Newhailes House Estate, Tea House 2009

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House – Architectural Fragment Recovery III Corporate Challenge

June 2008

A National Trust for Scotland Report Produced by

Buildings Archaeologist and Heritage Consultant

Traprain House Luggate Burn Whittingehame East Lothian EH41 4QA T : 01620 861643

E : [email protected]

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Table of Contents 1.0

SUMMARY

2

2.0

INTRODUCTION

2

3.0

OBJECTIVES

5

4.0

METHODOLOGY

5

5.0

RESULTS

8

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

The Recovery (Fig. 2) The recovered architectural elements (Fig. 3) The wider landscape (Fig. 4) Phasing of collapse

6.0

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.0

NEWHAILES TEA HOUSE : NOTES : TOM ADDYMAN

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0

Introduction Short-term storage Condition notes Conservation assessment Summary quantification Reconstruction – a paper exercise The physical rebuilding of the building – a consideration Other notes Significance THANKS

8 9 3 5 9 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15

ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Location plan, showing Newhailes House and the location of the Tea House. Figure 3: Tea House Plan with zones of recovery and stone numbers. Figure 3: Tea House Plan with zones of recovery and stone numbers. Figure 4: Tea House elevation showing locations of architectural elements and surviving features. Figure 5: (top) 1755 Gen. Roy map showing Newhailes Estate. (middle) 1798 Bauchop map of Newhailes Estate. (left) 1854 First Edition OS map showing area of Tea House - the pools are no longer evident. Figure 6: Tea House elevation showing locations of architectural elements and surviving features. Figure 7: Reconstruction of Tea House with canal to front. Appendix 1: Architectural Fragment List Appendix 2: Photo List Appendix 3: Artefact List Appendix 4: The Groups DES Entry

Page 1

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

1.0

SUMMARY

1.1

An archaeological Corporate Challenge was organised for the recovery, recording and removal to a secure location of fallen architectural stones revealed in the area of the Newhailes Tea House and to investigate the water feature to the front of the structure, and the relationship of these features. The work was undertaken in May 2009 following on from previous projects in 2007 and 2008.

1.2

The participants were 5 teams of 6 individuals from the Bank of Scotland accompanied by Gavin Kennerley and additional staff from the National Trust for Scotland.

1.3

The work enabled the recovery of c.70 architectural fragments ranging from complete moulded elements to fragments of both ashlar blocks and rubble from the walling. Roofing slates and floor tiles were also recovered A number of smaller finds of 18th-20th century date were recovered from the sieved base material in the burn.

1.4

The resulting collection allowed for the addition of architectural features to the existing conjectural reconstruction drawing; as well as an understanding of the phases of collapse. The rear of the Tea House and the tunnel beneath were completed cleared of fragments and a substantial amount of recent debris was removed from the ‘canal’ to the front of the structure – which also included several large architectural fragments. The sides of the ‘canal’ were examined with two test trenches on the west side, and a further brick feature, potentially representing the southern end of the ‘canal’ was also investigated. Timber and plasterwork was recovered from the river, which may represent internal fixtures and features relating to the Tea House.

2.0 2.1

INTRODUCTION Site location and description The mid 18th-century Tea House is located at the extreme north of the designed landscape at NT 3253 7293 (Fig. 1). The Tea House (Fig. 2) forms the final incident within the water gardens at Newhailes. Its principal, S elevation was conceived as an eyecatcher at the end of a long, canalised stretch of the Brunstane Burn. The structure consists of a small rectangular pavilion, now largely ruined, over an arched, rusticated bridge level through which flows the burn just before it leaves the Newhailes policies. The basement level is flanked by wing walls of polished ashlar; these had originally been surmounted by balustrades. The wing walls were largely buried by flood silts and fallen masonry, and the balustrades are now all fallen.

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

The area to the south (the principal elevation of the Tea House) within the burn and the flanking slopes were investigated and a stone pile of architectural fragments within the woodland to the east was further excavated. The area to the rear (north) of the Tea House was also cleared of architectural fragments and the two flanking walls exposed to the east and west. The canal/pool to the south was further cleared of a build-up of soil and debris, to reveal the original depth of the pool and also the slope of the flanking embankments. A solid base level was uncovered to the southwest of the Tea House, providing an accurate depth of the southern ‘canal’ or pool, and the traces of mortar were recorded at the top of the slopes, relating to a brick alignment, creating a formal edge to the water feature. The structure itself and associated architectural fragments is under threat from various agents, since the collapse of the half of the Tea House in the late 1960s due to a tree fall. Vandalism, water damage and removal of architectural fragments for rockeries were all contributing to a steady loss of the buildings fabric of the building. This final phase of work at the Tea House has now all but completed the recovery of architectural fragments from the area, with the potential that some smaller fragments are still to be found.

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

North Sea

Inverness Aberdeen

Glasgow

Edinburgh

100 km

Brunstane Burn

Tea House

Path

Tea House TP1 TP2

Lady’s Walk

Shell Grotto

TP3

Location of test trenches

0

10 m

100m

This map is based on an Ordnance Survey digital map reproduced with the permission of HM Stationery Office © Crown Copyright NTS licence No. 100023880.

Figure 1:

Location Plan

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

3.0

OBJECTIVES

3.1

To recover the architectural fragments to the south and north of the Tea House and the watercourse in an controlled manner, to aid understanding and if considered appropriate, to allow for the potential reconstruction / replacement of these features into the existing structure and as a minimum to ensure the safety of the architectural fragments from damage and theft.

3.2

To investigate the rear of the Tea House and the course of the river.

3.3

To investigate the nature of the debris that filled the canal and embankment slope and the character and form of the canal itself.

3.4

To investigate the southern end of the canal, and the interface with the preceding section of Water Garden.

4.0

METHODOLOGY

4.1

The volunteers on the Corporate Challenge were organised into five teams of six over a period of five days, under the supervision of Gavin Kennerley and additional staff of the National Trust for Scotland. After a brief team talk on the landscape and history of the Newhailes Estate and the Designed Landscape each team was taken to the Tea House.

4.2

The teams were divided between excavating areas of the burn, collecting finds from the water and excavating small test trenches down the eastern slope of the canal edge. Using ropes, softwood levers and planks, the architectural fragments were removed, numbered and located on a sketch plan (Fig. 2) before being loaded onto a tractor-driven trailer, and packed with sacking and softwood batons. The architectural fragments were transported to the yard of the Flower Garden and placed in a holding area behind secure fencing.

Identify

Transport

Recover

Record

Careful handling

Store

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, June 2008

Figure 2. Original Reconstruction (2002) based on Winton House palladian bridge (below).

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

5.0 5.1

RESULTS The Recovery (Fig. 3) Through recording the approximate location of the findspots of the stone fragments, it became clear that there were three main phases to the collapse of the Tea House and the eventual positions of the architectural fragments (see 5.4). By zoning the recovery areas, and numbering their recovery in order it was to a large extent possible to reconstruct the sequence of events. The stonework within the burn was often badly affected by water soaking into the fabric, causing the stone to become unstable, crumbling at the slightest touch and in many cases being coated in a mineral crust leaching from the water. Care was taken where possible to minimise the damage, but due to the nature of the degradation, some stones suffered some superficial breaks. The stonework in the wooded area to the eastwas in much better condition in terms of fabric integrity; however, the stones were still damaged, prior to deposition at this location. It was clear that most of the principal elevation was present, and each removal of an architectural fragment was followed by a further ‘layer’ beneath, which resulted in c. 70 recovered fragments, varying in size from a significant section of bullnosed step with the remains of an iron boot scraper to a fragment of a carved rossette. The entire area beneath the bridge was cleared, of architectural elements, where it became clear they could not have fallen from the initial collapse. The following images show the gradual clearance progressing around the Tea House.

2007 – South burn

2007 – North burn

2007 beneath the Tea House

2009 – South burn

2009 – North burn

2009 Final clearance beneath the Tea House

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

I

Riverbed to north

300 - 301 - 302 - 303 - 304 - 305 - 306 - 307 322 - 323 - 324 - 325 - 326 - 327 - 328 - 329 330 - 365 - 366 - 367 - 368 - 369 - 370 - 371 372 - 373 - 374 - 375 - 376 - 377 - 378 - 379 380 - 381 - 382 - 383 - 384 - 385 - 386 - 387 388 - 389 - 390 - 391 - 392- 393

276 - 281 - 284 - 285 - 287 - 288 - 289 - 290 - 293- 294 - 295 - 296 297 - 298 - 315 - 316 - 317 - 318 - 319 - 320 - 321 - 394 395 - 396 - 397 - 398 - 399 - 400 - 401 -402 - 403 - 404 405 - 406 - 407 - 408 - 409 - 410

H Rockpile in woods

line of tunnel Tea House

299 - 338 - 430 - 436 - 437 - 438 - 439 - 440 441 - 442 - 443

282 - 283 - 286 - 413 - 415 - 416 - 417 418 - 421 - 425 - 426 - 428 - 429

B

337 - 411 - 412 - 414 - 419 - 420 422 - 423 - 424 - 427

J

N o t h i n g r ecovered during this phase

A

K

Additional small fragments recovered from riverbed to south

E

339 - 340 - 341 - 342 - 343 344 - 345 -

D

347 - 348 - 349 - 350 - 351 - 352 - 353 354 - 355 - 356 - 357 - 358 - 359 - 360 361 - 362 - 363 -

C G

F Trench 90 (excavation 2002) N o t h i n g r ecovered during this phase

050 - 083 - 084 - 090 - 091 - 094 095 - 099 - 100 - 109 - 110 - 115 141 - 142 - 150 - 151 - 152 - 153 154 - 155 - 156 - 163 - 164 - 178 179 - 190 - 198 - 206 - 207 - 208 211 - 212 - 213 - 214 - 216 - 230 431 - 432 - 434 - 435

280 - 364 - 443

277 - 278 - 279 - 291 - 292 308 - 309 - 310 - 311 - 312 313 - 314 - 331 - 332 - 333 334 - 335 - 336 - 444 - 445 446 - 447 - 448 - 449 - 450 451 - 452 - 453 - 454 - 455 456 - 457 - 458 - 459 - 460 561 - 462 - 463 - 464

0

Figure 3. Tea House Plan of with zones of recovery and stone numbers (bold numbers are from 2009 season)

1

5 metres

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

5.2

The recovered architectural elements (Fig. 4) Based upon the architecture at similar pavilions at Stowe and Wilton for example and the surviving mouldings on the Tea House itself, it was possible to ascribe even the smallest architectural detail to a specific part of the principal elevation. Figure 3 shows a reconstruction drawing with each element located on to the elevation. The following a list describes the various elements that were recovered: 10. String course cornice 11. Balustrade coping 12. Half baluster 13. Baluster 14. Balustrade plinth 15. Bullnosed step risers 16. Unknown moulding 17. Rosette 18. Terracotta tiles

1. Pediment (raking cornice) 2. Pediment cornice 3. Modillions 4. Pulvinated frieze 5. Architrave 6. Ionic capitals 7. Engaged columns 8. Ashlar masonry 9. Engaged column jambs

Each architectural element has been given a unique number, with all but five fragments being attributed to a specific architectural feature. This investigation has allowed expansion on the previous 2002 excavation and the previous Corporate Challenges in 20071 and 20082, and allowed the reconstruction to be enhanced with further detail. Several key elements were recovered during this exercise which added significantly to our understanding, such as: a single rosette, and more significantly the step into the building, found at a distance of some 10m from its original location (suggesting more ‘active’ demolition of the building) The central scrolled keystone was also recovered in the more recent debris to the south of the structure, and several recognisable internal fixtures were recovered, including window surround (still bearing traces of paint) and plaster cornice work. The number of terracotta tiles recovered also point to the floor rather the fireplace being tiled – however, it is clear also that a sprung floor may also have been inserted at a later date. The roofing material was also confirmed by the presence of numerous slates. No window glass or lead cames (suggested by the illustration on the right) were recovered, which may suggest the removal of the window before the final collapse/demolition of the building.

1

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House – Architectural Fragment Recovery Corporate Challenge. November 2007, A National Trust for Scotland Report 2

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House – Architectural Fragment Recovery Corporate Challenge. June 2008, A National Trust for Scotland Report

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

5.3

The wider landscape (Fig. 5 & 6) In addition to the architectural recovery, the nature of the setting of the monument was examined, with significant observations being made. Following on from the previous season’s initial map based inspection of three rectangular ponds which lay to the south of the Tea House, which continued a series of rectangular water works and complex hydrology that had been examined to the south. The Roy map of c. 1755 (Fig. 6) clearly shows three rectangular pools leading from the Shell Grotto area down towards the Tea House. The photograph to the left shows these slope on either side and it is clear that the burn now flows through a nearly completely re-filled water feature. When this pool was complete and filled with water (which would have required a dam and sluice system to the north of the Tea House to bring the level of water to the required depth) the view of the Tea House would have been enhanced by a mirror image of the elevation reflected in the pool. It has been suggested that punting was carried out on this pool, which would have required considerably more depth of water than presently exists, or could exist even with the pool cleared to its original size (T. Addyman pers. comm.). As yet, the construction, extent and form of this pool are unclear and further work is required to examine this feature - the 1854 Ordnance Survey 1st edition map (Fig. 6) no longer shows a pool that may be marked on Beauchop 1798 estate plan and the single surviving known image of the Tea House dated 1892 (right) shows the banks of the burn reaching down to the arch itself. This image also shows the burn curving to the right beyond the arch. The view beneath the arch suggests the possibility of being able to observe the course of the burn from a location where one would be at the level of the water itself. If this is the case then it does seem to support the concept that the intention was to give the impression of a river that continued far beyond the Tea House. This would help to explain the offsetting of the outlet arch in the estate wall behind the Tea House, which allows the Brunstane burn to flow out of the policies, as the design seems to attempt to give the illusion that there is greater depth to the landscape than the reality.

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

The following photographs show the view under the arch, where it is not possible to see the exit through the boundary wall. Beyond of the Tea House there is only a further 6 m before the Newhailes estate ends; given the plain nature of the rear of the structure it is possible that this side was never meant to be viewed by visitors. It is more than likely that this northern side contained the sluice system that would be required to raise and contain the water level in the pool to the South of the Tea House.

View to north under arch with exit from estate through boundary wall (above) offset to right.

Finally, the large number of terracotta tiles that were recovered from the burn clearly indicates that the interior of the Tea House was (at least during its final phase) floored with tiles rather than a sprung wooden floor. The deployment of the floor tiles in the burn could not have been the result of the collapse due to the tree fall in the 1960s, the location of the tiles and other elements such as the fireplace grate result in part from the deliberate clearance after the collapse. 5.4

Examination of the southern zone During the 2009 season of works, the area to the south was also further investigated, and certain features noted, which may point to areas of further study and work. (Fig. 5) The slopes of the canal bank beside the Tea House were examined with two narrow (0.5m wide) test pits (TP1 and TP2, that both revealed a thin (circa 20-30mm) layer of mortar on the edge of the slope. (see left) The mortar was circa 0.50m wide and it was possible to discern the pattern of bricks on the surface, which suggests at least one course resting on the mortar surface. Although it was difficult to accurately plot the alignment of the potential side wall, it did seem to taper slightly to the south which may represent a use of optical illusion to give the canal greater length when viewed from the Tea House.

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009 Pediment Apex Window Vousoir

Tea House elevation

Unknown Moulding Course

0

1

5 metres

Pediment with Modillions

Architrave Pulvinated Frieze

Volute and Ionic Capital String Course Cornice

Half-Baluster Bullnosed Stair Tread with bootscraper

Engaged Column Jamb

Balustrade plinth Baluster

Balustrade coping and string course

0

1

5 metres

Engaged Column

Figure 4 Tea House elevation showing locations of Architectural Elements and surviving features.

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Further to the south, it was noted that the path leading to the Tea House sloped markedly from south to north (Fig. 5). From the point where the path began to slope down to the north, a discernable path leads up to the northwest and as the path turns back to the south, a stone bench was located (admittedly this feature was already known). Due to the use of garden features and eyecatchers, it was suggested that those seated at this point must have been looking to the east at some sort of feature. Therefore, an area to the east of the current waterway was examined, and a brick feature located within Test Pit 3. The feature is built of bricks that measure 235 mm x 64mm x 83mm (9 ¼ “ x 2 ½ “ x 3 ¼ “ ) and are hand-made, most probably locally.) The feature was only partly excavated to check significance and seven courses were exposed, though more extend into the unexcavated subsoil.

TP3 showing 7 courses of exposed brickwork.

TP3 showing exposed brickwork curving to the southeast. (outlined in red)

It is clear this forms a retaining wall for a large feature, which may relate to the water-gardens to the south.

5.5

Phasing of collapse The lack of interior fittings and window glass from the recovery site perhaps shows that by the time the tree collapsed into the Tea House the structure was already in a dilapidated state. The large number of slates recovered however shows that the roof was still largely intact. The initial impact of the tree would have caused structural damage to the top right-hand of the principal elevation and may have brought down several elements of the pediment, architrave and perhaps the right-hand column. The mixing of the floor tiles with large architectural fragments can only have been achieved through deliberate clearing out of the interior of the structure, which may also have included knocking down further parts of the Tea House, presumably to make the area safe. The flanking balustrades (at

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

least on the left of the main structure) would not have been so affected by the initial tree strike and must also have been pushed over on to the sloping banks and into the burn. The location of the columns and other larger architectural fragments within the trees immediately to the east shows further human intervention. Three key pieces of evidence were recovered within the architectural fragments on the right-hand bank, which consisted of two 1p pieces dated 1975 and 1978 and a Golden Wonder crisp packet from the same period. This suggests that some 10-15 years after the initial damage the entire area was cleared by persons unknown. It is possible of course that the balustrades were pushed over at an even later date as the balusters and balustrade coping was found in the top layer of collapse. The 2008 season of work was able to continue the understanding of the recent decades of general entropy that has affected the area. It became clear while removing the soil build-up from directly in front of the Tea House that the entire makeup was laid down within a very short space of time, with Tennants cans of c. 1980 date recovered from the base layers, showing a swift deposition of c. 1.2m of laminated layers of fine silt, sands and coalgrit over only a mater of 15-20 years.

Laminated layers within the centre of the burn.

In the 2009 season however, further larger structural fragments were recovered from this layer, including the near complete bullnosed step which included a boot-scraper and the central scrolled keystone from the central window aperture. It would be impossible for these to have been either accidentally pushed into this location, or be the work of vandals, as the weight of the doorstep alone precludes this possibility.

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

10 m

Brunstane Burn

boundary wall

Tea House

Path

TP1 TP2

projected lines of brick lined bank

TP3 approximate location of stone bench

Path

Figure 5 Additional investigations within 2009 project area.

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

5.6

Base of Canal The base of the ‘canal’ was encountered in 2008, and consisted of a hard packed layer of gravel, overlain by a c. 0.20m layer of dark organic matter, that shows neglect in clearing the pool for some years prior to the 1960s collapse and subsequent blocking of the burn in the 1970s with rubble from the Tea House. During the 2009 investigations, the base level was again encountered at the southwest corner of the entrance to the Tea House tunnel, at a depth of c. 0.25m beneath the current streambed. It seemed to consist of solid rock, though it was not possible to determine whether this as laid foundation for the structure itself, or natural bedrock.

5.7

North Burn area The area to the north of the Tea House was also subjected to further investigation, after the 2007/2008 collection of loose architectural fragments and the removal of soil build up against the two flanking walls that extended some 2.5 metres at right angles from the bridge structure which were not tied in to the main structure, which may suggest that they were added at a later date. It became clear that the arched opening through the boundary wall did have some form of blocking, evidenced by structural holes in the masonry, and the discovery of two rows of metal rods, attached to the walls that would have stretched across the opening. In 2009, further architectural fragments were removed where it seems they were used as a form of revetment against the boundary wall on the west bank. The whole north area is now clear of any further architectural artefacts.

5.8

Wood and Plaster In addition to the typical assemblage now expected from the river, including a variety of shells, ceramics and metal artefacts of various dates and uncertain origin, there were two assemblages – Plaster and wood, that, based on their position within the collapse material and the type of material that would too easily have disintegrated if carried from elsewhere. The wood fell into the following categories. Window (or aperture) surround with a light green paint, possible lining board with tongue and groove joint, and a possible floorboard. Batons were also recovered which would have been used for fixing wall panels and /or lath; the laths were broad, thin and handmade, representing mid to late 18th century forms. The recovered plasterwork shows the distinct impressions of lath, and it is reasonable to assume the interior was plastered lath

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Only one sample of plaster (illustrated below) was recovered, due to the fragile nature of the material which crumbled on touch, due to immersion in water. It may give a further clue to the interior decoration of the Tea House.

6.0

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summarising the three seasons of work at the Tea House it is possible to offer a near definitive history of the site and reconstruct with some confidence, both the Tea House itself and the immediately surrounding landscape. This programme’s main focus was to record the location and form of architectural fragments from collapsed masonry of the Newhailes Estate Tea House, to recover the fragments, and to keep them safe. In all over 464 such items were recovered and located (Fig 3.) with a conjectural elevation of the location of each moulding and architectural element in the vertical plane has been produced (Fig. 4) and the sequence of ruination, collapse and subsequent clearance has now been interpreted. It is clear that enough architectural elements remain of the Tea House to allow for a full external reconstruction to be created, which could potentially lead to an informed programme of works to recreate the form of the building as well as the setting in which it once lay. The building is of immense architectural and historical importance and this initial recovery project could be seen as a first step to ensuring the eventual preservation of this building which, in some ways, epitomises the Scottish Enlightenment. In 2008 the most significant move was the investigation and clearance to the south of the Tea House. The extent and slope of the embankment was uncovered on the east, in addition the base level of the canal was also uncovered and shown to be a flat and solid gravel surface. Clearing a section of the slope to the east made it possible to see the reflection of the Tea House as would once have been intended, (Fig. 7). With the conclusive evidence that the entire pool has been filled with debris only over the past few decades, it is obvious that further removal of a small

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

section perhaps 30m from the base of the Tea House, would once again allow the visitor to view the area as envisaged in the 18th century, without compromising either the integrity of the landscape or the biodiversity of the surrounding landscape. In 2009, further investigation at the top of slope on the east side of the canal with two narrow test trenches provided conclusive evidence that the sides of the canal were formalised with a brick revetment. The spread of mortar showed the clear imprint of bricks, and it may be postulated that the low walls were coped with sandstone slabs, which were also uncovered in earlier investigations by the NTS Newhailes archaeologist Abigail Daly in 2002, in the area around the waterfall to the south [Discovery and Excavation in Scotland Vol 3. 2003 p39]. A small intrusive trench in an area directly to the south of the canal (see Fig. 5) also uncovered a brick wall feature that may relate to the water gardens, as a functional element of the previous stretch of water management and control. Further work in this area would be advantageous to continue uncovering this previously unknown feature. Investigation to the rear of the Tea House highlighted the potential for a raised water level to the south of the structure within the canal, and in 2008 clear evidence for a ‘barrier’ was located in the arched opening through the boundary wall. It was unclear however whether the metal ‘rods’ formed part of a ‘sluice’ system, or had another function. The flanking walls that form revetment for the banks to the north are evidence for a formalised system of erosion protection. Most artefacts recovered from the burn, are difficult to attribute to a particular location or period of activity, and range from bottles (both for alcoholic and medicinal contents) to roadwork furniture (lamps etc) and exotic shells (presumably from the Shell grotto). Therefore they are of limited use in study of the Tea House. There is great opportunity to sensitively and easily restore the illusion of the Tea House, without the need for full restoration in the near future, while still leaving the possibility open. The visitor experience would be enhanced, and a degree of protection afforded to the structure. The clearing of the banks could be undertaken with a mechanical excavator with no damage to archaeological or structural deposits, though it should be carried out with supervision. The Tea House itself should be secured from further damaging entry, with the possibility of a non-intrusive but effective deterrent fence. To conclude, this three year investigation began as a simple architectural fragment recovery, but quickly became so much more, by allowing for a fuller understanding of the Tea House, both internally and externally, and its setting within the immediate landscape. The project has also provided answers to question about that designed landscape by recording the slopes, and finding evidence for both the top revetment wall and the base level of the pool/canal itself. The completion of this area has now opened up the

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Tea House Tea House Pool Further rectangular ‘pools’

Tea House Further rectangular ‘pools’

Figure 6.

Tea House

(top) c. 1750s Gen. Roy map showing Newhailes Estate and the clear image of 4 ‘ponds’ or ‘canals’ leading to the Tea House (middle) Bauchop 1798 map now shows no pool to the south of the Tea House, but the water gardens are clearly mapped. (left)1854 First Edition OS map showing area of Tea House - the pools are no longer evident.

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

7.0

NEWHAILES TEA HOUSE : Notes : Tom Addyman

7.1

Introduction

These notes were put together in response to previous Corporate Challenge work at the Tea House (AugustOctober 2007) undertaken by David Connolly for the National Trust for Scotland. This involved a public archaeology corporate challenge event during which a considerable number of worked stones from collapsed parts of the building were recovered from where they fell within the burn, upon the burn banks, and from adjacent piled materials relating to the clearance of the ruin. Previously archaeological evaluation had been undertaken at the Tea House by Addyman Associates, in May 2001; further building recording (of the principal frontage) and recovery of some fallen carved stones (the western balustrade) was undertaken as part of an NTS Thistle Camp organised and run by Addyman Associates in July 2002. The cumulative recovery of so many carved stones now raises a number of issues that require consideration and also permits some better understanding of the possible options and opportunities that may now be available. 7.2

Short-term storage

The stones are currently stored upon an area of concrete hard-standing surrounded by Herris fencing within the walled compound adjoining the Flower Garden. Considerable care was taken in the extracting from site, transport and delivery of the stones to the storage area (suitable padding; use of timber supports, etc). Many of the more significant stones are laid upon the hard-standing, laid upon softwood batons. It is recommended that this storage should be up-graded. One possibility to further reduce the risk of damaging impacts, chipping, abrasion of the stones (with the concrete), may be to lay a sand bed of, say, 3” depth. This has the advantages of cushioning the ground generally, and also permitting the easier laying-out/support of stones for their re-arrangement and recording. This has the further advantage of being inexpensive. A further option is pallets which could allow easier movement using a forklift. 7.3

Condition notes

The stones vary both in their individual condition, and in the environment they had resided in for almost half a century. In terms of the latter it is clear some stones have simply been laid upon the existing surface of the bank above the burn (E side), and had become partly soil-covered, over-grown and some with growths of moss, etc; others were long buried in mud/silt accumulations on the sides of the burn; while others still lay within the existing burn course – partly exposed, partly submerged and partly buried. Upon their recovery it was clear that many of the stones had physical damage, primarily spalling or more substantial fracturing – as might be expected from such a collapse. Other stones have clearly been partly crushed – the fabric having powdered away following physical impacts. Further stones have lamination to the surface – these appear to have been those where there was direct flow of water. Many stones have residues on the surface – mud, silt, some iron staining, etc. The Newhailes burn is also known to be somewhat polluted by road water run-off containing colliery and car-related pollutants. The extent to which the latter (including water-borne salts) may affect the geological properties of the stone remains to be assessed.

7.4

Conservation assessment

It is deemed essential that the collection of stones be assessed as soon as possible by a qualified stone conservator. That this is considered urgent relates firstly to the exposure of long-buried/long-submerged stones to the air, and secondly to the possible effects of drying-out. In either case there may be the risk that exposure or drying might change the structure or properties of the stones – and thus affect the possible courses for their conservation, removal of staining, consolidation, etc. It is may also possible that such a high quality fine-grained crystalline sandstone was employed as to be relatively robust in its properties and ability to withstand these various conditions. Thus an immediate conservation assessment would provide the necessary expertise to know what should be done next – should the stones be kept under shelter and allowed to dry out naturally; should they be cleaned as a matter of urgency, should they kept damp, or doused with distilled water, etc. ? 7.5

Summary quantification

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Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Of the some 393 stones recovered from the Tea House that have been catalogued (about 37 from the 2002 works, the remainder from 2007) 350 or more have dressed surfaces. Of these some 190 or more retain recognizable architectural detailing and/or moulding. It is estimated that approximately 80-85% of the fallen elements of the Tea House frontage have now been recovered. However a considerably higher percentage of certain individual elements are represented in certain areas – the pediment, the engaged columns. The majority of the remaining stones must clearly still be on site where they fell and will be similarly recoverable. 7.6

Reconstruction – a paper exercise

There are already more than enough stones to enable a visual reconstruction of the former appearance of the Tea House façade. The details of the façade are partly understood from a single surviving drawing and, far more significantly, by direct analogy to the details of the existing Palladian bridges at Wilton and elsewhere, Newhailes being a close copy of one of their terminal pavilions. 7.7

The physical rebuilding of the building – a consideration

Assuming the recovered stones are in physically stable condition it would be entirely possible to reconstruct the majority of the recovered the fallen elements of the Tea House - that is to say a general reconstruction of the Tea House. In many ways this should be uncontroversial. There has long been a wider debate regarding the policy grounds at Newhailes – whether there should be general or selective reinstatement of the 18th-century landscape or whether it should be preserved in its current semi-wilderness state (that is itself partly the product of 19th-century ‘softening’ of many of the more formal earlier elements). However a restoration of the Tea House could be regarded as a case apart from this wider debate. The structure was essentially complete to the 1960s; its ruined state is simply the result of an unfortunate tree-fall. Its ruination is thus accidental, relatively recent, and generally not related to the earlier ‘softening’ of the formal landscape. There are more or less compelling reasons why the Tea House should be reconstructed. Foremost amongst these is that the building is of such pre-eminent, indeed national, architectural importance (see significance section). This importance is embodied by a complete building far more effectively than as a shattered ruin and a collection of fragments. Short of long-term curation of perhaps 400 worked stones (a considerable liability), the best permanent solution for the ‘collection,’ perhaps even in stone conservation terms, is for them to be physically reassembled in their original positions. A particular issue is how should a rebuilt structure be finished – roofed or un-roofed? Closed or open? Consolidated as bare masonry or refurbished? A wider philosophical consideration and exploration of management and budgetary factors is clearly now required. 7.8

Other notes

There still remain a number of outstanding questions about the Tea House. Immediately downstream, behind the building, the burn sides are revetted; here can be seen sections of dressed masonry, now much clogged with fallen debris and burn silt. The nature of this area needs to be better understood. It is probable that there had been some sluice or small weir arrangement designed to back the burn water up within the Tea House culvert and for a considerable distance up-stream. The Bauchop plan of Newhailes of 1798 shows a long and narrow body of water within a canalised section of the burn. This body of water was doubtless intended to be still-surfaced, part of the purpose of which was to reflect the principal frontage of the Tea House. 7.9

Significance

It is hard to over-state the significance of this small building, in spite of its ruinous condition. An element of a wider landscape. The building forms an integral part and key element of a complex and long-evolved garden design that is itself of national importance, universally recognised. Although with late 17thcentury origins, the primary importance of the wider estate policies are their development under the Dalrymple family, particularly from the early 18th century to the beginning of the 19th. Architectural. An immensely sophisticated and satisfying piece of Palladian design in its own right, the teahouse is a direct contemporary architectural borrowing from the internationally acclaimed Palladian bridge at Wilton House, Wiltshire, of 1736-7 (by the ‘Architect Earl’ - Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke, and Roger

Page 14

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Morris); the bridge was also imitated at Stowe (c.1742) and Prior Park (1756) and elsewhere. Newhailes, which joins this august group, represents a near precise copy of one of the pavilions that flank the bridge colonnade – thus it is a prestigious structure at the very forefront of contemporary fashion. The Wilton bridge was inspired by Palladio's rejected design for a triumphal bridge over the Rialto in Venice. Historical. Though very few records for this building survive, a case has been made that may directly link the structure to some of Britain’s key exponents of architectural taste, Palladianism in particular, in the second quarter of the 18th century – the 3rd Duke of Argyll; Roger Morris and William Adam. It is possible, if not likely, that this building can be linked to the progress of the new 3rd Duke (already well-known as an architectural patron as Lord Ilay), on route from London to Inveraray. The party, of which Morris was a member, sojourned for a time at Brunstane House, an Argyll property whose lands were contiguous with those of Newhailes. There is every reason to suppose the Dalrymples, who were close associates of the Argyll faction, obtained the teahouse design at that time. It has long been suggested that William Adam had been involved in work on Newhailes House; it is possible that he may have supervised the construction of the Tea House. His association with Morris was strong he worked as Morris’ Superintendent Architect at the new Inveraray Castle. Cultural. The Tea House is a key Scottish example of a building that exemplifies the early-mid 18th century neo-Augustan ideal. Referring back to the first Augustan age (Emperor Augustus, 27BC – 14AD), a time of peace and security following a period of civil strife, celebrated by Horace and Virgil. The early 18th-century Augustans welcomed a second golden age after the troubles of the 17th century - writers, artists, architects, gardeners and a host of others sought to relive and make anew the glories of Rome in the time of its first emperor.3 The Tea House is perfectly understood in this context. It is a building intended for quiet contemplation; its inscription, nos humilem, a reference to a line from Horace (for myself, I will sacrifice a humble lamb …), emphasised this to the educated visitor. The poet is affecting humility, in contrast to the pomp and ceremony of high office – a sentiment very much in tune with the character of the Dalrymples’ rural retreat.4 In eighteenth century Britain, Palladian architecture, heroic couplets and the Augustan garden were products of retrospect. Note: to paraphrase James Simpson (pers. Comm..)

Architecturally the Tea House has a fabulous sense of repose, of stability, with nothing unduly decorative; it is solid, self-confident no-nonsense classicism.

8.0

Thanks

To Gavin and all those at the Bank of Scotland, with special appreciation to Paul Chandler and Jim Scott from Newhailes Estate without which this would not have been possible. The project allowed for the continued understanding of one of the most important buildings of Scotland’s Enlightenment and has contributed to a possible future for this building and beyond It cannot be stressed enough that this entire project would not have been possible without the hard work of the HBOS volunteers and the support of the Newhailes Staff. David Connolly June 2009

3

notes partly derived from the website, gardenvisit.com notes on the inscription partly derived from the 2004 NTS guidebook, p.52; this is in turn derived from thesis research by Scott Cooper. 4

Page 15

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Figure 7 Tea House elevation showing recreated canal/pond with reflection.

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Appendix 1 Architectural Fragment Register Architectural Fragment Number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

TYPE

CONDITION

Zone

Voussoir Balustrade string course Balustrade plinth Pulvinated Frieze String Cornice

Complete Complete Fragmentary Partial Complete

Balustrade plinth (end)

Complete

Fragmentary 3/4 baluster base Balustrade plinth Baluster base Balustrade coping Ashlar Terracotta Tile String Cornice Balustrade coping Baluster coping or cornice course 3/4 baluster (half of complete) part 1 of single baluster. quarter of complete mid section part 2 of single baluster. 3/4 baluster base - part 3 of single baluster. Baluster base Balustrade coping Baluster mid-section (see frag. 26) Baluster base (see Frag. 25) Baluster base 3/4 baluster base (see 37) Baluster mid section Baluster 1/4 - mid section. Baluster mid section Balustrade coping (see 33) Balustrade coping (see 32) Baluster base

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

2002 Excavation Trench 90 2003 Excavation Trench 90 2004 Excavation Trench 90 2005 Excavation Trench 90 2006 Excavation Trench 90 2007 Excavation Trench 90 2008 Excavation Trench 90 2009 Excavation Trench 90 2010 Excavation Trench 90 2011 Excavation Trench 90 2012 Excavation Trench 90 2013 Excavation Trench 90 2014 Excavation Trench 90 2015 Excavation Trench 90 2016 Excavation Trench 90 2017 Excavation Trench 90 2018 Excavation Trench 90 2019 Excavation Trench 90 2020 Excavation Trench 90 2021 Excavation Trench 90

Fragmentary

2022 Excavation Trench 90

Fragmentary

2023 Excavation Trench 90

Fragmentary Complete Fragmentary

2024 Excavation Trench 90 2025 Excavation Trench 90 2026 Excavation Trench 90

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Window Vousoir 3/4 mid section baluster (1/4) (see 28) Architrave Architrave Moulding - Unknown Location Architrave Window Vousoir

Complete Fragmentary

2027 Excavation Trench 90 2028 Excavation Trench 90 2029 Excavation Trench 90 2030 Excavation Trench 90 2031 Excavation Trench 90 2032 Excavation Trench 90 2033 Excavation Trench 90 2034 Excavation Trench 90 2035 Excavation Trench 90 2036 Excavation Trench 90 2037 Excavation Trench 90 2038 Excavation Trench 90

Page 17

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Partial fragmentary Fragmentary Complete

D F A A G F A

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Architectural Fragment Number

45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

TYPE

CONDITION

Window Vousoir String Cornice

Complete Complete

Pediment Baluster Ashlar Baluster

Fragmentary Fragmentary Complete Fragmentary

Architrave Pediment MISSING NUMBER Ashlar

Partial Partial MISSING NUMBER Partial

Ashlar

Fragmentary

Pulvinated Frieze Baluster Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Baluster

Fragmentary Fragmentary Complete Complete Fragmentary

Unidentified Moulding Architrave Balustrade Cope Ballustrade Plinth Moulding - Unknown Location

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial

Engaged Column Shaft Architrave

Partial Partial

Baluster

Fragmentary

modillion Balustrade Cope Engaged Column Jamb

Fragmentary Complete Complete

Pediment

Fragmentary

Capital

Fragmentary

Balustrade Cope

Complete

Pediment Pediment

Partial Complete

Page 18

Zone

G B G G G C D D D E D MISSING NUMBER D D G G G G I I I I I I I I H H H H H H H H H I I I F F D D D F F C C D G C C

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Architectural Fragment Number

96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147

TYPE

CONDITION

Pediment modillion

Fragmentary Fragmentary

Architrave Ballustrade Plinth Pulvinated Frieze Pediment Baluster

Partial Partial Partial

Baluster Baluster Pediment

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Ashlar

Complete

Ashlar Baluster Pulvinated Frieze

Partial Complete Fragmentary

Ballustrade Plinth

Complete

Ashlar

Partial

Baluster Engaged Column Jamb Ashlar Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster

Fragmentary Complete Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Ashlar

Fragmentary Complete

Fragmentary

Ashlar Pediment Baluster Pediment VOLUTE

Complete Partial Fragmentary

Capital

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Page 19

Zone

G D D C C D G G D G D D C C G G G C G G A D B B B B B B B D D D D D D D D D B B B G D C C D D D D D

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Architectural Fragment Number

148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199

TYPE

CONDITION

Baluster Door or Window Moulding(?)

Partial Fragmentary

Architrave Baluster Cornice String Architrave Baluster

Partial Fragmentary

Window Vousoir

Complete

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Unidentified Moulding Engaged Column Shaft Pediment Engaged Column Shaft Window Vousoir Pediment

Partial Partial Partial Complete Fragmentary Partial

Engaged Column Jamb

Complete

Baluster Capital Volute

Fragmentary Partial Fragmentary

Engaged Column Jamb Pulvinated Frieze Pediment Balustrade Cope Ashlar Unidentified Moulding Ashlar Pulvinated Frieze Pulvinated Frieze

Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary Complete Partial

Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar

Partial Complete Complete Partial Partial

Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar

Partial Complete Partial

Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary

Page 20

Zone

D D C C C C C C C B B B B B C C B E E B E A E B B E B D B C C D D B H D B D B B D C D E E E E E E G F

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Architectural Fragment Number

200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250

TYPE

CONDITION

Ashlar

Complete

Unidentified Moulding Window Vousoir Ashlar Capital

Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial

Ashlar Ashlar Pulvinated Frieze

Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial

Ashlar Baluster Architrave Baluster Volute Pulvinated Frieze Ashlar Pediment Baluster Engaged Column Shaft

Complete Fragmentary

Baluster Baluster Balustrade Cope

Fragmentary Fragmentary Complete

Balustrade Cope Ashlar Balustrade Cope Architrave Architrave Ashlar Engaged Column Shaft Window Vousoir Engaged Column Shaft Engaged Column Shaft Capital

Complete Complete Complete Partial Partial Complete Fragmentary Complete Partial Partial Partial

Pediment Pediment Architrave

Complete Complete Partial

Ashlar Ballustrade Plinth Architrave Pediment Baluster Baluster Modillion

Fragmentary Partial Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Fragmentary Partial Fragmentary Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary Complete

Page 21

Zone

H B B B B D C C C A D C C C C F C D D D D D H D D D D D F D C H H H H H H H H H H H H Additional Fragments from south in River J J J J J J J

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Architectural Fragment Number

251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275

TYPE

CONDITION

Modillion Architrave Cornice String Cornice String Unidentified Moulding Cornice String Cornice String Unidentified Moulding Window Vousoir Chimney Flue Lining Volute Unidentified Moulding Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Terracotta Tile Baluster Baluster Modillion

Fragmentary

Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Complete Complete Complete Partial Partial Partial Complete Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary

Zone

J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J

Recovered in 2008 season Architectural Fragment Number

276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298

TYPE

CONDITION

Baluster Engaged Column Jamb Engaged Column Jamb Ashlar Engaged Column Jamb Ashlar Capital String Course Cornice Balustrade plinth Unidentified Moulding Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Balustrade plinth Ashlar Architrave Window Vousoir Pulvinated Frieze Balustrade plinth Balustrade plinth Architrave Architectural Fragment Window Vousoir

Fragmentary Complete Complete Partial Complete Partial Fragmentary Complete Complete Complete Complete Partial Complete Complete Partial Complete Partial Complete Complete Partial Partial

Page 22

Zone

I F F F G I B B I I B I I I I F F I I I I I I

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Architectural Fragment Number

299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350

TYPE

CONDITION

Architrave Balustrade plinth Column base Unidentified Moulding Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Step (bullnosed) Architectural Fragment Ashlar Architectural Fragment Ashlar Capital Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Architectural Fragment Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Modillion Column base Step (bullnosed) Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Step (bullnosed) ? Ashlar Ashlar Balustrade coping Balustrade coping Balustrade coping Balustrade coping

Fragmentary Partial Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial Partial Fragmentary Complete Fragmentary Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Fragmentary Partial Fragmentary Complete Complete Complete Fragmentary Partial Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial Complete Complete Partial Partial Complete Complete Complete Partial Complete

Page 23

Zone

D H H H H H H H H F F F F F F F I I I I I I I H H H H H H H H H F F F F F F A D K K K K K K K K E E E E

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Architectural Fragment Number

351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393

TYPE

CONDITION

Balustrade coping Balustrade coping Balustrade coping Column base Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Column shaft Baluster Balustrade coping Baluster Baluster Pulvinated Frieze Unidentified Moulding Ashlar Balustrade coping Ashlar Ashlar Ashlar Balustrade coping Ashlar Window Vousoir Balustrade coping Balustrade coping Engaged Column Jamb Column base Step (bullnosed) ? Architrave Step (bullnosed) ? Ashlar Balustrade coping Unidentified Moulding (chamfered) Ashlar Engaged Column Jamb Pediment Ashlar Engaged Column Jamb Ashlar Engaged Column Jamb Engaged Column Jamb Column base

Zone

Complete Complete Complete Fragmentary Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Fragmentary Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Complete Complete Partial Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial Complete Complete Partial

E E E E E E E E E E E E E G H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Partial Complete Partial Complete Partial Fragmentary Partial Partial Partial

H H H H H H H H H

Recovered in 2009 season Architectural Fragment Number

394 395 396 397

TYPE

CONDITION

Ashlar Balustrade plinth Balustrade plinth Architrave

Fragmentary Partial Partial Partial

Page 24

Zone

I I I I

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453

Ashlar Ashlar Unidentified Moulding Ashlar Mortared bricks Step (bullnosed) ? Pediment Pediment Unidentified Moulding Baluster Pediment Step (bullnosed) ? Unidentified Moulding String Course Cornice Pediment (and Modillion) Pediment Capital Unidentified Moulding Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Balustrade coping Volute Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Balustrade coping Pediment String Course Cornice Baluster Baluster Baluster Rosette Balustrade plinth Unidentified Moulding Window Vousoir Window Scolled Keystone Architrave Abacus Balustrade coping Step (bullnosed) with Bootscraper Step (bullnosed) Ashlar

Page 25

Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial Partial Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Fragmentary Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Fragmentary Fragmentary Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Fragmentary Partial Complete Partial Partial Complete Partial Partial Partial

I I I I I I I I I I I I I A A B A B B B B A A B A A A B B A B B D C C C C D D D D D D D G F F F F F F F F F F

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464

Baluster Unidentified Moulding Unidentified Moulding

Partial Fragmentary Fragmentary

Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster Baluster String Course Cornice

Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Fragmentary

F F F F F F F F F F F

Appendix 2 Photo Register Photo Record List – Newhailes Tea House Photo ID 1

NTH09_001

2

NTH09_002

3

NTH09_003

4

NTH09_004

5

NTH09_005

Digital

Description General View of initial cleaning to northwest of Tea house with estate boundary wall and arched exit General View of initial cleaning to northwest of Tea house with estate boundary wall and arched exit General View of northwest arch of Tea house General View of initial cleaning to northwest of Tea house with estate boundary wall and arched exit Late 18th/Early19th century Pipe

Direction from

Date

N

06/05/2009

N

06/05/2009

E N

06/05/2009 06/05/2009 06/05/2009

th

6

NTH09_006

Late 18 /Early19th century Pipe

06/05/2009

7

NTH09_007

Day 1 Group

06/05/2009

8

NTH09_008

View under arch showing architectural fragment collection

9

NTH09_009

Day 2 group

07/05/2009

10

NTH09_010

Day 2 group

07/05/2009

11

NTH09_011

Day 2 group

07/05/2009

12

NTH09_012

Cleaning of burn to front (southeast) of Tea House

08/05/2009

13

NTH09_013

Excitement at the find of a stone rosette

08/05/2009

14

NTH09_014

Excitement at the find of a stone rosette

08/05/2009

15

NTH09_015

Excitement at the find of a stone rosette

08/05/2009

16

NTH09_016

08/05/2009

17

NTH09_017

18

NTH09_018

19

NTH09_019

20

NTH09_020

Cobbles and bricks used to create a temporary revetment to the west bank of the ‘pool’ beside the Tea House footing Cobbles and bricks used to create a temporary revetment to the west bank of the ‘pool’ beside the Tea House footing Test Pit 1 showing mortar spread forming base of brick construction (now gone) Test Pit 1 showing mortar spread forming base of brick construction (now gone) Test Pit 2 showing mortar spread in section forming base of brick construction (now gone)

Page 26

NW

07/05/2009

08/05/2009

NE

08/05/2009

NE

08/05/2009

NE

08/05/2009

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Photo Record List – Newhailes Tea House Photo ID 21

Digital

Description

NTH09_021

22

NTH09_022

Test Pit 2 showing mortar spread in section forming base of brick construction (now gone) Test Pit 1 showing mortar with traces of brick pattern

23

NTH09_023

Group Shot Day 3

08/05/2009

24 25 26

NTH09_024

Group Shot Day 3

08/05/2009

NTH09_025

Group Shot Day 3

08/05/2009

NTH09_026

27

NTH09_027

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

NTH09_028

Base of pool beside Teahouse to the southeast at the south corner Base of pool beside Teahouse to the southeast at the south corner General Work shots to south of Tea House

NTH09_029

General Work shots to south of Tea House

10/05/2009

NTH09_030

General Work shots to south of Tea House

10/05/2009

NTH09_031

General Work shots to south of Tea House

10/05/2009

NTH09_032

General Work shots to south of Tea House

10/05/2009

NTH09_033

General Work shots to south of Tea House

10/05/2009

NTH09_034

General Work shots to south of Tea House

10/05/2009

NTH09_035

General Work shots to south of Tea House

10/05/2009

NTH09_036

General Work shots to south of Tea House

10/05/2009

NTH09_037

General Work shots to south of Tea House

10/05/2009

NTH09_038

General Work shots to south of Tea House

10/05/2009

NTH09_039

Group Shot day 4

10/05/2009

NTH09_040

Removal of step with iron foot scraper

11/05/2009

NTH09_040

Removal of step with iron foot scraper

11/05/2009

NTH09_040

Removal of step with iron foot scraper

11/05/2009

NTH09_040

Removal of step with iron foot scraper

11/05/2009

NTH09_040

45

NTH09_040

46

NTH09_040

47

NTH09_040

Brick Feature in Test Pit 3 to south of Tea House Pool on the east bank Brick Feature in Test Pit 3 to south of Tea House Pool on the east bank Brick Feature in Test Pit 3 to south of Tea House Pool on the east bank showing top 6 courses Brick Feature in Test Pit 3 to south of Tea House Pool on the east bank in context with Tea House

Page 27

Direction from

Date

NE

08/05/2009

Vert

08/05/2009

Vert

10/05/2009

Vert

10/05/2009 10/05/2009

NE

11/05/2009

NE

11/05/2009

NW

11/05/2009

NW

11/05/2009

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Appendix 3 Artefact List Artefact Record List - NTH09 – Tea House BAG Context Description 822 Tea House Burn 9 Pottery Sherds - Red Earthenware 823 Tea House Burn 35 Pottery Sherds - Red Earthenware 824 Tea House Burn 3 Pottery Sherds - Glazed Red earthenware 825 Tea House Burn 3 Pottery Sherds - Stoneware 826 Tea House Burn 26 Pottery Sherds – Cream/Whiteware 827 Tea House Burn 35 Pottery Sherds – Decorated-patterned Cream/Whiteware 828 Tea House Burn 2 Pottery Sherds – Greenglaze 829 Tea House Burn 1 Fragment white tile 830 Tea House Burn 10 fragments flat glass th 831 Tea House Burn 5 fragments 18/19 century bottle glass th 832 Tea House Burn 14 fragments 19/20 century bottle glass th 833 Tea House Burn 5 fragments 19/20 century bottle glass th 834 Tea House Burn 5 complete 20 century bottles (various) th 835 Tea House Burn 7 complete 20 century bottles and jars (various)

836 Tea House Burn 4 Fe/Pb stone Clamps (partial) 837 Tea House Burn 4 Fe/Pb stone Clamps (partial) 838 Tea House Burn One rustic door strap hinge, with frag wood 839 Tea House Burn One door lock (recent) 840 Tea House Burn 12 Fe Obj 841 Tea House Burn Fe Large Obj 842 Tea House Burn 21 Oyster Shells (likely used as fillers in construction levels) 843 Tea House Burn 16 animal bones (various) 844 Tea House Burn 1 fox(?) skull 845 Tea House Burn

1 Tennents Beer Can (c. 1979) Marie in White Dress http://www.cannyscot.com/4th%20Lovelies.htm

th 846 Tea House Burn Clay pipe (poss late 18 century)

847 Tea House Burn White metal inkwell lid. 848 Tea House Burn Figurine fragment (boy or girl with large brimmed hat) 849 Tea House Burn Marble (children toy) 850 Tea House Burn Coin - Napoleon III – 10 centimes - 1853 851 Tea House Burn Coin – Aluminium – unknown (European) 852 Tea House Burn Crab Claw 853 Tea House Burn Melted glass (from shell grotto ?) 854 Tea House Burn 2 Shells (from shell grotto ?) 855 Tea House Burn Horn Knife Handle (with fe tang)

Page 28

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Artefact Record List - NTH09 – Tea House BAG Context 856 Tea House Burn Tar brush

Description

857 Tea House Burn Ball and Claw stove leg (cast Iron) 858 Tea House Burn Hand Brush 859 Tea House Burn Painted window surround (x2) 860 861 862 863 864

Appendix 4 The Bank of Scotland Corporate Challenge groups The Teams:

What a difference.!?

Page 29

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Discovery and Excavation Scotland LOCAL AUTHORITY: East Lothian Site Name: Newhailes Tea House Parish: Inveresk Name of Contributor(s): David Connolly (Connolly Heritage Consultancy) Type of Site or Find: 18th-century Tea House NGR (2 letters, 6 or 8 figures): NT 3253 7293 Report: An archaeological removal and recording exercise was undertaken around the Newhailes Tea House. 464 architectural fragments were recovered in total, catalogued and stored with the assistance of volunteers from the Bank of Scotland as part of a Corporate Challenge. The resulting collection allowed for the complete architectural understanding of the principal elevation of the structure and quantified the remaining recovery issues. The canal to the south of the Tea House was partially cleared of recent debris and the original side slope exposed including the mortar foundation spread for a brick revetment wall. A further brick walled structure was uncovered to the south of the Tea House canal. Additional artefacts were recovered from the river. The principal elevation is now fully understood and the shape and form of the canal is known. The importance of the structure within the Scottish Enlightenment is confirmed. Sponsor(s): HS, Society, Institution, Developer, etc. (where appropriate): The National Trust for Scotland Address(es) of Main Contributor(s): Connolly Heritage Consultancy Traprain House Luggate Burn Whittingehame East Lothian EH41 4QA

Page 30

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009

Newhailes House Estate, Tea House, May 2009