Newhailes House Estate, Tea House Recovery

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House – Architectural Fragment Recovery II Corporate Challenge

June 2008

A National Trust for Scotland Report Produced by

Buildings Archaeologist and Heritage Consultant

Traprain House Luggate Burn Whittingehame East Lothian EH41 4QA T : 01620 861643

E : [email protected]

Table of Contents 1.0

SUMMARY

2

2.0

INTRODUCTION

2

3.0

OBJECTIVES

5

4.0

METHODOLOGY

5

5.0

RESULTS

8

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

The Recovery (Fig. 2) The recovered architectural elements (Fig. 3) The wider landscape (Fig. 4) Phasing of collapse

8 9 10 11

6.0

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

13

7.0

NEWHAILES TEA HOUSE : NOTES : TOM ADDYMAN

15

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0

Introduction Short-term storage Condition notes Conservation assessment Summary quantification Reconstruction – a paper exercise The physical rebuilding of the building – a consideration Other notes Significance THANKS

ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Location plan, showing Newhailes House and the location of the Tea House. Figure 3: Tea House Plan with zones of recovery and stone numbers. Figure 3: Tea House Plan with zones of recovery and stone numbers. Figure 4: Tea House elevation showing locations of architectural elements and surviving features. Figure 5: (top) 1755 Gen. Roy map showing Newhailes Estate. (middle) 1812 Knox map showing relationship between ‘Brunstan’ Estate and Newhailes. (bottom) 1854 First Edition OS map showing area of Tea House - the pools are no longer evident. Figure 6: Photo reconstruction of Tea House with canal to front. Appendix 1: Architectural Fragment List Appendix 2: Photo List Appendix 3: Artefact List Appendix 4: The Groups DES Entry

15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 19

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

North Sea

Inverness Aberdeen

Glasgow

Edinburgh

100 km

Tea House

Lady’s Walk

Shell Grotto

0

100m

This map is based on an Ordnance Survey digital map reproduced with the permission of HM Stationery Office © Crown Copyright NTS licence No. 100023880.

Figure 1:

Location Plan

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

1.0

SUMMARY

1.1

An archaeological Corporate Challenge was organised for the recovery, recording and removal to a secure location of fallen architectural stones revealed in the area of the Newhailes Tea House. The work was undertaken in June 2008 following on from a previous project in 2007.

1.2

The participants were 5 teams of 6 individuals from the Bank of Scotland accompanied by Tom Laurence from the National Trust for Scotland.

1.3

The work enabled the recovery of c.118 architectural fragments ranging from complete moulded elements to fragments of both ashlar blocks and rubble from the walling. Roofing slates and floor tiles were also recovered A number of smaller finds of 18th-20th century date were recovered from the sieved river base.

1.4

The resulting collection allowed for the addition of architectural features to the an existing conjectural reconstruction drawing; an understanding of the phases of collapse; and quantifying the time that will be required to complete the full recovery of further architectural elements. The rear of the Tea House was examined for the first time, and a substantial amount of recent debris was removed from the ‘canal’ to the front of the structure.

2.0 2.1

INTRODUCTION Site location and description The mid 18th-century Tea House is located at the extreme north of the designed landscape at NT 3253 7293 (Fig. 1). The Tea House (Fig. 2) forms the final incident within the water gardens at Newhailes. Its principal, S elevation was conceived as an eyecatcher at the end of a long, canalised stretch of the Brunstane Burn. The structure consists of a small rectangular pavilion, now largely ruined, over an arched, rusticated bridge level through which flows the burn just before it leaves the Newhailes policies. The basement level is flanked by wing walls of polished ashlar; these had originally been surmounted by balustrades. The wing walls were largely buried by flood silts and fallen masonry, and the balustrades are now all fallen. The area to the south (the principal elevation of the Tea House) within the burn and the flanking slopes were investigated and a stone pile of architectural fragments within the woodland to the east was further excavated.

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

The area to the rear (north) of the Tea House was also cleared of architectural fragments and the two flanking walls exposed to the east and west. The canal/pool to the south was cleared of a buildup of soil and debris, to reveal the original depth of the pool and also the slope of the embankments. The structure itself and associated architectural fragments is under threat from various agents, since the collapse of the half of the Tea House in the late 1960s due to a tree fall. Vandalism, water damage and removal of architectural fragments for rockeries are all contributing to a steady loss of the buildings fabric of the building.

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Figure 2. Original Reconstruction (2002) based on Wilton House palladian bridge (below).

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

3.0 3.1

OBJECTIVES To recover the architectural fragments to the south and north of the Tea House and the watercourse in an controlled manner, to aid understanding and if considered appropriate, to allow for the potential reconstruction / replacement of these features into the existing structure and as a minimum to ensure the safety of the architectural fragments from damage and theft.

3.2

To investigate the rear of the Tea House and the course of the river.

3.3

To investigate the nature of the debris which filled the canal and embankment slope.

4.0

METHODOLOGY

4.1

The volunteers on the Corporate Challenge were organised into five teams of six over a period of five days, under the supervision of Tom Laurence of the National Trust for Scotland. After a brief team talk on the landscape and history of the Newhailes Estate and the Designed Landscape each team was taken to the Tea House.

4.2

The teams were divided between excavating the stone pile in the wooded area to the east, and the area of the burn. Using ropes, softwood levers and planks, the architectural fragments were removed, numbered and located on a sketch plan (Fig. 2) before being loaded onto a tractor-driven trailer, and packed with sacking and softwood batons. The architectural fragments were transported to the yard of the Flower Garden and placed in a holding area behind secure fencing.

Identify

Transport

Recover

Record

Careful handling

Store

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

I

Riverbed to north

300 - 301 - 302 - 303 - 304 - 305 - 306 - 307 322 - 323 - 324 - 325 - 326 - 327 - 328 - 329 330 - 365 - 366 - 367 - 368 - 369 - 370 - 371 372 - 373 - 374 - 375 - 376 - 377 - 378 - 379 380 - 381 - 382 - 383 - 384 - 385 - 386 - 387 388 - 389 - 390 - 391 - 392- 393

276 - 281 - 284 - 285 - 287 - 288 - 289 - 290 - 293- 294 - 295 - 296 297 - 298 - 315 - 316 - 317 - 318 - 319 - 320 - 321

H Rockpile in woods

line of tunnel Tea House

299 - 338 -

282 - 283 - 286 -

B

337 -

J

N o t h i n g r ecovered during this phase

A

K

Additional small fragments recovered from riverbed to south

C Trench 90 (excavation 2002) N o t h i n g r ecovered during this phase

E

D

339 - 340 - 341 - 342 - 343 344 - 345 -

347 - 348 - 349 - 350 - 351 - 352 - 353 354 - 355 - 356 - 357 - 358 - 359 - 360 361 - 362 - 363 -

G

F

280 - 364 -

277 - 278 - 279 - 291 - 292 308 - 309 - 310 - 311 - 312 313 - 314 - 331 - 332 - 333 334 - 335 - 336

Figure 3. Tea House Plan of with zones of recovery and stone numbers

0

1

5 metres

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008 Pediment Apex Window Vousoir

Tea House elevation

Unknown Moulding Course

0

1

5 metres

Pediment with Modillions

Architrave Pulvinated Frieze

Volute and Ionic Capital String Course Cornice

Half-Baluster Engaged Column Jamb

Balustrade plinth

Baluster

Balustrade coping and string course

0

1

5 metres

Engaged Column

Figure 4 Tea House elevation showing locations of Architectural Elements and surviving features.

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

5.0 5.1

RESULTS The Recovery (Fig. 3) Through recording the approximate location of the findspots of the stone fragments, it became clear that there were three main phases to the collapse of the Tea House and the eventual positions of the architectural fragments (see 5.4). By zoning the recovery areas, and numbering their recovery in order it was to a large extent possible to reconstruct the sequence of events. The stonework within the burn was often badly affected by water soaking into the fabric, causing the stone to become unstable, crumbling at the slightest touch and in many cases being coated in a mineral crust leaching from the water. Care was taken where possible to minimise the damage, but due to the nature of the degradation, some stones suffered some superficial breaks. The stonework in the wooded area was in much better condition in terms of fabric integrity; however, the stones were still damaged, prior to deposition at this location. It was clear that most of the principal elevation was present, and each removal of an architectural fragment was followed by a further ‘layer’ beneath, which resulted in c. 114 recovered fragments, varying in size from a 1.5m long engaged column shaft to fist sized fragments of volutes from the Ionic capitals. The area beneath the bridge was largely cleared, to the centre of the vaulting, of larger architectural elements, where it became clear they could not have fallen there from the initial collapse. The following images show the gradual clearance progressing to the south of the Tea House.

2007 – South burn

2008 – South burn

Page 8

2008 final clearance

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

5.2

The recovered architectural elements (Fig. 4) Based upon the architecture at similar pavilions at Stowe and Wilton for example and the surviving mouldings on the Tea House itself, it was possible to ascribe even the smallest architectural detail to a specific part of the principal elevation. Figure 3 shows a reconstruction drawing with each element located on to the elevation. The following a list describes the various elements that were recovered: 1. Pediment (raking cornice) 2. Pediment cornice 3. Modillions 4. Pulvinated frieze 5. Architrave 6. Ionic capitals 7. Engaged columns 8. Ashlar masonry 9. Engaged column jambs 10. String course cornice 11. Balustrade coping 12. Half baluster 13. Baluster 14. Balustrade plinth 15. Bullnosed step risers 16. Unknown moulding 17. Terracotta tiles Each architectural element has been given a unique number, with all but five fragments being attributed to a specific architectural feature. This investigation has allowed expansion on the previous 2002 excavation and the previous Corporate Challenge in 20071, and allowed the reconstruction to be enhanced with further detail. Several key elements were recovered during this exercise which added significantly to our understanding, such as: the capitals of the columns; the addition of a Pulvinated frieze; recognition that the pediment stepped back on either side and providing the exact angle of the pediment from the recovered pediment apex. An previously unsespected moulding course which has been identified as belonging to none of the known moulding types has raised its own questions, which will require further investigation before the location of this architectural feature can be decided. The number of terracotta tiles recovered also point to the floor rather the fireplace being tiled. The roofing material was also confirmed by the presence of numerous slates.

1

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House – Architectural Fragment Recovery Corporate Challenge. November 2007, A National Trust for Scotland Report

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

5.3

The wider landscape (Fig. 5) In addition to the architectural recovery, the nature of the setting of the monument was examined, with significant observations being made. First was the existence of three rectangular ponds which lay to the south of the Tea House, which continued the series of rectangular water works and complex hydrology that had been examined to the south. The Roy map of c. 1755 (Fig. 5) clearly shows three rectangular pools leading from the Shell Grotto area down towards the Tea House. The photograph to the left shows these slope on either side and it is clear that the burn now flows through a nearly completely filled water feature. When this pool was complete and filled with water (which would have required a dam and sluice system to the north of the Tea House to bring the level of water to the required depth) the view of the Tea House would have been enhanced by a mirror image of the elevation reflected in their pool. It was mentioned that punting was carried out on this pool, which would have required considerably more depth of water than presently exists, or could exist even with the pool cleared to its original size (T. Addyman pers. comm.). As yet, the construction, extent and form of this pool are unclear and further work is required to examine this feature - the 1854 Ordnance Survey 1st edition map (Fig. 5) no longer shows a pool that may be marked on Beauchop 1798 estate plan and the single surviving known image of the Tea House dated 1892 shows the banks of the burn reaching down to the arch itself. This image also shows the burn curving to the right beyond the arch. The view beneath the arch suggests the possibility of being able to observe the course of the burn from a location where one would be at the level of the water itself. If this is the case then it does seem to support the concept that the intention was to give the impression of a river that continued far beyond the Tea House. This would go some distance to explain the offsetting of the arch in the estate wall behind the Tea House, which allows the Brunstane burn to flow out of the policies, as the design seems to attempt to give the illusion that there is greater depth to the landscape than the reality.

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

The following photographs show the view under the arch, where it is not possible to see the exit through the boundary wall. Beyond of the Tea House there is only a further 6 m before the Newhailes estate ends; given the plain nature of the rear of the structure it is possible that this side was never meant to be viewed by visitors. It is more than likely that this northern side contained the sluice system that would be required to raise and contain the water level in the pool to the South of the Tea House.

View to north under arch with exit from estate through boundary wall (above) offset to right.

Finally, the large number of terracotta tiles that were recovered from the burn clearly indicates that the interior of the Tea House was (at least during its final phase) floored with tiles rather than a sprung wooden floor. The deployment of the floor tiles in the burn could not have been the result of the collapse due to the tree fall in the 1960s, the location of the tiles and other elements such as the fireplace grate result in part from the deliberate clearance after the collapse. 5.4

Phasing of collapse The lack of interior fittings and window glass from the recovery site perhaps shows that by the time the tree collapsed into the Tea House the structure was already in dilapidated state. The large number of slates recovered however show that the roof was still largely intact. The initial impact of the tree would have caused structural damage to the top right-hand of the principal elevation and may have brought down several elements of the pediment, architrave and perhaps the right-hand column. The mixing of the floor tiles with large architectural fragments can only have been achieved through deliberate clearing out of the interior of the structure, which may also have included knocking down further parts of the Tea House, presumably to make the area safe. The flanking balustrades (at least on the left of the main structure) would not have been so affected by the initial tree strike and must also have been pushed over on to the sloping banks and into the burn. The location of the columns and other larger architectural fragments within the trees immediately to the east shows further human intervention. Three key pieces of evidence were recovered within the architectural fragments on the right-hand bank, which consisted of two 1p pieces dated 1975 and 1978 and a Golden Wonder crisp packet from

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

the same period. This suggests that some 10-15 years after the initial damage the entire area was cleared by persons unknown. It is possible of course that the balustrades were pushed over at an even later date as the balusters and balustrade coping was found in the top layer of collapse. The 2008 season of work was able to continue the understanding of the recent decades of general entropy that has affected the area. It became clear while removing the soil build-up from directly in front of the Tea House that the entire makeup was laid down within a very short space of time, with Tennants cans of c. 1980 date recovered from the base layers, showing a swift deposition of c. 1.2m of laminated layers of fine silt, sands and coalgrit over only a mater of 15-20 years.

Laminated layers within the centre of the burn.

The base of the ‘canal’ was also encountered, and consisted of a hard packed layer of gravel, overlain by a c. 0.20m layer of dark organic matter, that shows neglect in clearing the pool for some years prior to the 1960s collapse and subsequent blocking of the burn in the 1970s with rubble from the Tea House. The area to the north of the Tea House was also subjected to investigation, and after the removal of loose architectural fragments, the banks were cut back to reveal two flanking walls that extended some 2.5 metres at right angles from the bridge structure. The walls were not tied in however, and may have been added at a later date. It became clear that the arched opening through the boundary wall did have some form of blocking, evidenced by structural holes in the masonry, and the discovery of two rows of metal rods, attached to the walls that would have stretched across the opening.

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

6.0

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This programme of works has recorded the location and form of around 250 architectural fragments from collapsed masonry of the Newhailes Estate Tea House. A conjectural elevation of the location of each moulding and architectural element has been produced (Fig. 4) and the sequence of ruination, collapse and subsequent clearance has been interpreted. It is clear that enough remains of the Tea House to allow for a full external reconstruction to be created, which could potentially lead to an informed programme of works to recreate the form of the building as well as the setting in which it once lay. The building is of immense importance and this initial recovery project could be seen as a first step to ensuring the eventual preservation a building, which in some ways epitomises the Scottish Enlightenment. The most interesting aspect of the 2008 investigation was the clearance to the south of the Tea House. The extent and slope of the embankment was uncovered on the east, in addition the base level of the canal was also uncovered and shown to be a flat gravel surface. On clearing the east section it became possible to see the reflection of the Tea House intended, (Fig. 5). With the evidence that the entire pool has been filled with debris only over the past few decades, it is obvious that further removal of a small section perhaps 30m from the base of the Tea House, would allow the visitor to view the area as intended, without compromising either the integrity of the landscape or the biodiversity of the surrounding landscape. The investigation to the rear of the Tea House also highlighted the potential for a raised water level to the south of the structure, as clear evidence for a ‘barrier’ was located in the arched opening through the boundary wall. It is however unclear whether the metal ‘rods’ formed part of a ‘sluice’ system, or had another function. The flanking walls that form revetment for the banks to the north are evidence for a formalised system of erosion protection. There is great opportunity to sensitively and easily restore the illusion of the tea House, without the need for full restoration in the near future, while still leaving the possibility open. The visitor experience would be enhanced, and a degree of protection afforded to the structure. The clearing of the banks, can be undertaken with a mechanical excavator with no damage to archaeological or structural deposits, though it should be carried out with supervision. The Tea House itself should be secured from further damaging entry, with the possibility of a non intrusive but effective deterrent fence.

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Figure 6 Tea House elevation showing recreated canal/pond with reflection.

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

7.0 7.1

NEWHAILES TEA HOUSE : Notes : Tom Addyman Introduction

These notes were put together in response to previous Corporate Challenge work at the Tea House (August-October 2007) undertaken by David Connolly for the National Trust for Scotland. This involved a public archaeology corporate challenge event during which a considerable number of worked stones from collapsed parts of the building were recovered from where they fell within the burn, upon the burn banks, and from adjacent piled materials relating to the clearance of the ruin. Previously archaeological evaluation had been undertaken at the Tea House by Addyman Associates, in May 2001; further building recording (of the principal frontage) and recovery of some fallen carved stones (the western balustrade) was undertaken as part of an NTS Thistle Camp organised and run by Addyman Associates in July 2002. The cumulative recovery of so many carved stones now raises a number of issues that require consideration and also permits some better understanding of the possible options and opportunities that may now be available. 7.2

Short-term storage

The stones are currently stored upon an area of concrete hard-standing surrounded by Herris fencing within the walled compound adjoining the Flower Garden. Considerable care was taken in the extracting from site, transport and delivery of the stones to the storage area (suitable padding; use of timber supports, etc). Many of the more significant stones are laid upon the hard-standing, laid upon softwood batons. It is recommended that this storage should be up-graded. One possibility to further reduce the risk of damaging impacts, chipping, abrasion of the stones (with the concrete), may be to lay a sand bed of, say, 3” depth. This has the advantages of cushioning the ground generally, and also permitting the easier laying-out/support of stones for their re-arrangement and recording. This has the further advantage of being inexpensive. A further option is pallets which could allow easier movement using a forklift. 7.3

Condition notes

The stones vary both in their individual condition, and in the environment they had resided in for almost half a century. In terms of the latter it is clear some stones have simply been laid upon the existing surface of the bank above the burn (E side), and had become partly soil-covered, over-grown and some with growths of moss, etc; others were long buried in mud/silt accumulations on the sides of the burn; while others still lay within the existing burn course – partly exposed, partly submerged and partly buried. Upon their recovery it was clear that many of the stones had physical damage, primarily spalling or more substantial fracturing – as might be expected from such a

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

collapse. Other stones have clearly been partly crushed – the fabric having powdered away following physical impacts. Further stones have lamination to the surface – these appear to have been those where there was direct flow of water. Many stones have residues on the surface – mud, silt, some iron staining, etc. The Newhailes burn is also known to be somewhat polluted by road water run-off containing colliery and car-related pollutants. The extent to which the latter (including water-borne salts) may affect the geological properties of the stone remains to be assessed. 7.4

Conservation assessment

It is deemed essential that the collection of stones be assessed as soon as possible by a qualified stone conservator. That this is considered urgent relates firstly to the exposure of long-buried/long-submerged stones to the air, and secondly to the possible effects of drying-out. In either case there may be the risk that exposure or drying might change the structure or properties of the stones – and thus affect the possible courses for their conservation, removal of staining, consolidation, etc. It is may also possible that such a high quality fine-grained crystalline sandstone was employed as to be relatively robust in its properties and ability to withstand these various conditions. Thus an immediate conservation assessment would provide the necessary expertise to know what should be done next – should the stones be kept under shelter and allowed to dry out naturally; should they be cleaned as a matter of urgency, should they kept damp, or doused with distilled water, etc. ? 7.5

Summary quantification

Of the some 393 stones recovered from the Tea House that have been catalogued (about 37 from the 2002 works, the remainder from 2007) 350 or more have dressed surfaces. Of these some 190 or more retain recognizable architectural detailing and/or moulding. It is estimated that approximately 80-85% of the fallen elements of the Tea House frontage have now been recovered. However a considerably higher percentage of certain individual elements are represented in certain areas – the pediment, the engaged columns. The majority of the remaining stones must clearly still be on site where they fell and will be similarly recoverable. 7.6

Reconstruction – a paper exercise

There are already more than enough stones to enable a visual reconstruction of the former appearance of the Tea House façade. The details of the façade are partly understood from a single surviving drawing and, far more significantly, by direct analogy to the details of the existing Palladian bridges at Wilton and elsewhere, Newhailes being a close copy of one of their terminal pavilions.

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

7.7

The physical rebuilding of the building – a consideration

Assuming the recovered stones are in physically stable condition it would be entirely possible to reconstruct the majority of the recovered the fallen elements of the Tea House - that is to say a general reconstruction of the Tea House. In many ways this should be uncontroversial. There has long been a wider debate regarding the policy grounds at Newhailes – whether there should be general or selective reinstatement of the 18th-century landscape or whether it should be preserved in its current semi-wilderness state (that is itself partly the product of 19th-century ‘softening’ of many of the more formal earlier elements). However a restoration of the Tea House could be regarded as a case apart from this wider debate. The structure was essentially complete to the 1960s; its ruined state is simply the result of an unfortunate tree-fall. Its ruination is thus accidental, relatively recent, and generally not related to the earlier ‘softening’ of the formal landscape. There are more or less compelling reasons why the Tea House should be reconstructed. Foremost amongst these is that the building is of such pre-eminent, indeed national, architectural importance (see significance section). This importance is embodied by a complete building far more effectively than as a shattered ruin and a collection of fragments. Short of long-term curation of perhaps 400 worked stones (a considerable liability), the best permanent solution for the ‘collection,’ perhaps even in stone conservation terms, is for them to be physically reassembled in their original positions. A particular issue is how should a rebuilt structure be finished – roofed or un-roofed? Closed or open? Consolidated as bare masonry or refurbished? A wider philosophical consideration and exploration of management and budgetary factors is clearly now required. 7.8

Other notes

There still remain a number of outstanding questions about the Tea House. Immediately downstream, behind the building, the burn sides are revetted; here can be seen sections of dressed masonry, now much clogged with fallen debris and burn silt. The nature of this area needs to be better understood. It is probable that there had been some sluice or small weir arrangement designed to back the burn water up within the Tea House culvert and for a considerable distance up-stream. The Bauchop plan of Newhailes of 1798 shows a long and narrow body of water within a canalised section of the burn. This body of water was doubtless intended to be still-surfaced, part of the purpose of which was to reflect the principal frontage of the Tea House. 7.9

Significance

It is hard to over-state the significance of this small building, in spite of its ruinous condition. An element of a wider landscape. The building forms an integral part and key element of a complex and long-evolved garden design that is itself of national

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importance, universally recognised. Although with late 17th-century origins, the primary importance of the wider estate policies are their development under the Dalrymple family, particularly from the early 18th century to the beginning of the 19th. Architectural. An immensely sophisticated and satisfying piece of Palladian design in its own right, the teahouse is a direct contemporary architectural borrowing from the internationally acclaimed Palladian bridge at Wilton House, Wiltshire, of 1736-7 (by the ‘Architect Earl’ - Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke, and Roger Morris); the bridge was also imitated at Stowe (c.1742) and Prior Park (1756) and elsewhere. Newhailes, which joins this august group, represents a near precise copy of one of the pavilions that flank the bridge colonnade – thus it is a prestigious structure at the very forefront of contemporary fashion. The Wilton bridge was inspired by Palladio's rejected design for a triumphal bridge over the Rialto in Venice. Historical. Though very few records for this building survive, a case has been made that may directly link the structure to some of Britain’s key exponents of architectural taste, Palladianism in particular, in the second quarter of the 18th century – the 3rd Duke of Argyll; Roger Morris and William Adam. It is possible, if not likely, that this building can be linked to the progress of the new 3rd Duke (already well-known as an architectural patron as Lord Ilay), on route from London to Inveraray. The party, of which Morris was a member, sojourned for a time at Brunstane House, an Argyll property whose lands were contiguous with those of Newhailes. There is every reason to suppose the Dalrymples, who were close associates of the Argyll faction, obtained the teahouse design at that time. It has long been suggested that William Adam had been involved in work on Newhailes House; it is possible that he may have supervised the construction of the Tea House. His association with Morris was strong - he worked as Morris’ Superintendent Architect at the new Inveraray Castle. Cultural. The Tea House is a key Scottish example of a building that exemplifies the early-mid 18th century neo-Augustan ideal. Referring back to the first Augustan age (Emperor Augustus, 27BC – 14AD), a time of peace and security following a period of civil strife, celebrated by Horace and Virgil. The early 18th-century Augustans welcomed a second golden age after the troubles of the 17th century - writers, artists, architects, gardeners and a host of others sought to relive and make anew the glories of Rome in the time of its first emperor.2 The Tea House is perfectly understood in this context. It is a building intended for quiet contemplation; its inscription, nos humilem, a reference to a line from Horace (for myself, I will sacrifice a humble lamb …), emphasised this to the educated visitor. The poet is affecting humility, in contrast to the pomp and ceremony of high office – a sentiment very much in tune with the character of the Dalrymples’ rural retreat.3 In eighteenth century Britain, Palladian architecture, heroic couplets and the Augustan garden were products of retrospect. Note: to paraphrase James Simpson (pers. Comm..) Architecturally the Tea House has a fabulous sense of repose, of stability, with nothing unduly decorative; it is solid, self-confident no-nonsense classicism. 2

notes partly derived from the website, gardenvisit.com notes on the inscription partly derived from the 2004 NTS guidebook, p.52; this is in turn derived from thesis research by Scott Cooper. 3

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8.0

Thanks

To Jon Wells and all those at the Bank of Scotland, with special appreciation to Paul Chandler and Jim Scott from Newhailes Estate without which this would not have been possible. The project allowed for the continued understanding of one of the most important buildings of Scotland’s Enlightenment and has contributed to a possible future for this building. It cannot be stressed enough that this entire project would not have been possible without the hard work of the HBOS volunteers and the support of the Newhailes Staff.

David Connolly June 2008

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Appendix 1 Architectural Fragment Register Architectural Fragment Number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

TYPE

CONDITION

Zone

Voussoir Balustrade string course Balustrade plinth Pulvinated Frieze String Cornice

Complete Complete Fragmentary Partial Complete

Balustrade plinth (end)

Complete

Fragmentary 3/4 baluster base Balustrade plinth Baluster base Balustrade coping Ashlar Terracotta Tile String Cornice Balustrade coping Baluster coping or cornice course 3/4 baluster (half of complete) part 1 of single baluster. quarter of complete mid section part 2 of single baluster. 3/4 baluster base - part 3 of single baluster. Baluster base Balustrade coping Baluster mid-section (see frag. 26) Baluster base (see Frag. 25) Baluster base 3/4 baluster base (see 37) Baluster mid section Baluster 1/4 - mid section. Baluster mid section Balustrade coping (see 33) Balustrade coping (see 32) Baluster base

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

2002 Excavation Trench 90 2003 Excavation Trench 90 2004 Excavation Trench 90 2005 Excavation Trench 90 2006 Excavation Trench 90 2007 Excavation Trench 90 2008 Excavation Trench 90 2009 Excavation Trench 90 2010 Excavation Trench 90 2011 Excavation Trench 90 2012 Excavation Trench 90 2013 Excavation Trench 90 2014 Excavation Trench 90 2015 Excavation Trench 90 2016 Excavation Trench 90 2017 Excavation Trench 90 2018 Excavation Trench 90 2019 Excavation Trench 90 2020 Excavation Trench 90 2021 Excavation Trench 90

Fragmentary

2022 Excavation Trench 90

Fragmentary

2023 Excavation Trench 90

Fragmentary Complete Fragmentary

2024 Excavation Trench 90 2025 Excavation Trench 90 2026 Excavation Trench 90

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Window Vousoir 3/4 mid section baluster (1/4) (see 28) Architrave Architrave Moulding - Unknown Location Architrave Window Vousoir

Complete Fragmentary

2027 Excavation Trench 90 2028 Excavation Trench 90 2029 Excavation Trench 90 2030 Excavation Trench 90 2031 Excavation Trench 90 2032 Excavation Trench 90 2033 Excavation Trench 90 2034 Excavation Trench 90 2035 Excavation Trench 90 2036 Excavation Trench 90 2037 Excavation Trench 90 2038 Excavation Trench 90

Page 20

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Partial fragmentary Fragmentary Complete

D F A A G F A

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Architectural Fragment Number

45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

TYPE

CONDITION

Window Vousoir String Cornice

Complete Complete

Pediment Baluster Ashlar Baluster

Fragmentary Fragmentary Complete Fragmentary

Architrave Pediment MISSING NUMBER Ashlar

Partial Partial MISSING NUMBER Partial

Ashlar

Fragmentary

Pulvinated Frieze Baluster Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Baluster

Fragmentary Fragmentary Complete Complete Fragmentary

Unidentified Moulding Architrave Balustrade Cope Ballustrade Plinth Moulding - Unknown Location

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial

Engaged Column Shaft Architrave

Partial Partial

Baluster

Fragmentary

modillion Balustrade Cope Engaged Column Jamb

Fragmentary Complete Complete

Pediment

Fragmentary

Capital

Fragmentary

Balustrade Cope

Complete

Pediment Pediment

Partial Complete

Page 21

Zone

G B G G G C D D D E D MISSING NUMBER D D G G G G I I I I I I I I H H H H H H H H H I I I F F D D D F F C C D G C C

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Architectural Fragment Number

96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147

TYPE

CONDITION

Pediment modillion

Fragmentary Fragmentary

Architrave Ballustrade Plinth Pulvinated Frieze Pediment Baluster

Partial Partial Partial

Baluster Baluster Pediment

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Ashlar

Complete

Ashlar Baluster Pulvinated Frieze

Partial Complete Fragmentary

Ballustrade Plinth

Complete

Ashlar

Partial

Baluster Engaged Column Jamb Ashlar Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster

Fragmentary Complete Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Ashlar

Fragmentary Complete

Fragmentary

Ashlar Pediment Baluster Pediment VOLUTE

Complete Partial Fragmentary

Capital

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Page 22

Zone

G D D C C D G G D G D D C C G G G C G G A D B B B B B B B D D D D D D D D D B B B G D C C D D D D D

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Architectural Fragment Number

148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199

TYPE

CONDITION

Baluster Door or Window Moulding(?)

Partial Fragmentary

Architrave Baluster Cornice String Architrave Baluster

Partial Fragmentary

Window Vousoir

Complete

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Unidentified Moulding Engaged Column Shaft Pediment Engaged Column Shaft Window Vousoir Pediment

Partial Partial Partial Complete Fragmentary Partial

Engaged Column Jamb

Complete

Baluster Capital Volute

Fragmentary Partial Fragmentary

Engaged Column Jamb Pulvinated Frieze Pediment Balustrade Cope Ashlar Unidentified Moulding Ashlar Pulvinated Frieze Pulvinated Frieze

Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary Complete Partial

Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar

Partial Complete Complete Partial Partial

Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar

Partial Complete Partial

Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary

Page 23

Zone

D D C C C C C C C B B B B B C C B E E B E A E B B E B D B C C D D B H D B D B B D C D E E E E E E G F

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Architectural Fragment Number

200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250

TYPE

CONDITION

Ashlar

Complete

Unidentified Moulding Window Vousoir Ashlar Capital

Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial

Ashlar Ashlar Pulvinated Frieze

Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial

Ashlar Baluster Architrave Baluster Volute Pulvinated Frieze Ashlar Pediment Baluster Engaged Column Shaft

Complete Fragmentary

Baluster Baluster Balustrade Cope

Fragmentary Fragmentary Complete

Balustrade Cope Ashlar Balustrade Cope Architrave Architrave Ashlar Engaged Column Shaft Window Vousoir Engaged Column Shaft Engaged Column Shaft Capital

Complete Complete Complete Partial Partial Complete Fragmentary Complete Partial Partial Partial

Pediment Pediment Architrave

Complete Complete Partial

Ashlar Ballustrade Plinth Architrave Pediment Baluster Baluster Modillion

Fragmentary Partial Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Fragmentary Partial Fragmentary Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary Complete

Page 24

Zone

H B B B B D C C C A D C C C C F C D D D D D H D D D D D F D C H H H H H H H H H H H H Additional Fragments from south in River J J J J J J J

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Architectural Fragment Number

251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275

TYPE

CONDITION

Modillion Architrave Cornice String Cornice String Unidentified Moulding Cornice String Cornice String Unidentified Moulding Window Vousoir Chimney Flue Lining Volute Unidentified Moulding Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Baluster Baluster Modillion

Fragmentary

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Complete Complete Complete Partial Partial Partial Complete Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Zone

J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J

Recovered in 2008 season Architectural Fragment Number

276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298

TYPE

CONDITION

Baluster Engaged Column Jamb Engaged Column Jamb Ashlar Engaged Column Jamb Ashlar Capital String Course Cornice Balustrade plinth Unidentified Moulding Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Balustrade plinth Ashlar Architrave Window Vousoir Pulvinated Frieze Balustrade plinth Balustrade plinth Architrave Architectural Fragment Window Vousoir

Fragmentary Complete Complete Partial Complete Partial Fragmentary Complete Complete Complete Complete Partial Complete Complete Partial Complete Partial Complete Complete Partial Partial

Page 25

Zone

I F F F G I B B I I B I I I I F F I I I I I I

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Architectural Fragment Number

299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350

TYPE

CONDITION

Architrave Balustrade plinth Column base Unidentified Moulding Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Step (bullnosed) Architectural Fragment Ashlar Architectural Fragment Ashlar Capital Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Architectural Fragment Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Modillion Column base Step (bullnosed) Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Step (bullnosed) ? Ashlar Ashlar Balustrade coping Balustrade coping Balustrade coping Balustrade coping

Fragmentary Partial Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial Partial Fragmentary Complete Fragmentary Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Fragmentary Partial Fragmentary Complete Complete Complete Fragmentary Partial Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial Complete Complete Partial Partial Complete Complete Complete Partial Complete

Page 26

Zone

D H H H H H H H H F F F F F F F I I I I I I I H H H H H H H H H F F F F F F A D K K K K K K K K E E E E

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Architectural Fragment Number

351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393

TYPE

CONDITION

Balustrade coping Balustrade coping Balustrade coping Column base Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Column shaft Baluster Balustrade coping Baluster Baluster Pulvinated Frieze Unidentified Moulding Ashlar Balustrade coping Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Balustrade coping Ashlar Window Vousoir Balustrade coping Balustrade coping Engaged Column Jamb Column base Step (bullnosed) ? Architrave Step (bullnosed) ? Ashlar Balustrade coping Unidentified Moulding (chamfered) Ashlar Engaged Column Jamb Pediment Ashlar Engaged Column Jamb Ashlar Engaged Column Jamb Engaged Column Jamb Column base

Page 27

Zone

Complete Complete Complete Fragmentary Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Fragmentary Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Complete Complete Partial Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial Complete Complete Partial

E E E E E E E E E E E E E G H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Partial Complete Partial Complete Partial Fragmentary Partial Partial Partial

H H H H H H H H H

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Appendix 2 Photo Register Photo Record List – Newhailes Tea House Photo Digital Description ID PGW08_001 General shot of finds collection to south of Tea House 1 PGW08_002 Collection of artefacts from river to south of Tea House 2

Direction Date from 02/06/2008 sw 02/06/2008

3

PGW08_003

Collection of artefacts from river to south of Tea House

02/06/2008

4

PGW08_004

Monday Corporate Challenge Team in Tea House

02/06/2008

5

PGW08_005

Monday Corporate Challenge Team in Tea House

02/06/2008

6

PGW08_006

Monday Corporate Challenge Team in Tea House

02/06/2008

7

PGW08_007

Monday Corporate Challenge Team in Tea House

04/06/2008

8

PGW08_008

Clearing out beneath arch

9

PGW08_009

Clearing out beneath arch

10

PGW08_010

General view clearing out beneath arch and river

11

PGW08_011

Starting to remove debris to south of Tea House

04/06/2008

12

PGW08_012

Starting to remove debris to south of Tea House

04/06/2008

13

PGW08_013

Starting to remove debris to south of Tea House

04/06/2008

14

PGW08_014

Clearing out beneath arch

15

PGW08_015

Clearing out beneath arch

16

PGW08_016

Star find, the thistle claypipe

04/06/2008

17

PGW08_017

Star find, the thistle claypipe

04/06/2008

18

PGW08_018

Wednesday Corporate Challenge Team in Tea House

04/06/2008

19

PGW08_019

Beginning the clearance of stones on the east bank

20

PGW08_020

Beginning the clearance of stones on the east bank

21

PGW08_021

Beginning the clearance of stones on the east bank

22

PGW08_022

Remove of soil debris to south of Tea House

23

PGW08_023

View up infilled “pond” to south

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

PGW08_024

Remove of debris to south of Tea House

PGW08_025

Remove of debris to south of Tea House

PGW08_026

South facing east flanking wall of teahouse, original slope

PGW08_027

South facing east flanking wall of teahouse, original slope

PGW08_028

South facing east flanking wall of teahouse, original slope

PGW08_029

West side of boundary wall arch – note metal rod

PGW08_030

West side of boundary wall arch – note metal rod

PGW08_031

West side of boundary wall arch – note metal rod

PGW08_032

West side of boundary wall arch – note metal rod

PGW08_033

West side of boundary wall arch – note metal rod

PGW08_034

East side of boundary wall arch – note stone holes

PGW08_035

East side of boundary wall arch – detail

PGW08_036

East side of boundary wall arch – detail

PGW08_037

East side of boundary wall arch – detail

sw s s

s s

Page 28

sw sw sw s n n n s s s s s s s s s s s s

04/06/2008 04/06/2008 04/06/2008

04/06/2008 04/06/2008

05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Photo Record List – Newhailes Tea House Photo ID

38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63

Digital

Description

Direction from

Date

PGW08_038

East side of boundary wall arch – detail

PGW08_039

East side of boundary wall arch – note metal rod

PGW08_040

East side of boundary wall arch – note metal rod

PGW08_041

Boundary wall arch - general view from rear of Tea House

PGW08_042

exposed river flanking wall (west) to north of Tea House

PGW08_043

exposed river flanking wall (west) to north of Tea House

PGW08_044

exposed river flanking wall (west) to north of Tea House

PGW08_045

View under Tea House Arch

PGW08_046

View under Tea House Arch

PGW08_047

exposed river flanking wall (east) to north of Tea House

PGW08_048

exposed river flanking wall (east) to north of Tea House

PGW08_049

exposed river flanking wall (east) and Tea House arch

PGW08_050

Thursday Corporate Challenge Team in Tea House

05/06/2008

PGW08_051

Thursday Corporate Challenge Team in Tea House

05/06/2008

PGW08_052

East bank slope fully exposed.

05/06/2008

PGW08_053

Jon’s Boot store

05/06/2008

PGW08_054

Clearing the larger elements from the wooded area H

06/06/2008

PGW08_055

Clearing the larger elements from the wooded area H

06/06/2008

PGW08_056

Clearing the larger elements from the wooded area H

06/06/2008

PGW08_057

Clearing the larger elements from the wooded area H

06/06/2008

PGW08_058

Friday Corporate Challenge Team

06/06/2008

PGW08_59

Section through debris build-up to south of Tea House

PGW08_060

Section through debris build-up to south of Tea House Base of ‘canal’ exposed PGW08_061 Section through debris build-up to south of Tea House Base of ‘canal’ exposed PGW08_062 East bank slope fully exposed. PGW08_063

64

PGW08_064

65

PGW08_065

66

PGW08_066

67

PGW08_067

View of South face of Tea House showing cleared east bank View of South face of Tea House showing cleared east bank View of South face of Tea House showing cleared east bank View of South face of Tea House showing cleared east bank View of South face of Tea House showing cleared east bank

Page 29

s s s s e e e n n w w nw

05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008 05/06/2008

e vert

06/06/2008

vert

06/06/2008

06/06/2008

06/06/2008 06/06/2008 06/06/2008 06/06/2008 06/06/2008 06/06/2008

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Appendix 3 Artefact List Artefact Record List BAG 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028 029

Context

Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn Tea House Burn

Description 5 Glass Bottles 3 Glass Bottles 10 Glass Bottles 24 Glass sherds 14 Glass sherds 2 Fragments Pantile 6 Fragments Roof Slate 3 Fragments Wall Plaster 13 Assorted shell Fragments 2 Lead Fittings for holding masonry in place 2 Wood/metal Items 1 FE motorbike piece, 1 FE Awl, 2 FE Nails, 2 FE Clamps, 2 FE Items 1 semi circular wooden beading, 1 quarter circular wooden beading, 1 stepped wooden beading, 1 wooden brush head 1 Fork, 1 White metal casing, 1 shotgun cartridge casing, 1 pen top 10 Animal Bone Fragments 1 Leather Shoe 1 Bakealite Door Knob 1 Plastic Vehicle Lamp Cover 1 Plastic Wallet 1 Clay Pipe (stamped Ben Nevis Cutty on Stem with thistle modelled around bowl) 1 Clay Pipe stem joined to bowl fragment 3 one pence coins 5 Pottery Waster Sherds 70 Assorted Pottery Sherds 45 Pottery Sherds Red ware 18 Pottery Sherds Red ware 1 Pottery sherd of late medieval green glaze 3 Beer Cans 1 Ceramic Bottle

Page 30

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Appendix 4 The Bank of Scotland Corporate Challenge groups Monday with Joanna, Scott, Sharon, Daniel and Fraser Tuesday Lorraine, Janis, Andrea, Kate and Garrick Wednesday - Jim, Dianna, Eileen, Paul, Karen and Manisha Thursday - John, Gordon, Philipa, Lorraine and Deborah Friday - Pat, Karen, Jan, Mhairi, Allan and Roddy

All that was left was boots!

What a difference.

Page 31

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Discovery and Excavation Scotland LOCAL AUTHORITY: East Lothian Site Name: Newhailes Tea House Parish: Inveresk Name of Contributor(s): David Connolly (Connolly Heritage Consultancy) Type of Site or Find: 18th-century Tea House NGR (2 letters, 6 or 8 figures): NT 3253 7293 Report: An archaeological removal and recording exercise was undertaken around the Newhailes Tea House. 118 architectural fragments were recovered, catalogued and stored with the assistance of volunteers from the Bank of Scotland as part of a Corporate Challenge. The resulting collection allowed for the complete architectural understanding of the principal elevation of the structure and quantified the remaining recovery issues. The canal to the south of the Tea House was partially cleared of recent debris and the original side slope exposed. Additional artefacts were recovered from the river. The principal elevation is now fully understood and the importance of the structure within the Scottish Enlightenment is confirmed. Sponsor(s): HS, Society, Institution, Developer, etc. (where appropriate): The National trust for Scotland Address(es) of Main Contributor(s): Connolly Heritage Consultancy Traprain House Luggate Burn Whittingehame East Lothian EH41 4QA

Page 32

PGW08_01.JPG

PGW08_02.JPG

PGW08_03.JPG

PGW08_04.JPG

PGW08_05.JPG

PGW08_06.JPG

PGW08_07.JPG

PGW08_08.JPG

PGW08_09.JPG

PGW08_10.JPG

PGW08_11.JPG

PGW08_12.JPG

PGW08_13.JPG

PGW08_14.JPG

PGW08_15.JPG

PGW08_16.JPG

PGW08_17.JPG

PGW08_18.JPG

PGW08_19.JPG

PGW08_20.JPG

PGW08_21.JPG

PGW08_22.JPG

PGW08_23.JPG

PGW08_24.JPG

PGW08_25.JPG

PGW08_26.JPG

PGW08_27.JPG

PGW08_28.JPG

PGW08_29.JPG

PGW08_30.JPG

PGW08_31.JPG

PGW08_32.JPG

PGW08_33.JPG

PGW08_34.JPG

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PGW08_36.JPG

PGW08_37.JPG

PGW08_38.JPG

PGW08_39.JPG

PGW08_40.JPG

PGW08_41.JPG

PGW08_42.JPG

PGW08_43.JPG

PGW08_44.JPG

PGW08_45.JPG

PGW08_46.JPG

PGW08_47.JPG

PGW08_48.JPG

PGW08_49.JPG

PGW08_50.JPG

PGW08_51.JPG

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PGW08_53.JPG

PGW08_54.JPG

PGW08_55.JPG

PGW08_56.JPG

PGW08_57.JPG

PGW08_58.JPG

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PGW08_60.JPG

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PGW08_62.JPG

PGW08_63.JPG

PGW08_64.JPG

PGW08_65.JPG

PGW08_66.JPG

PGW08_67.JPG