Orienteering
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Table of Contents 1.0 Map Reading................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Identify Map colors................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Identify Map Symbols............................................................................................... 4 1.3 Identify Marginal Information .................................................................................. 8 1.4 Identify Terrain Features........................................................................................... 9 1.4.1 Major.................................................................................................................. 9 1.4.2 Minor.................................................................................................................. 9 1.4.3 Supplementary ................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Identify Contours .................................................................................................... 20 1.6 Reading a Map ........................................................................................................ 25 1.6.1 Six Digit Map Grid Reference (MGR) ............................................................ 27 1.6.2 Eight Digit Map Grid Reference (MGR) ......................................................... 29 1.7 Using a map to determine your own position ......................................................... 30 1.7.1 Visual orientation of a map.............................................................................. 30
2.0 Using a Compass......................................................................................................... 32 2.1 Parts of a compass................................................................................................... 32 2.2 North: True, Grid, and Magnetic ............................................................................ 33 2.2.1 True North........................................................................................................ 33 2.2.2 Grid north......................................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 Magnetic north ................................................................................................. 34 2.3 Set a Map using Compass ....................................................................................... 36 2.4 Back Bearing........................................................................................................... 37 2.5 Determining your position on a map using a compass ........................................... 41 2.5.1 Resection.......................................................................................................... 41
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.5.2 Intersection....................................................................................................... 47 2.6 Exploration with bearings ....................................................................................... 48 2.6.1 Line of Sight .................................................................................................... 48 2.6.2 Aiming Off....................................................................................................... 48 2.6.3 Baselines .......................................................................................................... 49 2.6.4 Walking around obstacles ................................................................................ 50
3.0 Glossary ...................................................................................................................... 51
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.0 Map Reading 1.1 Identify Map colors Black - Indicates cultural (man-made) features such as buildings and roads, surveyed spot elevations, and all labels
Red-Brown - Combined to identify cultural features, all relief features, nonsurveyed spot elevations, and elevation, such as contour lines on red-light readable maps
Blue - Identifies water features such as lakes, swamps, rivers, and drainage.
Green - Identifies vegetation such as woods, orchards, and vineyards
Brown - Identifies all relief features and elevation, such as contours on older edition maps, and cultivated land on red-light readable maps
Red - Classifies cultural features, such as populated areas, main roads, and boundaries, on older maps
Other - Occasionally other colors may be used to show special information. These are indicated in the marginal information as a rule
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.2 Identify Map Symbols
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.3 Identify Marginal Information •
Geographic area and scale - top left
•
Name of map sheet - top center
•
Map edition, map series, and map sheet number - top right
•
Legend - bottom left
•
Bar scale, contour interval, grid reference box, and declination diagram bottom center
•
Elevation guide, adjoining map sheet diagram, and boundaries box - bottom right
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.4 Identify Terrain Features 1.4.1 Major •
Hill
•
Ridge
•
Valley
•
Saddle
•
Depression
1.4.2 Minor •
Draw
•
Spur
1.4.3 Supplementary •
Cliff
•
Cut
•
Fill
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.5 Identify Contours
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Difference between gradual slope and cliff, notice the spacing between the contour lines.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.6 Reading a Map On the Singapore topographical map is a series of superimposed blue lines forming squares measuring 1000 metres on each side. The vertical lines are numbered from left to the right and the horizontal lines are numbered from bottom to top.
The vertical lines are called EASTINGS because they run to the east, and the horizontal lines are called NORTHINGS, because they run to the North.
Note: In every map reference, the EASTING is given first.
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1.6.1 Six Digit Map Grid Reference (MGR)
1. The first three digits is the easting and the last three digits is the northing. Note: A four digit MGR typically refers to a particular square.
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1.6.2 Eight Digit Map Grid Reference (MGR)
1. The first four digits is the easting and the last four digits is the northing.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.7 Using a map to determine your own position Before you can determine your own position on the ground using a map, you need to orient (or set) the map. This simply means that you need to hold the map in such a way that the true north arrow of the map points to true north (or north on the map points to north in the actual countryside). The features depicted on the map and the same features on the ground will then lie in the same orientation relative to you. A map can be oriented visually or with a compass.
1.7.1 Visual orientation of a map 1. Observe at least two outstanding terrain features, such as two hills, which should have an angle of at least 60° between them (alternatively, the features can lie behind each other in a straight line, relative to you). 2. Locate these terrain features on the map. 3. Turn the map until the map features and the terrain features are aligned in the same direction relative to you — north on the map will now be approximately aligned with true north.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.0 Using a Compass 2.1 Parts of a compass
The magnetic needle is divided into two halves, red and white. With the red halve pointing to the magnetic north.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.2 North: True, Grid, and Magnetic
2.2.1 True North True North is determined by sun readings and from the stars and is the point we would call the North Pole or very top of the earth where all the lines of longitude converge.
2.2.2 Grid north North found on your topographic map. Map makers create a grid system around every country called the National Grid. Each box on this grid has a letter. It is this letter which we use to identify by means of a grid reference our position on the grid. These grid lines are shown on our map and are numbered thus allowing a grid reference to be created. As the position of these grid lines are only slightly out of line with true north we use them as our method of setting our compasses.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.2.3 Magnetic north This is the north that is indicated on our compass. Magnetic north is the location of a part of the earth which is magnetic and attracts the needle of the compass. This north is located approximately north of Canada. (8 degrees west of grid north)
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.3 Set a Map using Compass
Compass Magnetic North
Map Magnetic North
Turn the map until the map magnetic north arrow points in the same direction as the compass magnetic north, parallel to each other.
Note: If the compass magnetic needle, orienting and travelling arrow points exactly north, you can use the orienting lines on both the housing and the base plate to help set the map.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.4 Back Bearing A back bearing is the bearing in the opposite direction to your objective.
To calculate a back bearing 1. Take a map bearing or a bearing to a landmark, using a compass. 2. If the bearing is less than 180°, odd 180°. 3. If the bearing is more than 180°, subtract 180°.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Conclusion: To find the direct opposite side of the circle, the solution is to halve it. Bearing 60° Back bearing = 240° (60° + 180°) Bearing 295° Back bearing = 115° (295° - 180°)
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2.5 Determining your position on a map using a compass 2.5.1 Resection Resection is a method for locating your position on a map with precision by using a compass. It can only be used when at least two terrain features can be observed which can also be identified on the map.
To find your position on the map, using resection: 1.
Orient the map using the compass.
2.
Identify two or three known distant locations on the ground and mark them on the map.
3.
Measure the bearing to the known positions from your location using a compass.
4.
Measure the back bearings of the known positions. Draw a line for the back bearing on the map from the known position back toward your unknown position.
5.
The lines will intersect close to your position.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Step 1:
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Step 2:
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Step 3:
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Step 4:
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Step 5:
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2.5.2 Intersection
1. Orient the map using the compass. 2. Locate and mark your position on the map, 3. Measure the bearing to the known feature. 4. Draw a line on the map from your position on this grid azimuth. 5. Move to a second known point and repeat steps 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. 6. The location of the unknown position is where the lines cross on the map. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy.
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2.6 Exploration with bearings 2.6.1 Line of Sight Walk to an obvious landmark – a tree or boulder that is directly on the bearing. Then take another bearing on the next obvious landmark and walk to that. Keep it up until you reach your destination. By going to intermediate landmarks, you minimize the chances of veering off your bearing.
2.6.2 Aiming Off
It is almost impossible to walk a perfect bearing. In most cases your error can be anywhere from 3 – 5°. This is known as lateral drift. Being off just a few degrees can make a major difference after several miles. Therefore, rather than head straight for your target, it is best to deliberately aim to one side of your target (left or right). Then you will know whether to turn right or left and walk to the target.
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2.6.3 Baselines
Baselines are helpful because they provide a large target to aim for. A baseline is a reference line that lies across your course. It can be a trail, cliff face, road, stream, or other feature. You can combine a baseline with aiming off to help navigate. Find a baseline near your destination, and then aim off of it. When you hit the baseline, you now know which direction to turn to walk along the baseline to reach your destination.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.6.4 Walking around obstacles
When you reach an obstacle, the best method for maintaining your course is to hike a rectangle around the object. •
Set a new bearing 90 degrees from your original heading and pace until you have cleared the obstacle along that axis. For example, if you original bearing was 30 degrees, hike a new bearing of 120 degrees.
•
Go back onto your original bearing, parallel to you original course until you clear the obstacle.
•
Set a bearing 90 degrees back to your original bearing (in this case 300 degrees) and walk the same number of paces.
•
Now turn back to your original bearing. You will be along your original line of travel.
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3.0 Glossary Bearing The angle between true North and the direction of your travel.
Chart A marine map, similar to a topographical map, but showing details of the water, depths, hazards and navigational aids. As a rule, charts show only very few features of land other than the coastline and land based navigational aids.
Compass A magnetic, mechanical or electronic device for determining the direction to magnetic North.
Compass Rose A circle, divided into 360 degrees showing the points of the compass, such as East, North, Southwest, etc.
Contour Line A curved line on a topographical map outlining places with the same elevation. It is used to indicate steepness of the terrain.
Coordinates A system by which you can determine your position. Most widely used systems are Latitude/Longitude (Lat/Lon) and Universal Traverse Mercator (UTM). There are also several other grids used, mostly by the military.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Course Intended direction of your travel.
Destination The place where you are going.
Deviation The change in the compass reading caused by the magnetic influence of the iron, steel or electronics aboard a boat and its equipment
Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) As system of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth and transmitting positioning information to receivers on the ground.
GPS Receiver An electronic device that automatically calculates your position from signals received from the Global Positioning Satellite system.
Heading Actual direction of travel.
Knot Measure of speed expressed in nautical mile per hour. 1 knot = 1.85 km/h
Latitude Measurement of your position expressed in degrees of an angle from the Equator. It is measured 0 to 90° North or South
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Longitude Measurement of your position expressed in degrees of an angle from the Universal (Greenwich) Meridian and is measured in 0-180° East or West
Mile Approximately 1.68 km Nautical Mile Approximately 1.852 km
Grid North Though North is generally shown on maps at the top, the map may not be oriented exactly to True North. The term Grid North refers to the North shown on the map’s grid. If there is a difference between the Grid North and True North it is shown on the map
Magnetic North A place in the Northwest Territories which is the centre of the Earth’s natural magnetism. Every compass points to the Magnetic North pole, not to the true North pole.
True North The actual (geographical) North Pole.
Originating Point Place from which you started your trip.
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Scale A measure by which you can determine distances from the map or chart. On a map in the scale of 1:50,000, 1 cm on the map will correspond with 50,000 cm (or 500m) in the terrain depicted on the map. On a map with 1:125,000 scale, 1 cm corresponds to 125,000 cm (2,500m or 2.5 km) in reality.
Topographical Map An accurate land map showing great details and features of the land.
Triangulation A method of determining your position by extending azimuths from your position to at least 2 known features or points on the map.
Variation Difference in direction between True North as determined by the Earth’s axis of rotation and the Magnetic North determined by the Earth’s magnetism.
Way Point A control point between from where you started and where you are going (final destination). Waypoints are used to plot a course which takes turns and to check that you are on the right course.
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Table of Contents 1.0 Map Reading................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Identify Map colors................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Identify Map Symbols............................................................................................... 4 1.3 Identify Marginal Information .................................................................................. 8 1.4 Identify Terrain Features........................................................................................... 9 1.4.1 Major.................................................................................................................. 9 1.4.2 Minor.................................................................................................................. 9 1.4.3 Supplementary ................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Identify Contours .................................................................................................... 20 1.6 Reading a Map ........................................................................................................ 25 1.6.1 Six Digit Map Grid Reference (MGR) ............................................................ 27 1.6.2 Eight Digit Map Grid Reference (MGR) ......................................................... 29 1.7 Using a map to determine your own position ......................................................... 30 1.7.1 Visual orientation of a map.............................................................................. 30
2.0 Using a Compass......................................................................................................... 32 2.1 Parts of a compass................................................................................................... 32 2.2 North: True, Grid, and Magnetic ............................................................................ 33 2.2.1 True North........................................................................................................ 33 2.2.2 Grid north......................................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 Magnetic north ................................................................................................. 34 2.3 Set a Map using Compass ....................................................................................... 36 2.4 Back Bearing........................................................................................................... 37 2.5 Determining your position on a map using a compass ........................................... 41 2.5.1 Resection.......................................................................................................... 41
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.5.2 Intersection....................................................................................................... 47 2.6 Exploration with bearings ....................................................................................... 48 2.6.1 Line of Sight .................................................................................................... 48 2.6.2 Aiming Off....................................................................................................... 48 2.6.3 Baselines .......................................................................................................... 49 2.6.4 Walking around obstacles ................................................................................ 50
3.0 Glossary ...................................................................................................................... 51
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.0 Map Reading 1.1 Identify Map colors Black - Indicates cultural (man-made) features such as buildings and roads, surveyed spot elevations, and all labels
Red-Brown - Combined to identify cultural features, all relief features, nonsurveyed spot elevations, and elevation, such as contour lines on red-light readable maps
Blue - Identifies water features such as lakes, swamps, rivers, and drainage.
Green - Identifies vegetation such as woods, orchards, and vineyards
Brown - Identifies all relief features and elevation, such as contours on older edition maps, and cultivated land on red-light readable maps
Red - Classifies cultural features, such as populated areas, main roads, and boundaries, on older maps
Other - Occasionally other colors may be used to show special information. These are indicated in the marginal information as a rule
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1.2 Identify Map Symbols
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.3 Identify Marginal Information •
Geographic area and scale - top left
•
Name of map sheet - top center
•
Map edition, map series, and map sheet number - top right
•
Legend - bottom left
•
Bar scale, contour interval, grid reference box, and declination diagram bottom center
•
Elevation guide, adjoining map sheet diagram, and boundaries box - bottom right
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.4 Identify Terrain Features 1.4.1 Major •
Hill
•
Ridge
•
Valley
•
Saddle
•
Depression
1.4.2 Minor •
Draw
•
Spur
1.4.3 Supplementary •
Cliff
•
Cut
•
Fill
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.5 Identify Contours
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Difference between gradual slope and cliff, notice the spacing between the contour lines.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.6 Reading a Map On the Singapore topographical map is a series of superimposed blue lines forming squares measuring 1000 metres on each side. The vertical lines are numbered from left to the right and the horizontal lines are numbered from bottom to top.
The vertical lines are called EASTINGS because they run to the east, and the horizontal lines are called NORTHINGS, because they run to the North.
Note: In every map reference, the EASTING is given first.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.6.1 Six Digit Map Grid Reference (MGR)
1. The first three digits is the easting and the last three digits is the northing. Note: A four digit MGR typically refers to a particular square.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.6.2 Eight Digit Map Grid Reference (MGR)
1. The first four digits is the easting and the last four digits is the northing.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
1.7 Using a map to determine your own position Before you can determine your own position on the ground using a map, you need to orient (or set) the map. This simply means that you need to hold the map in such a way that the true north arrow of the map points to true north (or north on the map points to north in the actual countryside). The features depicted on the map and the same features on the ground will then lie in the same orientation relative to you. A map can be oriented visually or with a compass.
1.7.1 Visual orientation of a map 1. Observe at least two outstanding terrain features, such as two hills, which should have an angle of at least 60° between them (alternatively, the features can lie behind each other in a straight line, relative to you). 2. Locate these terrain features on the map. 3. Turn the map until the map features and the terrain features are aligned in the same direction relative to you — north on the map will now be approximately aligned with true north.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.0 Using a Compass 2.1 Parts of a compass
The magnetic needle is divided into two halves, red and white. With the red halve pointing to the magnetic north.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.2 North: True, Grid, and Magnetic
2.2.1 True North True North is determined by sun readings and from the stars and is the point we would call the North Pole or very top of the earth where all the lines of longitude converge.
2.2.2 Grid north North found on your topographic map. Map makers create a grid system around every country called the National Grid. Each box on this grid has a letter. It is this letter which we use to identify by means of a grid reference our position on the grid. These grid lines are shown on our map and are numbered thus allowing a grid reference to be created. As the position of these grid lines are only slightly out of line with true north we use them as our method of setting our compasses.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.2.3 Magnetic north This is the north that is indicated on our compass. Magnetic north is the location of a part of the earth which is magnetic and attracts the needle of the compass. This north is located approximately north of Canada. (8 degrees west of grid north)
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.3 Set a Map using Compass
Compass Magnetic North
Map Magnetic North
Turn the map until the map magnetic north arrow points in the same direction as the compass magnetic north, parallel to each other.
Note: If the compass magnetic needle, orienting and travelling arrow points exactly north, you can use the orienting lines on both the housing and the base plate to help set the map.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.4 Back Bearing A back bearing is the bearing in the opposite direction to your objective.
To calculate a back bearing 1. Take a map bearing or a bearing to a landmark, using a compass. 2. If the bearing is less than 180°, odd 180°. 3. If the bearing is more than 180°, subtract 180°.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Conclusion: To find the direct opposite side of the circle, the solution is to halve it. Bearing 60° Back bearing = 240° (60° + 180°) Bearing 295° Back bearing = 115° (295° - 180°)
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.5 Determining your position on a map using a compass 2.5.1 Resection Resection is a method for locating your position on a map with precision by using a compass. It can only be used when at least two terrain features can be observed which can also be identified on the map.
To find your position on the map, using resection: 1.
Orient the map using the compass.
2.
Identify two or three known distant locations on the ground and mark them on the map.
3.
Measure the bearing to the known positions from your location using a compass.
4.
Measure the back bearings of the known positions. Draw a line for the back bearing on the map from the known position back toward your unknown position.
5.
The lines will intersect close to your position.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Step 1:
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Step 2:
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Step 3:
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Step 4:
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Step 5:
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.5.2 Intersection
1. Orient the map using the compass. 2. Locate and mark your position on the map, 3. Measure the bearing to the known feature. 4. Draw a line on the map from your position on this grid azimuth. 5. Move to a second known point and repeat steps 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. 6. The location of the unknown position is where the lines cross on the map. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.6 Exploration with bearings 2.6.1 Line of Sight Walk to an obvious landmark – a tree or boulder that is directly on the bearing. Then take another bearing on the next obvious landmark and walk to that. Keep it up until you reach your destination. By going to intermediate landmarks, you minimize the chances of veering off your bearing.
2.6.2 Aiming Off
It is almost impossible to walk a perfect bearing. In most cases your error can be anywhere from 3 – 5°. This is known as lateral drift. Being off just a few degrees can make a major difference after several miles. Therefore, rather than head straight for your target, it is best to deliberately aim to one side of your target (left or right). Then you will know whether to turn right or left and walk to the target.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.6.3 Baselines
Baselines are helpful because they provide a large target to aim for. A baseline is a reference line that lies across your course. It can be a trail, cliff face, road, stream, or other feature. You can combine a baseline with aiming off to help navigate. Find a baseline near your destination, and then aim off of it. When you hit the baseline, you now know which direction to turn to walk along the baseline to reach your destination.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
2.6.4 Walking around obstacles
When you reach an obstacle, the best method for maintaining your course is to hike a rectangle around the object. •
Set a new bearing 90 degrees from your original heading and pace until you have cleared the obstacle along that axis. For example, if you original bearing was 30 degrees, hike a new bearing of 120 degrees.
•
Go back onto your original bearing, parallel to you original course until you clear the obstacle.
•
Set a bearing 90 degrees back to your original bearing (in this case 300 degrees) and walk the same number of paces.
•
Now turn back to your original bearing. You will be along your original line of travel.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
3.0 Glossary Bearing The angle between true North and the direction of your travel.
Chart A marine map, similar to a topographical map, but showing details of the water, depths, hazards and navigational aids. As a rule, charts show only very few features of land other than the coastline and land based navigational aids.
Compass A magnetic, mechanical or electronic device for determining the direction to magnetic North.
Compass Rose A circle, divided into 360 degrees showing the points of the compass, such as East, North, Southwest, etc.
Contour Line A curved line on a topographical map outlining places with the same elevation. It is used to indicate steepness of the terrain.
Coordinates A system by which you can determine your position. Most widely used systems are Latitude/Longitude (Lat/Lon) and Universal Traverse Mercator (UTM). There are also several other grids used, mostly by the military.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Course Intended direction of your travel.
Destination The place where you are going.
Deviation The change in the compass reading caused by the magnetic influence of the iron, steel or electronics aboard a boat and its equipment
Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) As system of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth and transmitting positioning information to receivers on the ground.
GPS Receiver An electronic device that automatically calculates your position from signals received from the Global Positioning Satellite system.
Heading Actual direction of travel.
Knot Measure of speed expressed in nautical mile per hour. 1 knot = 1.85 km/h
Latitude Measurement of your position expressed in degrees of an angle from the Equator. It is measured 0 to 90° North or South
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Longitude Measurement of your position expressed in degrees of an angle from the Universal (Greenwich) Meridian and is measured in 0-180° East or West
Mile Approximately 1.68 km Nautical Mile Approximately 1.852 km
Grid North Though North is generally shown on maps at the top, the map may not be oriented exactly to True North. The term Grid North refers to the North shown on the map’s grid. If there is a difference between the Grid North and True North it is shown on the map
Magnetic North A place in the Northwest Territories which is the centre of the Earth’s natural magnetism. Every compass points to the Magnetic North pole, not to the true North pole.
True North The actual (geographical) North Pole.
Originating Point Place from which you started your trip.
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CUON SCOUT GROUP GREENVIEW SECONDARY SCHOOL 15 PASIR RIS STREET 21 SINGAPORE 518969 WEBSITE: http://cuonet.cjb.net
Scale A measure by which you can determine distances from the map or chart. On a map in the scale of 1:50,000, 1 cm on the map will correspond with 50,000 cm (or 500m) in the terrain depicted on the map. On a map with 1:125,000 scale, 1 cm corresponds to 125,000 cm (2,500m or 2.5 km) in reality.
Topographical Map An accurate land map showing great details and features of the land.
Triangulation A method of determining your position by extending azimuths from your position to at least 2 known features or points on the map.
Variation Difference in direction between True North as determined by the Earth’s axis of rotation and the Magnetic North determined by the Earth’s magnetism.
Way Point A control point between from where you started and where you are going (final destination). Waypoints are used to plot a course which takes turns and to check that you are on the right course.
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