uD; awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ydwfypfcJh&aoma-umifh pmoifom; oHCmawmfrsm;vnf; rdrdwdkŒZmwdodkŒ jyefºuGcJh-u&onf? 1988 = ck pufwifbmv (18)&uf ppftm%m odrf;_yD;aemuf txufjrefrmjynf oHCmhomr*~D/ atmufjrefrmjynf &[ef;ysKdrsm;or*~wdkŒudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;_yD; ausmif;om; jynfolrsm; ESifhtwl ppftpdk;&udk qefŒusifcJh-uonf? 1989 = ckESpf tenf;i,f_idrfoufcJhpOf &efukefòrdŒodkŒ oHCmawmfrsm; jyefvnfºuGa&muf vmcJh-u&m tcsKdŒaom pmoifwdkufrsm;u jyefvnf vufrcHojzifh tjcm; pmoifwdkufrsm;odkŒ ajymif;a&$Œ oDwif;oHk;cJh-u&onf? pma&;ol udk,fwdkifvnf; wmarGòrdŒe,f/ usKduUqHvrf;/ eEN0efygVd wuUodkvf ausmif;odkŒ ajymif;a&$Œ oDwif;oHk;cJh&onf? 1990= &Spfav;vHk; ESpfywfvnfaeŒwGif rEWav;òrdŒ&Sd 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;rS oHCmawmfrsm;tm; t±k%fqGrf; qufuyfavmif;vª-u&m wdkif;rª;AdkvfcsKyfxGef;-unfESifh e=0=w tm%mydkifrsm;u t-urf;zuf òzdcGJcJhojzifh t"du±k%f; jzpfyGm;cJh onf? xdkodkŒ oHCmawmfrsm; ±dkufESufcH&jcif;/ vmbfr&atmif wm;jrpfcH&jcif; paomta-umif;rsm; a-umifh rpdk;&drf q&mawmf}uD;rsm; jzpfonfh OD;&mZ"rRmbd0Ho/ OD;aum0d'gbd0HowdkŒ. OD;aqmifr+jzifh 20

txufjrefrmjynf oHCmhomr*~DtzGJŒcsKyfrS 1990 = pufwifbmvwGif rEWav;òrdŒY e=0=w ppftpdk;&udk 0denf;awmfESifhtnD ywWeduUKZ…e (oydwfarSmuf) uHaqmifyGJ ðyvkyfcJh-uygonf? rEWav;òrdŒ oHCmawmfrsm;. oydwfarSmuf uHaqmifyGJudk axmufcHonfhtaejzifh &efukefòrdŒrS q&mawmf}uD;rsm; jzpf-uaom OD;wd avmumbd0o H (tif;pde/f &Gmry&d,wWpd moifwu kd q f &mawmf)/ OD;0go0 (r*~ifq&mawmf)/ OD;t*F Do (ygVdum&D q&mawmf)/ OD;^m%0Ho (ar'deD q&mawmf)/ OD;okr*FvmvuFm& (wdydËur[m*E<m±Hk q&mawmf)/ a&$bkef;yGifhq&mawmfwdkŒ. OD;aqmifr+jzifh atmufjrefrmjynf &[ef;ysKd or*~ OuUX OD;yndEN/ tcrf;tem;rª; OD;y¾0Ho(OD;jynfausmf)wdkŒu wm0ef,lum 1990 = ck atmufwdk bmv (3)&uf/ 1352 = ck oDwif;u|wf vjynfhaeŒwGif ig;xyf}uD;bk&m; wefaqmif;}uD;twGif;Y e=0=w ppftpdk;&udk ywWeduUKZ…e (oydwfarSmuf)uHaqmif_yD; a&$wd*HkapwDawmfjrwf}uD;odkŒ ajcvsifºuGcsDum atmifajreif; opPmðycJh-uygonf? oydwfarSmuf uHaqmifr+a-umifh q&mawmf}uD;rsm;ESifh &[ef;ysKdor*~ tzGJŒ0if oHCmawmfrsm; t"rR zrf;qD;cHcJh&_yD; axmif'%frsm; csrSwfcHcJh&ygonf? pma&;oludk,fwdkifvnf; axmif'%f (8)ESpf csrSwfcHcJh&_yD; 1994 = ckESpfwGif jyefvnf vGwfajrmufvmcJhonf? xdŒk aemufyikd ;f wGif tusO;f axmifrsm;rS jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvmaom &[ef;ysKrd sm;or*~tzGŒJ 0if oHCmrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf qufo, G u f m ppftpd;k &qefŒusifa&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk v#KdŒ0Supf mG vkyaf qmifchJ onf? wpfzufwGifvnf; rdrdESifh oufqdkifaom omoema&; wm0efrsm; aqmif&Gufae&ojzifh 1996 = ck 'DZifbmausmif;om;v+yf&Sm;r+/ 1998 -o*kwfv jynfolŒv$wfawmfac:,la&; v+yf&Sm;r+/ 1999 = ck vlxk v+yf&Sm;r+wdkŒwGif twlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr+ rðyvkyfEkdifcJhaomfvnf; eD;pyfaom ausmif;om;vli,frsm; tm; v#KdŒ0SufpGm ulnDaxmufyHhr+rsm; ðyvkyfay;cJhonf? ppftpdk;&u2004 = ck 'DZifbmv (9)&ufaeŒwGif pwkwWt}udrf urBmhAk'
1990 = ck atmufwb kd mv (3)&uf/ 1352 = ck oDwif;u|wfvjynfhaeŒwGif ig;xyf}uD;bk&m; wefaqmif;}uD;twGi;f Y e=0=w ppftpd;k &udk ywWeu d KU Z…e (oydwaf rSmuf)uHaqmif_yD; 21

= &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tm; nrxGuf& trdefŒ oD;oefŒxkwfjyefum zdESdyfjcif;/ = 2003 = ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif ppfaxmufvSrf; a&;rSuyfaom qGrf;udk rpm;ojzifh wdydËu r[m*E<m±Hk ausmif;wkduf (urBmat;)rS &[ef;wpfyg;ESifh omra% (25) yg;udk zrf;qD;um axmif'%f (18)ESpfpD csrSwfcJhjcif;/ paomppftpdk;&u bmoma&;qdkif&m zdESdyfr+rsm; ðyvkycf yhJ u kH kd urBmu odEikd af p&eftwGuf Burma : A Land

where Buddhist Monks Are Disrobed and Detained in – ungeons = [laom pmtkyu f kd xkwaf 0

um EdkifiHwumodkΠwifjyEkdifcJhonf? xkd vkyfaqmifcsufa-umifh EdkifiHwum Ak'
22

ay;cJhonf? 2006 = ckESpf pufwifbmv (9)&ufaeŒwGif a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; }uD;udk touf0ifvmaponfh yifraoG; a-um[k ac:qdkEkdifaom ‘OwWr*sme,f’ udk q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;. tul tnDjzifh pwifxkwfa0EkdifcJhum oHCmxk ESihf tjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;vufoŒkd ud, k w f idk f jzefŒa0 vH+ŒaqmfEkdifcJhonf? pma&;olonf 2007 = ckESpf azazmf0g&D/ rwf/ {_yD/ ar vrsm;wGif òrdŒ }uD;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;odkŒ c&D;xGuf_yD; oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;udk t&Sed f t[k e f j zif h ðyvk y f c J h o nf ? -o*k w f v (7=8=9)&ufaeŒrsm;wGif pma&;olonf rEWav;òrdŒ jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmh omr*~DtzGJŒcsKyfrS q&mawmfrsm;/ tjcm; aomtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;rS q&mawmfrsm;ESifh oHk;&ufwdkif n‡dEd+if;aqG;aEG;_yD; ppfudkif; tpnf;ta0; usif;yEkdif&efESifh oHCmh tpktzGJŒ}uD; zGJŒpnf;Ekdif&ef pDpOfcJhonf? -o*k w f v (10)&uf a eŒwG i f txuf jrefrmjynf tpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuf rsm;udk &efukefòrdŒ&Sd tzGJŒtpnf; toD;oD; rS wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;n‡dE+dif;cJh onf? &[ef;ysKdor*~(&efukef)rS OD;*rBD& udk oD;oefŒawGŒqHk_yD; tzGJŒtpnf; wpfck rSm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufoifha-umif; &Sif;jy um t}udrf}udrf aqG;aE$;jzpfcJhonf? puf w if b mv (1)&uf a eŒwG i f tzG J Œ tpnf;toD;oD;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;_yD;

jynfe,fESifhwdkif; toD;oD;&Sd oHCmhor*~tzGJŒ0if tm;vH;k wdŒk rS oHCmxkwpf&yfv;kH . qENukd ud, k pf m;ðyum ‘jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ }uD;’ udk zGŒJ pnf;cJyh gonf? ,if;odŒk zGŒJ pnf;_yD;aemuf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csum (2)&ufaeŒwGif OD;*rDB&ESifh tao;pdyf xyfrHn‡dE+dif;cJhonf? atmufjrefrmjynf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfaom OD;*rBD&u (4)&ufaeŒwGif c&D;xGuf_yD; pma&;olu (5)&ufaeŒrS c&D;xGufum eHeufydkif;wGif yJcl;òrdŒ &[ef;ysKdor*~ tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ aeŒvnfydkif;wGif anmifav;yifòrdŒe,f &[ef;ysKdor*~ tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ nydkif;wGif jzL;òrdŒ&[ef;ysKdor*~ tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; awGŒqHkn‡dE+dif;_yD; jzL;òrdŒYyif ntdyf&yfem;cJhonf? ‚if;aeŒrSmyif yckuUL òrdŒowif;udk rD'D,mrsm;rSwqifh -um;cJh&onf? pufwifbmv (6)&ufaeŒwGif awmifilòrdŒ/ tkwfwGif;òrdŒ/ xef;wyifòrdŒ/ a&wm&SnfòrdŒrsm;rS &[ef;ysKo d r*~ tzGŒJ 0h ifrsm;ESihf awmifiòl rŒd wGif awGŒqHck _hJ yD; yckuLU ta&;udpEP iS hf ygwfoufI a&SŒvkyif ef;pOfrsm; udk tao;pdyf aqG;aEG;cJhonf? pufwifbmv (7)&ufaeŒwGif rdwWDvmòrdŒ &[ef;ysKdor*~tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifh awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;cJh_yD; wpfòrdŒ0if wpfòrdŒxGuf c&D;qufcJhygonf? pufwifbmv (8)&ufaeŒwGif jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhomr*~D tzGJŒcsKyfwnf&Sd&m rEWav;òrdŒodkŒ a&mufcJhygonf? xdkaeŒYyif ppfudkif;pnf;a0;yGJodkŒ csufcsif;ºuGa&mufcJh_yD; qHk;jzwfcsuf,lum rEWav;odkŒ jyefºuGcJhygonf? pufwifbmv (9)&ufaeŒwGif vHkòcHa&;t& ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf udk usif;yum 1? jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m &[ef;ysKdor*~rsm; tzGJŒcsKyf 2? jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhomr*~D tzGJŒcsKyf 3? &[ef;ysKd or*~(&efukef) 4? oHCmh'lwtzGJŒ 5? jynfe,fESifh wdkif;toD;oD;&Sd oHCmhor*~tzGJŒ0if tm;vHk;wdkŒrS oHCmxkwpf&yfvHk;. qENudk udk,fpm;ðyum ‘jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ}uD;’ udk zGJŒpnf;cJhygonf? ,if;odkŒ zGJŒpnf;_yD;aemuf yckuULta&;udpPtygt0if tjcm; awmif;qdkoifhonfh tcsufrsm;udk a&G;cs,f_yD;= 1? e=t=z ppf t pd k ; &rS yck u U L oH C mawmf r sm;tm; ausat;cG i f h v $ w f o nf t xd 0ef c sawmif ; yef & ef 23

2? vuf & S d j rif h w uf a eaom uk e f a ps;E+ e f ; / avmif p mqD a ps;E+ e f ; rsm; csuf c sif ; avsmh c say;&ef / 3? a':atmif q ef ; pk - unf tygt0if Ek d i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;tm;vH k ; ES i f h qEN j yyG J r sm;wG i f zrf ; qD ; cH x m;&ol r sm;ud k csuf c sif ; jyef v $ w f a y;&ef / 4? vl x k . taxG a xG t usyf t wnf ; rsm; udk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf e=t=z ppftpdk;&rS 'Drdkua&pD tif t m;pk r sm;ES i f h awG Œ qH k a qG ; aEG ; _yD ; trsKd ; om; jyef v nf o if h j rwf a &; csuf c sif ; ðyvk y f a y;&ef ? txuf y gtcsuf (4)csuf t m; e=t=z ppftpdk;&rS awmfovif;vqef; (6)&uf/ 2007 = ck/ pufwifbmv (17) &ufaeŒ aemufqHk;xm;I aqmif&Guf ay;&ef / owf r S w f & uf t wG i f ; vd k u f a vsmr+ rðyygu jrefrmEkid if v H ;kH qdik &f moHCmhwyfaygif;pk tzGŒJ }u;D rS OD;aqmifI e=t=z ppftpdk;&tm; ywWeduUKZ…e (oydwfarSmuf) uHaqmifoGm;rnfjzpfa-umif; awmif;qdk a-ujimcJhygonf? jrefrmEkid if v H ;kH qdik &f m oHCmhwyf aygif;pktzGŒJ }u;D udk OD;aqmifzGJŒpnf;cJh-uaom q&mawmfrsm;rSm= 1? OD ; acrd E N 24

2? OD ; -obmo 3? OD ; awZ 4? OD ; *rB D & wd k Œ jzpf - u_yD ; / zGJŒpnf;&mwGif tcuftcJrsm;pGm óuHawGŒcJh &ygonf? tcuftcJrsm;-um;rSyif a-unm csufrsm;udk vufa&;ESifha&;I "gwfyHk±dkuful; _yD; OD;awZESifh OD;*rBD&wdkŒu rD'D,mrsm;odkŒ E-mail jzifh ay;ydkŒcJhonf? pma&;olonf pufwifbm (13)&ufaeŒwGif &efukefòrdŒodkŒ jyefvnfa&muf&Sd_yD; oHCmhwyfaygif;pk tzGJŒ }uD;. qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;ESihf a&SŒvkyif ef;pOfrsm; udk tzGŒJ tpnf; toD;oD;odŒk qufvuf n$ef -um;cJhygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmh wyfaygif;pktzGJŒ}uD;. wnfae&mudkvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m &[ef;ysKdor*~rsm; tzGJŒcsKyfrS tzGJŒ0if OD;ar"m0DESifh wdkifyif_yD; ‚if ; . pmoif a usmif ; wd k u f u d k a&G ; cs,f owfrSwfcJhonf? e=t=z ppftpdk;&u awmif; qd k csuf r sm;ud k rvd k u f a vsmonf h t wG u f oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ}uD;u a-unmxm; onfhtwdkif; pufwifbmv (18)&ufaeŒ wGif jrefrmjynf òrdŒ}uD;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;Y ywWeduUKZ…e (oydwfarSmuf) uHaqmifyGJrsm; udk usi;f ycJ-h uonf? aeŒvnfyikd ;f wGif a&$w*d kH apwDawmfjrwf}uD;Y oHCmawmfrsm; bk&m; &Scd ;kd / arwWmydŒk / qkawmif;-uonf? xdŒk aemuf apwDawmfjrwf}uD;. ta&SŒzufrkcfrSqif; um qkawmif;/ arwWmydkŒ/ y&dwf&GwfyGJudk pwif ºuGcsD-uygw,f? xdkaeŒwGif pma&;ol

u txufjrefrmjynf oHCmhomr*~D tzGJŒcsKyfrS OD;acrdEN(q&mau)tm; qufoG,fI &efukefodkŒ csufcsif; ºuGa&mufyg&ef av#mufxm;&onf? OD;*rB&D . oabmqENt& ‚if;tm; rEWav;òrdŒwGif wm0ef,&l ef av#muf xm;&onf? 88 = rsKd;qufausmif;om; acgif;aqmif udkaX;ºuG,frSvnf; "rRESifh t"rRwdkufyGJrSm t"rR 0g'DawGudk ESdyfuGyfqHk;rzdkŒ oHCmxk nDnGwfa&;udk aqmif&Gufay;awmfrl-uygbk&m;[k av#mufxm;cJhygonf? pufwifbmv (19)&ufaeŒwGif oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ0if oHCmawmfrsm;u rdk;&Gmaeonfh -um;rSyif rdrdwdkŒ òrdŒe,ftvdkuf qkawmif;vrf;avsmufyGJrsm;udk qufvuf azmfaqmifcJh-uygw,f? 88 = rsK;d qufausmif;om;tzGŒJ rS udak X;ºu, G /f udx k eG ;f jrifah tmif/ udv k rS sK;d aemif/ udak tmifol wdŒk uvnf; tultnD rsm; ay;cJhovdk tEkynm&Sifrsm;jzpf-uaom udkausmfol/ udkZm*em/ udkatmifa0; (uAsmq&m)/ a':oef;jrifh atmif(pma&;q&mr)wdŒk tzGŒJ rSvnf; yl;aygif;yg0ifco hJ jzifh t&Sed t f [kef jrifw h ufum ausmif;om;jynforl sm; wufºuGpGm yg0ifvm_yD; vlxkv+yf&Sm;r+toGifudk ul;ajymif;cJhygw,f? pufwifbmv (20)&ufaeŒwGif jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m &[ef;ysKdor*~rsm; tzGJŒcsKyfrSvnf; (ausmif;om; jynfoltaygif;odkŒ yef-um;csuf) a-unmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf? yckuUL oHCmawmfrsm;u vnf; ‘e=t=ztcuf jynfolŒtcsuf’[laom aqmifyk'fudk vufudkifðyI jynfolwpf&yfvHk;u rw&m;wJh ppftpdk;& wHwdkif;-uD;udk wGef;vSJ&ef tcsdefaumif;[k a-unmvdkufonf? pufwifbmv 24 = &uf wevFm aeŒ aeŒvnf (1)em&DrS pwifum oHCmawmfrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;/ jynfolrsm; twlvufwGJI udk,fhtcGifh ta&;udk udk,fudk,fwdkif pnf;urf;&SdpGm pepfwus t-urf;rzufonfhenf;vrf;jzifh t&Sdefjr‡ifhawmif;qdk-u yg&ef jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ-uD;rS jynfolvlxkodkŒ wdkufwGef;E+d;aqmfv$m a-unmcsuf trSwf 4§2007 udk pufwifbmv (21) &ufaeŒwGif xkwfjyefa-unmvdkufonf? 88 = rsKd;quf ausmif;om;rsm;tzGJŒrS udkaX;ºuG,f/ udkxGef;jrifhatmifwdkŒESifhvnf; yl;wGJa-u nmcsufxw k &f ef t}udr}f udrf aqG;aE$;cJo h nf? pufwifbmv(23)&ufaeŒwGif jrefrmEdik if H pmayESihf tEkynm &Sifrsm;tkyfpkuvnf; a-unmcsufxkwfjyef_yD; qufvuf yg0ifqifE$J-uzdkŒ wdkufwGef;E+d;aqmfvdkufonf? pufwifbmv (24)&ufaeŒwGif 2007 Auo rS ausmfuu kd Ekd iS hf pnfoal rmifwŒkd rS cGyaf 'gif;tvH udkif_yD; yg0ifcsDwufcGifhay;&eftwGuf zkef;qufI t}udrf}ufdrfawmif;qdkaoma-umifh pma&;ol udk,fwdkif pnf;urf;xdrf;odrf;a&;aumfrwDodkŒ oGm;a&muf ta-umif;-um;xm;&onf? pufwif bmv (25)&ufaeŒwGif oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ }uD;ESifh (88)rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;tzGJŒwdkŒ yl;wGJa-unmcsufudk xkwfjyefEkdifcJhonf? 25

ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u ausmif; wdu k rf sm;tm; t"rR0ifa&muf pD;eif;I oHCu d ydik f ypPn;f rsm; udk zsufq;D jcif;/ aiGrsm;udk odr;f qnf;jcif;/ oHCmawmfrsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif; xdkŒaemufwGif e=t=z ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm; t"rR0ifa&mufpD;eif;I oHCduydkif ypPnf;rsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;/ aiGrsm;udk odrf;qnf;jcif;/ oHCmawmfrsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif; paom t"rR vkyf&yfrsm;a-umifh oHCmawmfrsm;rSm vGwfajrmuf&m ae&mrsm;odkŒ a&Smifwdrf;-u& onf? a&Smifwdrf;aeonfh -um;uyif OD;aqmifq&mawmftcsKdŒrSm etz ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wdkŒ. zrf;qD;jcif;udk cHvdkuf-u&onf? tzrf;rcH&bJ vGwaf jrmufaeao;aom oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGŒJ }uD;. OD;aqmifq&mawmf rsm;jzpfonfh OD;-obmoESifh OD;awZwdkŒ tygt0if tjcm;tzGJŒ0if oHCmawmf trsm;pkrSm ,aeŒtxd ykef;&if; a&Smif&if;rS r_yD;qHk;ao;aom wm0efrsm;udk qufvufxrf;aqmifvsuf &Sdae -uygonf? ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t_yD;tydkif zsufodrf;ypf_yD; bmomomoem xGef;um;pnfyif Edkifonfh 'Drdkua&pD acwfopfwckudk wnfaqmufEdkifonftxd tjcm;aom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifhtwl qufvuf wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;a&;onf jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ}uD; . t"du tusqHk; vkyfief;wm0ef jzpfygonf?

to#if - obmo OD ; aqmif q &mawmf jref r mEk d i f i H v H k ; qd k i f & m oH C mh w yf a ygif ; pk t zG J Π-uD ;

26

(1) wwd,vd+if;ESifh c&pf,mefbmom [m;AufwuUov kd &f ŒJ Edik if aH &;odyyH` garmuQ qifrsL&,f [efwifwef[m urBm'h rD u kd a&pD jzpfxeG ;f a&;jzpfpOfrSm Ak'
tJ'h v D kd c&pf,mefEikd if aH wGrmS yJ 'Dru kd a&pD pjzpfxeG ;f tajccdik &f wJh ta-umif;u c&pf,mefbmom [m wpfOD;csif;&JŒ oduQmwefzdk; (The dignity of the individual) udk tav;xm;vdkŒ/ 'DEdkifiHawGrSm ausmif;awmfeJŒ EdkifiHawmft-um; pnf;jcm;xm;r+ (The separation of church and state) &Sd-u vdŒk yJvŒkd qdyk gw,f? uufovpfeŒJ y±dw k ufpwifh bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;[m zdEydS w f hJ tm%m&Siw f ikd ;f jynf awG&JŒ vGwfajrmufa&; ±kef;uefóud;yrf;r+awGrSm t"du tcef;u¾u t_rJ&SdaevdkŒyJ? aemuf_yD; c&pf,mef ausmif;rsm;eJŒ bmom0ifOD;a& tjyefŒus,fvmjcif;[m 'Drdkua&pD zGHŒòzd;a&;udk wGef;tm;ay;w,fvdkŒ ygarmuQ [efwifwefu &yfcH wifjyxm;ygw,f?

(2) tpvnf;cuf/ tqHk;vnf;cuf tckajymaewm[m b,fbmom[m ydk,Hk-unfxdkufw,fqdkwJh udpPr[kwfbJ/ 'Drdku&uf wkdufaZ;&Sif; udpPom jzpfygw,f? [efwifwef axmufjyovdk taemufc&pf,mefEdkifiH trsm;pk 'Drdkua&pD atmifjrifcikd _f rJaewmuvnf; jiif;r&atmif txift&Sm;ygyJ? odŒk aomf taemufEikd if aH wGukd ykc;kH csi;f ,SOv f m jrefrm oHCmawmfawG wJh uGefzsL;&Syf w±kwfaygufazmf}uD;&JŒ wdk;wufyGifhvif;vmr+/ r-umcifu jzpfcJhwJh ‘jref &J Œ arwW m ok w f & G w f _ yD ; ppf t m%m&S i f p epf qef Œ usif v + y f & S m ;r+ / wd b uf & [ef ; awG & J Œ td k v H y pf rD;±+;wdkif EdkifiHaygif;pHkrSm 0ifvkr+’awG[m ygarmuQ [efwifwef&JŒ c&pf,meftav;xJwJh tjrifudk pdefac:wGef;vSefypfvdkufwmvm;vdkŒ awG;p&mawG &Sdvmygw,f? 2007 = ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiH a&$0ga&mifta&;eJŒ 2008 = ckESpf wdbufta&;[m ratmifjrifao; ayr,fh urBmhordkif;eJŒ 'Drdku&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif; jzpfpOfrSm xl;jcm;aeygw,f? wbufu odrfarGŒEl;nHhwJh t-urf;rzuf tm%mzDqefr+/ wbufrSmu ppfwyf,EW&m;oHk;_yD; tqHk;pGef t±dkif;tpdkif;qHk; acsr+ef;r+? tJh'DESpfckt-um; zDvmjzpfr+ jrifuGif;awGudk urBmh&Gm rD'D,mrSefajymif;uae tm;vHk;jrifawGŒcJh-u&ygw,f? 28

Ak'
(Reform)awG

vkyfvmwmjzpfw,f? 'ga-umifh pufwifbm ta&;tcif;[m jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&; c&D;&SnftwGuf tpwumwdkŒ&JŒ tpyJjzpfygw,f? urBmh'Drdkua&pDta&;rSm tE+wfoabmaqmifw,f vdŒk tjrifcaH e&wJh Ak'b < momudk jrefrm&[ef;ysKdrsm; u taygif;vuQ%maqmifa-umif; urBmudk &J&J0Hh0Hh jyvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? pufwifbm oHCmv+yf&Sm;r+ pwifjzpf aecsdefrSm pma&;q&m armifpl;prf;udk olŒrdwfaqG wa,mufu b,fvdkjrifovJvdkŒ ar;-unfhwJhtcg q&mu “pzdkŒcufcJovdk/ tqHk;owfzdkŒvnf; cuf w,f” vdŒk wkeŒf jyef ajzqdyk gw,f? q&marmifp;l prf; ajymovdkyJ pufwifbm oHCmhta&tcif;[m pwifzŒkd tawmfcufcw J /hJ &[ef;ysKrd sm; &if;_yD;pGeŒf pm; &wJh wdkufyGJjzpfovdk tqHk;owf[mvnf; jrefrmh awmfvSefa&; trsm;pk&JŒ xHk;pHtwdkif; udk,fhbufu yGJrjywfEdkifcJhygbl;? a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;[m _idr;f csr;f pGm ul;ajymif;Edik w f hJ uwWyD g awmfveS af &;rsK;d jzpfrvmcJhbJ bk&m;om;awmfawG ta-umif;rvSpGm eJŒ aoG;pGef;xif;cJh&ygw,f? bma-umif h jref r m&[ef ; ysKd r sm;&J Œ pufwifbmta&;[m pzdŒk cuf_yD;/ tqH;k owfzŒkd cuf

29

&wmvJ? pufwifbm&JŒ atmifjrifr+awGu bmvJ? jrefrm ax&0g'[m 'Drdkua&pDeJŒ eD;pyf&JŒvm;? c&pf,mef bmom u tm%m&Siaf wGukd xde;f csKyfxm;Edik f ovdrk sKd;/ tem*gwf rSm Ak'
(3) vl Œ tcG i f h t a&;eJ Œ arwW m ok w f tar&duef vGwfvyfa&;a-ujim pmwrf;rSm aomrwfpf*sufrmqefu “vlwdkif;udk wlnDr#wpGm zefqif; xm;wmjzpfw,f” (All men are created equal) 30

qdkwJh pum;udk oHk;cJhygw,f? aemufydkif; tDA&m[ifvifueG ;f wdŒk / rmwifvo l muif; wdŒk uae ,aeŒacgif;aqmifrsm;txd txyfxyf oHk;pGJcJh-uw,f? bk&m;ocif[m tm;vHk;udk wlnDwJh &ydkifcGifhawGeJŒ zefqif;xm;ordkŒ/ vlom;tm;vHk;rSm vlŒtcGifhta&;[m arG;&m ygjzpf_yD; rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufurS wm; jrpfcsKyfcs,fydkifcGifh r&Sdbl;vdkŒ qdkvdkygw,f? 'D0gusav;wpfa-umif;[m wmoGm;vGef;_yD; taemufwdkif;EdkifiHawGrSm 'Drdkua&pDeJŒ vlŒ tcGifhta&;awG&&SdzdkŒ usm;uefay;ygw,f? 'gjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vlŒtcGifh ta&;eJŒ 'Drkdua&pDa&; zGHŒòzd;zdkŒtwGuf Ak'< bmomrSm 'Dvkd tm;ud;k tm;xm;ðyavmufwhJ pum;&yf r sKd ; r&S d b l ; vm;? Ak ' < & J Œ -o0g' tðrawawG[m vlom;wdkif; &ydkifcGifhawG twGuf teufzGifhxlwwf&if trsm;}uD;&Edkif rmwm ygw,f? Oyrm arwWmokwfvm ‘rmwm ,xmed,HykwW/ r,kom {uykwW rEk&auQ’ qdkwJh ygVd[m pOf;pm;,l&if tawmfus,fjyefŒ ygvdrfhr,f? owW0gwdkif; tay:rSm rdrd&ifYjzpf aom wpfOD;wnf;aom om;uJhodkŒ arwWm xm;&r,fvdkŒ qdkygw,f? 'Dpum;&yftay: vlŒtcGifhta&;tjrif ±+axmifhu-unhf&if Ak'< [m vlom;tcGifhta&;qdkwm rajymeJŒawmh/ owW0gwdik ;f tay:rSmawmif ud, k &hf if0,fom; vdk oabmxm;&r,f? vlrSm olŒarG;&myg &ydkifcGifh&Sdovdk owW0gudk,fpDrSmvnf; &ydkifcGifh awG &Sd-u&rSmaygh? vltcsif;csif; ESdyfpufjcif; uif;a0;-u? owW0gudk,fpD&JŒ udk,hf&ydkifcGifh awGudk av;pm;-uvdkŒ aumuf,lEdkifygw,f?

jrefrmAk'
(4) ausmif ; awmf e J Œ Ed k i f i H a wmf 'Drdkua&pDr[kwfwJh EdkifiHawGrSm bmoma&;eJŒ EdkifiHa&;[m oD;jcm;r&SdbJ a&maxG;aewwfyg w,f? tcsKŒd Edik if rH sm;rSmvnf; tpPvmrfbmomudk Edik if aH wmfbmomtjzpf jyXmef;_yD; w&m;0ifðyxm;ygw,f? taemuf'Drkdua&pDEdkifiHrsm;&JŒ tm;omcsufu ausmif;awmfeJŒ EdkifiHawmf pnf;jcm;r+ (Separation of church and state) &Sdjcif;ygyJ? 'g[m vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fcGifh&JŒ tajccHvnf; jzpfygw,f? c&pf,mefausmif;awmfawG[m 'Dru kd a&pDta&; eJŒ vGwv f yfciG t hf a&;rSm a&SŒu rm;rm;rwfrwf wdkufyGJ0ifcJh-uygw,f? ykwf &[ef;rif;rsm;[m tm%m&SifawGudk ESdyfuGyf &mrSm vufoHajymifcJhygw,f? _yD;cJhwJh q,fpkESpfawGrSm 'Drdkua&pD ul;ajymif;vmcJhwJh csDvD/ ydkvef/ awmifudk&D;,m;/ zdvpfydkif/ b&mZD; pwJh EdkifiHawG&JŒ Oyrm-unhf&if jrifEdkifygw,f? 1987 = ckESpf csDvDrSm *|efaygvf(2)u tm%m&SifyDEdkacs;eJŒ yufyif;&ifqdkif&awmh “usKyf[m 'Drdkua&pD w&m;a[mq&m r[kwfbl;? {0Ha*vd w&m;a[mq&myJ? 'gayr,fh c&pf,mefw&m;awmfrsm;[m vlom;tcGifhta&; udpPtm;vHk;eJŒ oufqdkifaew,f? tu,fI 'Drdkua&pD[m vlŒtcGifhta&;udk qdkvdkw,f qdk&if c&pf,mefausmif;awmfawG[mvnf; 'Drdkua&pDw&m; a[m&rSmaygh”vdkŒ jywfjywfom;om; ajymcJhyg w,f? c&pf,mefausmif;awmfrsm;[m tm%m&Sifudk qefŒusif_yD; vlom;vGwfvyfcGifhta&;rSm ordkif; wav#muf ta&;ygcJhw,f? tm%m&Sifrsm; rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm; cs,fvS,fcsifwdkif; cs,fvS,fcGifh r&atmif jynfolvlxkudk tumtuG,fay;cJhygw,f? 'gqdk Ak'
pufwifbmawmfveS af &;u arG;zGm;vmwJh oHCmhwyfaygif;pk[m tv,facwf cspm;aewJh b&if*sDbek ;f }uD;awGukd awmfveS w f hJ y±dw k ufpwifh rmwifvo l m aygufprsKd;awG jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tjrifuvnf; “u|efawmfhoabmu &[ef;awmfrsm;[m y&d,wf/ yËdywfudkom óud;pm;apcsifw,f?” vdkŒ a&;zl;ygw,f? [kwfygw,f? &[ef;udpP[m 0denf;udpPjzpfw,f? udk,fusifhudpP jzpfw,f? rdrdudk,fudk apmifha&Smufjcif;[m avmuudk apmifha&Smufjcif; rnfygw,f? vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;udk pm&dwW r¾dKif jrifhrm;ap_yD; trSefw&m;eJŒ eD;pyfygapvdrfhr,f? odkŒaomf ,ck oHCmhr[mem,u[m tpkd;&Xme wpkwzGJŒtjzpf vkyfaewm[m 0denf;eJŒ nDygoavm? oHCmrsm; EdkifiHa&; rvkyf&vdkŒ arSmfbD oHCmhtpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuf/ urBmat; qHk;jzwf csufawGeJŒ t}udrf}udrf a-unmcsufxkwf_yD; ppftpdk;&awGudk tumtuG,f ay;aewJh oHCmhr[mem,u bGŒJ wHqyd t f rsKd;rsKd;& &mZmrsm;[m Edik if aH &;vkyaf ewm r[kwyf gvm;? Edik if aH &;qdw k m tm%myg0geJŒ qufpyf aew,fqdk&if tm%mydkiftzGJŒ[m oHCmhr[mem,u tzGJŒrSmvm;/ pmoif &[ef;ysKdawGqDrSmvm;? pufwifbmawmfvSefa&;u arG;zGm;vmwJh oHCmhwyfaygif;pk[m tv,facwf cspm;aewJh b&if*sDbkef;}uD;awGudk awmfvSefwJh y±dkwufpwifh rmwifvlom aygufprsKd;awG jzpfygw,f? jynfy oHCmh Oao#mif tzGJŒtpnf;[m vGwfvyfwJh omoemhtzGJŒtpnf; jzpfvm_yD; wcsdefrSm oHCmh r[mem,utzGJŒ udk z,f&mS ;_yD; jrefrmjynfow l Œkd twGuf vGwv f yfrv + pfbmwD aqmifusO;f vmr,fh tzGŒJ tpnf;rsK;d jzpfygw,f?

(5) y&d , wW d tif p wD u sL;&S i f ; c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif; (Church) rsm;[m EdkifiHa&;zdESdyfr+trsKd;rsKd;udk qefŒusifwJh tajccH tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; jzpfygw,f? tm%m&Sifpepfudk qefŒusifzdkŒ a[majympnf;±Hk;aewJh v#KdŒ0Sufajratmuf XmersKd;awGvnf; jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfr+eJŒ w&m;r#wr+udk &yfcHpnf;±Hk;aewJh tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;vnf; jzpfygw,f? bk&m;ausmif; tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;[m wpfckeJŒwpfck csdwfqufxm;_yD; EdkifiHwumrSm uGef,uf jzpfaeygw,f? b&if*sDbkef;awmf}uD;rsm;&JŒ tusihfysufr+ usifh0wfcspm;r+awGvnf;&Sd-uygw,f? odkŒaomf olwdkŒ &JŒavmfrmr+awGudk txkwfajzcsEdkifwJh rD'D,mrsm;u &Sdaeygw,f? EdkifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;r+olrsm;twGuf c&pf,mef 32

ausmif;rsm;[m tumtuG,af y;Edik w f hJ tifpwDusL;&Si;f rsm; jzpfygw,f? tdraf xmifðyr+ tygt0if arG;jcif;rS aojcif;txd vlom;&ydkifcGifhawGudk tumtuG,fay;xm;wJh vlr+tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsKd; jzpfaeygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH y&d,wWdpmoifwdkufrsm;[mvnf; atmifjrifwJh tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;yJ jzpfygw,f? 'gudk pufwifbm oHCmhta&;tcif;rSm xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGŒ-u&ygw,f? yËdywWdausmif;wdkufrsm;[m vnf; vlr+xGufaygufeJŒ pm&dwWr¾dKifudk xdef;ausmif;ay;EdkifwJh tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;ygyJ? ppfwyfu jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tiftm;t}uD;qHk;tifpwDusL;&Sif;jzpfae_yD; &Sd&Sdor#aom t&yfbuf tifpwDusL;&Sif;tm;vHk;udk oHk;pm;r&atmif rxda&mufrvnfywfEdkifawmhatmif zsufqD;ypfcJhygw,f? w&m;a&;/ t&yfbuftkyfcsKyfa&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&; pwJh tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;[m toufr0ifEdkifbJ zGwfzGwfausoGm;ygw,f? t&ifausmif;om;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; ay:xGuf&m wuUodkvf/ aumvdyfrsm;[mvnf; atmifjrifwJh tifpwDusL;&Sif;awG jzpfcJhygw,f? odkŒaomf ppfwyf&JŒ zsufqD;r+atmufrSm wppDvGifhaºuG_yD; ausmif;om; v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; tm;enf;oGm;cJhygw,f? rsKd;qufa[mif; ausmif;om;}uD;rsm;u t_rJOD;aqmif wGef;ayr,fh twef-um ra&GŒEdkifatmif jzpfaeygw,f? 2007 pufwifbmrSmawmh b,folrS b,fEdkifiHa&;orm;rS wGufqrxm;wJh vufoD;ykef; oHCmh tifpwDusL;&Sif;u ppfwyfudk pdefac:cJhygw,f? yckuUL y&d,wWd pmoifwdkuf}uD;u pvdkufwJh jzpf&yf[m bk&ifrif;wdkŒudk bmoma&;usOfwJh uHaqmifr+awGjzpfvm_yD; a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;}uD; tjzpf urBmausmf cJhygw,f? &[ef;ysKdrsm;&JŒ tcsdefwdkwdktwGif; csdwfqufv+yf&Sm;Edkifr+/ pnf;urf;ao0yfr+udk urBmht-urf; rzwfv+yf&Sm;r+ (Nonviolence) ordkif;rSm armfuGef;xdk;&rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? v+yf&Sm;wJh &[ef;ysKdrsm;&JŒ aemufuG,frSm t"du tc&musolrsm;uawmh y&d,wWdpmoifwdkufrsm;u pmoifpmcs q&mawmfrsm;yJ jzpfygw,f? pmoifpmcsq&mawmfrsm;[m r[mem,uq&mawmf}uD;rsm;eJŒ rwlovdk "rRuxdu q&mawmfrsm;eJŒvnf; rwlwJh oHCmhtmZmenfrsm;yJ jzpfygw,f? q&mawmfrsm;[m “vmb ouUm, odavmu” qdkwJh vmbfvmbaygrsm;r+/ ausmfaZmr+wdkŒudk tvsOf;a&Smif&Sm;_yD; pmoifom; &[ef;wynhf rsm;eJŒom t_rJxdawGŒaeolrsm;jzpfygw,f? rdrd&or# ouFef;/ aq;/ qGrf; wdkŒudk wynfhi,frsm;udk a0r#_yD; pHjy0denf;usifh}uH&if; tepfemcH pmoifydkŒcsay;aeolrsm; jzpfygw,f? "rReJŒt"rRudk ydkif;jcm;jyaeolrsm; jzpfygw,f? trSefw&m;twGuf &yfcHxm;olrsm; jzpfygw,f? 'um/ 'umr ta¹cGt&HeJŒ rif;ajr‡mifrsm;udk &GH&Smwdkufzsufaeolrsm; jzpfygw,f? jrefrmoHCmhtifpwDusL;&Sif;[m b,fvdkzdzd ydjym;roGm;bJ ppftifpwDusL;&Sif;udk tHwkzufòydif r,fh aemufq;kH awmfveS af &; tifpwDusL;&Si;f wck jzpfvmEdik yf gw,f? odŒk aomf jrefrmjynf Ak'o < moemud, k Yf 33

rSmvnf; ðyjyifajymif;vJr+ (Reform)awG jzpfvm_yD; ausmif; awmfeJŒ EdkifiHawmf t-um; pnf;jcm;r+ jzpfvmEdkifaumif;ygw,f? tem*gwfomoem wdk;wufzdkŒu oHCmh tifpwDusL;&Sif;[m tpdk;&tm%m pufuGif;atmufu vGwf rvGwf tay: rlwnf ygw,f?

(6) etz&J Œ w&m;0if r + pufwifbmawmfvSefa&;[m usqHk;cJh_yD; atmif jrifr+ wpHkw&m rcsef&pfEdkifbl;vm;? 'Dvdk r[kwfyg? wpHkw&m rubJ atmifjrifr+tawmfudk &cJhw,fqdk&ygr,f? t"du atmif jrifr+uawmh etz ppftpdk;&&JŒ w&m;0ifr+ (Legitimacy) t±+u d u f kd tvpfx;dk vdu k v f Œkd usqif;oGm;apcJyh gw,f? ppftpk;d & &JŒ rajymif;vJvdkbJ ydkae_rJusm;ae_rJ aevdkpdwfudk zsufypfEdkifcJh jcif; jzpfygw,f? tpdk;&w&yftwGuf w&m;0ifr+ (Legitimacy) [m ta&;yg tc&musvSygw,f? w&m;0ifr+ udpP[m ,kwfrm _yD; w&m;vufrhJ aoG;qmaewJh tm%m&Sirf sK;d awGtwGuaf wmif tc&m usygw,f? ±l;qdk; u ajymzl;w,f? “tiftm;t}uD;qHk; qdkol[m olŒtiftm;udk rSefuefr+eJŒ wm0ef0wW&m; emcHaqmif

34

&Gufr+wdkŒtjzpf rajymif;EdkifcJh&if ol[m b,fawmhrS rmpwmwpfa,mufvkd t_rJ &moufyef tm;}u;D aeEdik rf mS r[kwb f ;l ” (The strongest is never strong enough to be always the master, unless the transforms strength into right and obedience into duty.)

qdkvdkcsifwmuawmh tm; }uD;&ufpufvSwJh tm%m&Sifrsm;[m rSefuefr+/ w&m;r#wr+eJŒ wm0efodr+pwJh w&m;0ifcGifh awGqD tcsdefwef a&GŒvsm; &rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'ghxuf w&m;0ifr+ (Legitimacy) qdkwmu rSefuefr+eJŒ w&m;r#wr+wdkŒr# qdkvdkwm r[kwfjyef ao;bl;? tpkd;&w&yf wnf_rJ&yfwnf EdkifcGifh[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ vufcHEdkifcGifh/ Edik if w H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f &JŒ todtrSwðf y usm;uefay;r+ pwmawGtxd yg&Sdyg w,f? a&S;acwfu bk&ifrsm;twGuf w&m;0ifrt + cGi[ hf m ±d;k &mxH;k wrf;pOfvm/ ewfbk&m;wdkŒ&JŒ wdkuf±dkuftm%mtyf ESif;r+ pwJh ta-umif;jycsufawGeJŒ jzpfyg w,f? armf'efacwfrSm tm%m&Sifrsm; [m olwdkŒ&yfwnfzdkŒ trsKd;om;a&;0g' eJŒ zufqpf/ uGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpf pwJh tdkif'Dtdkavmf*sDrsm;udk w&m;0ifcGifh ,l -uygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tpdk;&[m jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJa&;eJŒ jynfe,fawG cGJ rxGufa&;qdkwJh jynfaxmifpk ròyduGJa&;

qdkif;bkwf/ aemuf qdk&S,fvpfqdkif;bkwfeJŒ w&m;0ifcGifh,lcJhwm jzpfygw,f? vuf&Sd e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&[mvnf; tvm;wl jynfaxmifpk ròyduGJa&;eJŒ tcsKyftcsm tm%mwnfwahH &; acgif;pOfeŒJ yJ ESpEf pS q f ,f wnf&Sdaewm jzpfygw,f? ppftpkd;&udk aemufxyf w&m; 0ifciG hf (Legitimacy) ay;aewmu uaeŒ xd EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;rSm rajymif;vJEdkif ao;wJh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif EdkifiHwEdkifiH udk 0ifa&muf rpGufzufEdkifwJhrl jzpfygw,f? aemuftmqD,H/ w±kwf/ tdENd, pwJh tdrfeD; csif ; Ed k i f i H r sm;&J Œ tusKd ; pD ; yG m ;a&S Œ ±+ r + u ay;xm;wJh w&m;0ifr+yJ jzpfygw,f? pufwifbm a&$0ga&mif awmf vSefa&;[m etz &&Sdxm;wJh ta&òcHw&m; 0ifcGifhawGudk trsm;}uD; qGJcGmcsEdkifcJhygw,f? tmqD,Htygt0if EkdifiHwum zdtm;awG ydk_yD;&cJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh oHCmxktay: wzufouf &uf&ufpufpuf òzdcGif;r+a-umifh ppfwyftay: vufcHwJh jynfolvlxk tjrif [m okneD;yg; xd;k pdu k f usqif;oGm;ygw,f? EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;u tajymif;tvJ tajzwckudk rjzpfrae azmfaqmifay;zdkŒ etz udk awmif;qdkvmygw,f? etz&JŒ wkefŒjyefr+u vrf;jy ajryHk tqifh (1)uae tqifh(4)udk ckef ausmf_yD; olwdkŒ&JŒ wzufouf tajccHOya' twnf ð ya&;eJ Œ xG u f a yguf & S m ygw,f ? em*pfrkefwdkif;eJŒ wdkif;jynf tusyftwnf;

oHCmxktay: wzufowf &uf&ufpufpuf _zdKcGif;rSKa-umifh ppfwyftay: vufcw H hJ jynfov l x l k tjrif[m okneD;yg; xd;k pdu k u f sqif; oGm;ygw,f qdu k af ecsed rf mS 92 &mE+e;f eJŒ tajccHOya'udk twnfðyvdu k yf g w,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf tajccHOya'opf[m olwdkŒtwGuf w&m;0ifciG x hf uf puULpkwjf zpfzŒkd u ydu k sed ;f aovmygvdrrhf ,f? ppftpkd;&[m ppftawG; awG;_yD; w&m;wm rw&m; wm tyxm; tvpftidkuf òcHcdkwdkuf_yD; atmifyGJ cHwwf wJh/ acgif;rmwJh/ t±+H;ray;csifwJh nmOf &Sdygw,f? odŒk aomf olwŒkd &ifqikd af csre+ ;f aewJh &efo[ l m NLD/ Edik if aH &; orm;eJŒ ausmif;om;r# r[kwfawmhbl;/ olwdkŒ &efolvdkŒ oabmxm;aeol[m oHCmxkeJŒ jynfolvlxk jzpfvmae w,f? pD;yGm;a&; pDrHcefŒcGJr+ rwwfr+a-umifh wdkif;jynf c|wfòcH us_yD; tiwfab;qdkufvmaew,f? 'gawGudku ppfwyf twGuf tufa-umif;eJŒ w&m;0ifciG hf usq;kH r+awG jzpfygw,f?

(7) a&G ; aumuf y G J e J Œ wwd , ygwD 'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm tpdk;&awG[m a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifòydif_yD; rdrdukd,fudk topfjyefo&if; (Self-renewal) ðyjyif ajymif;vJr+ vky&f ygw,f? tm%m&Siaf wGusawmh olwŒkd ta-umufqHk;t&mu tJh'D rdrdtm%mudk topfajymif; vkyf udkif&rSmudkyJjzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJ aemufwckuae 35

tm%mudk qufudkifwG,fr,fvdkŒ etz u r[mAsL[mcs vkyfaeayr,fh olwdkŒwu,fwef;a-umuf wmu ppfabmif;bDc|wf_yD; a&G;aumufyGJ0if&rSmudkyJ jzpfygw,f? bma-umifh a-umuf-uovJqdk&if a&G;aumufyGJ qdkwmu tm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ vkyfief;udpPr[kwfbJ 'Drdkua&pD&JŒ t*Fg&yfeJŒ A[dkcsufr jzpfaevdkŒygyJ? 1970 uae 2000 = ckEpS t f xd 'Dru kd a&pD ul;ajymif;vmwJh Edik if H (35)Edik if &H ŒJ tawGŒtóuH t& qd&k if a&G;aumufyaJG wG[m tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ ed*;kH csKyfr+ tpawG jzpfomG ;ygw,f? b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf tm%m&Sirf sm;[m a&G;aumufyrJG mS npfywfr,f/ rJvrd rf ,f/ t-urf;zufr,f/ &vm'fukd acgufxm;r,f qdkwmuawmh aocsmygw,f? odkŒaomf twdkuftcHawGuyJ tH-op&maumif;avmufatmif rJtjywf towf tEdkif&oGm;um 'Drdkua&pDul;ajymif;p EdkifiHwdkif;vdkvdkrSm jzpfygw,f? 'ga-umifh awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;u yHkrSefqufv+yf&Sm;ae&rSm jzpfovdk EdkifiHa&;ygwDeJŒ EdkifiHa&;orm;awGbufuvnf; tm%meJŒ eD;pyfatmif yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;eJŒ qufupm;&rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'Drdku&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif; jzpfpOf qdkwmudk rarhzdkŒbJvdkygw,f? jrefrmh'Drdku&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif;rSm vdktyfaewmwcku ESpfbuftay:-oZm oduQm}uD;rm;wJh wwd,ygwDtkyfpkyJ jzpfygw,f? wwd,ygwDtkyfpk[m ukvor*~udk,fpm;vS,f/ tmqD,HeJŒ w±kwf/ (14) EdkifiHtzGJŒ pwmawGeJŒvnf; rxda&mufEdkifygbl;? jynfwGif;jynfy ta,mifaqmiftacsmiform; ynm&Siaf wG udv k nf; etz u *±krpdu k yf gbl;? jynfwiG ;f uyJ xGuaf y:vmr,fh yk*Kd~ vftzGŒJ tpnf;rsK;d om ydkvdktyfygw,f? q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;&JŒ _idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒrsKd;ygyJ? pufwifbmu arG;zGm;vmwJh oHCmhtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;[m tpkd;&eJŒ twkduftcHt-um; a&GŒatmifwGef;tm;ay;Edkifr,fh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsKd; jzpfovdk wwd,ygwD tkyfpkrsKd;vnf; jzpfyg w,f? &[ef; oHCmrsm;[m tm%mudpPeJŒ vHk;0rywfoufbJ jynfolŒta&;oufouftwGuf 0ifa&mufv+yf&Sm;vmwJh tifpwDusL;&Sif;wck jzpfygw,f? &[ef;ysKdrsm;twGuf vdktyfaewmu tajrmftjrif&Sd_yD; oDvoduQm}uD;rm;wJh q&mawmf}uD;rsm;udk ygatmif pnf;±kH;Edkif_yD; oHCmhr[m em,uudk csdeJŒoGm;atmif vkyfaqmifzdkŒygyJ? 'g[m jrefrmjynftwGuf t-urf;rzufwJh uwWDyg awmfvSefa&; vrf;pwckygyJ? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;[m _yD;qHk;roGm;ao;ygbl;? acsa*GAm;&m;u zD'&,f uyfpx±dkudk E+wfqufajym-um;wJh pum;av;eJŒyJ ed*Hk;csKyfcsifygw,f? “zD'&,fudk ajymvdkufyg 'DqHk;±+H;r+[m awmfvSefa&;_yD;oGm;wm r[kwfbl;vdkŒ” (Tell the Federal that this failure is not the end of the Revolution.)

t&Sivf mb 36

vl,kwfrmqdkwJhpum;vHk;udk tm;vHk;-um;zl;-u_yD;om;yg? vloHk;vnf; awmfawmfus,fjyefŒ ygw,f? 'gayr,fh b,fvdkvlrsKd;udk vl,kwfrmvdkŒ ac:w,fqdkwm wdwdususodzdkŒawmh vdkygr,f? 'D ta-umif;udk pOf;pm;rd&if;u u|efawmfwdkŒ wdkif;jynfrSm awGŒóuHjzpfysufaewmawGeJŒ Ed+if;,SOf_yD; owdxm;rd vmygw,f? urBmhxdyfwef; Ak'
aum"aem Oyem[D p/ ygyruQ D p a,mea&m? 0d y ` E M ' d @ d rm,m0D / wH Znm 0oavm Á wd ? ‘yk%m; = trsufxGufavh&Sdol? &efòid;zGJŒavh&Sdol? ,kwfrmwJhpdwfa-umifh olwpfyg;&JŒ aus;Zl;w&m;udk acszsuf wwfol? vGJrSm;aom t,l&Sdol? rdrd&JŒtjypfudk zHk;v$rf;wwfol? t-uifoludk vl,kwfrm[lI odtyf.’ wJh? 'Dvdkqdk trSefw&m;udk azmfxkwf&if a'gow}uD;eJŒ wkefŒjyefwwfwJh e=t=z? olwdkŒ&JŒ vrf;pOfudk vufnd‡K;axmif acgif;ndrfhrvkyf&if &efn‡dK;zGJŒ tjypf&Smzrf;qD;wwfwJh e=t=z? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wnfaxmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfudk toHk;cs_yD; AdkvfcsKyftoufeJŒ&if; &,lay;cJhwJh vGwfvyfa&;&JŒ t&omudk tcefŒom; cGxdkif_yD; aus;Zl;w&m;udk acszsufaewJh e=t=z? omoemawmf[m qkwfuyfxJa&mufvmvdkŒ &wemoHk;yg;udk wd;k _yD; ud;k uG,af e-ucsed rf mS omoemh0efxrf; &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwf&JwJh rdp>m'd@d e=t=z? rdrdwdkŒtjypf udk olwyg;rjrifatmif twdkuftcHtiftm;pkawGudk ta-umif; trsKd;rsKd;&Sm ajAmifvdrf_yD; rw&m; pGyfpGJwwfwJh e=t=z? 'Dvdk vlawGrS vl,kwfrmr[kwf&if avmurSm vl,kwfrmqdkwm &SdawmhrSm r[kwfygbl;?

38

aemufwpf*gxmu {uZH 0g 'GdZH 0gyd/ a,m p yg%H 0d[d Howd? ,\ yga%m ',m ewWd/ wH Znm 0oavm Áwd? ‘yk % m; = wpf } ud r f o m om;zGm;&aom owW0gudk vnf;aumif;/ ESpf}udrfom;zGm;&aom owW0gudkvnf; aumif;/ n‡if;yef;ESdyfpuf owfjzwfwwf .? t-uifowW0gwdkŒY oem;jcif; r&Sd? xdkoludk ol,kwf(0g) vl,kwfrm [lI odtyf.’wJh? &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk umvuwnf;u vufeufqdk tyfwdk wpfacsmif;awmif rygbJ pmoifcef;xJ uae vrf;ray: xGufvm-uwJh jynfolŒ &JŒom; vlrr,f ausmif;om;av;awGukd &uf&ufpufpuf ypfowfcJhwm ² ² ² ppftm%modrf;_yD; aemuf ydkif;rSmvnf; ausmif;om;awG/ touf }uD;0g}uD; yk*Kd~ vfawG/ emruse;f jzpfaewJh olawGudkawmif n‡mwmjcif;r&SdbJ ppfcHk ±H k ; awG z G J Œ _yD ; ES p f & S n f a xmif ' %f a wG csrSwfcJhwm ² ² ² aemufqHk; a&$0ga&mifawmf vSefa&;rSm wdkif;jynf&JŒ wHcGefvdkŒac:wJh &[ef;oHCmawGudk &uf&ufpufpuf ±dkufESufowfjzwfcJhwm ² ² ² ² 'gawGudk jyefawG;-unfhr,f qdk&if e=t=z ppftm%m&SifawGudk

vl,kwfrmawGvdkŒac:wm vGefw,fvdkŒ rxifrdygbl;? aemuf wpf*gxm azmfjycsifygao;w,f? bmvJqdkawmh= a,m Ak ' < H y&d bmowd / tx 0g w\ om0uH ? y&d A Š m ZH *a[XH 0g/ wH Znm 0oavm Á wd ? t"dy`g,fu ‘t-uifolonf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif. wynfhom; oHCmudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ tusdK;rJh uJh&JŒaompum;udk ajym-um;.? xdkoludk ol,kwf(0g) vl,kwfrm[k odtyf.’ wJh? tck ppftm%m&SifawGuawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;&JŒAdkufudkvnf; azmuf&Jygw,f? bk&m;&Sif&JŒ wynfhom; oHCmawGudkvnf; owfjzwf/ ±dkufESuf/ zrf;qD;/ axmifcs&Jygw,f?2008=ck arv qENcH,lyGJ umvtwGif;rSmawmif vHkxdef;awGudk vdarRmfoD;±dkufenf;oifwef;qdk_yD; oD;oefŒ oifwef;awmif ay;cJhyg w,f? vdarRmfoD;qdkwm oHCmawmfrsm;udk &nfn$ef;wmyg? 'Davmufudk tpDtpOfwus ,kwfrmwwfwm e=t=z ppftm%m&SifawGyJ &Sdygw,f? 'Dvdkqdk bk&m;&Sif&JŒ w&m;awmfeJŒtnD ajym&&if e=t=z ppftm%m&SifawGavmuf ,kwfrmwJhol b,frSmrS r&Sd Ekdifygbl;? 'Dvdk vl,kwfrmawG }uD;pdk;wJh wdkif;jynf[m b,frSmvm_yD; at;csrf;om,mEdkifyghrvJ? wdkif;jynf&JŒ wHcGefvdkŒac:wJh &[ef;/ oHCmawGudk owfjzwfzsufqD;cJhvdkŒ wdkif;jynf[m wHcGefuif;rJhae_yD; urBmhtv,frSm rwifhw,fEdkifawmhwm trSefygyJ? ppftm%m&Sif}uD;rsm; taejzifhvnf; rdrdwdkŒ&JŒ vkyf&yfudk jyefqef;ppfzdkŒ vdyk g_yD? tm%m&rRuf rl;&pf_yD; qufvuf &rf;um;aeOD;r,fq&kd if wdik ;f jynfvnf; tusKd;rJ/h jynforl sm;vnf; qif;&JwiG ;f eufoxufeufum rdrw d Œkd twGurf mS vnf; ypPKy`erf mS a&m aemifoo H &mtwGuyf g tcufóuHawGŒ -u&vdrfhr,fqdkwmudk owday;vdkufyg&ap? udk,fhudkudk,f-unfhrS trSefudk odrSmyg? avmu}uD;rSm &,fp&maumif;wJh t±l;eJŒwlwJhvl oHk;OD;&Sdw,fqdkwmudk azmfjyxm;wJh rCa'0 vuFmopf/ ykawWm0g' cef;xJu vuFmav;wpfydk'fudk owd&apjcifvdkŒ xkwfjyvdkufygw,f? - rdrdudk,fudk/ tvdk&Sd&m/ igðyEdkifpG/ tpdk;&[k/ rSwf-uol0,f/ aorif;&,f.? - tu,frmefudk;/ ajrESifh rdk;udk/ tkyfpdk;&ol/ igv#if[lI/ rSwf,lrif;0,f/ ajr}uD;&,f.? - oufvS,fEkxGm;/ ighr,m;u/ zGm;onfhonf;csm/ ighom;om[k/ rSwf&Smol0,f/ r,m;&,f./ - &,fzG,ftxl;/ vloHk;OD;udk/ t±l;wr#/ edrdwfjy&Sifh? ? 'DvuFmav;udk zwf-unfhvdkuf&if e=t=z ppftm%m&Sif}uD;rsm;[m b,fvdkvlpm;awGqdkwm uGuu f u G u f iG ;f uGi;f jrif& od& avmufyg_yD? 'ga-umifh wdik ;f jynfukd zdEydS u f |eðf yaewJh e=t=z qdw k hJ vl,w k rf m t±l;}uD;awGukd bk&m;&Si&f ŒJ om; oHCmawmfrsm;eJŒ ausmif;om;/ jynforl sm;u vufw_JG yD; awmfveS af ecsed rf mS wyfrawmfom;rsm;uvnf; rsufaphrSdwf/ em;ydwf rae-ubJ om;oHk;om;&JŒtm;eJŒ tm%m&Sifudk wGef;vSef um atmifyGJcH-uygpdkŒvdkŒ wdkufwGef;vdkuf&ygw,f? ? '*Hy k ¾dwf 39

rCa'0vuFmopf ESifhwdkufwGef;yef-um;csuf - rif ; v#if r ¾ d K if / rif ; rcd k i f a omf / ,d r f ; ,d k i f j ynf } uD ; / ysuf p D ; acsmuf c sm;/ ,S m ;yg;rd k C f ; av/ pma&rG w f i wf / Oyg'f v l a ygif ; / axmif ; axmif ; a-unuf / ewf r sm;rsuf I / vuf e uf n G e f o J / ausmuf c J r D ; rd k C f ; / cs&G m óud ; v#uf / usKd ; rJ h u k e f a tmif / wd k i f ; vH k ; avmif & S i f h ? === ? rCa'0vuF m opf / yk a wW m 0g'cef ; / yd k ' f a & = 278 'Dpmydk'fuav;[m refvnfq&mawmfbk&m;}uD;&JŒ r[mokwum&D rCa'0vuFm opfxJrSm ygwmyg? wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifyJ 'Dpmav;udk zwfrdawmh 'dkŒwdkif;jynfrSm óuHawGŒae&wJh tjzpftysufawG &ifqdkifae-u&wJh tcuftcJawGudk owd&rdygw,f? t&if;ppfawmh tjrpfajruqdkovdk jzpfysufoGmcJh&wJh twdwfqdk;awG[m wdkif;jynfudk rw&m; tkycf sKyf_yD; ud, k t hf m%m wnf_rJa&;twGuo f m vHŒk vðyaewJh ppftm%m&Siaf wGa-umifq h w kd mudk 'Dpmyd'k af v; u ajymaeovdkygyJ? "rRrSef;rod/ t"rRrSef;rod? bk&m;rSef;/ w&m;rSef; rod? rvkyfoifhwmawG vkyfcJhvdkŒ tJ'DtusKd;qufawGudk jynfolawGtukefvHk; cg;pnf;_yD; cHae-u&wmyg? jrefrmjynfrSm óuHawGŒae-u&wJh tcuftcJawG/ qif;&J'kuQawG[m em*pfa-umifhvnf; r[kwf ygbl;? EkdifiHwuma-umifhvnf; r[kwfygbl;? ppftm%m&SifawGa-umifh qdkwmudk jynfolawGtm;vHk;u em;vnf-uyg? em;vnf-u_yD;awmh 'Dvl,kwfrmawG&JŒ vufatmufuae tjrefqHk; awmfvSef±kef;xGufEkdif -uzdkŒ e=t=z &JŒ vkyf&yfrSefor#udk &J&J0Hh0HheJŒ qefŒusif-uyg? nDnDnGwfnGwfeJŒ qHk;jzwfcsufcs wdkufyGJ0if -uygvdkŒ wdkufwGef;yef-um;csifygw,f?

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aoemywd/ rwfbkef;,Sdum;/ jynf}uD;Ouif;/ oDwif;usifhrGef/ *k%0efESifh/ oDv0efrnf/ r[max&fum;/ wdkif;jynfhwHcGef/ a'0ydË uwf / wwf r S w f a usmf x d w f / ya&m[d w f u m;/ twd w f em*wf / qH k ; jzwf j rif o d / jynf h r suf p d w nf h / xd k _ yD ; wjcm;/ wd k i f ; wyg;od k Œ / a&muf o G m ;0if x G u f / vSKdŒ0SufxJoH/ olŒt}uHudk/ emcHxdkxdk/ -um;a-umif;qdkonfh/ olv#Kda,muFsm;/ olaumif;om; um;/ jynf h e m;rnf , d S / Zmwd r EW / &J o l & ES i f h / 0H o r[m/ *k % f 0 go*D / a&$ p H r S D o d k Œ rif ; nD r if ; om;/ aqG a wmf r sm;rl / jynf o G m ;jynf p G , f / wif h w ,f a &mif n D ; / ±+ r nD ; om;/ orD ; unm/ &wemum;/ a-umf j imowif ; / wjynf c sif ; atmif / ausmf j cif ; xG e f ; pnf / 0if ; xd e f r S n f h o m;/ a&$ j ynf h r suf E S m / r[m*[ywd / aoXd & wem/ OpP m ayg,,f / aX;ol º uG , f u d k / jynf h 0 rf ; qd k & S i f h / &J A d k v f r + ; xrf ; / &J ; pG r f ; owW d / txl ; ,S d o m;/ [wW d t \/ xd k r #waxG / jynf h a jcac:±d k ; / vuf e uf r sd K ;rS m / jynf h & G m .vuf / pOf r ysuf j zif h / òyd ; jyuf e 0&wf / ud k ; csuf r S w f o m;/ rG e f j rwf O pP m / &wemwnf h ? ? rCa'0vuFmopf/ ykawWm0g'cef;/ ydk'fa&=180 jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ wHcGefvdkŒac:wJh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; vrf;ray: xGufcJh-uygw,f? oHCmawmf rsm; bma-umifh 'Dvdkvrf;ray:udk xGufvmcJh-u&ygovJ? wpfckwnf;aom tajzuawmh enf;rsKd;pHkeJŒ zdESdyftEdkifusifhaewJh e=t=z ppftm%m&Sifrsm; vufatmufuae ±kef;xGuf-uzdkŒygyJ?

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wenf;tm;jzifh ppftm%m&Sifrsm;&JŒ wdkif;jynftay: t"rR0g'eJŒ }uD;pd;k aer+ukd jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si&f ŒJ wynfo h m; oHCmawmfrsm;u "rRqw kd hJ w&m; eJŒ wGe;f vSecf w hJ hJ a&$0ga&mif 'DvKSd if;rsm;ygyJ? 'Da&$0ga&mif awmfveS af &;vdŒk ac:wJh oHHCmawmfrsm; OD;aqmifwJh vlxkv+yf&Sm;tay: enf;enf;avmuf jyefqef;ppf -unfhcsifygw,f? onfvdk qef;ppf-unfhrSvnf; OD;Zif;wdkŒ aumufcsufwpfckudk csEdkifrSmyg? 'Daumufcsuf[m OD;Zif;wdkŒ a&SŒquf csDwuf&r,fh awmfvSefa&; c&D;twGuf taxmuftul ðyEdkifygvdrfhr,f?

a&$ 0 ga&mif a wmf v S e f a &;}uD ; bma-umif h a y:ayguf c J h & ygovJ

aoG;cGJ tkycf sKyfco hJ vdyk J Edik if aH wmf oHCmhr[mem,u q&mawmfrsm;eJΠatmufajc oHCmawmfrsm;udk vnf;

'DhtwGuf tajzu awmfawmfav;ajymrS jynfhpHkrSmyg? 'ga-umifh vwfwavm tajctaeawGudkyJ t"duxm; oHk;oyf-unfhyg&ap? t&ifqHk; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk oHk;oyf-unfhr,fqdk&if e=t=z [m oyfv#KdaoG;cJGwJh pepfukd wGiw f iG f us,u f s,}f uD; toH;k jyKaewm awGŒ&ygw,f? }uHŒzGŒH / pGr;f tm; &SifawGudk vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawGay;_yD; jynfolawGeJŒ aoG;cGJ tkyfcsKyfcJhovdkyJ EdkifiHawmf oHCmhr[mem,u q&mawmfrsm;eJŒ atmufajcoHCmawmfrsm;udk vnf; enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJŒ aoG;cJG tkyfcsKyfcJhygw,f? bma-umifh 'Dvdkvkyf&ovJqdk&if jrefrmjynfol jynfom;awG&JŒ tay:rSm oHCmxk&JŒ -oZm}uD;rm;wmudk odovkd oHCmxk taeeJŒ EkdifiHa&; avmuxJ yg0ifvmrSmudkvnf; a-umuf&GHŒaeygw,f? 'ga-umifh jynfolawGeJŒ tvSrf;a0;wJh r=[=e q&mawmfrsm;udk trsdK;rsdK;csOf;uyfpnf;±kH;_yD; atmuf ajcoHCmawmfrsm;tay: 0denf;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ wnfqJOya'rsm;jzifhvnf; aumif; enf;rsKd;pHkoHk;um zdESdyfjcif;jzifh oHCmxkudk aoG;cGJcJhygw,f? 'g[m oHCmudkoif;cGJjcif;qdkwJh oHCab'u uHudk usL;vGef vdkufwmygyJ? a'0'wf vufopfrsm;vdkŒ qdk&rSmyg? 'Dtcsuf[m a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;}uD;udk oaE< wnfapcJhwJh tcsufyg? vwfwavmudpPuawmh 2007 = ck -o*kwfv 19 = &ufrSm avmifpmqDaps;ESKef;awGjrifh_yD; um;cawG ±kwfw&uf aps;wufcJhvdkŒ rif;udkEdkif/ udkudk}uD;pwJh 88=rsKd;quf ausmif;om;awGOD;aqmif_yD; jynfolawGeJŒtwl vrf;av#muf qENjycJhwmudkvnf; rw&m; zdESdyfzrf;qD;cJhygw,f? 50

aemufwcsufu 2007 ck pufwifbmv 5 = &uf yckuULrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh oHCmhta&;udpPrSm oHCm awmfawGudk udk,fxdvufa&muf apmf um;cJhwJh udpPyg? 'g[m wu,fhudk t±kyfqdk; t-unf;wefapcJhwJh jzpf&yf yg? &wemoH k ; yg;xJ r S m wyg;tyg t0ifjzpfwJh oHCmawmfawGudkawmif apmfum;&Jw,f qdkawmh urf;ukef aeygjyD? e=t=z ppftm%m&SifawG wdkif;jynftay: 'Dvdk rw&m;zdESdyf_yD; t"rRw&m;awGeJŒ }uD;pdk;ESdyfpufaewmudk oHCmawmft&Sifjrwfrsm;u "rReJŒ &ifqdkifzdkŒ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif ynwfawmfrlcJhwJh torRKcwm uH&Spfyg;wGif wpfyg; tygt0ifjzpfwJh ywWeduUKZ…euHqdkwJh oydwfarSmuf uHaqmifzdkŒ qHk;jzwfcJh -uygw,f? 'DvdkeJŒ 2007 = ck pufwifbmv 18=&ufrSm e=t=z ppftpdk;&udk oydwfarSmuf uHaqmif -u&mrS a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;}uD; pwifay:aygufcJh&ygw,f? oHCmawmf t&Sifjrwfrsm; pwifcJhwJh 'Dta&;awmfyHk}uD;[m oHCmawmfrsm; ta&;udpPr#om r[kwfawmhbJ jynfoltm;vHk;&JŒ ta&;udpP jzpfvmcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;/ jynfolrsm;yg yl;aygif;yg0ifvm cJh_yD; t&Sdeft[kef jrifhoxuf jrifhvmcJhygw,f? 'g[m &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ay:yguf_yD;aemufydkif; 19 = ESpfausmf t-umrSm ay:aygufvmcJhwJh t&Sdeft[kef t}uD;qHk; vlxkwdkuf yGJwyGJygyJ?

a&$ 0 ga&mif a wmf v S e f a &;}uD ; b,f v d k _ yD ; qH k ; oG m ;cJ h & ovJ t&Sdeft[kefjyif;jyif;eJŒ vSKyf&Sm;cJhwJha&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;}uD;[m tustqHk;rsm;pGmeJŒ tqHk; owfc&hJ w,fvŒkd yJ qd&k rSmyg? bma-umifh 'Dvjkd zpfc&hJ ovJq&kd if oHCmxkeŒJ twl Edik if aH wmf oHCr[mem,u tzGŒJ ryg0ifcw hJ t hJ jyif vspfvsL±+jcif;udyk g cHc&hJ ygw,f? 'g[moHCmxktwGuf tepfemqH;k tcsufyg? tu,f I r=[=e q&mawmfrsm; yg0ifcJh-ur,f qdk&if e=t=z taeeJŒ ukdifwG,f& awmfawmfcufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f? odkŒqdk&if 'Dta&;awmfyHk}uD;[m ratmifjrifcJh&ifawmif tckvdk &uf&ufpufpufESdrfeif;cH&vdrfhr,f r[kwfbl; vdkŒ xifrdygw,f? aemufwcsufu 'Dv+yf&Sm;r+awGxJrSm Xmeqdkif&m tzGJŒtpnf;awG wdwdusus ryg0ifcJh-uygbl;? wOD;csif woD; yk*~vdu yg0ifygwfoufcJh-uolrsm;awmh &SdcJhygw,f? 'Dvdkjzpf&wm[m e=t=z &JŒ &ufpufr+ 51

udk odae-u_yD; ta-umufw&m;udk rz,f&Sm;Edkif-uvdkŒygyJ? aemuf_yD; jynfoltrsm;pk[m ab;uae vufckyfwD;ay;±HkavmufeJŒ wm0efaus jyDvdkŒ xifae-uw,f? 'g[m trsKd;om;a&; wm0efrJhr+ wpf&yfyJqdkwmudk rod-uvdkŒvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f? e=t=ztaeeJŒvnf; bma-umifh 'Davmuf-urf;-urf; wrf;wrf; udkifwG,fvdkuf&ovJ? 'g[m t"du tcsufyg? a&$0ga&mif v+y&f mS ;r+}uD;[m wpf&ufxufwpf&uf t&Sed t f [kef ydjk yif;xefvmcJw h ,f? 'gudk olwdkŒ a-umufwmyg/ bma-umifhvJqdk&if 2008 = ck arvrSm qENcH,lyGJvkyfr,f? 'DqENcH,lyGJ[m olwdkŒ&JŒ tem*wfyg? olwdkŒpdwfóuduf a&;qGJxm;wJh 'DtajccHOya'om twnfjzpfoGm;_yDqdk&if ppfwyfu EkdifiHawmftm%m&JŒ av;yHkwpfyHkudk tvdkvdk ydkifqdkifoGm;rSmyg? olwdkŒ a&;qGJxm;wJh Oya'rl-urf;t& jynfolv$wfawmf zGJŒpnf;&mrSm udk,fpm;vS,f 440 = OD;teuf ppfwyfrS 110 = OD; (yk'fr = 109/ yk'rf cGJ =c wGi±f )+ / trsKd;om;v$waf wmfzJG ph nf;&mrSmud, k pf m;vS,f 224 = OD;teuf ppfwyfrS 56 = OD;(yk'fr = 141/ yk'frcGJ = c wGif±+)/ trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;aumifpD zGJŒpnf;&mwGifvnf; 11 = OD;teuf ppfwyfrS 6 = OD;(yk'fr = 201 wGif±+)/ EkdifiHawmf orw a&G;cs,f&mwGifvnf; orwavmif;oHk;OD;teuf ppfwyfrS 1 = OD;(yk'fr = 60/ yk'frcGJ = c wGif±+)/ ²²² ²²² pojzifh ppfwyf&JŒ tcef;u¾udk t"duusatmif a&;qGJxm;ygw,f? 'DvdktajctaerSm a&$0ga&mif awmfveS af &;a-umifh qENc, H yl x JG cd u kd rf mS ta-umuf}uD;a-umuf_yD; tckvkd &uf&ufpufpuf òzdcGJcJhwmygyJ? 'DvdkeJŒ OD;Zif;wdkŒ&JŒ a&$0ga&mif 'Dv+dif;awG &yfwefŒoGm;cJh&wmyg?

a&$ 0 ga&mif a wmf v S e f a &;}uD ; u bmawG &vd k u f o vJ 2007 = ck pufwifbmrSmay:aygufcJhwJh a&$0ga&mifawmfvSef a&;}uD;[m &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkaemufydkif; tiftm;t}uD;rm;qHk;eJŒ vlxak xmufcrH + twufºuGq;kH v+y&f mS ;r+wpfcyk g? 'DawmfveS af &;}uD;uae rsK;d qufopf ausmif;om;vli,fawG tajrmuftrsm; arG;xkwaf y;cJh ovd/k 52

a&$0ga7mif v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;[m wpf7ufxufwpf7uf t7Sed t f [kef ydjk yif;xefvmcJw h ,f? 'gudk olwdkΠa-umufwmyg/

tenfxdkifvkvk jzpfaewJh vlxk&JΠEdkifiHa&;pdwf"gwfudk v+yfE+d; ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? aemuf 2004 = ckESpfrSm urBmhAk'
w,fqdkwmudk aoG;eJŒ oufaojycJhyg w,f ? urB m h t v,f r S m vnf ; jref r m &[ef;awmfrsm;[m ordkif;tpOftvm rnHhbl;qdkwm odatmif a&$0ga&mifordkif; topfudk a&;xdk;vdkufEdkifcJhygjyD? 'gayr,fh 'DawmfvSefa&;}uD; udk ppfyGJ±+axmifhu -unfhr,fqdk&if txd emcJhw,fvdkŒ qdk&rSmyg? bma-umifhvJqdk awmh ay;qyfr+awG wtm;rsm;vGef;vdkŒ yg? tESpf (20)eD;yg; tcsdefawGudkpaw; _yD ; &,l c J h & wJ h 'D v + y f & S m ;r+ t wG i f ; rS m oHCmawmfeJŒ ausmif;om;jynfolrsm;pGm toufay;cJ&h ovd/k zrf;qD;axmifcs cHc&hJ ygw,f? tcsKdŒrSm ,QKwdkif ykef;a&Smifae& _yD;/ tcsKdŒu wdkif;wyg;udk xGufajy;cdkv+H cJh-u&ygw,f? 'D t ajctaeawG a -umif h jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ jynfwGif; twdkuftcH tiftm;pkrsm; tawmftwef tiftm; csnf h e J Œ oG m ;w,f v d k Œ qd k E d k i f y gw,f ? 'Dtajctaeudk a&mufcJh&wm[m ppfcsD/ ppfwuf/ ppfxdk;/ ppfcH/ ppfzsuf/ ppfjyef qdkwJh ppf&JŒ tpDt&ifawGeJŒ rjynfhpHkvdkŒ yg? e=t=z taeeJŒ t-urf;zuf udkif wG,fr,fqdkwm od_yD;om; jzpfygvsuf tJ'Dtajctaeudk tqkwftwuf rvkyf EdkifcJhwmvnf; ygygw,f? e=t=z tae eJŒ t-urf;rzufEdkifatmif jynfytzJGŒ tpnf;rsm;eJŒ urBmu h v k or*~ tygt0if EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;u xda&mufwJh zdtm; ray;EkdifcJhwm? aemufqufwGJ

jy\emjzpfwJh tzrf;tqD;udpPudk a&Smifv$JEdkifzdkŒ vHkòcHpdwfcs&wJh 0yfusif;udk óudwifrzefwD;EdkifcJhwmawG[m tm;enf;csufawGvdkŒ qdk&rSmyg? 'Daumufcsufudkcswm[m b,foludkrS &nf&G,fwm r[kwfygbl;? tajctaewpfckudk rwlwJh ±+axmifhua&m/ wlwJh ±+axmifhuyg trSeftwdkif; oHk;oyf-unfhwmyg? bmvdkŒvJqdk&if &Spfav;vHk;_yD; uwnf;u tiftm;aumif;wJh vlxkwdkufyGJqdkvdkŒ 'Da&$0ga&mif v+yf&Sm;r+[m yxrqHk;vdkŒ qdkEdkifygw,f? 'Dtwdik ;f om qufomG ;aer,fqckd &hJ if OD;Zif;wdŒk &JŒ 'Dru kd a&pDyef;wdik [ f m b,frmS vJvŒkd ar;p&m jzpfvmygvdrhf r,f? 'ga-umifhaemufwpf}udrfrSm OD;Zif;wdkŒ v+yf&Sm;r+[m t&if;enf;Ekdifor# enf;_yD; tjrwfrsm;rsm; vdkcsif ygw,f? 'Dtm;enf;csufawGudk Ekdif&mEkdif&m 0dkif;0ef;jznfhqD;-ur,fqdk&if OD;Zif;wdkŒ vdkcsifwJh yef;wdkif[m vufwurf;udk a&mufvmrSmyg?

a&$ 0 ga&mif a wmf v S e f a &;}uD ; u bmwm0ef a wG ay;ae_yD v J tckq&dk if etztpk;d &[m a&$0ga&mifawmfveS af &;rSm yg0ifvy+ &f mS ;cJw h hJ oHCmawmfawGudk zrf;qD; axmifcsxm;w,f? oDv&Sif q&m}uD;/ q&mav;awGuv dk nf; 'Dvydk J rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;axmifcsxm;w,f? r*~ifausmif;wkdufeJŒ omoeody`Hausmif;wkdŒukd csdwfydwfypfvkdufovkdrsKd; ausmif;wkduf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukd pm0gwufoH wdwq f w d o f mG ;atmif ydwq f Œdk xm;w,f? bmomomoemukd xGe;f um;jyefŒESŒH atmif pnfyifzŒHG òz;d atmif omoemðyae-uwJh/ jrefrmEkdifiHukd omoemðyEkdifavmufwJh yËd±lyajrmufaom t&yfa'ojzpfoGm; atmif arwWmykŒd _yD; qENxw k af zmfc-hJ uwJh oHCmawmfrsm;ukd &[ef;twkta,mifrsm;tjzpf ykwcf wfapmfum; cJhw,f? 'Dvkd bmomomoemukd rysufysufatmif zsufvkdzsufqD;vkyfaewJh rif;qkd;rif;npfrsm;ukd rif;aumif;rif;jrwfrsm;ESifh vJvS,ftpm;xkd; ypfEkdifa&;[m ta&;w}uD; vkyfaqmif-u&r,fh a&$0ga&mif awmfvSefa&;}uD;u ay;tyfvkdufwJh wm0efawGjzpfw,f? 'Dwm0efawGukd ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifzkdŒqkd&if q&m 'umvufw_JG yD; b,fvt dk cuftcJrsK;d ukrd qkd ra-umufr&GŒH aemufrwGeŒf yJ &ifqidk af usmjf zwf-ur,fqw dk hJ oHEMdXmefukd ykdifykdifEkdifEkdif csrSwfEkdif-uzkdŒ vkdygw,f? wdkif;jynf&JŒ wHcGefvdkŒac:wJh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk owfjzwfcJhvdkŒ wHcGefrJh_yD; rwifhrw,f jzpfaewJh jrefrmjynfukd u,fwifEikd zf Œkd eJŒ tckjzpfay:aewJh tajctaeqk;d awGudk zsuford ;f ypf_yD; topfwzef jyefvnfwnfaqmufEkdifzkdŒqdkwJh udpP&yfawGrSm jynfya&muf'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;eJŒ EkdifiHwum tzGJŒ tpnf; toD;oD;uvnf; 'Dxufydk_yD; óud;pm;ay;-uygvdkŒ arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? oaAŠ o wW m ta0&ma[mEW K

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Oa&myygvDreftrwfrsm;/ EkdifiHwumtpkd;&rsm;ESifh jrefrmhta&;ukd wufºuGpGm aqmif¶Gufae-uaom 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;odkŒ OD;Zif;u vd+ufv+dufvSJvSJ E+wfcGef;qufvkduf ygw,f? OD;Zif;taeeJŒ 'DyrJG mS ta&;t}u;D qk;H ta-umif;t&m (3)ckudk aqG;aEG;ajymjyvkyd gw,f? (1) tcsufu ²²²² tck OD;Zif;wkŒd jrefrmEkid if rH mS obm0ab;tEW&m,f wpfck usa&mufaeygw,f? tm;vH;k -um;_yD;-uwJhtwkdif; jrefrmjynfolawG odef;eJŒcsD_yD; toufqkH;yg;-u&w,f? ESpfoef;eD;yg; tkd;rJh tdrfrJh b0a&muf-u&w,f? aomufp&m a&r&Sd/ pm;p&m xrif;r&Sd/ aep&m tdrfr&Sd/ ac:p&m ajymp&m aqGr&Sd rsKd;r&Sd twd'kuQa&mufae-u&w,f? tJ'Dvkd twd'kuQa&mufae-u&wm[m yxrwpfcsufuawmh qkdifuvkef;rkefwkdif; a-umifh jzpfygw,f? tJ'D rkefwkdif;xuf ykdqkd;wJh 'kwd, wpfcsufuawmh ukd,fukd,fwkdifuvnf; xdxda&mufa&mufulnDcsifwJh pdwfapwem r&Sd/ ulnDEkdifwJhtajctaersKd;vnf; r&SdwJhtjyif jynfwiG ;f eJŒ Ekid if w H umu tvª&iS rf sm;&JŒ tultnDay;r+awGuv dk nf; enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJŒ aESmuf,u S f [efŒwm;aewJh ppftpkd;&a-umifhjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvkd ppftpkd;&&JŒ nHhzsif;vSwJh pdwfapwem/ nHhzsif;vSwJh vkyfukdifaqmif¶Gufr+awG a-umifh tcsdefrSD u,fwifulnD Ekdifv#ufeJŒ 'kuQa&mufaewJhjynfolawGukd rulnDEkdifjzpf-u&w,f? 'DtwGuf raooifb h J xyfao&/ rqk;H ¶+;H oifb h J xyfq;Hk ¶+;H ae-u &w,f? tckq&dk if vlaoaumifyw k /f wd&dp>mef taoaumifykwfawGukd rz,f&Sm;EkdifwJhtwGuf umv0rf;a&m*g/ tla&mifief;zsm; a&m*g/ iSufzsm;a&m*gpwJh a&m*gqkd;awG usa&mufawmhr,fh taetxm;txd a&muf&Sdae_yDvkdŒ OD;Zif;wkdŒ od&ygw,f? tJ'gawGa-umifv h nf; vlom;csi;f pmempdw&f w dS hJ jynfwiG ;f eJŒ Ekid if w H umu tultnDay; -uzkdŒ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae-uolrsm;ukd OD;Zif;taeeJŒ jrefrmjynfolrsm;ukd,fpm; v+dufv+dufvSJvSJ aus;Zl;wif&Sdygw,f? twd'kuQa&mufaewJh jynfolawGqDukd tultnDrsm; csufcsif;vufawGŒ tjrefqkH; a&muf&SdoGm;atmif enf;rsKd;pkHeJŒ óud;pm;tm;xkwf-uygvkdŒ OD;Zif;taeeJŒ wav;weuf ukdyJ arwWm&yfcH wkdufwGef;ajym-um;vkdygw,f? 55

(2) tcsufuawmh ²²²² tckvkd jrefrmjynfolrsm; obm0ab;qkd;a-umifh twd'kuQa&mufae-ucsdefrSm jynfol awG&JŒ'kuQukd ulnDq,fwifzkdŒxuf zGJŒpnf;ykH tajccHOya't&ukdyJ ppftm%m&Sifpepf w&m;0if wnf_rJEidk zf Œdk qkw d mcsn;f ukd rn‡mrwmvk;H yef;aewJu h pd u P dk OD;Zif;taeeJŒ awmfawmfudk roifah v#mfwhJ udpPyJvkdŒ axmufjyvkdygw,f? wu,fqkd&if jynfolawG pdwfeJŒ ukd,feJŒ uyf_yD; txkduftavsmuf wnfwnf_idrf_idrf &SdEkdifavmufwJh tcsdefwpfcktxdawmh apmifhqkdif; oifhygw,f? 'Dtcsufukd trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pD tzGJŒcsKyf tygt0if EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u axmufjyawmif;qkd cJh-uwmvnf; OD;Zif;wkdŒ -um;ae&ygw,f? tpkd;&w&yftaeeJŒqkd&if 'DaxmufjycsufawGukd wav;wpm;vufcH_yD; apmifhqkdif;wm/ a¶$Œqkdif;wmawGudk trSefvkyf&rSm jzpfw,fvkdŒ OD;Zif;awmh ¶kd;¶kd;yJ em;vnfygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppftpkd;&uawmh b,fvkdaxmuf jycsufukdrS rpOf;pm;bJ qENcH,lyGJ twkta,mifukd ZGwf usif;ycJhwm awGŒ&ygw,f? 'DqENcH,lyGJukd twkta,mifvkdŒ OD;Zif;taeeJŒ ajymqkdwmukd tenf;i,f&Sif;jy&&if ²²²² jynfolawGu vGwfvGwfvyfvyf olwkdŒ&ifxJrSm&SdwJh qENawGukd xkwfazmfcGifhr&Sdbl;? ukd,f,kH-unfwmukd ,kH-unfwJhtwkdif; ajymqkdcGifh/ aqmif¶GufcGifh vkH;vkH;r&Sd-ubl;? }uHŒckdifzGHŒòzd;a&;/ pGrf;tm;&Sif/ trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJŒpwJh ppftpkd;&&JŒ vufudkifwkwftzGJŒ tpnf;awGu jynfolawGukd trsKd;rsKd; _cdrf;ajcmuf-u/ t-uyfukdif-u/ zdtm;ay;-u pwmawGtrsKd;rsKd; vkyf-uw,f? vlxkawG xnfhvkdufwJh uefŒuGufqENrJawGukd axmufcHqENrJawG jzpfoGm;atmif vdrfnmnpfywf-uw,f? tòrdŒòrdŒte,fe,frSm tJ'DvkdtoHawG OD;Zif;wkdŒ r-um;csiftqkH; -um;ae-u&w,f? ppftpkd;&u olukd,fwkdif w&m;0if xkwfjyefxm;wJh Oya'awG/ enf;Oya'awGukd olukd,fwkdifvnf; azmufzsuf w,f? olŒ vufudkifwkwf tzGJŒtpnf;awGukdvnf; azmufzsuf usL;vGefapw,f? 'ga-umifhrkdŒvkdŒ OD;Zif;wkŒd taeeJŒ 'DqENc, H yl u JG dk w&m;r#ww,fvŒdk b,fvrdk S vufrcHEidk b f ;l ? 'DuxGuv f mwJh &v'fudk vnf; b,fvkdrS todtrSwf rðyEkdifygbl;? OD;Zif;taeeJŒ arwWm&yfcHyef-um;csifwmu Oya'eJŒrnD!GwfwJh 'DqENcH,lyGJ twk ta,mifu xGufay:vmr,fh &v'fawGukd Oa&my ygvDreftygt0if/ 'um}uD; rpPwmbefuDrGef; tygt0if urBmhEkdifiHtoD;oD;taejzifh vkH;0vufrcH-uzkdŒ yef-um;csifygw,f?

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(3) tcsufuawmh ²²²² ppftpkd;&u vlxkawG&JŒ'kuQukdvnf; pmemulnDzkdŒ wufwufºuGºuG r&Sd/ olŒtm%m_rJa&;twGuf b,foŒl udrk qkd _cdr;f ajcmufzŒdk / t-uyfuidk zf Œdk / vdrn f mzkŒd / zrf;qD; axmifcszkdŒ 0efrav; qkdwmrsKd;awG qufvkyf aer,fqkd&if jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ uH-urRm[m qkd;onfxuf qkd;vmawmhr,fqkdwmukd OD;Zif;wkdŒ rSef;qrdaew,f? ppftpkd;&&JŒ 'Dvkyf&yfawG[m 2007 = ckESpf pufwifbmvrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh a¶$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;}uD;xuf ykd}uD;wJh aoG;ajrusr+awG jzpfyGm; ay:aygufvmatmif wGef;ykdŒaeovkd jzpfaew,fvkdŒ OD;Zif;wkdŒ jrifrdw,f? OD;Zif;wkdŒtvdkuawmh ²²²² 1? EkdifiHwumtultnDrsm;eJŒ csufcsif;vufwGJyl;aygif;_yD; obm0ab;'%fa-umifh twd'kuQa&mufaewJholawGukd csufcsif; tultnD ay;apcsifw,f? 2? 'g,dumr}uD; a':atmifqef;pk-unftygt0if zrf;qD;xm;wJh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om; tm;vkH;ukd c|if;csufr&Sd csufcsif;v$wf ay;_yD; jrefrmEkdifiHrSm óuHawGŒaewJh jy\emt&yf&yfukd tiftm;pktm;vkH; yg0if_yD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;_yD; tajz&Sm apcsifw,f? tJ'gawGukd ppftpkd;&taeeJŒ tcsdeftcgrDS rvkyfbl;qkd&if/ cgwkdif;vkdyJ acgif;rmaer,f qkd&if jrefrmEkdifiH[m tajctaeqkd;awGeJŒ rvGJraoG óuH-u&awmhr,f? 'ga-umifhrkdŒvkdŒ Oa&myygvDref trwfrsm;tygt0if urBmhacgif;aqmiftoD;oD;u ppftpkd;&ukd OD;Zif; tckaxmufjywJh ESpfcsufukd tjrefqkH; aqmif¶GufvmzkdŒ tpGrf;ukefwkdufwGef;ay; -uzkdŒ/ ykHo¾meftrsKd;rsKd;eJŒ zdtm;ay;-uzkdŒ OD;Zif;u wkdufwGef;ajym-um;vkdufygw,f? urBmhjynfoljynfom;rsm; pdwfa&mudk,fyg usef;rmcsrf;om-uygap vkdŒ OD;Zif;qENðyvkdufygw,f?

OD;-obmo OD;aqmifq&mawmf jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ}uD; 1370 ck/ uqkefvqef; (11) &uf? 2008 ckESpf arv (15) &uf? 57

“09=== 4910— [Jvdk === r*Fvmyg” a&$rEWav;rS 'umawmfu E+wfqufvdkufaomtcg “[m = a[hvl u|efawmf aeraumif;jzpfaew,f?” &efukefu t&Sif*rBD&rS jyefvnfrdefŒ -um;wJh toHyg? qdkvdkwmuawmh tifaz:rmawGu aemufrSvdkufaewJh owif;pum;ay;wm jzpfyg onf? 'umu em;vnfvdkufyg.? tcsdefum; 2007 rwfv/ &efukefEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm; tqufrjywf v+yf&Sm;wufºuGae -ucsdef? vuf&Sd tajctaetm; qufvuf&Sifoefa&;ESifh }uD;rm;wdk;wufa&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;tm;jznfh ay;Edkif&ef txufArmjynf rEWav;odkŒ ºuGa&mufapvdkyga-umif; 'um}uD;u zdwf-um;vdkufjcif; jzpfygonf? “OK u|efawmf wufvmcJhr,f” pufwifbmvqef; 4 &ufaeŒ rSm t&Sif*rBD& rEWav;òrdŒudk ºuGa&mufvm_yD? 'umawmf tcef;rSm yJ twlwl owif;oH;k ygw,f? cgwdik ;f vdk 300 usyfwef xrif;wpfxw k 0f ,f aºuGyef;uefjym;rSm xnfh_yD; aeŒqGrf;uyfvdkuf&.? 'um&JŒ pdwfxJrSmawmhraumif;? t&Sif*rBD&rSm zG,fzG,f&m&m qGrf;[if; csKdcsOfcJbG,fawG tjynfhtpHkeJŒ bkef;ay;oHk;aqmif&wJhaeŒum; &Sm;yg;vS.? cg;0wfouFef; wpfpHkwnf;ESifh txufArmjynfwcGifudk pnf;±kH;a&;c&D;ESifavh&Sdygw,f? oufawmfu (29) ESpfyg? t&yftarmif;aumif;w,f? tom;ta&u cyfvwfvwf? toH-oZmu om,m emaysmfbG,f? ZGJvHkŒvuawmh waeukefatmif vrf;av#mufa'opm&D ºuGcsDawmfrlavh&Sdw,f? a&$0ga&mif vG,ftdwf}uD; wvHk;awmhygyg&JŒ? taotcsm pmtdwfeJŒxnfhydwfxm;wJh vH+ŒaqmfpmawGu vG,ftdwfeJŒtjynfh? vrf;rSmawGŒor# oHCmawmfawGudk a0iSuyfvªvdkufawmhwm ygbJ? awmfvSefa&;twGufqdkv#if cufcJw,fqdkwm olŒrSmr&Sd? b,fawmhrS r_iD;jiL? olŒt,ltqu vlŒtcGifhta&;/ olŒtawG;u 'Drdkua&pD/ olŒtjrifu ppftm%m&Sifpepf csKyf_idrf;a&;/ olŒqENu vGwfajrmufa&;bJ? olajymor#pum;vHk;wdkif;[m awmfvSefa&;awGyg? ta-umufw&m;qdkwm olŒ twGuf r[kwf? olŒ,Hk-unfcsuftwGuf óud;pifay:wufzdkŒ tqifoifh jyifqifxm;_yD;jzpfonf? 58

q&meJŒ'ump awGŒcJh-uwmuawmh 2006 = ckESpf rSmyg? vGwv f yf_yD; vHòk cHwahJ e&mwck rSmaygh? jrefrmhta&; aqG;aEG; yGJav;wck vkyfjzpfcJh-uw,f? q&mawmf (3)yg;eJŒ 'umawmf (4) a,mufyg? ckawmh tusOf;axmifxJ a&mufaeyg_yD? 'um wa,mufwnf; vGwfajrmufaeqJyg? yXmef;a'oemw&m; aeŒpOfyGm;rsm;aewJh tusKd; &vm'fvdkŒ ajym-uygw,f? &vm'fu xda&mufatmifjrifcJhwJh aqG;aEG;yJGvdkŒ ajym&rSmyg? vufawGŒv+yf&Sm;&rnfh qHk;jzwfcsuf wck csrSwfEdkifcJh ygw,f? ypfrSwfu txufArmjynf rEWav;òrdŒ? &nf&G,fcsufu v#KdŒ0SuftpktzGJŒav;awG wnfaqmufa&; wm0efudk q&meJŒ'um oabmwl vufcHvdkuf-uygw,f? bma-umifhvJvdkŒ qdk&ifawmh rsKd;cspf EdkifiHa&;tzGJŒ tpnf;awG ta&miftaoG; pHk&Sdw,f? tm;rmefawGuvJjynhf/ &J&Jawmufv+yf&Sm;r+awGuvJ &ifoyf±+armp&m? owWdAswWdawG uvJ [du k &f mS ;yg;? urBm}uD;u bGŒJ wHqyd af wmfawGay;&wJh tqifh a&$rEWvmrSmu a':0if;jrjrwdŒk wzGŒJ wnf; ±ke;f uefvy+ &f mS ;ae&wm uvm;? oHCmxktwGi;f rSm vJ OD;aqmif q&mawmfrsm; vdt k yfae w,fvdkŒ cHpm;rdw,f? q&meJŒ'um óud;pm;vdu k -f uygw,f? tcsed u f m; odyf r-umvS? 6 v twGif; atmifjrifr+awGu r,HkEdkifp&myg? 'um awmfu -unfjyma&mif rGJrGJ w±kwfvkyfpufbD;av;pD;vdkŒaygh? wpf ausmif;0if wpfausmif;xGuf_yD; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ,Hk-unfr+awG &atmifwnfaqmuf&w,f? avuefa0zefae±kHeJŒawmh rvHk avmufyg? óuHwkef;av;rdkŒ ajymjy&tHk;r,f? pnf;±kH;pkzGJŒwJh ae&mrSm pnf;aESmiftm;awG aumif;vmatmif armif;ESiftm; Bonding Force awG vkdtyfygw,f? tJh'Darmif;ESiftm; twGuf usq;kH r+enf; enf;eJŒaqmif&u G rf + (Low Risk Action) udk toHk;ðyarmif;ESifcJhygw,f? ydkpwmurfydef;awG/ vufurf; pmapmifawG tygt0if vlŒtcGifhta&; pmtkyfawG AGD'D,kdtacG 59

&nf&, G cf sufu v#KdŒ0u S f tpktzGŒJav;awG wnfaqmufa&; wm0efukd q&meJŒ'um oabmwl vufcv H u kd f -uygw,f?

awG tjyeftvSef a0iSjzefŒjzL;-uygw,f? &vm'fu tHh-o&avmufatmif wpfOD;eJŒ wpfOD; ,Hk-unfr+awG ckdifrmvmwmudk awGŒcJh&w,f? wpfvwpf}udrf yHkrSef -umoyaw;aeŒ v#KdŒ0SufaqG;aEG;yGJav;awGu wpfOD;udkwpfOD; aEG;axG; r+awG ay;EdkifcJhw,f? 'g[m tEW&m,ftenf; qHk;jzpfwJh “pnf;±kH;&if;wdkuf wdkuf&if;pnf;vHk;r+&&SdwJh” 'umtóuduf Political Defiance enf;emawGyg? vlwdkif;yg0ifEdkifw,f? odyfrcufcJvSyg? odkŒaomf enf;ynmawGu vlxkawG-um;xJrSm us,fjyefŒr+ tm;enf;aewmu cufvSw,f? q&mawmf aeŒqGrf;pm;_yD;wmeJŒ òrdŒwpfywf vdkif;um;awGpD;_yD; vufurf;v+HŒaqmfpmawG a0iS -uw,f? wpfausmif;0if wpfausmif;xGuf E+wfquf-uw,f? _yD;awmh tifwmeufqdkifrSm waeŒwm tcsdefðzef;vdkuf-uw,f? pufwifbm (5) &ufaeŒn a&'D,dkowif;u vnfqHar$;awG axmifxvmovdk 'umrSmcHpm;vdkuf&w,f? _idrf;csrf;pGm arwWmydkŒ-uwJh yckuULoHCmawmfawGudk t-urf;zuf &ufpufwJh owif;yg? qufcgqufcg emaxmif&if; rsufpdxJrSm jrifa,mifvmw,f? wcgu 'umaecJhzl;wJhòrdŒyg? tdyfvdkŒraysmfEdkifwJh nawG&JŒtpvJ jzpfygw,f? aemufaeŒreuf 9 em&DavmufrSm t&Sif&mZESifh nd‡E+dif;&ef q&m'um vrf;av#muf xGufvm -uw,f? tqifoifhyif q&mawmf t&SifacrdENyg a&muf&Sdaeyg_yD? tajctaeawG aqG;aEG;n‡dE+dif;_yD;wJh aemuf Statement wpfck xkwjf yefvu kd b f Œkd oabmwlvu kd -f uygw,f? trsK;d bmom omoemudk ±dik ;f jypGm apmfum;cJhonfh etztzGJŒtm; oHCmxkwpf&yfvHk;u yl;aygif;yg0if uefŒuGuf-uyg&ef Ed+;aqmfwkdufwGef; xm;jcif; jzpfw,f? txufArmjynf oHCmhomr*~DESifh &[ef;ysKdor*~ (&efukef)wdkŒ yl;wJGJ_yD; xkwfa0wmyg? Printer u raumif;wJhtwGuf pdwfóuduf rxkwfa0EdkifcJhygbl;? "mwfyHk±dkuf_yD; tifwmeufuaz; ajy; -u&jyefygw,f? aeŒ 11 em&Dausmfae_yDrŒkd tdraf wmf&m ta&SŒbufwef;u xrif;qdik af v;rSm 0ifa&muf bke;f ay; awmfrlw,f? 'Daemuf 25vrf;u NET qdkifrSm 0if_yD; v+yf&Sm;vdkuf-uygw,f? nae 3em&D xdk;oGm;_yDrdkŒ cyfoGufoGuf qdkifuxGufcJh_yD; qdkuUm;wpfpD; ac:vdkuf&onf? rD'D,mawGeJŒ tifwmAsL;bdkŒ csdef;qdkxm;wJh tcsdefu eD;uyfaewJhtwGufyg? 60

'umoHk;ae-u zkef;qdkifwpfqdkifudk oGm;-uw,f? 25vrf;u csKdifhcGufawGu c&D;zifhaES;atmif aESmuf,Sufae-uovdkygbJ? q&mawmfu 'Djzpf&yfudk xdxdrdrd toHk;csvdkuf jyefyg.? “wdkif;jynfudk acsmuf xJ qGcJ saewm[m etzyg” qdw k hJ w&m;awmfukd qdu k mU ;q&mtm; a[m-um;awmfr&l if; vrf;ay:u csKid chf u G f 2 awGudk vufn‡dK;eJŒxdk;xdk;jyaeygava&m? aumif;avpG? 'umu (om"k) ESpfcGef;awmh ac:vdkuf&onf? q&meJŒ 'umayudk;? pufwifbm 9 &uf eHeuf t±kHqGrf;twGuf oif;ydawmuf vBuf&nfqdkifrSm xdkif-uw,f? q&mawmfu xrif;qDqrf;ESifh ta-umf (4) ck? 'umu usqdrfhwcGufeJŒ tD-umauG;/ _yD;wmeJŒ qdkifuxGuf vmygw,f? jy\emu pwufvmygava&m? wdkuftkyfq&mawmf. vufaxmuf t&Sifrax&f}uD;u ysmysmovJeJŒyg? pdk;&drfr+awGudkvJ jrifae&ygw,f? 'um}uD; 'um}uD;&JŒ owif;awGu t&yfxJrSm odyf}uD;ae_yD? 'Dae&mu acwWa&Smifaeay; apcsifw,f 'um}uD;wJh? 'umu cyfjrefjref acgif;oHk;av;csuf qufwdkuf_idrfhvdkufyg.? odyfawmhrxl;jcm;/ ar#mfvifhxm;_yD;om;xJu wpfckyg? raeŒu rax&f}uD;ausmif;udk ppfAdkvf (4)a,muf um; (2)pD;eJŒ a&mufvm_yD; zkef;eHygwf (4)ck ay;xm;cJhwm 'umu od_yD;jzpf.? rax&f}uD;eJŒ i,foli,fcsif;awGyg? 'um}uD;uvJ rax&f}uD; vufpGJawmfyJav? jzpfpOfawGudk 'um&JŒausmif;xdkifq&mawmftm; yef-um;vdkuf_yD; ±kdaopGm OD;oHk;}udrfcsvdkufyg w,f? cGJcGmcJh&jcif;awGxJu wpfckyJaygh? rxl;Zmwfcif;&ayawmhrnf? q&meJŒ 'um ajcOD;eJŒ 'l;wnfh&m xGufvmcJh&jyefw,f? ±kwfw&uf “tvªem;eD;rS em;wzuf jzwf&wJh” tajctaeeJŒ óuHawGŒvdkuf&.? t&Sif&mZvnf; c&D;aqmiftdwfudk jyifqifaeyg_yD? a&mufrqdkufyif 'um}uD; usKyf&efukefudk 'DaeŒ qif;&r,fwJh? ta&;}uD;udpPwpfck ay:vmjcif;jzpf.? &efukefomoemhwuUodkvfrS oli,fcsif;awGudpP jzpfaewmrdkŒ acgif;ndrfhvdkuf&onf? jzpfEdkifv#ifawmh 'D&ufawGrSm t&Sif*rBD&ESifhtwl &Sdaeapcsif.? t&Sif&mZ. tm;rmefawGudk 'umu jrifawGŒ&_yD; jzpfonf? eufeJaom tòyH;udk ydkifqdkifxm;.? yHko¾mefu ao;ao;oG,foG,f? avoHu aysmhaysmhajymif;ajymif;? }uD;rm;vSwJh olŒ&JŒtm;rmefawGu

61

jrifEdkifbdkŒ cufvS.? vufoD;qkyfudk cyfqwfqwfuav; v+yf&Sm;&if; “atmif&rnf=atmif&rnf”[k aºuG; a-umfwwf.? tda¹ENou d mQ aumif;.? -unfnKd zG,&f mtqif;ESihf odraf rGŒvS.? 'umu OD;oH;k }udrf nGwv f u kd f ygw,f? q&mawmft&Si*f rB&D u ywÎeu d KU Z…e uHaqmif&ef tajctaeudk &Si;f jyum oabmxm; awmif;vdu k f onf? t&Sif&mZu (om"k = om"k = om"k)vdkŒ oHk;}udrf ac:vdkufavonf? q&meJŒ'um qufav#mufvmum (26)vrf;xdyu f vrf;ab;zke;f av;ESihf qufo, G v f u kd o f nf? ,QifowfrSwf xm;aomae&mu tajctaeraumif;/ owif;aygufoGm;cJh_yDrdkŒ tjcm;wpfae&m ajymif;vdkuf &.? aps;csKdawmfa&SŒrS vdkif;um;pD;vdkuf-ujyefygonf? csdef;xm;wJhrSwfwdkifrSm q&m'um qif;vdkuf.? uGuw f yd g? t&Siaf crdEEN iS t hf wl &efuek rf ºS uv G maom q&mawmft&SiOf ;D -obmoESihf t&SiOf ;D awZ wdkŒ (3)yg;u qD;óud aewmawGŒ&ygw,f? qHkrd-u_yD;aemuf q&mawmfawGu a&SŒuºuGygw,f? 'umu tajctaeawGudk tuJcwf&if; ay (30)tuGm aemufu apmifh-unfh&if; vdkufcJhygw,f? OK yg.? tm;vHk; wdkufausmif;atmufxyfudk 0ifa&muf_yD;wmeJŒ wòydifeuf ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfu wHcg;awG ydwfvdkufawmh.? yDwdawGu b,fua&mufvmrSef;rod/ 'umhb0wouf rarh&ufEdkifwJhaeŒyg? t&SifOD;acrdEN/ t&SifOD;-obmo/ t&SifOD;awZESifh t&Sif*rBD&wdkŒ 4 yg;tm; &mZmh&mZmESifh &mZm"d&mZm awGcsnf;yg? tm;rmefawGutjynfh/ enf;y&d,m,f awGu tv#Hy,f/ ynm&SdawGvnf; jzpf/ A[kokwawGuvJ ºuG,f0eJŒ rdkŒ qHk;jzwfcsufawGu &Sif;vif; jywf om;vSay.? avhvmoltaejzifh uAsm0goem&Sif q&mawmfwyg;vnf; &Sdaeonf? wckawmhvdkae.? pmpD &ef uGefysLwmuawmh r&Sd? awmfygao;.? t&SifOD;-obmorSm vufudkifzkef;wvHk; ygvmonf? EdkŒr[kwf &ifawmh rD'D,mESifh AsL;bdkŒ tcuftcJawGŒ&ayOD;rnf? wHqdyfwHk;wck vdkaewJhtwGuf 'um òrdŒxJwacguf qdkuUm;eJŒ jyef,lay;&ao;.? 1990 = ckESpf ywÎeuUKZ…e uHaqmif oHCmhor*~D wHqdyfwHk; jzpfyg w,f? 'umjyefa&mufawmh Statement wpfck a&;qGJ _yD;yg_yD? jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ}uD; zGJŒpnf;vdkufa-umif;ESifh

jref r mEd k i f i H v H k ; qd k i f & m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJŒ }uD; zGJŒpnf; vdu k af -umif;ESihf etz ppftyk pf t k m; awmif;qdck suf (4)ck yg0if_yD; 62

etz ppftkyfpktm; awmif;qdkcsuf (4)ck yg0if_yD; 17=9=07 aeŒxd rvdkufavsmyg u oHCmhwyfaygif;pk tzGŒJ }uD;rS OD;aqmif I qENjyrnfjzpfa-umif; yg0ifygw,f? qd k u U m ;wpf p D ; 0if v m_yD ; b&dwfqGJoHu|dueJ wcsuf-um;vdkuf &onf? wcg;zGifh_yD; ygvmaom xrif; xkyfawGudk qD;,lvdkuf.? tifzufawGeJŒ xkyfydk;xm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'Dtwdkif;bJ xdkifaewJh zsmay:rSmyJ pkyHkcsvdkufonf? rSww f rf;wif"mwfykH ±du k , f l vdu k jf yefyg.? wpfO;D wpfxyk u f spyD g? zsmay:rSmyJ txkyf jzefŒum 0dik ;f zGŒJ I bke;f ay; oH;k aqmifawmf rl -uavonf? tifzufeHŒ oif;oif; a-umifyh v J m;? a&$vuf&mu aumif;vdŒk yJ vm;/ qmavmifaevdkŒyJvm;awmh rod wuf? tifzufyJusefrS &yfvdkuf-u.? t&Sif*rBD&um; uAsmu,m vufokwf _yD;aemuf rD'D,mawG wyHkwacgif;eJŒ AsL; aeavawmhownf;? aemufyikd ;f jzpfpOfawGukd tm; vHk;u odawmfrl-uwJh twGuf 'um pmrzGJŒvdkawmhyg? odkŒaomf owif;pum; av;awmh qd k c sif y gao;.? &uf p uf ,kwfrmwJh etz ppftkyfpkrSm taxGaxG t-uyf t wnf ; aygif ; aomif ; ajcmuf axmifeJŒ ,aeŒ&ifqdkifae&yg_yD? jynfol vlxkw&yfvHk;uvnf; ppftm%m&Sif pepfudk &GH&Smrkef;wD;ae-uyg_yD? awmf vSefa&;um; ra0;vSawmhay?

jynfoal wGu a-umufaewm r[kw?f b,fawmhrS pm;r0if tdyrf aysmf Edik af tmif a-umuf&ŒHx G w d v f efŒaeolawGu awmh etz ppfAv kd cf sKyfwpkom jzpfw,f ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;a&;onf t"du qdkwJh bHkoabmxm;wlnDr+&SdaewJhtcsdefvnf; jzpfygw,f? wu,fh jzpf&yfrSefum; jynfolawGu a-umufaewmr[kwf? b,fawmh rS pm;r0if tdyrf aysmEf ikd af tmif a-umuf&ŒHG xdwv f efŒaeolawGu awmh etz ppfAdkvfcsKyfwpkom jzpfw,fvdkŒ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabmayguf em;vnfxm;-uapcsifygw,f? olwdkŒðycJhwJh &uf puf,kwfrmr+awGu olwdkŒxH jyefvmawmhr,fqdkwm ppfAdkvf csKyfawGu odae-uyg_yD? 'D t csd e f r S m ta&;}uD ; wmu q&meJ Œ 'umvd k Œ óudwifjyifqifum pnf;aESmiftm;jynfh0onfh tpktzGJŒav;rsm; v#KdŒ0SufpGmwnfaqmufxm;Edkifw,fqdkygv#if r-umawmhaom umv0,f }uD;rm;cdkifrmonfh People Power qdkwm {uef rkcs ay:aygufvm&rSm jzpfygw,f? TodkŒqdkv#if vlwdkif;vlwdkif; u “'g igwdŒk ud, k w f ikd f yg0ifwu kd , f v l Œkd &cJw h hJ vGwv f yfI w&m; r#w_yD; _idrf;csrf;aom zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufonfh 'Drdkua&pD zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfopf}uD; jzpfw,fvdkŒ” *k%f,l 0ifhºuGm;Edkif-urSm jzpfyga-umif; trsKd;aumif;om; trsKd;aumif; orD; taygif;wdkŒ? vltcsif;csif;ESdyfpufjcif; uif;a0;-uygap

OD;vif; (31=7= 08) 63

Ak'<jrwfpGm&Sifawmfbk&m;u avmuDa&;udpP rsm;ESihf uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;aecJhaomfvnf; ol. oGefoif a[m-um;csufrsm;u EdkifiHa&;usihfpOfwGif aumif;rGefaom tpdk;&pepfESihf aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfolrsm;vdktyf a-umif; tav;ay; a[m-um;xm;cJhygonf? Ak'
arwWmysuf,Gif; tap;ruyfEdkif jzpfae-u& onhf taetxm;rSm tHh-ozG,f&m r[kwf awmhay? vGecf ahJ om q,fpEk pS f (2)ckwm umvtwG i f ; w&m;0if p m&if ; rsm;t& ta&twGuf (4) odef;cefŒ&Sdrnhf oHCmxk rsm;ESihf wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfaeaom ppfAdkvf csKyfrsm;t-um; qufqaH &;rSm tqifracsm bJ &SdaechJygonf? ppftpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;t& wufºuGaom/ xif&mS ;aom oHCmtrsm;udk axmifoGif; tusOf;csr+rsm;vnf; &SdcJhyg onf? 1988 = ckESpf ppftpdk;& tm%m& vmcsdefrSqdkv#if oHCmtyg; (300) ausmf udk twif;tusyf vl0wfvJapcJh_yD; ESpf&Snf axmif'%frsm; csrSwftjypfay;cJhygonf? oH C mrsm;ud k “bk & m;om; awmfrsm;” [k jrefrmhvlr+todkif;t0ef;u owfrSwfxm;-u_yD; ppfom;ESihf&J ta& twGuf (4)odef;cefŒ&Sdonhf vufeufudkif wyfrawmfrSvGJv#if oHCmhtzGJŒtpnf; onf t}uD;rm;tcdkifrmqHk; usef&Sdaeonhf

vlr+tzGJŒtpnf;vnf; jzpfonf? vlxkESihf eD;uyfpGm aexdkif-uolrsm;jzpfonhf tm;av#mf pGm/ aeŒpOf &yf&mG twGi;f qGr;f cHaepOftcsed t f wGi;f Y omref jrefrmjynfoltrsm;pk. qif;&Jusyfwnf;vmr+udk udk,fwdkifrsufjrif óuHawGŒae-u&olrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdik if . H ,kwaf vsmh usqif;vmaeaom taetxm;udk olwdkŒu rsufjrifudk,fawGŒ odjrifcHpm;Edkif-uygonf? ydIk ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrmS &[ef;oHCmrsm;Y ydkIaumif;rGefaom uGef&ufcsdwfqufr+/ vlr+tquftoG,f ESihf -oZm v$rf;rdk;Edkifr+ &Sd-uygonf? EdkifiHa&;wufºuG v+yf&Sm; olrsm;xufyif ydkIcsdwfqufr+ aumif;ao;onf[k qdkEdkifyg vdrhfrnf? ta-umif;rSm EdkifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm tpOfojzihf apmihf-unhfr+atmufwGif&Sdae_yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&jcif;/ Edik if &H yfjcm;odŒk xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifapjcif;wdŒk jzihf tpOfEydS u f yG f cHae-u&aoma-umihfvnf; jzpfygonf? bke;f awmf}u;D ausmif; yk&0k%t f wGi;f oDwif;oH;k aexdkifae-uaom/ w&m;"rR avhvmtm;xkwfae-uaom oHCmawmfrsm;taejzihf TodkŒ ppftpdk;&udk ykefuef&ef twGuf }upH nftm;xkwaf e-uvdrrfh nf[k rnfou l ar#mfvihf xm;ygvdrhfrnfenf;? odkŒaomfvnf; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;u t"duusaom tcef;u¾u yg0if v+yf&Sm;cJh-u_yD; olwdkŒu TodkŒ }uD;us,fajymifajrmufvS aom/ tEW&m,f}uD;rm;vSaom vkyfief;rsKd; vkyfaqmif&ef twGufvnf; &J0HhcJh-uolrsm;jzpfonf? TodkŒ &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk,fwdkif EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifoihf roihf qdkonfrSm aqG;aEG;tjiif;yGm;zG,fudpP jzpf aomfvnf; Edik if aH &;wGif bke;f }uD;rsm; yg0ifae-uonhf tcef; u¾rSm rsm;pGmtjiif;yGm;zG,fjzpfouJhodkŒ tkyfpdk;aeaom ppftpdk;&twGufvnf; _cdrf;ajcmufr+w&yf jzpfaeygawmh onf? 65

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yxrOD;pGm rdrdudk,fwdkifoduQmcs ouFef;pGefŒ-u_yD;rS ckcHawmfvSefa&;ppfyGJwGif yg0ifvmcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf? olwdkŒu &[ef;oHCmrsm;taejzihf olŒtouf rowf& [laom wm;jrpfxm;onhf oDvoduQmyk'f pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vdkufemaomtm;jzihf TodkŒaqmif &GufcJh-ujcif;vnf; jzpfonf? tjcm;ol y k e f tmZmenf w OD ; jzpf o l q&mpHrSmvnf; &[ef;ðycJhzl;ol bkef;}uD;vlxGuf wOD;jzpfonf? olu _Adwdo#wdkŒ. tcGefpnf;-uyfr+ udk qefŒusiIf om,m0wDc±dik w f iG f v,form;wdŒk udk OD;aqmifum olykefxcJholjzpfonf? udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyf ol _Adwdo#wdkŒu Tykefuefr+udk vufeufudkif wyf tiftm; (10˜000)cefŒ apv$wfI acsr+ef;cJh-u& onf? q&mpHudk zrf;qD;&rd_yD;aemufydkif;wGifvnf; ao'%fay;uGyfrsufcJh-ujyefonf? q&mpHbufrS a&SŒaevdu k cf o hJ l xdyw f ef; jrefrma&SŒaewOD;rSm a'gufwmbarmfjzpf_yD; *syef acwf tpdk;&wGif jrefrmEdkifiH. t"dywdjzpfvmcJh onf? odkŒaomfvnf; &[ef;oHCmtm;vHk;u vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;twGuf pnf;±k;H aqmif&u G f cJh-uonfr[kwfyg? jrefrm&[ef;awmf (2)yg;url t-urf;rzufonhf t[d\enf;udk wdkufwGef;tm; ay;cJh-uonf? OD;0dpm&ESihf wjcm; OD;OwWrtrnf& onhf &[ef;wyg;wdkŒurl udkvdkeDqefŒusifa&; v+yf &Sm;r+rsm;twGuf axmifwGif; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tusOf;cscHcJh-u&onf? ol w d k Œ ud k v nf ; jref r mh o rd k i f ; wG i f ol&Jaumif;rsm;tjzpf uAsnf;wifxm;cJh-uygonf? urBmtESHŒ c&D;qefŒvmcJhaom OD;OwWrrSm &cdkifjynf

,cif_Adwo d #udv k ekd D e,fcsŒJ qefŒusiaf &; v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; umvuyif &[ef;oHCmrsm;u yg0if v+yf&Sm;cJh-uonf? oDaygrif; eef;cscH&I jynfyodkŒ ydkŒcH&_yD;aemufydkif; vufeufudkifckcH qefŒusifa&; v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;wGifvnf; oHCmrsm;u t&yfom;rsm; ESihf yl;aygif;um awmfvSefcJh-uzl;onf? oH C mrsm;t-um;wG i f q&mawmf OD;OwWru oHCmhtmZmenftjzpf pHxm;cJh-uonf? olu pvif;a'owGif awmfvSefykefuefol 3˜000 ausmfudk OD;aqmifI rEœav;eef;awmf xD;usKd; pnf a yguf j zpf c J h & _yD ; aemuf y d k i f ; umvrsm;wG i f OD;aqmifolykefxcJholvnf; jzpfonf? AdkvfOwWr[k xif&Sm;aom &[ef;wjzpfvJ olykefAdkvfudk 1889 ckESpfwGif _Adwdo#wdkŒu zrf;rdum óud;ay;uGyfrsufcJh onf? pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aomtcsufrSm ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;t& rdrdqENtavsmuf vufeuf pGJudkifawmfvSefcJh-uaom &[ef;oHCmrsm;onf

oDaygrif; eef;cscH&I jynfyodhk ydchk &H _yD;aemufyi kd ;f vufeufui kd cf ck H qefu h sifa&; v+y&f mS ;r+rsm;wGiv f nf; oHCmrsm;u t&yfom;rsm;ESiy fh ;l aygif;um awmfveS cf jhJ uzl;onf? 66

e,frS vltrsm;av;pm;-unfndK-uaom &[ef;awmfjzpf_yD;/ ta[mtajymaumif;olvnf; jzpfonf? ol. vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkonhf a[m-um;csufrsm;udk ol&d,owif;pmwGif &J&JawmufazmfjycJh-u_yD; olu w}udrfwGif _Adwdo#bk&ifcH qm&,f*sDe,f u&ufa'gufudk t*FvefjyefoGm;&ef a[m-um;cJhonhf rdeŒf -um;csurf mS vnf; ordik ;f wGif xif&mS ;use&f pfczhJ ;l onf? TodŒk udv k ekd t D &Sirf sm;udk qefŒusiaf [majymcsuf a-umihfvnf; axmifoGif; tusOf;cs cHcJh&oljzpfonf? OD;OwWruJo h Œkd yif q&mawmfO;D 0dpm&rSmvnf; &J&aJ wmufa[m-um;csurf sm;a-umihf t}udrrf sm;pGm axmifoGif; tusOf;cscHcJh&_yD; &ufaygif; 166 &uf-um tpmtiwfcHqENjy_yD;aemuf 1929 ckESpfwGif axmif wGif;Yyif ysHvGefawmfrlcJh&onf? olŒudktusOf;cscJh&mY tvkyf-urf;ESihfaxmif'%f tjypfay;cHcJh&jcif;jzpf_yD; _Adwdo#tm%mydkifrsm;u twif;tusyfvl0wfvJjcif;ukd cHcJh&onf? TodkŒaom &[ef;awmfrsm;. ajymifajrmufonhf v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwGif yg0ifvmcJh-uonhf v+yf&Sm;olrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf pHðytm;uszG,f jzpfapcJhonf? ynm&Siw f OD;jzpfol rdu k u f ,f rif'v J q f if (Michael Mendelson) u ol. “oHCmrsm;ESifh jrefrmEdik if aH wmf” (Sangha and State in Burma) [k trnf&aompmtkyw f iG f udv k ekd t D yk cf sKyforl sm;u EdkifiHa&;t& wufºuGxufoef-uaom &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk “t0ga&mifouFef;0wf qlylv+HŒaqmfolrsm;”[k ac:a0:orkwfcJh-ua-umif; a&;om;xm;_yD; tvm;wlyif vuf&Sd ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; qENjyae-u aom &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk azmfjyac:qdkaeyHkrSmvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfonf? txufazmfjyyg ordkif;ynm&Sifu a&;om;cJh&mY _Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfolwdkŒu &[ef;oHCmrsm;. vlr+tzGJŒtpnf;twGif; -oZm}uD;rm;r+udk tHhtm;oihfcJh-u&onf[k qdkonf? TodkŒjzihf 1885 = ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHudk usL;ausmfodrf;ydkuf_yD; r-umrDrSmyif “omoemydkif” [laom zGJŒpnf;yHkudk y,fzsufcJh-uonf? 67

twdwfumvrsm;u jrefrmbk&ifrsm;u oHCmrsm; udk }u;D -uyfxed ;f uGyEf ikd &f eftwGuf omoemydik &f mxl;udk cefŒtyfchJ -u_yD;/ &[ef;awmfrsm; 0denf;ESihftnD usihf}uHapa&;/ "rRpmay ydkŒcsoif-um;a&;twGuf wm0efay;cJh-uonf? odkŒaomfvnf; Twm0ef&Sdoludk &[ef;oHCmrsm;tm;vHk;u vufcHcJh-uonf r[kwyf g? wd;k wufonhf t,l&o dS nf[k ,lq&onhf a&$usi*f % kd ;f u qefŒusifcJh-uzl;onf? xdkŒtjyif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd oHCm*dk%f;uGJ rsm;t-um;wGifvnf; tjiif;yGm;zG,fudpPrsm;/ t,ltqa&;&m uGJjym;r+rsm; &SdaecJh_yD; oHCmrsm; tcsif;csif;t-um;wGifvnf; *dk%f;tvdkuf tm;òydifr+ yËdyuQrsm; &SdcJh-uonf?

(18)&mpk ukef;abmifrif;pdk;pHpOfumvwGif &[ef; oHCmrsm; ouFef;rnfodkŒ rnfyHkpnf;&rnfESihf ywfoufI oHCm rsm;t-um; tcsif;rsm;cJh-uzl;onf? TodkŒtjiif;yGm;cJh-uaom oHCm*dk%f; (2)ckt-um; wkH*dk%f;ESihf ¶Hk*dk%f; [lIvnf; ay:aygufcJhzl;onf? jrefrmynm&Sif OD;wifarmifarmifoef;. rSww f rf;rsm; t& awmifilrif;qufESihf ukef;abmifrif;quf umvrsm;wGif oHCm*dk%f;wckcktay: qnf;uyfudk;uG,fr+tay: tajccHI vnf; oHCmxkt-um; tm;òydifr+rsm; }uD;xGm;cJhzl;onf? 1782 = ckESpfwGif bdk;awmfbk&m;u Ttjiif;yGm;aer+rsm;t-um; 0if 68

a&mufpGufzuf&ef jzpfvmapcJh_yD; wkH *dk%f;bufrS &yfwnfay;cJhawmhonf? _Adwdo#udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfa&; umvwGif 0g&ihft&m&SdwOD;jzpfol Adkvf rSL;}uD; tuf'f0yf qav'if (Col Edward Sladen) u oHCmawmf rsm;. pGrf;yum;udk em;vnfoabm aygufoljzpf_yD; Ak'
±dk;&m tpOftvmjzpfonf? vltrsm; twGuf aumif;usK;d ukov kd jf zpfaponf [k qifajcay;ajymqdkaejcif;rSm txl; uGJvGJae_yD; ysuf&,fðyzG,faumif;aom udpPvnf; jzpfaeonf? vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; aemuf ydik ;f wGif Ak'b < momudk ESpEf pS u f mum ,Hk -unfudk;uG,fol ,cif0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek tkyfpdk;pOf umvrsm;rSvGJI Ak'
[l a om pmtk y f w G i f a&;om;cJ h & mY

“*dk%f;uGJrsm; trsKd;rsKd;wnf&Sdaer+a-umihf OD;Ek taejzihf Ak'< bmomudk EdkifiHawmf. txuftaqmuftOD; zGJŒpnf;yHkwGif pepf wus xnhfoGif;zGJŒpnf;Edkif&efESihf 1954=ckESpfwGif qXr oHCm &wemwifyGJudk usif;yóud;pm;cJhaomfvnf; xda&mufaom ðyjyif ajymif;vJr+rsm; rvkyfaqmifEdkifcJhyg” [k oHk;oyfazmfjycJhonf? xdkŒtjyif OD;Eku 1961 = ckESpfwGif Ak'
OD;ae0if;u &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk ‚if;.twdkuftcH jzpfvmEdkifolrsm;[k owfrSwfxm;cJh_yD; &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk xdef; csKyfxm;Edkif&ef rwluGJjym;aom enf;AsL[mrsm; csrSwfcJhonf? 1960 = ckESpfrsm;tv,fydkif;umvwGif ppftpdk;&u oHCmhpHknD nDvmcHudk ac:,lusif;yay;cJh_yD; &[ef; oHCmrsm;udk oHCmh rSwfyHkwifuwfjym;rsm; xkwfay;cJhonf? &[ef;ysKdrsm;ESihf ausmif; xdkifq&mawmfrsm;u Ttpnf;ta0;ESihf cyfuGmuGmaecJh-u ygonf? 1980=jynhfESpf EdkifiHawmfoHCmh r[mem,utzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;r_yD;pD;rDumvtxd OD;ae0if;u oHCmrsm;udk aumif;pGm 69

xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifonf[k rqdkEdkifcJhyg? aemufydkif;wGif oHCmrsm;udk oduQmcs -oZmusqif;ap&eftwGuf pepfwus pDrHaqmif&Gufxm;aom v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Gufvm cJhygonf? TpDrHudef;rsm;teufrS wckrSm -oZmwduUr }uD;rm;aom q&mawmfoHCmawmfrsm;udk oduQmusqif;ap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpf_yD; odrfjzL q&mawmfudk trsKd;orD;wOD;ESihf _idpGef;onf[k pGyfpGJum oduQmcsvl0wfvJapcJhygonf? TpDrHcsuf raqmif&GufrDumvtwGif;wGif tpdk;&. axmufvSrf;a&;t&m&Sdrsm;/ owif;ay; rsm;u &[ef;rsm;tjzpf ta,mifaqmifI bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;twGi;f xd;k azmuf0ifa&mufum &[ef;rsm;ESifh ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfrsm;. owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&,lapcJhygonf?

OD;Eku 1947=ckESpfwGif 0dy\emw&m;usihfpOfrsm; oif-um;ay;yg&ef zdwf-um;cHcJh&aom Edik if w H umtv,fwiG f xif&mS ;ausm-f um;onhf r[mpnf q&mawmf tygt0if tjcm;xif&mS ;onhf oHCmrsm; udkvnf; TpDrHcsufwGif ypfrSwfxm;aqmif&GufcJhygonf? rEk\aA'ynm&Sif *kpwyf a[mufwfrif; (Gustaaf Houtmann)u ol. “jrefrmEdkifiH. yËdyuQEikd if aH &;wGi;f &Sd pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m,Ofaus;r+” (Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics) qdkaom pmwrf;wGif azmfjya&;om;cJh&mY jrefrmtpdk;&taejzihf “r[mpnfq&mawmfudk oduQmcs&ef &nf&G,fjzefŒcsdaom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;Y q&mawmfu ewfudk;uG,fa-umif; pGyfpGJxm;_yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd Ak'
tpk;d &u aqmif&u G af ompDrcH surf sm;onf wcgw&HwiG f xl;xl;qef;qef; Edik v f yS gonf? aumvm [vudk t&ifxkwfv$ihf_yD;rS ta&;,l aqmif&Gufavh&Sdonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf &efukef&Sd bkef;}uD;wyg;jzpfol OD;vmbqdkv#if vlom;pm;ol [lIvnf; xkwfv$ihf ausmfapmapcJhygonf? tjcm;aom ausmf-um;onhf &[ef;oHCmrsm;rSmvnf; TodkŒraumif;owif; xkwfv$ihfausmfapmcH-u&_yD; vl0wfvJ oduQmcscH&jcif;/ odkŒr[kwf tdrfeD;csif;xdkif;EdkifiHodkŒ xGufajy;-u&jcif;rsm; &SdcJhygonf? OD;ae0if;u “oHCmxktwGif; ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;” pDrHcsufudk atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmfEdkifcJh_yD; “oHCmh oefŒpifa&; pDrHudef;”[k vlodrsm;cJhygonf? oHCmhem,utzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;_yD;aemufydkif;wGif tpdk;&u ouf}uD;0g}uD;q&mawmfwcsKdŒ. axmufcHr+ &&Sdvmatmif pnf;±kH;EdkifcJhygonf? odkŒaomfvnf; OD;ae0if;u Ak'
at;csrf;apa&;twGuf arwWm&yfcHcJh-uygonf? 1988=ckESpf -o*kwfv &efukefòrdŒwGif; ypfcwfacsr+ef;owfjzwfr+rsm; _yD;onhftcg &[ef;awmf rsm;u toufrsm; qHk;±+H;aoa-u-u&onhftwGuf 0rf;enf;a-umif;ajymqdkcJh-u_yD; ppftpdk;&udkvnf; rif;usihfw&m; (10)yg;ESihftnD wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfyg&efyef-um;cJh-u&m jrif&oltrsm;u tHhtm;oihfcJh -u&ygonf? T oHCmawmfrsm;. arwWm&yfcHr+u vlxktwGif;qlyGufaeaompdwfudk r_idrf;at;apcJhyg? 71

odkŒaomfvnf; Tq&mawmf}uD;rsm; ajymqdkcJh-uonhf arwWm &yfcHcsufa-umihf “rif;usihfw&m; 10 yg;” udk vltrsm; jyef vnf trSwf&apcJh_yD; OD;ae0if;udkvnf; rif;aumif;rif;jrwf wOD;ozG,f usihf}uH&ef owday;onhfES,f &SdcJhygonf? -o*kwfv (30)&ufaeŒwGif vkyfom;jynfolŒ aeŒpOf owif;pmu azmfjy&mY “&[ef;oHCm tyg; 1˜500 cefŒu &efukefòrdŒwGif; pDwef;vrf;avSsmufcJh-u_yD; &efukef jynfolŒaq;&Hk}uD; ta&;ay:vlemXmea&SŒwGif pk±kH;cJh-uonf? 'Drdkua&pDta&; v+yf&Sm;r+twGif; usqHk;oGm;&ol &[ef;/ tvkyform;/ ausmif;om; jynfolrsm;twGuf arwWmokwf &Gwfqdk qkawmif;ay;cJh-uonf” [k a&;om;cJhygonf? qENjy olrsm;twGif;wGif touft&G,ftm;jzihf i,f&G,faom&[ef; ysKd trsm;tjym;vnf; yg0ifv+yf&Sm; qENjycJh-uygonf? jref r mjynf o l trsm;pk t wG u f r l 'D r d k u a&pD awmfveS af &;rSm r_yD;qH;k ao;aom wdu k yf jJG zpfonf[k ,lqxm; -uonht f jyif oHCmxkt-um;ESifh ppftpd;k &wGiv f nf; wif;rm r+rsm; }uD;xGm;&SifoefaeqJ jzpfonf? OD;ae0if;/ OD;EkwdkŒESihf rwlaomtcsufrSm 1988 = ckEpS w f iG f tm%m&,lc-hJ uaom ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;u oHCm 72

xkudk qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;Edkif&ef twGuf ajymif a jymif w if ; wif ; yif óud ; yrf ; cJ h - u jcif ; jzpf o nf ? ol w d k Œ u oH C mxk u d k umuG,fapmihfa&Smufonhf olrsm;ozG,f [efaqmifajymqdkcJh-uaomfvnf; trSef &nf&G,fcsuf rSm oHCmxk. axmufcHcsuf jzihf Edik if aH &; w&m;0ifr+ wnfaqmufvjkd cif; yifjzpfonf? ppftpdk;&u tvSLtwef;ðy onhf tcrf;tem;rsm;udk t}uD;tus,f ðyvkycf -hJ u_yD; oHCmrsm;udk qGr;f ESifh tjcm; wefzdk;}uD;ypPnf;rsm; vSL'gef; qufuyfcJh -uonf? xdkŒtjyif ppftpdk;&acgif;aqmif rsm;u wdkif;jynftwGif; jyefvnfwnf aqmuf r G r f ; rH a &; pD r H c suf r sm;ud k v nf ; ðyvkyfI t}uD;tus,f 0g'jzefŒcsdcJh-u onf? rnfodkŒyifjzpfap rauseyf tHkºuGvdk aom &[ef;oHCmrsm;ESihf tm%mydkifrsm; t-um; yËdyuQrsm;/ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr+rsm; u qufvuf &SdaeqJjzpfonf? 1990 = ckESpfwGif rEœav;Y ppfwyfu vltkyfpktwGif;odkŒ ypfcwf ESrd ef if;cJjh yef_yD; &[ef;awmfwcsKŒd tygt0if vlwcsKdŒvnf; aoqHk;cJh&onf? ppfwyf. &ufpuf-urf;ñuwfr+udk a'gotrsufxGuf -u_yD; rEœav;&Sd &[ef;oHCmrsm;u ywWed uUKZ…euHaqmifcJh-uonf? ppfwyftwGif;&Sd wyfrawmfom;rsm;ESihf ‚if;wdkŒ.rdom;pk0if rsm;rS vSLzG,yf pPn;f rsm; vufc&H ef jiif;y,f jcif;jzihf qENjy-ujcif;jzpfonf?

,ckw}udrfwGifvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH ajr vwfydkif;&Sd yckuULòrdŒwGif _idrf;csrf; pGm qENjy-uaom &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk tm%mydkifrsm;u ¶dkufESufcJh-u _yD; aemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiH a'otESHŒwGif oHCmrsm; u tvm;wluHaqmifyGJrsm;udk aqmif&GufcJh-ujyef onf? &[ef;awmfrsm;u ywWeduUKZ…e uH aqmif&ef ta-umif; (8) csuf&Sdonf? &[ef;awmf wdkŒtm; ab;tEW&m,fjzpfap&ef/ rwdk;yGm;ap&ef vkHŒvðyjcif;/ oHCmtcsif;csif; pdwf0rf;uGJjym;atmif vkyjf cif;/ bk&m;/ w&m;awmfEiS fh oHCmrsm;. *k%u f kd ao;odraf tmif apmfum;jcif;wdŒk yg0if_yD; Tjypfrr+ sm; usL;vGeyf gu oHCmrsm;u uHaqmifI wkŒH jyefaqmif &GufcGihf&Sdonf? Tod k Œ usL;vG e f a pmf u m;cH & aom &[ef;u usL;vGefol odkŒr[kwf tm%mydkifrsm;xHrS oHCmrsm;tay: apmfum; usL;vGefcJhr+twGuf vHkavmufaom ausat;EdkifzG,f awmif;yefr+&Sdvm ygu oH C mrsm;taejzih f “ywW e d u U K Z… e uH ” aqmifaejcif;udk jyefvnf ¶kyfodrf;Edkifygonf? TodkŒ

uHaqmifr+ jyefvnf¶kyfodrf;&eftwGuf vkyfxHk; vkyfenf;rSm tenf;qHk; oHCm (4)yg;pHknD odrf0ifI urR0gpmzwfum jyefvnf¶kyfodrf;Edkifonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tcsKdŒaom&[ef;awmfrsm; u 1990=ck E S p f u aqmif c J h a om ywW e d u U K Z… e uHaqmifr+onf qufvuf ouf0ifaeao;a-umif; ,Hk-unfxm;-u_yD; xdktcsdefrSpI ,ckwdkif oihfavsmf aom ausat;zG,f awmif;yefr+ jyefvnf&&SdcJhjcif; r&Sdao;yg? t-urf;zuf òzdcGJr+ESihfom óuHcJh-u&yg onf? xdktcsdefu &[ef;oHCmrsm;u ppftpdk;& acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf ‚if;wdkŒrdom;pkrsm; usif;yonhf bmoma&; tcrf;tem;rsm;odkŒºuG&ef jiif;qefcJh-u ygonf? jzpf&yfwckwGif aemufydkif; ukefoG,fa&; 0ef}uD;jzpfvmol/ xdktcsdefu rEWav;wdkif; ppfwdkif; rSL; AdkvfcsKyfxGef;-unfu 0gawmf&q&mawmfrsm;ESihf oHCmrsm;udk bmoma&;tcrf;tem;wckodkŒ zdwf -um;cJ h a omf v nf ; / oH C mtrsm;u jiif ; qef I rwufa&mufbJ aecJh-uonf? xdktcgrS ppftpdk;& acgif;aqmifrsm;u oHCmrsm;. oydwfarSmuf uHaqmifr+udk tav;teufxm;vm-u_yD; aemuf ydkif; wkHŒjyefòzdcGJEdkif&ef jyif;jyif;xefxef vkyfaqmifcJh -uonf? rEœav;wòrdŒwnf;wGifyif bkef;awmf }uD;ausmif; (130)udk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJh_yD; oHCm rsm;udk zrf;qD;/ vl0wfvJ axmifcsco hJ nf? wEkid if v H ;kH twdkif;twmt& oHCmtyg; (300)ausmfrSm vl0wfvJcH&um zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHcJh&onf? xdkoHCmrsm;u vl0wfvJcH&I tusOf; axmif0wfpjkH zihf &Sad eapumrl/ oHCmtjzpf w&m;0if

bk&m;/ w&m;awmfEi S fh oHCm rsm;. *k%fudk ao;odrfatmif apmfum;_cif; wdkhyg0if_yD; T_ypfrr + sm; usL;vGefygu oHCmrsm;u uHaqmifI wk_hH yef aqmif&GufcGihf&Sdonf? 73

owfrSwfrcH&bJ y,fzsufcJhapumrl/ ‚if;zrf;qD;xdef; odrf;cH&ol oHCmrsm;u &[ef;awmfrsm;. tusihf oduQmtwdkif; qufvuf usihfoHk;I axmifwGif;Y aexdkifcJh-uyHkudkvnf; twlaexdkifcJh-u&ol EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;a[mif;rsm;u jyefajymif; ajymjy-u ygonf? Ak'
xdktcsdefu EdkifiHawmfoHCmhr[m em,utzGJŒ. twGif;a&;rSL;q&mawmfjzpf_yD; olwdkŒ. oHCmh uHaqmifr+udk q&mawmf}uD;u raxmufcHonhf twG u f avS m if a jymif o a&mf r + r sm; &S d c J h y gonf ? rif;uGe;f q&mawmf}u;D udk “Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}u;D rif;uGe;f q&mawmf” [k avSmifajymifac:a0:cJh-u_yD; rEœav; &Sd bkef;awmf}uD; ausmif;wckodkŒ q&mawmf}uD;ºuG vmpOf &[ef;ysKrd sm;u ppfypkH jH zihf tav;ðycJ-h uonf [k qdkygonf? ,aeŒumvwGif tHkºuGqlylvdk-uaom &[ef;ysKdrsm;u olwdkŒudk,folwdkŒ axmiftuscH&ef pOf;pm;ydkif;jzwfxm;onhf tcsdefY oufawmf& 0gawmf& q&mawmfrsm;u ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;xHrS vSLzG,fypPnf;rsm; vufcH,lae-u&if; tpdk;&. toHk;cscHrsm; jzpfae-u&ygonf? wdkif;jynfudk tkyf csKyfaeonhf ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;xHrS vSLzG,fypPnf;rsm; udk vufcHI Toufawmf& q&mawmf/ &[ef;awmf rsm;u ‚if;wdkŒudk csD;ajr‡mufae-uonhftcsdefY jynfolvlxk. óuHawGŒcHpm;ae&aom 'kuQrsm;udk ud, k pf m;ðyajymqd&k ef rqdx k m;ESifh oHCmxk. tusK;d twGuf ud, k pf m;ðy rajymqd-k uawmhbJ a&Smifz,fae

axmiftuscH&ef pOf;pm;ydik ;f jzwfxm;onhf tcsdeY f oufawmf& 0gawmf& q&mawmf rsm;u ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;xHrS vSLzG,fypPnf;rsm; 74

-uygawmhonf? TodkŒjzihf ausmif;xdkifq&mawmf/ oufawmf0gawmf& q&mawmf}uD;rsm;ESihf &[ef;ysKd wdkŒ. t-um; rv$Jra&Smifom uGm[csuf}uD;rm;I vmygawmh onf? rnfoŒkd jzpfap ppfAv kd cf sKyfrsm;taejzihf vG,v f , G Ef iS fh tav#mhay;-uvdrrfh nf r[kwyf g? wcsdeu f vlxu k kd pnf;±k;H odr;f oGi;f Edik &f eftwGuf w¶kwEf ikd if rH S Ak'p< , G af wmfukd iSm;&rf;I Edik if t H wGi;f vSnv fh nfºucG saD pcJh ygao;onf? xdkŒtjyif urBmhAk'
trsufxGufcJh-u&ygonf? ta-umif;rSm a':atmif qef;pk-unfu wefcdk;-oZm}uD;vSonhf omrn q&mawmfudk qnf;uyfukodkvfðyEdkif&ef c&D;xGufcJh aoma-umihfvnf; jzpfonf? tpOftvmt&qdkv#if bkef;awmf}uD; ausmif;rsm;u EdkifiHa&; wufºuGv+yf&Sm;olrsm; twGuf cdkv+Hykef;atmif;&mae&m jzpfcJh_yD; 1988 = ckESpfwGifvnf; &[ef;oHCmrsm;u ppfaxmufvSrf; a&;rsm;. &efrS a&Smifwdrf;ajy;v$m;ae-u&olrsm; twGuf cdkv+HcGihf ðycJh-uygonf? w}udrfwGif ppftpdk;&u twdkuftcH rsm;udk &[ef;cH &SifðycGihfrðy&ef wm;qD;uefŒowf csufyif ðycJhygao;onf? ausmif;om;trsm;pk&Sd&m wuUodkvfESihf ausmif;rsm;udk wif;wif;usyfusyf apmihf-unhfcJhouJhodkŒyif EdkifiHa&;t& wufºuG 76

xufoefaom bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; ppftpdk;&u teD;uyf apmihf-unhfcJh-uygonf? omrnawmifay:wGif oDwif;oHk;onhf twGuf “omrn q&mawmf”[k vltrsm;u av;pm;-unfndK-uonhf q&mawmf b'NEœ0ded,u a'otwGif;&Sd jynfolrsm;udk ulnDay;Edkif&eftwGuf zGHŒòzd;a&; pDrHcsufrsm; óud;yrf;aqmif&Gufay;cJhaomf vnf; ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;u r±+pdrhfbJ taESmihft,Suf ay; [efŒwm;cJh -uygao;onf? vltrsm;u q&mawmfudk wefcdk;od'
q&mrsm;u wyl;wGJwGJ&Sd-u_yD; usonhftcgwGifvnf; twl us±+H;&onfudkvnf; awGŒ-u&ygonf? tm%m &Siaf [mif; OD;ae0if;.rdom;pkukd Edik if aH wmf opPmazmufrj+ zihf pGypf t JG jypfay;cJ_h yD;onhaf emufyikd ;f ‚if;wdkŒ. tcgay;aA'if q&m atmifyGihfacgif udkvnf; 2002 = ckESpfwGif zrf;qD;axmifcscHcJh&ygonf? ,cif 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;ESihf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; t}uD;tuJjzpfol AdkvfcsKyfcif!GefŒ 2004 = ckESpfwGif z,f&Sm;ðzwfcscH&_yD; aemufydkif;wGif ‚if;. tcgay;q&m bdk;awmfoef;vSonfvnf; axmif oGif; tusOf;cscHcJh&ygawmhonf? jrefrmppftpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzihf Ak'
77

yk*~dKvfxl;q&mawmf &SifOwWronf &cdkifjynfe,f/ ppfawGòrdŒ/ ±ly&yf tz OD;jr/ trd a': atmifausmfol wdkŒ rS (1879) ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (27)&uf we*FaEGaeŒwGif zGm;jrifcJhonf? arG;csif;oHk;OD; jzpfaom 1? armifay:xGef;atmif 2? armifausmfxGef;atmif 3? rtdrfpdk;wdkŒteuf t}uD;qHk; armifay:xGef;atmifrSm aemiftcg OD;OwWr jzpfvmonf? i,fpOfuyif taygif;toif;rsm;udk acgif;aqmifavh&Sdonf? nDtudkESpfOD;rSm (9)ESpf t&G,fESifh (6)ESpf t&G,fodkŒ a&muf-uaomtcg t*Fvdyfpmoif-um;vdkI rdbrsm;tm;ylpm&m r&ojzifh tdrfrSxGufajy;cJhonf? (15)&ufcefŒ t-umwGifrS opfyifwyifatmufwGif nDudkESpfOD;tm; rdbrsm;rS jyefawGŒcJh-uonf? xdkaemuf rdbrsm;rS uav;ESpfa,muf. qENtm; jynfh0ap&eftwGuf ppfawGòrdŒ&Sd t*Fvdyf/ jrefrm ESpfbmomoifaom ausmif;odkŒ tyfESHcJh&onf? ausmif;tyfESH&mwGif t}uD;jzpfol ay:xGef;atmifrSm oli,fwef;rS pwuf&onfudk ra-ueyfbJ ausmif;tkyf q&m}uD;tm; oHk;wef;rS pwufcGifhðyyg&ef &J0HhpGmjzifh ajymav&m q&m}uD;rS oHk;wef;wGifoif-um;aom t*Fvdyfpmudkzwfcdkif;&mwGif txpftaighr&Sd zwfjyEdkifcJh ojzifh q&m}uD;rS ESpfwef;rS pwufcGifh ðycJh&onf? (ausmif;rae&ao;yJ zwfjyEdkifjcif;rSm t*Fvdyfausmif; wufaom oli,fcsif;rsm;xHrS óudwifoif-um;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k aemiftcgrS rdbrsm;odcJh&onf?) ausmif;wufI (2)ESpft-um (5)wef;odkŒta&mufwGif twef;wifpmar;yGJwGif t*FvdyfvlrsKd; &cdik w f ikd ;f rif;}uD;ud, k w f ikd f csD;jr‡iahf om 'kw, d qk&onfukd qk,_l yD;_yD;csif;rSmyif nDi,ftm; ppfawGurf;em;odŒk ac:oGm;_yD; qdyfurf;ta&mufwGif “'DrSmighnD qk,l&if yxrqkuvGJ&if 'kwd,/ wwd,qdk b,fawmhrS r,lbl;”[kqdkum &&SdcJhaomqktm; csKd;zJh qkwf_zJypfcJhavonf? xdkESpfrSmyif ‚if;wdkŒ nDtudkESpfOD;tm; rdbrsm;xHrS c&pf,efbkef;awmf}uD;wyg;u arG;pm;cGifh awmif;_yD; uvuwWm;wGif ausmif;xm;rnfhta-umif; ajymqdkvm&mwGif rdbrsm;rS cGifhrðycJhojzifh EdkifiHjcm; 78

wGif ynmoif-um;&rnfh tcGiahf &;wdŒk qH;k ¶+;H cJ&h onf? (13)ESpo f m;t&G,w f iG f ay:xGe;f atmifrmS Edik if jH cm;wGif ynmoif,lvdkpdwf jyif;jyvm_yD; aiG&Sdv#if jzpfEdkifonf[k ,lqum OD;av;awmfolxH ulnDvkyfudkif&if; aiGpkcJhonf? odkŒaomf qEN&Sdonfhtwdkif; jzpfrvmaomtcgwGif rdbrsm;xHodkŒ rjyefawmhbJ ppfawGòrdŒ&Sd a&$apwDausmif; q&mawmfxHodkŒ oGm;a&mufum y&d,wdWpmaywdkŒ oif-um;ay;yg&ef av#mufxm;&m &J&ifhwufºuGaom pdwf"gwfudk oabmusojzifh q&mawmfrS zdk;olawmftjzpf 0wfcGifhðyvdkufonf? zdk;olawmftjzpfjzifh (2) ESpfcefŒ aexdkif_yD; r*FvokwfrStp o'Ng&SpfapmifESifh oò*F d[fudk;ydkif; tygt0if y&d,wdW pmayudk oif-um;cJo h nf? xdŒk aemuf touf (16)ESpt f &G,w f iG f nDi,fuykd gac:aqmif_yD; omra% 0wfc-hJ uonf? ay:xGe;f atmifrmS &SiOf wWr/ ausmx f eG ;f atmifrmS &Sit f &d, jzpfvmonf? xdŒk aemuf &SifOwWronf y&d,wdWoif -um;&mwGifxif&Sm;aom yckuULodkŒ oGm;a&mufvdkaom qENjyif;jyvmojzifh vl0wfvJjyefum q&mawmf OD;*E
umvuwm;rS (10) wef;atmifjrifNy;D jrefrmjynfoUkd jyefvmum omraPjyef0wfonf/ xdk Uaemuf yckuLú odk h
aumvdyf}uD;wckwGif ygVdESifh Ak'
omomody`Hausmif;}uD;. OuUXjzpfol *syeftrwf }uD; 'gwmeD. taxmuftyHhjzifh*syefbmomudk wESpfcefŒ oif,lcJhonf? *syefjynfY (5)ESpf-umr# ya&mfzufqmtjzpf aexdkifcJhpOf w±kwfjynfrS wdrf; a&Smifvmaom a'gufwmqGef,ufqifESifh odu|rf;cJh ovdk w±kwfjynftwGufvnf; t}uH^m%fwdkŒ ay; EkdifcJhonf? xdkrSwzef jrefrmjynfodkŒ jyefvnfºuGcsD &mwGif tif'dkcsdKif;em;&Sd aq*Hk ([dkcsDrif;)òrdŒodkŒ ta&mufwGif jrifuGef;rif;om;}uD;. zdwf-um;csuf t& qGr;f pm;ºuGa&muf_yD; jrefrmjynfta&; aqG;aEG; cJh&mwGif q&mawmfrS ta&;rvSa-umif; ajymjy ojzifh rif;om;}uD;rSm rsKd;cspfpw d af -umifh rsuf&nfus cJh&Smonf ? 1910 = ckESpfavmufwGif jrefrmjynf odkŒ jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmaomtcgwGif bmom pum;aygif; (9) rsKd;cefŒ wwfu|rf;aom q&mawmf tm; 0dkiftrfbDat toif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl jynfol rsm;u av;pm-unfndK-uonf? xdktcgwGif q&m awmfrSm jynfwGif;odkŒ vSnfhvSnfum EdkifiHa&;w&m; wdkŒ pwifa[majymp ðyvmonf? tpwGif ±kyf&Sif±Hk rsm; tm;vyfcsdefay;pOfwGif a[majymcJh&onf? 1912 = ESpfwGif ESrjzpfol a':tdrfpdk;ESifh twl jrefrmvli,f (31)a,muftm; *syefEdkifiH ynmoif-um;ap&eftwGuf xGufcGmvmcJhjyefonf? 1919 = ckESpfwGif *syefrS jyefºuGvm_yD; ol&d, owif;pmwdkufwGif oDwif;oHk;um owif;pmrSaeI EdkifiHa&;aqmif;ygrsm; a&;om;cJhonf? xdkŒaemuf urm&GwfodkŒ ajymif;a&$Œ_yD; wyg;wnf; oDwif;oH;k um Edik if aH &;w&m;yGrJ sm; vSnhf

jrifueG ;f rif;om;Bu;D \ zdwMf um;csuf t& qGr;f pm;
vSnf a[majymavawmhonf? w&m;a[m&mwGif tvGeaf umif;ojzifh vlrsKd;aygif;pHu k q&mawmftm; yifhaqmif&m um;vrf;raygufonfh ae&mrsm;wGif xrf;pifjzifh yifah qmif-uonf? xdo k Œkd Edik if aH &; rsK;d aph csay;cJhaom aus;Zl;a-umifh (1920 = 21) ckESpfwGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; pwifoydwfarSmuf-u avawmhonf? xdktcsdef bk&ifcHrSm t*Fvdyf vlrsKd; qm&,f*sDe,f u&ufa'guf jzpfonf? rsKd;cspfpdwfwdkŒ ay:aygufvm&eftwGuf t"du v+HŒaqmfay;aom owif;pm/ *sme,frsm;udk tpdk;&rS ydwfypfEdkif&eftwGuf tmrcHa-u;rsm; awmif;cHvmojzifh *sme,ftcsKdŒ ydwfypfvdkuf&_yD; ol&d,/ jrefrmhtvif;/ ynmhtviff;/ AE
jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh tkyfcsKyfolrsm; tay: rBudKufESpfoufu ajymqdkcGifh&Sdonf [laom tawG;tac:udk pkdufxlay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? onf? xdktcsdefwGif &wem*D&dwGif&Sdaom ygawmfrl bk&if oDaygrif;ESifh vsKdŒ0SufawGŒqHkcJhao;onf[k qdk.? 1922 = ckESpfwGif tEdN,rS jyefa&muf_yD; zsmyHk c±dkif ausmufukef;e,fwGif (vdyftcGHE$m&rnf) [l aom w&m;a[majymr+a-umifh tzrf;cH&avawmh onf? q&mawmf tzrf;cH&r+a-umifh oHCmh or*~aygif; (37)ck ay:aygufcJhonf? wEdkifiHvHk; pnf;±H;k tHºk uGvmonf? tpd;k &tay: t-unfnKd ysuf atmif a[majymr+a-umifh q&mawmftm; yk'rf 124 (u) t& rtlyifaxmifwGif av;ESpftjypfay;cH& onf? axmifwGif; aexdkifr+aumif;ojzifh oHk;ESpf t-umrSmyif vGwfajrmufvmcJhavonf? q&m awmfonf jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;wGif EdkifiHa&;r+a-umifh yxrOD;qHk; axmifuscH&onfh &[ef;awmfjzpfvm onf? axmifrSvGwfaomtcg EdkifiHa&;w&m; rsm;udk qxufwHydk; a[majymavonf? 1923 = ckESpfwGif &efukefòrdŒ vrf;rawmf&yfwgif usif;yonfh 81

òrdŒvkH;u|wf tpnf;a0;wGifa[majymr+jzifh tzrf;cH&onf? tpdk;&rS q&mawmftm; tvkyf-urf;ESifh axmif'g%foHk;ESpf tjypfay;cJh&m q&mawmfonf tkef;qHxk/ óud;uspf paom tvkyf-urf;rsm; vkyfcJh& avonf? 'kwd,t-udrf axmifrS xGufvmaomtcgwGif wynfh ',umrsm;rS pkaqmif;aumufcHxm; aom tvSLaiGrsm;tm; q&mawmfxHtyf-u&m 1938 = ckESpfavmufwGif (w±kwfESifh*syef)ta-umif; udk "gwfyHkrsm;ESifh a0a0pmpm xkwfcJhonf? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tajcaerSmvnf; cGJa&;/ wGJa&; jy\emrsm;jzifh ±+yfaxG;onfxuf ±+yfaxG; vmaeonf? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif tcsKdŒrSm tpdk;&rSay;aom &mxl;/ pnf;pdrf/ tm%mwdkŒ ,pfrl;vm -u_yD; q&mawmftm; ypfy,fp ðyvmonf? aemufydkif;wGif q&mawmftm; vHk;vHk; ypfy,fcJhojzifh q&mawmfrSm tajctaerJh jzpfum jzpfovdkae/ jzpfovdkpm; b0jzifh b0ae0ifcsdef a&mufcJh&onf? aemufqHk;wGif q&mawmfrSm avmu"Hw&m;wdkŒa-umifh 1300 = jynfhESpf 0gacgifvqkwf (11)&uf (1939 = ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 9 &ufaeŒ)wGif &efukefaq;±kH}uD;Y csKdŒwJhpGmjzifh b0ewfxH ysHvGefawmf rl&Smavawmhonf?

usrf;udk;? pma&;oltrSm?

? = jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; twGJ (15) = 1976 = xif&Sm;cJhaom yk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; (a&$O-o ) = 1986 ? ordkif;wGifcJhonfh oHCmh tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. ordkif;rsm; aysmufuG,froGm; ap&efESifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;wGif oCmawmfrsm; ta&;ygcJhyHkwdkŒudk rarh av#mhap&ef &nf&, G yf gonf? xdŒk tjyif acwftqufqufrS ,aeŒtcsed t f xd oHCmhtmZmenfrsm; ordkif;wGif yckuULòrdŒ. ta&;ygyHkudk odomap&efwdkŒ jzpfonf?

82

vmrnfh 26=9=2008 qkdv#if a¶$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; (1) ESpfjynfh_yD? a¶$0ga&mif awmfvSefa&; a&mufzkdŒ wpfvausmfausmfom vkdawmhonf? jrefrmwrsKd;om;vkH; u|efpepfatmufu vGwfajrmuf&ef oHCmawG qkawmif;um arwWmykdŒcsDwufvrf;av#muf qENjy&if; tm%m,pfrl; ppfbDvl;}uD;rsm;. ypfcwf ¶kdufESuf owfjzwfr+a-umifh oHCmawmfawG aoG;ajrus&_yD? ,cktxd etz ppfbDvl;rsm;. tusOf;axmif xJwiG f oHCmhacgif;aqmifrsm;/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ trsK;d om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tygt0if Ekid if aH &; tusOf;om; axmifESifhcsDum tESdyfpufcH/ tn‡if;qJcH/ t¶kduftESufcH&qJ &Sdavonf?

omoemhtmZmenfrsm;/ ausmif;om;tmZmenfrsm;/ trsKd;om;tmZmenfrsm; touf aoG;ac|;rsm; ay;qyfcJh-ujcif;onf olwkdŒtwGufr[kwf jrefrmwrsKd;om;vkH; ppfu|efb0rS vGwfajrmufa&; twGufom jzpfonf? jrefrmwrsKd;om;vkH; 'gukdawmh aumif;aumif; oabmayguf-uzkdŒ vkd_yD ²²²² jrefrmwrsKd;om;vkH; tcsif;csif;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfum pkaygif;I etz ppfbDvl;}uD;rsm;ukd vSnf; aeavSatmif; jrifaZmif;rusef wGef;vSefypf-uygavmh? arhavsmhayghqum rae-uygESifh? wm0efodol wm0ef&Sdonf? wm0efukd olawmfaumif; oljrwfavmif; vl&nfc|efawGom od-uonfqkdonfhtwkdif; wm0ef odod opPm&Sd&Sdjzifh pkaygif;nDnmpGmwGef;vSefypf-uyg? pkaygif;nDnmatmifa-umif;jzm qkdonfhtwkdif; tm;vkH; wufnDvufnDjzifh 0kdif;0ef;wGef;vSef-urnfqkdv#if etz ppfbDvl;}uD;rsm; {uefrkcs usqkH;-u&ayrnf? pufwifbm a¶$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; ratmifjrif&jcif;. t"duw&m;cHrSm jrefrmwrsKd;om;vkH; rdrdwkdŒ. udk,fwkdifta&;ukd ukd,fESifhrqkdifovkd ab;u&yf-unfholawG rsm;onfhtwGufa-umifh ratmifjrif cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? aoG;nD!Gwfr+ r&Sd-ujcif;yifjzpfayonf? rdrdwkdŒ. tcGifhta&;ukd ukd,fwkdifyg0if wkduf,lrS &rnf? ab;u&yf-unfh rae-uygESifh ukd,fwkdifyg0ifum aoG;pnf;nD!GwfpGmjzifh wkdufyGJ0if-uyg? 83

oifu bmawGvkyfaeovJ? b,folŒ twGuf vkyfaeovJ? rnmwrf; rn‡mwrf; ukd,fh uk, d u f dk &J&&J if&h ifh jyefar;prf;yg? 'Dar;cGe;f awG ar;_yD; rnmwrf;a-u; rvdrw f rf;a-u; &J&&J if&h ifh jyefajzum tmZmenfwpfa,muftjzpf oifhaoG;jzifh armfuGef; a&;xkd;rnfqkdv#if oif[m vlyDool vlom;ppfppf jzpfEkdifonf? okdŒwnf;r[kwf 'Dar;cGef;awG nm_yD; ajzr,f/ vdrf_yD;ajzr,fqkd&if oif[m vlyDool vl ppfppf rjzpfEidk b f ;l ? jrefrmhorkid ;f armfueG ;f rSm oif[m tacsmifckd tacsmifpm; vlŒAmv vlnHhwpfa,muf tjzpfeJŒ wGifusef&pfvdrfhr,f? orkdif;ukd opPm razmuf-uygeJŒ? orkid ;f ukd opPmazmufv#if orkid ;f &JŒ '%fcwfwmukd oifwkdŒaumif;aumif;}uD; cH-u& vdrfhrnf? wcsKdŒu EkdifiHa&;ukd igwkdŒvkyfcsifw,f b,fvkdvkyf&rSmvJwJh? [kwfuJh ²²²² wwfoavmuf ajzyg&ap? vkyfvkdŒ&oavmufuae pIvkyf-uyg? Oyrm²²² etz ppf t m%m&S i f r sm; usqkH;ygapqkd_yD; av#mufv$mpm¶GufrSm pmvkH;}uD; }uD;eJŒa&;? vpfwJhae&mrSmuyf? vlwpfodef;vkduf vkyf&if t¶Gufwpfodef; xGufygw,f? vlwpfoef; vkdufvkyf&if wpfaeŒukd t¶Gufwpfoef; xGufyg w,f? wu,f vkyfcsifwJhpdwfeJŒ vkyf&JzkdŒygyJ? wpfwkdif;jynfvkH;u &J&J&ifh&ifh rdrd wkdŒtcGifhta&;ukd wufnDvufnD vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif; rusef 0kdif;0ef;wGef;vSef wkdufyGJ0if-urnfqkdv#if etz ppfbDvl;}uD;rsm; usdef;aorkcs {uefusqkH;& -u&rSm ajr}uD;vufcwfrvGJyg? pufwifbma¶$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;ukd *k%fðyaomtm;jzifh/ trSwf&aomtm;jzifh jrefrm

rdrdwkdŒwkdif;jynf}uD; ppfu|efb0rS vGwf ajrmufa&;twGuf toufay;olawG ay;cJh-u_yD? b0 paw;olawG paw;cJh-u_yD? olwkdŒawGu tmZmenfyDyD jrefrmhZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmefukd jycJh -u_yD? olwkdŒwawG vlyDoa-umif; tmZmenfawG yDoa-umif; orkdif;ay;wm0efawG ausyGefpGm xrf; aqmifEidk af -umif;ukd tvkyjf zifh oufaojyum olwŒdk aoG;rsm;jzifh orkdif;armfuGef; a&;xkd;cJh-u_yD? uJ ²²²² taqGwkdŒ oifwkdŒukd ar;cGef; av;wpfckavmuf ar;yg&ap ²²²² oifwkdŒonf vlŒb0ukdawmh &vm-uyg .? vlyDo&JŒvm;? olwkdŒvkd igwkdŒvnf; tmZmenf awG ygqk_d yD; jrefrmhZmwdaoG; ZmwdrmefawGudk rjyEdik f -uawmhbl;vm;? tacsmifae tacsmifpm; a[vm armifwkdŒ 0g; b0 uavuacsb0eJŒ ed*kH;csKyfawmh rSmvm;? tmZmenfol&Jaumif;awGu wrsKd; om;vkH;twGuf b0ukdpaw;um etzaxmifxJrSm tESdyfpufcH tn‡if;qJcHaecsdef²²²²

vlwpfoed ;f vku d v f yk &f if t&Guw f pfoed ;f xGuyf gw,f? vlwpfoef; vku d v f yk &f if wpfaehudk t&Guw f pfoef; xGuyf g w,f? wu,fvyk f csiw f phJ w d ef hJ vky&f zJ yhdk gyJ? wpfwidk ;f _ynfv;Hk u &J&J&ifh&ifh rdrd wkdhtcGifhta&;udk 84

wrsKd;om;vHk; wufnDvufnD 0kdif;0ef;vkdufvkyf-uyg? av#mufv$mpm¶Gufrsm;/ Avmpm¶Gufrsm;/ eH&Hrsm; vGwfaomae&mrsm;wGif abmhyif/ aqmhyif/ ajrjzL/ rD;aoG;/ r+wfaq;rsm;jzifh²²²² a¶$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;wGif usqkH;aom tmZmenfrsm; aumif;&mok*wdvm;ygap ²²²² tusOf;uscHae&aom tmZmenfrsm; tjrefvGwfajrmufygap ²²²² etz ppfbDvl;rsm; tjrefqkH; usqkH;ygap ²²²² ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pDpepf tjrefqkH;ay:aygufygap ²²²² [k 0kdif;0ef;a&;xkd;-uum aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa-umif; orkdif;armfuGef; a&;xkd;ay;-uyg? (2=9=2007 a¶$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;ukd *k%fðyaomtm;jzifh)

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85

jrefrmEdik fiv H ;kH qdik f&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGŒJ }uD;. awmif;qdck suf (9=9=2007)

1? e=t=z ppftpdk;&rS yckuULoHCmawmfrsm;tm; ausat;cGifhv$wfonf txd 0efcsawmif;yef&ef 2? vuf & S d j rif h w uf a eaom uk e f a ps;E+ e f ; / avmif p mqD a ps;E+ e f ; rsm; csuf c sif ; avsmh c say;&ef / 3? a':atmifqef;pk-unf tygt0if EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk;ESifh qENjyyGJrsm;wGif zrf;qD;cHxm;&olrsm;udk csufcsif; jyefv$wfay;&ef/ 4? vlxk. taxGaxGtusyftwnf;rsm; udk ajz&Si;f &eftwGuf e=t=z rsm;ud ppftpd;k &rS 'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;_yD; trsKd;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; csufcsif; ðyvkyfay;&ef?

86

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