New Refrences[1]

Chapter

References

CHAPTER

6

REFERENCES Abbas, K. 2004. Comparative studies on IGY’s production and purification for immunotherapy against Hepatitis B. M.Phil thesis. Department of Biological sciences Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad. Abraham, A. Sivanandan, V. Halvorson, D.A. and Newman, J.A. 1986.Standardization of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for avian influenza virus antibodies in turkeys. Am J Vet Res. 47 (3): 561-6. Abraham, A. Sivanandan, V. Karunakaran, D. Halvorson, D.A. Newman, J.A. 1988. Comparative serological evaluation of avian influenza vaccine in turkeys. Avian Dis. 32 (4): 659-62. Akey, B.L. 2003.Low-pathogenicity H7N2 avian influenza outbreak in Virgnia during 2002. Avian Dis. 47 (3): 1099-103. Al-Attar, M. Nielsen, K. and Mitchell, W.R. 1981.The application of the soluble antigen fluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of avian influenza. Can J Comp Med.45 (2): 140-6. Alexander, D.J. Reeth, V.K. and Pensaert, M. 2000. A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Veterinary microbiology. 74 (1-2): 3-13. Alexander, D.J. 1993. Orthomyxovirus infections. In: Viral infections of vertebrates, vol.3. Viral infections of birds. McFerran JB, and McNulty MS eds. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.287–316. Alexander, D.J. 2000. A review of avian influenza. In Proceedings of the European Society for Veterinary Virology (ESVV) Symposium on influenza viruses of wild and domestic animals. Veterinary Microbiology. 74 (1-2): 3-13. Alexander, D.J. 2001. Ecology of avian influenza in domestic birds. In B. Dodet & M. Vicari (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Emergence and Control of Zoonotic Ortho- and Paramyxovirus Diseases Merieux Foundation. 25-34.

Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Alonso-Romanowski, S. Chiaramoni, N.S. Lioy, V.S. Gargini, R.A. Viera, L.I. and Taira, M.C. 2003. Characterization of diacetylenic liposomes as carriers for oral vaccines. Chem Phys Lipids.122 (1-2): 191-203. Anonymous. 2004. Transboundry Animal Diseases Bulletin. Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) (25), Jan-June 2004. Baldo, T. Menegon, C. Bonello, A. Floreani, R. Trivello, and Mariutto Collaborative Group. 2001. Comparison of three different influenza vaccines in institutionalised elderly. Vaccine. 19 (25-26): 3472-5. Bankowski, R.A. 1981. Introduction and objectives of the symposium. In: Proc. 1st International Symposium on Avian Influenza (April 22–24), Beltsville, M.D. Bankowski, R. A. ed. 7–14. United States Animal Health Association, Richmond, VA. 7-14. Banks, J. Speidel, E.C. McCauley, J.W. and Alexander, D.J. 2000a. Phylogenetic analysis of H7 haemagglutinin subtype influenza A viruses. Archives of Virology.145 (5): 1047-1058. Banks, J. Speidel, E.C. Harris, P.A. and Alexander, D.J. 2000b. Phylogenetic analysis of influenza A viruses of H9 haemagglutinin subtype. Avian Pathology.29. 353-360. Banks, J. Speidel, E.S. Moore, E. Plowright, L. Piccirillo, A. Capua, I. Cordioli, P. Fioretti, A. and Alexander, D.J. 2001. Changes in the haemagglutinin and the neuraminidase genes prior to the emergence of highly pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza viruses in Italy. Arch Virol.146 (5): 963-73. Bano, S. Naeem, K. Malik, S.A. 2003. Evaluation of pathogenic potential of avian influenza virus serotype H9N2 in chickens. Avian Dis.47 (3 Suppl): 81722. Beard, C.W. Schnitzlein, W.M. and Tripathy, D.N. 1991. Protection of chickens against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N2) by recombinant fowlpox viruses. Avian Dis.35 (2): 356-9. Beard, C.W. 1970. Demonstration of type-specific influenza antibody in mammalian and avian sera by immunodiffusion. Bull. WHO, 42, 779–785. Ben-Yehuda, A. Joseph, A. Zeira, E. Even-Chen, S. Louria-Hayon, I. Babai, I. ZakayRones, Z. Greenbaum, E. Barenholz, Y. and Kedar, E. 2003.Immunogenicity and safety of a novel liposomal influenza subunit vaccine (INFLUSOME-VAC) in young adults. J Med Virol.69 (4): 560-7.

Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Boyle, D.B. Selleck, P. and Heine, H.G. 2000.Vaccinating chickens against avian influenza with fowlpox recombinants expressing the H7 haemagglutinin. Aust Vet J.78 (1): 44-8. Brugh, M. Beard, C.W. and Stone, H.D. 1979. Immunization of chickens and turkeys against avian influenza with monovalent and polyvalent oil emulsion vaccines. Am J Vet Res. 40 (2): 165-9. Budai, M. and Szogyi, M. 2001. Liposomes as drug carrier systems. Preparation, classification and therapeutic advantages of liposomes. Acta Pharm Hung.71 (1): 114-8. Bush, R. Bender, C. Subbarao, K. Cox, N. and Fitch, W. 1999. Predicting the evolution of human influenza A. Science. 286: 1866–1867. Campbell, C.H. Webster, R.G. and Breese, S.S. 1970. Fowl plague virus from man. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 122. 513-516. Campbell, G. and De Geus, H. 1999. Non-pathogenic avian influenza in Ireland in 1998. In Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Annual Meetings of the National Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Laboratories of Countries of the European Union.1998. 13-15. Vienna, Austria. Campbell, G. 1998. Report of the Irish national reference laboratory for 1996 and 1997. In Proceedings of the Joint Fourth Annual Meetings of the National Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Laboratories of Countries of the European Union.13. Brussels, Belgium. Campitelli, L. Mogavero, E. De Marco, M.A. Delogu, M. Puzelli, S. Frezza, F. Facchini, M. Chiapponi, C. Foni, E. Cordioli, P. Webby, R. Barigazzi, G. Webster, R.G. and Donatelli, I. 2004. Interspecies transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared domestic poultry in Italy. Virology. 2004. 323 (1): 24-36. Capua, I. and Alexander, D.J. 2002. Avian influenza and human health. Acta tropica. 83. (1): 1-6. Capua, I. and Alexander, D.J. 2004. Avian influenza: recent developments. Avian Pathology.33 (4): 393-404. Capua, I. and Marangon, S. 2003. Vaccination policy applied for the control of avian influenza in Italy.Dev Biol (Basel). 114. 213-9.

Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Capua, I. Marangon, S. Selli, L. Alexander, D.J. Swayne, D.E. Dalla Pozza, M. Parenti, E. and Cancellotti, F.M. 1999. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N2) in Italy during October 1997-January 1998. Avian Pathology. 28. 455-460. Capua, I. Mutinelli, F. Marangon, S. and Alexander, D.J. 2000. H7N1 Avian influenza in Italy (1999-2000) in intensively reared chickens and turkeys. Avian Pathology. 29. 537-543. Capua, I. Terregino, C. Cattoli, G. and Toffan, A. 2004. Increased resistance of vaccinated turkeys to experimental infection with an H7N3 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Avian Pathology. 33. 158–63. Capua, I. Terregino, C. Cattoli, G. Mutinelli, F. and Rodriguez, J.F. 2002. Development of a DIVA (Differentiating Infected form Vaccinated Animals) strategy using a vaccine containing a heterologous neuraminidase for the control of Avian Influenza. Avian Pathology. 32. 47–55. Collins, R.A. Ko, L.S. So, K.L. Ellis, T. Lau, L.T. and Cheung Hoi, Y.A. 2002.Detection of highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5 (Eurasian lineage) using NASBA. Journal of virological methods. 103 (2): 213-225. Condoberry, P.K. and Slemons, R.D. 1992. Biological properties of waterfowl-origin type A influenza viruses in chickens. Avian Dis. 36. 17–23. Coulter, A. Wong, T.Y. Drane, D. Bates, J. Macfarlan, R. and Cox, J. 1998. Studies on experimental adjuvanted influenza vaccines: comparison of immune stimulating complexes (Iscoms) and oil-in-water vaccines. Vaccine. 16 (11-12): 1243-53 Crawford, J. Wilkinson, B. Vosnesensky, A. Smith, G. Garcia, M. Stone, H. and Perdue, M.L. 1999. Baculovirus-derived hemagglutinin vaccines protect against lethal influenza infections by avian H5 and H7 subtypes. Vaccine.17 (18): 2265-2274. David, L. Suarez, D.L. Garcia, M. Latimer, J. Senne, D. and Perdue, M. 1999. Phylogenetic Analysis of H7 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from the Live Bird Markets of the Northeast United States. J Virol. 73 (5): 3567-73. Davison, S. Eckroade, R.J. and Ziegler, A.F. 2003. A Review of the 1997-1998 Nonpathogenic H7N2 Avian Influenza Outbreak in Pennsylvania. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Avian Influenza (April 14-17 2002). Athens. Georgia. Avian Diseases. 47. 823-827. Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

De, B.K. Shaw, M.W. Rota, P.A. Harmon, M.W. Esposito, J.J. Rott, R. Cox, N.J. and Kendal, A.P. 1988. Protection against virulent H5 avian influenza virus infection in chickens by an inactivated vaccine produced with recombinant vaccinia virus. Vaccine.6 (3): 257-61. Deliyannis, G. Jackson, D.C. Dyer, W. Bates, J. Coulter, A. Harling-McNabb, L. Brown, L.E. 1998. Immunopotentiation of humoral and cellular responses to inactivated influenza vaccines by two different adjuvants with potential for human use. Vaccine. 16 (20): 2058-68. Di Trani, L. Bedini, B. Cordioli, P. Muscillo, M. Vignolo, E. Moreno, A. and Tollis, M. 2004. Molecular characterization of low pathogenicity H7N3 avian influenza viruses isolated in Italy. Avian Dis.48 (2): 376-83. Di Trani, L. Cordioli, P. Falcone, E. Lombardi, G. Moreno, A. Sala, G. and Tollis, M. 2003. Standardization of an inactivated H17N1 avian influenza vaccine and efficacy against A/Chicken/Italy/13474/99 high-pathogenicity virus infection. Avian Dis.47 (3 Suppl): 1042-6. Dybkaer, K. Munch, M. Handberg, K.J. and Jorgensen, P.H. 2004. Application and evaluation of RT-PCR-ELISA for the nucleoprotein and RT-PCR for detection of low-pathogenic H5 and H7 subtypes of avian influenza virus. J Vet Diagn Invest.16 (1): 51-6. Easterday, B. C. Hinshaw, V.S. and Halvorson, D.A. 1997. Influenza. In: Diseases of poultry. Calnek BW, Barnes HJ, Beard CW, McDougald LR, and Saif YM, eds. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 583–605. Effros, R.B. and Walford, R.L. 1983. The immune response of aged mice to influenza: diminished T-cell proliferation, interleukin 2 production and cytotoxicity. Cell Immunol. 81 (2): 298-305. Ellis, J.S. and Zambon, M.C. 2001. Combined PCR-heteroduplex mobility assay for detection and differentiation of influenza A viruses from different animal species. Journal of clinical microbiology.39 (11): 4097-4102. Ellis. T.M. Leung, C.Y. Chow, M.K. Bissett, L.A. Wong, W. Guan, Y. and Malik Peiris, J.S. 2004.Vaccination of chickens against H5N1 avian influenza in the face of an outbreak interrupts virus transmission. Avian Pathol.33 (4): 405-12. European Commission. 1993. Food safety: diagnostic techniques and vaccines for foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever, avian influenza and some other important OIE list A diseases. Report of the Scientific Committee on Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Animal Health and Animal. Welfare.http://europes.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scah/out93. European Commission. 2000. The Definition of Avian Influenza: The use of Vaccination against Avian Influenza. Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General of the European Commission. 36. FAO.

2002.Vaccines and adjuvants for veterinary use. www.exopol.com http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/health/disease scards/avian recomm.html.

FAO. 2004. Technical consultation on the control of avian influenza. Animal health special report. http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/health/disease scards/avian recomm.html. Fatunmbi, O.O. Newman, J.A. Sivanandan, V. and Halvorson, D.A. 1992. Enhancement of antibody response of turkeys to trivalent avian influenza vaccine by positively charged liposomal avridine adjuvant.Vaccine. 10 (9): 623-6. Fioretti, A. Calabria, M. Piccirillo, A. and Menna, L.F. 1999. The epidemiological situation of avian influenza in Italy during 1998. In Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Annual Meetings of the National Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Laboratories of Countries of the European Union.1998. 20-22. Vienna, Austria. Fioretti, A. Menna, L.F. and Calabria, M. 1998. The epidemiological situation of avian influenza in Italy during 1996-1997. In Proceedings of the Joint Fourth Annual Meetings of the National Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Laboratories of Countries of the European Union. 17-22. Brussels, Belgium. Garcia, A. Johnson, H. Srivastava, D.K. Jayawardene, D.A. Wehr, D.R. and Webster, R.G. 1998. Efficacy of inactivated H5N2 influenza vaccines against lethal A/Chicken/Queretaro/19/95 infection. Avian Dis.42 (2): 248-56. Garcia, j. and Alvarez, P.M. 1999. La influenza aviar en Mexico. Memorias Simposio international Sobre Influenza Aviar. Sociedad Venezolana de Veterinrios Especialistas en Aves (SOVVEA), Maracay. Venezuela. Garcia, M. Crawford, J.M. Latimer, J.W. RiveraCruz, E. and Perdue, M.L. 1996. Heterogeneity in the haemagglutinin gene and emergence of the highly pathogenic phenotype among recent H5N2 avian influenza viruses from Mexico. Journal of General Virology.77. 1493-1504. Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Gasparini, R. Pozzi, T. Montomoli, E. Fragapane, E. Senatore, F. Minutello, M. and Podda, A. 2001. Increased immunogenicity of the MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine compared to a conventional subunit vaccine in elderly subjects. Eur J Epidemiol.17 (2): 135-40. Gluck, R. 1999. Adjuvant activity of immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIVs). Vaccine. 17 (13-14): 1782-7. Glueck, R. 2001. Review of intranasal influenza vaccine. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.51. 203– 211. Graham, D. McCullough, S. and Connor, T. 1999. Avian influenza in Northern Ireland: Current situation. In Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Annual Meetings of the National Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Laboratories of Countries of the European Union (1998).18-19. Vienna, Austria. Gregoriadis, G. Bacon, A. Caparros-Wanderley, W. and McCormack, B. 2002. A role for liposomes in genetic vaccination. Vaccine. 20 (Suppl 5): B1-9. Guan, Y. Shortridge, K.F. Krauss, S. Chin, P.S. Dyrting, K.C. Ellism T.M. Webster, R.G. and Peiris, M. 2000. H9N2 influenza viruses possessing H5N1-like internal genomes continue to circulate in poultry in Southeastern China. Journal of Virology.74. 9372-9380. Gust, I.D. Hampson, A.W. and Lavanchy, D. 2001. Planning for the next pandemic of influenza.Reviews in medical virology.11 (1): 59-70. Halvorson, D.A. Frame, D.D. Friendshuh, A.J. and Shaw, D.P. 1998. Outbreaks of low pathogenicity avian influenza in USA. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Avian Influenza. 36-46. Athens, GA, USA. Halvorson, D.A. Kelleher, C.J. and Senne, D.A. 1985. Epizootiology of avian influenza: effect of season on incidence in sentinel ducks and domestic turkeys in Minnesota. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49: 914–919. Halvorson, D.A. 1995. Avian influenza control in Minnesota. Poultry Digest. 54. 12-19. Hehme, N. Engelmann, H. Kuenzel, W. Neumeier, E. and Saenger, R. 2004. Immunogenicity of a monovalent, aluminum-adjuvanted influenza whole virus vaccine for pandemic use. Virus Res. 103 (1-2): 163-71. Henzler, D.J. Kradel, D.C. Davison, S. Ziegler, A.F. Singletary, D. DeBok, P. Castro, A.E. Lu, H. Eckroade, R. Swayne, D. Lagoda, W. and Schmucker, B. 2003. Epidemiology, production losses and control measures associated Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

with an outbreak of avian influenza subtype H7N2 in Pennsylvania (19961998) In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Athens, Georgia, April 14-17 2002. Avian Diseases. 47. 10221036. Hinshaw, V.S. Sheerar, M.G. and Larsen, D. 1990. Specific antibody responses and generation of antigenic variants in chickens immunized against a virulent avian influenza virus. Avian Dis. 34 (1): 80-6.

Hjorth, R.N. Bonde, G.M. Piner, E.D. Goldberg, K.M. and Levner, M.H. 1997.The effect of Syntex adjuvant formulation (SAF-m) on humoral immunity to the influenza virus in the mouse. Vaccine. 15 (5): 541-6. Hualan, C. Subbarao, K. Swayne, D. Qi, C. Xiuhua, L. Katz, J. Cox, N. and Matsuoka, Y. 2003. Generation and evaluation of a high-growth reassortant H9N2 influenza A virus as a pandemic vaccine candidate. Vaccine. 21 (17-18): 1974-1979. Huckriede, A. Bungener, L. Daemen, T. and Wilschut, J. 2003. Influenza virosomes in vaccine development. Methods Enzymol.373: 74-91. Javed, T. Siddique, M.Z. and Khan, N.T. 1988. Immune response. P.V.M.J. Johansson, B.E. and Kilbourne, E.D. 1991. Programmed antigenic stimulation: kinetics of the immune response to challenge infections of mice primed with influenza inactivated whole virus or neuraminidase vaccine. Vaccine. 9 (5): 330-3. Johansson, B.E. and Kilbourne, E.D. 1994. Immunization with purified N1 and N2 influenza virus neuraminidases demonstrates cross-reactivity without antigenic competition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.91 (6): 2358–2361. Katz, J.M. Lu, X. Todd, C.W. and Newman, M.J. 2000. A nonionic block co-polymer adjuvant (CRL1005) enhances the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine in young and aged mice. Vaccine. 18 (21): 2177-87. Kedar, E. Rutkowski, Y. Braun, E. Emanuel, N. Barenholz, Y. 1994. Delivery of cytokines by liposomes I. Preparation and characterization of interleukin-2 encapsulated in long-circulating sterically stabilized liposomes J. Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol. 16 (1): 47-59. Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Kilbourne, E.D. Johansson, B.E. and Grajower, B. 1990. Independent and disparate evolution in nature of influenza A virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87 (2): 786–790. Kodihalli, S. and Webster, R.G. 1997. DNA vaccines for avian influenza: a model for future poultry vaccines. Swayne DE and Slemons RD. In Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on avian influenza, held May 29-31, 1997. US Animal Health Association, Georgia Center for Continuing Education, The University of Georgia, Athens, 263-280. Kodihalli, S. Sivanandan, V. Nagaraja, K.V. Goyal, S.M. and Halvorson, D.A. 1993.Antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay for detection of avian influenza virus in turkeys. Am J Vet Res. 54 (9): 1385-90. Kraaijeveld, C.A. Schilham, M. Jansen, J. Benaissa-Trouw, B. Harmsen, M. Van, H.A. and Snippe, H. 1984. The effect of liposomal charge on the neutralizing antibody response against inactivated encephalomyocarditis and Semliki Forest viruses. Clin Exp Immunol.56 (3): 509-14 Lachman, L.B. Shih, L.C. Rao, X.M. Hu, X. Bucana, C.D. Ullrich, S.E. Cleland, J.L. 1995. Cytokine-containing liposomes as adjuvants for HIV subunit vaccines AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 11 (8): 921-32. Lee, C.W. Song, C.S. Lee, Y.J. Mo, I.P. Garcia, M. Suarez, D.L. and Kim, S.J. 2000. Sequence analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of H9N2 Korean avian influenza viruses and assessment of the pathogenic potential of isolate MS96. Avian Diseases.44 (3): 527-535. Lee, S. Chang, P. Shien, J. Cheng, M. and Shieh, H. 2001. Identification and subtyping of avian influenza viruses by reverse transcription-PCR. J. Virol. Methods.97. 13-22. Li, S. Perdue, M. L. Patzer, E. Brown, F. and Gust, I. 2002. Seed viruses containing novel avian HA and NA antigens for prevention against potential influenza pandemic. Developments in biologicals.110. 135-141. Lu, H. and Castro, A.E. 2004. Evaluation of the infectivity, length of infection, and immune response of a low-pathogenicity H7N2 avian influenza virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Avian Dis. 48 (2): 263-70. Lu, H. Dunn, P.A. Wallner-Pendleton, E.A. Henzler, D.J. Kradel, D.C. Liu, J. Shaw, D.P. and Miller, P. 2004. Investigation of H7N2 avian influenza outbreaks in two broiler breeder flocks in Pennsylvania, 2001-02. Avian Dis. 48. (1): 26-33. Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Maassab, H. Heilman, C. and Herlocher, M. 1990. Cold-adapted influenza viruses for use as live vaccines for man. Adv. Biotechnol. Processes. 14. 203–242. Marangon, S. Bortolotti, L. Capua, I. Bettio, M. and Pozza, M.D. 2003. LowPathogrnicity Avian Influenza (LPAI) in itly (2000-01): Epidemiology and Control. Avian Diseases. 47. 1006-1009. Mbawuike, I.N. Wyde, P.R. and Anderson, P.M. 1990. Enhancement of the protective efficacy of inactivated influenza A virus vaccine in aged mice by IL-2 liposomes. Vaccine. 8 (4): 347-52. Meulemans, G. Boschmans, M. Deccaesstecker, M. and Van den Berg, T. 2000. Isolation of a H5N2 non-pathogenic avian influenza virus in Belgium in 1999. In Proceedings of the Joint Sixth Annual Meetings of the National Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Laboratories of Countries of the European Union.16.Brussels, Belgium. Meulemans, G. Carlier, M.C. Gonze, M. and Petit, P. 1987. Comparison of hemagglutination-inhibition, agar gel precipitin, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring antibodies against influenza viruses in chickens. Avian Dis. 31 (3): 560-3. Minutello, M. Senatore, F. Cecchinelli, G. Bianchi, M. Andreani, T. Podda, A. and Crovari, P. 1999.Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated subunit influenza virus vaccine combined with MF59 adjuvant emulsion in elderly subjects, immunized for three consecutive influenza seasons. Vaccine. 17 (2): 99-104. Mo, I.P. Song, C.S. Kim, K.S. and Rhee, J.C. 1998. An occurrence of non-highly pathogenic avian influenza in Korea. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Avian Influenza.1997. 379-383. Moser, C. Metcalfe, I.C. and Viret, J.F. 2003. Virosomal adjuvanted antigen delivery systems. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2 (2): 189-96. Munch, M. Nielsen, L. Handberg, K. and Jorgensen, P. 2001. Detection and subtyping (H5 and H7) of avian type A influenza virus by reverse transcription-PCR and PCR-ELISA. Arch. Virol. 146. 87-97. Naeem, K. Naurin, M. Rashid, S. and Bano, S. 2003. Seroprevalence of avian influenza virus and its relationship with increased mortality and decreased egg production. Avian Pathol.32 (3): 285-9.

Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Naeem K, Ullah A, Manvell RJ and Alexander DJ.1999. Avian influenza A subtype H9N2 in poultry in Pakistan. Veterinary Record.145. 560. Naeem, K. 1998. The avian influenza outbreak in South Central Asia. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Avian Influenza. 1997. 31-35. Neirynck, S. Deroo, T. Saelens, X. Vanlandschoot, P. Jou, W.M. and Fiers, W. 1999. A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protein. Nat. Med. 5: 1157–1163. Nicholson, K.G. Colegate, A.E. Podda, A. Stephenson, I. Wood, J. Ypma, E. and Zambon, M.C. 2001. Safety and antigenicity of non-adjuvanted and MF59-adjuvanted influenza A/Duck/Singapore/97 (H5N3) vaccine: a randomised trial of two potential vaccines against H5N1 influenza. Lancet. 357 (9272): 1937-43. Nili, H. and Asasi, K. 2002. Natural cases and an experimental study of H9N2 avian influenza in commercial broiler chickens of Iran. Avian Pathology.31. 247-252. Nili, H. and Asasi, K. 2003. Avian Influenza (H9N2) outbreak in Iran. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Athens, Georgia, April 14-17 2002. Avian Diseases.47. 828-831. OIE. 1996. Office International des Epizooties (OIE). Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plaque). In: Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines, 3rd ed. OIE, Paris, France.155–160. Palache, A.M. Beyer, W.E. Hendriksen, E. Gerez, L. Aston, R. Ledger, P.W. de Regt, V. Kerstens, R. Rothbarth, P.H. and Osterhaus, A.D. 1996. Adjuvancy and reactogenicity of N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl-dipeptide (GMDP) orally administered just prior to trivalent influenza subunit vaccine. A double-blind placebo-controlled study in nursing home residents. Vaccine. 14 (14): 1327-30. Palese, P. and Sastre, A.G. 2002.Influenza vaccines: present and future. J. Clin. Invest. 110. 9–13. Panigrahy, B. Senne, D.A. and Pedersen, J.C. 2002. Avian influenza virus subtypes inside and outside the live bird markets, 1993-2000: a spatial and temporal relationship. Avian Dis.46 (2): 298-307. Pasick, J. Weingartl, H. Clavijo, A. Riva, J. Kehler, H. Watkins, E. and Hills, K. 2003. Characterisation of avian influenza virus isolates submitted to the National Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Centre for Foreign Animal Disease between 1997 and 2001. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Athens, Georgia, April 14-17 2002. Avian Diseases.47. 1208-1213. Payne, L.G. Jenkins, S.A. Woods, A.L. Grund, E.M. Geribo, W.E. Loebelenz, J.R. Andrianov, A.K. and Roberts, B.E. 1998. Poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP) is a potent immunoadjuvant for an influenza vaccine. Vaccine. 16 (1): 92-8. Perdue, M. Crawford, J. Garcia, M. Latimer, J. and Swayne, D. 1998. Occurrence and possible mechanisms of cleavage site insertions in the avian influenza hemagglutinin gene. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Avian Influenza.182-193. Athens, GA, USA. Perdue, M.L. Latimer, J. Greene, C. and Holt, P. 1994. Consistent occurrence of hemagglutinin variants among avian influenza virus isolates of the H7 subtype. Virus Res.34 (1): 15-29. Perdue, M.L. Latimer, J.W. and Crawford, J.M. 1995. A novel carbohydrate addition site on the hemagglutinin protein of a highly pathogenic H7 subtype avian influenza virus. Virology.213 (1): 276-81. Perdue, M.L. Suarez, D.L. Van Reeth, K. and Pensaert, M. 2000. Structural features of the avian influenza virus hemagglutinin that influence virulence. Veterinary microbiology.74: (1-2) 77-86 Peter, P. and Adolfo, G.S. 2002. Influenza vaccines: present and future. J. Clin. Invest. 110. 9–13. Podda, A. 2001. Vaccines with novel adjuvants: experience with the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine. Vaccine. 19 (17-19): 2673-80. Pomeroy, B.S. 1995. Report of subcommittee on avian influenza. Proceedings of the U.S. Animal Health Association. 99. 569-584. Powers, D.C. 1997. Summary of a clinical trial with liposome-adjuvanted influenza A virus vaccine in elderly adults. Mech Ageing Dev.93 (1-3): 179-88. Qiao, C.L. Yu, K.Z. Jiang, Y.P. Jia, Y.Q. Tian, G.B. Liu, M. Deng, G.H. Wang, X.R. Meng, Q.W. and Tang, X.Y. 2003.Protection of chickens against highly lethal H5N1 and H7N1 avian influenza viruses with a recombinant fowlpox virus co-expressing H5 haemagglutinin and N1 neuraminidase genes. Avian Pathol. 32 (1): 25-32 Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Rojas, H. Moreira, R. Avalos, P. Capua, I. and Marangon, S. 2002. Avian influenza in poultry in Chile. Veterinary Record. 151-188.

Saito, T. Kawaoka, Y. and Webster, R.G. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of the N8 neuraminidase gene of influenza A viruses. Virology.193 (2): 868-76. Saito, T. Lim, W. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, Y. Kida, H. Nishimura, S. and Tashiro, M. 2001. Characterization of a human H9N2 influenza virus isolated in Hong Kong. Vaccine.20 (1-2): 125-33. Sala, G. Cordioli, P. Moreno-Martin, A. Tollis, M. Brocchi, E. Piccirillo, A. and Lavazza, A. 2003. ELISA test for the detection of influenza H7 antibodies in avian sera. Avian Dis. 47 (3Suppl): 1057-9. Sambhara, S. Kurichh, A. Miranda, R. Tumpey, T. Rowe, T. Renshaw, M. Arpino, R. Tamane, A. Kandil, A. James, O. Underdown, B. Klein, M. Katz, J. Burt, D. 2001. Heterosubtypic immunity against human influenza A viruses, including recently emerged avian H5 and H9 viruses, induced by FLUISCOM vaccine in mice requires both cytotoxic 12 The Journal of Clinical Investigation.110 (1) T-lymphocyte and macrophage function. Cell. Immunol. 211. 143–153. Selleck, P.W. Kirkland, P.D. Gould, A.R. Arzey, G. Reece, R.L. Daniels, P.W. and Westury, H.A. 2003. An outbreak of HPAI in Australia in 1997 caused by an H7N4 virus. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Athens, Georgia, April 14 -17 2002. Avian Diseases. 47. 806 -811. Senne, D.A. 1998. Haemagglutinin cleavage site sequences of avain influenza viruses isolated between 1992 and 1997. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Avian Influenza. 162-170. Athens, GA, USA. Senne, D.A. 2003. Avian influenza in the Western hemisphere including the Pacific Islands and Australia. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Athens, Georgia, April 14-17 2002. Avian Diseases. 47. 798-805. Shafer, A.L. Katz, J.B. and Eernisse, K.A. 1998. Development and validation of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of type A influenza antibodies in avian sera. Avian Dis. 42 (1): 28-34. Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Shortridge, K.F. Zhou, N.N. Guan, Y. Gao, P. Ito, T. Kawaoka, Y. Kodihalli, S. Krauss, S. Markwell, D. Murti, K.G. Norwood, M. Senne, D.A. Sims, L. Takada, A. and Webster, R.G. 1998. Characterization of avian H5N1 influenza viruses from poultry in Hong Kong. Virology.252. 331-342. Shortridgem, K.F. 1999. Poultry and the influenza H5N1 outbreak in Hong Kong, 1997: Abridged chronology and virus isolation. Vaccine. 17. S26-S29. Sims, L.D. Ellis, T.M. Liu, K.K. Dyrting, K. Wong, H. Peiris, M. Guan, Y. and Shortridge, K.F. 2003. Avian influenza in Hong Kong. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Athens, Georgia. April 14-17 2002. Avian Diseases.47. 832 -838. Sivanandan, V. Halvorson, D.A. Laudert, E. Senne, D.A. and Kumar, M.C. 1991. Isolation of H13N2 influenza A virus from turkeys and surface water. Avian Dis. 35. 974–977. Slemons, R.D. Johnson, D.C. Osborn, J.S. and Hayes, F. 1974. Type-A influenza viruses isolated from wild free-flying ducks in California. Avian Dis. 71. 119– 124. Snyder, D.B. Marquardt, W.W. Yancey, F.S. Savage, P.K. 1985. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibody against avian influenza virus. Avian Dis. 29 (1): 136-44 Spackman, E. and Suarez, D.L. 2003. Evaluation of molecular markers for pathogenicity in recent H7N2 avian influenza isolates from the northeastern United States. In Proceedings of the 52nd WPDC. 21-23. Sacramento, CA, USA. Spackman, E. Dennis, A. Senne, T.J. Myers, L.L. Bulaga, L.P. Garber, M.L. Perdue, K.L. Luke, T. Daum, and Suarez, D.L. 2002. Development of a Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Type A Influenza Virus and the Avian H5 and H7 Hemagglutinin Subtypes.J Clin Microbial. 40 (9): 325660. Spackman, E. Senne, A. Bulaga, L.L. Trock, S. and Suarez, D.L. 2003. Development of multiplex real-time RT-PCR as a diagnostic tool for avian influenza. Avian Dis.47 (3 Suppl): 1087-90. Stallknecht, D.E. 1998. Ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza viruses in wild bird populations: waterfowl, shorebirds, pelicans, cormorants, etc. In: Proc. 4th International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Athens, GA. Swayne DE and Slemons RD, eds. May 29–31, United States Animal Health Association, Richmond VA. 61– 69. Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Stephenson, I. Nicholson, K.G. Colegate, A. Podda, A. Wood, J. Ypma, E. and Zambon, M. 2002. Boosting immunity to influenza H5N1 with MF59-adjuvanted H5N3 A/Duck/Singapore/97 vaccine in a primed human population. Vaccine. 21 (15): 1687-93. Stephenson, I. Nicholson, K.G. Gluck, R. Mischler, R. Newman, R.W. Palache, A.M. Verlander, N.Q. Warburton, F. Wood, J.M. and Zambon, M.C. 2003. Safety and antigenicity of whole virus and subunit influenza A/Hong Kong/1073/99 (H9N2) vaccine in healthy adults: phase I randomised trial. Lancet.362 (9400): 1959-66. Stone, H. Mitchell, B. and Brugh, M. 1997. In ovo vaccination of chicken embryos with experimental Newcastle disease and avian influenza oil-emulsion vaccines. Avian Dis.41 (4): 856-63. Stone, H.D. 1987. Efficacy of avian influenza oil-emulsion vaccines in chickens of various ages. Avian Dis. 31 (3): 483-90. Stone, H.D. 1993. Efficacy of experimental animal and vegetable oil-emulsion vaccines for Newcastle disease and avian influenza. Avian Dis. 37 (2): 399-405. Stubbs, E.L. Biester, H.E. and Schwarte, L.H. 1948. Fowl pest. In: Diseases of poultry, 2nd ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 603–614. Suarez, D.L. 2000. Evolution of avian influenza viruses.Vet. Microbiol.74. 15–27. Subbarao, K. Klimov, A. Katz, J. Regnery, H. Lim, W. Hall, H. Perdue, M. Swayne, D. Bender, C. Huang, J. Hemphill, M. Rowe, T. Shaw, M. Xu, X. Fukuda, K. and Cox, N. 1998. Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science. 279 (5349): 393-396. Suss, J. Schafer, J. Sinnecker, H. and Webster, R.G. 1994. Influenza virus subtypes in aquatic birds of eastern Germany. Arch. Virol. 135: 101–114. Swayne, D.E. and Suarez, D.L. 2000. Highly Pathogenic Avian influenza. Revue Scientifique et Teechnique office International des Epozooties.20. 463482. Swayne, D.E. and Suarez, D.L. 2001. Avian influenza in Europe, Asia and Central America during 2001. In Proceedings of the 104th annual meeting of the US Animal Health Association. 465-470. Richmond, VA, GA.

Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Swayne, D.E. Beck, J.R. and Kinney, N. 2000. Failure of a recombinant fowl poxvirus vaccine containing an avian influenza hemagglutinin gene to provide consistent protection against influenza in chickens preimmunized with a fowl pox vaccine. Avian Diseases. 44 (1): 132-137. Swayne, D.E. Beck, J.R. and Mickle, T.R. 1997.Efficacy of recombinant fowl poxvirus vaccine in protecting chickens against a highly pathogenic Mexican-origin H5N2 avian influenza virus.Avian Dis.41 (4):910-22 Swayne, D.E. Beck, J.R. Garcia, M. and Stone, H.D. 1999.Influence of virus strain and antigen mass on efficacy of H5 avian influenza inactivated vaccines. Avian Pathology.28 (3): 245-255. Swayne, D.E. Perdue, M. Beck, J. Maricarmen, G. and Suarez, D.L. 2000.Vaccines protect chickens against H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza in the face of genetic changes in field viruses over multiple years. Vet Microbiol.74 (1-2): 165-72 Swayne, D.E. Perdue, M.L. Garcia, M. Rivera-Cruz, E. and Brugh, M. 1997. Pathogenicity and diagnosis of H5N2 Mexican avian influenza viruses in chickens. Avian Dis. 41 (2): 335-46. Swayne, D.E. Tumpey, T. Suarez, D.L. 2003. Research Update On H7N2 Avian Influenza Virus In Turkeys And Chickens. United States Animal Health Association Proceedings. 585. Swayne, D.E. 2003. Vaccines for List A poultry diseases: emphasis on avian influenza. Dev Biol (Basel). 114. 201-12. Swayne, D.E. 2004. Avian Influenza, Vaccines And Control. Poultry Science 83 (suppl 1): 79. Swayne, D.E. 2004b. New Vaccine Technologies For Transboundary Diseases. Developments In Biologicals. International Conference On The Control Of Infectious Animal Diseases By Vaccinations. 32. Taylor, H.R. and Turner, A.J. 1977. A case report of fowl plague keraconjunctivitis. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 61. 86-88. Taylor, J. Weinberg, R. Kawaoka, Y. Webster, R.G. and Paoletti, E. 1998. Protective immunity against avian influenza induced by a fowlpox virus recombinant. Vaccine. 6 (6): 504-8.

Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Tollis, M. and Trani, L.D. 2002. Recent Developments in Avian Influenza Research: Epidemiology and Immunoprophylaxis. Vet J.164 (3): 202-15. Tumpey, T.M. Kapczynski, D.R. and Swayne, D.E. 2004. Comparative susceptibility of chickens and turkeys to avian influenza A H7N2 virus infection and protective efficacy of a commercial avian influenza H7N2 virus vaccine. Avian Dis.48 (1): 167-76. Tumpey, T.M. Suarez ,D.L. Perkins, L.E. Senne, D.A. Lee, J.G. Lee, Y.J. Mo, I.P. Sung, H.W. and Swayne, D.E. 2002. Characterization of a highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus isolated from duck meat. Journal of Virology.76. 6344-6355. Verma, I. Pandey, R. and Khuller, G.K. 2004. Liposomes as adjuvant for antimycobacterial vaccine development. Indian J Exp Biol.42 (10): 949-54. Vey, M. Orlich, M. Adler, S. Klenk, H.D. Rott, R. and Garten, W. 1992. Hemagglutinin activation of pathogenic avian influenza viruses of serotype H7 requires the protease recognition motif R-X-K/R-R. Virology.188 (1): 408-413. Voinea, M. and Simionescu, M. 2002. Designing of 'intelligent' liposomes for efficient delivery of drugs. J Cell Mol Med.6 (4): 465-74. Wareing, M.D. and Tannock, G.A. 2001. Live attenuated vaccines against influenza; an historical review. Vaccine.19 (25-26): 3320-30. Watanabe, T. Watanabe, S. Neumann, G. Kida, H. and Kawaoka, Y. 2002. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of replication-incompetent influenza virus-like particles. J. Virol. 76.767–773. Webby, R.J. and Webster, R.G. 2003.Are we ready for pandemic influenza? Science.302 (5650): 1519-22. Webster, R.G. and Kawaoka, Y. 1994. Influenza: an emerging and re-emerging disease. Semin. Virol. 5.103–111 Webster, R.G. Bean, W.J. Gorman, O.T. Chambers, T.M. and Kawaoka, Y. 1992. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol. Rev. 56.152– 179. Webster, R.G. Geraci, J.R. Petursson, G. and Skirnisson, K. 1981. Conjunctivitis in human beings caused by influenza A virus of seals. New England Journal of Medicine. 304. 911. Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Webster, R.G. Reay, P.A. and Laver, W.G. 1988. Protection against lethal influenza with neuraminidase. Virology. 164 (1): 230-7. Webster, R.G. Yakhno, M. Hinshaw, V.S. Bean, W.J. and Murti, K.G. 1978. Intestinal influenza: replication and characterization of influenza viruses in ducks. Virology 84. 268–278. Werner, O. Starick, E. and Grund, CH. 2003. Isolation and characterization of a low pathogenic H7N7 influenza virus from a turkey in a small mixed freerange poultry flock in Germany. In: Proceeding of the Fifth International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Athens, Georgia, April 14-17 2002. Avian Diseases. 47. 1104-1106. Werner, O. 1998. Avian influenza situation in Germany 1995-1997. In Proceedings of the Joint Fourth Annual Meetings of the National Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Laboratories of Countries of the European Union, 1997. 9-10. Brussels, Belgium. Werner, O. 1999. Avian influenza, situation in Germany 1997/1998. In Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Annual Meetings of the National Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Laboratories of Countries of the European Union, 1998. 10-11. Vienna, Austria. Westbury, H.A. 1998. History of high pathogenic avian influenza in Australia and the H7N3 outbreak. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium Avian Influenza, 1997. 23-30. Athens. WHO. 1980. World Health Organization Expert Committee. A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a WHO Memorandum. Bull. WHO.58. 585–591. WHO. 2002. WHO position paper: Influenza vaccines. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 77: 230–238. Wood, J.M. Kawaoka, Y. Newberry, L.A. Bordwell, E. and Webster, R.G. 1985. Standardization of inactivated H5N2 influenza vaccine and efficacy against lethal A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 infection. Avian Dis. 29 (3): 867-72. Xie, Z.X. and Stone, H.D. 1990. Immune response to oil-emulsion vaccines with single or mixed antigens of Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and infectious bronchitis. Avian Dis. 34 (1): 154-62.

Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7

Chapter

References

Xiuhua, L.U. Mary, R. Terrence, M.T. Gloria, D.K. Jean, H.P. and Jacqueline, M.K. 2001. Immunity to Influenza A H9N2 Viruses Induced by Infection and Vaccination. Journal of Virology. 75 (10): 4896-4901. Yingjie, S. 1998. Avian influenza in China. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Avian Influenza. 47-49. Athens, GA, USA. Zambon, M.C. 2001.The pathogenesis of influenza in humans. Reviews in medical virology.11 (4): 227-241. Zeng, Y.B. Jiao, X.A. Pan, Z.M. Huang, J.L. Zhang, P.H. Zhang, S.H. Sun, Q.Y. and Liu, X.F. 2004.Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the hemagglutinin of H9 subtype of avian influenza virus. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi.20 (6): 702-4. Zhou, E.M. Chan, M. Heckert, R.A. Riva, J. and Cantin, M.F. 1998. Evaluation of a competitive ELISA for detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus nucleoprotein. Avian Dis. 42 (3): 517-22.

Comparative immunological studies on commercial oil based and liposomal vaccines of avian influenza H7