New Micro Review Version.docx

Gram Positive Cocci Organism

Morphology

Biochemical tests Diseases

Additional information

Staphylococcus aureus

Creamy yellow on BAP, smooth, and clearing of the blood agar (beta-hemolysis).

Catalase + MRSA, TSS, Coagulase + Furuncles, cellulitis, Voges- Proskauer and bulbous +

Usually found in the naris, axillae, vagina, pharynx, and other skin surfaces. Nonmotile, nonspore formidably , oxidase –, and facultative anaerobic. Mannitol is used to grow S. Aureus.

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Medium sized, white, opaque, flat colonies, and gamma hemolysis.

Catalase + Coagulase – Bacitracin R Novobiocin S H2S + Methyl Red – Urease – Voges-Proskauer +

Nonsocomial UTIs, prosthetic valves/devices, indwelling catheters,

One factor that's involved in adherence is polygamma-DLglutamic acid which proofs a protective advantage against host defenses. It's found in skin and mucous membrane.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Large, entire, very glossy, smooth, opaque, convex, and white to yellow

Catalase + Coagulase – Bacitracin R Novobiocin R

Associated with UTIs Usually found after in women. intercourse.

Staphylococcus lugdunensis

Small, yellow or gold pigmentation, 3-5 day's incubation, and gamma hemolysis.

Catalase + Nitrate reduction + Ornithine decarboxylase + PYR + Oxidase – Slide coagulase +

Endocarditis, septicemia, meningitis, skin and soft tissue infection, UTIs, and septic shock.

Known to have the mecA gene. The organism can grow in rich media at 30 to 40 degrees Celsius. It's found in skin and soft tissue infections.

Streptococcus pyrogens

Small, transparent, smooth, and well defined beta hemolysis.

Catalase – PYR + Bacitracin S CAMP -

Strep throat, Rheumatic fever, and acute glomerulonephritis.

Streptolysin S causes the clearing of the blood cells in the plate. Erythrogenic toxin produces the characteristics found in Scarlet Fever. It's found I'm respiratory, skin lesions, blood, and sputum.

Streptococcus agalactiae

Grayish, white, mucoid colonies, and a zone of beta hydrolysis.

Catalase – PYR – Bacitracin R CAMP + Hippurate hydrolysis +

Neonatal meningitis and abortions.

For treatment it's usually penicillin that's given as a drug of choice. It's usually found in vagina or rectal.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Round, glistening, wet, mucoid, dome shaped, and produces large zone of alpha hemolysis.

Optochin S Bile esculin S Vancomycin S Bacitracin S PYR – CAMP – 6.5% NaCl -

Pneumonia and meningitis

Viridians

Small and surrounded by zone of alpha hemolysis.

Optochin R, bile esculin R Vancomycin S Bacitracin R Hippurate hydrolysis – PYR – CAMP -

Gingivitis, dental Normal microbiota caries, and subacute of Upper bacteria endocarditis. Respiratory tract, female genital tract, and gastrointestinal. Also can be fastidious.

Enterococcus spp.

Sphere/oval shape Bile esculin S with alpha 6.5% NaCl S hemolysis. PYR +

UTIs, endocarditis, and bacteremia.

It appears as GPC diplococci, or it's slightly pointed or lancet shaped. Penicillin is the drug of choice. It's found in both the nose and throat.

Haemophilus and other fastidious Gram Negative Bacilli Organism

Morphology

Biochemical tests

Diseases

Additional information

Haemophilus influenzae

Gray, raised, smooth colonies. Mousy and/or bleach like odor on chocolate agar.

Oxidase + Catalase + Glucose required Nitrate +

Pneumonia Bacterial meningitis Epiglottis Cellulitis Osteomyelitis

There's an effect that grows around S. Aureus and it's called satellite phenomenon.

Haemophilus ducreyi

Small, flat, smooth, nonmucoid, transparent to opaque colonies, or the colonies can appear tan or yellow on chocolate agar. Microscopic may show pale staining G – coccobacilli arranged singly or in clusters/groups.

Oxidase – Catalase – ONPG – Glucose -, sucrose-, mannose-, fructose-, mannitol-, maltose-, Xylose-, and lactose -

Genital Ulcer Disease or GUD.

It's the causative agent of chancroid, it's highly communicable sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease or GUD.

Haemophilus parainfluenza

Tannish, dry, and medium to large colonies

Catalase variable Oxidase + Esculin – Nitrate + Glucose + Sucrose +

Pneumonia and endocarditis.

Factor V is required for Haemophilus parainfluenza

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus

Yellow, raised, convex, granular, an opaque zone near the center on chocolate agar.

Catalase Oxidase variable ONPG + Esculin – Nitrate +

Dental plaque, Foam-loving or gingival Co2 (high) scraping, concentration. congestive heart failure, and embolism.

Aggregatibacter Small colonies actinomycetemcomitan that adhere to s agar.

Catalase + Oxidase variable Factor V & X (R) Urease – Indole – Esculin – Citrate – Glucose +

Subacute bacterial endocarditis, periodontitis, systemic infections, and arterial plaques.

Found in endogenous animal biota. It also doesn't grow on MAC agar. It's also seen normal human microbiota.

Cardiobacterium hominis

Smooth, opaque, adherent to agar.

Oxidase + Catalase – Indole – Glucose + Mannitol + Sucrose + Maltose + Urease – Nitrate – Gelatin – Esculin -

Endocarditis, meningitis, and heart valves infection.

Found in normal nares, mouth, and throat microbiota. It grows slowly on SBA and Choclate agar. No growth on MAC agar. Choice of treatment is penicillin and an aminoglycoside.

Eikenella corrodens

Pits on the agar. Catalase – Oxidase + Glucose Maltose – Sucrose – Lactose – Ornithine +

Periodontitis, meningitis, empyema, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, arthritis, and post-operative infections.

Normal biota of the mouth and bowel cavities. The smell it gives off is a bleach-like odor.

Kingella Kingae

Spreading and corroding or smooth and convex. Large white to beige with beta hemolysis colonies on SBA.

Catalase – Oxidase + Glucose + Maltose + Sucrose – Lactose – Nitrate -

Endocarditis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, spondylodiscitis , and bacteremia.

Does not grow on MAC agar. It can vary for optimal growth at 42 degrees.

Legionella

Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract: grayish white, blue green, convex, and glistening colonies. Young colonies will appear ground glass.

Urine antigen test, Direct Fluorescent Antibody test, and DNA detection.

Legionnaires disease.

Found in waters, hot springs, and mud. Bronchial washing, sputum, and bronchoalveolar lavage are usually the specimen to collect this infection. Does not grow on SBA and needs L-cystine for growth.

Bordetella pertussis

On bordet gengou agar: small, domed, and glistening colonies that resemble bisected pearls. With variable beta hemolysis.

Catalase + Oxidase + Urease – Nitrate -

Whooping cough

To isolate bordetella spp. It needs Bordet gengou agar to grow bordetella.

Bordetella parapertussis

On bordet gengou agar: small, domed, and glistening colonies that resemble bisected pearls. With variable beta hemolysis.

Catalase + Oxidase – Urease + Nitrate -

Milder symptoms of whooping cough

To isolate bordetella spp. It needs Bordet gengou agar to grow bordetella

Bordetella brochiseptica

Small, gray to white, shiny colonies on blood agar

Catalase + Oxidase + Nitrate +

Infectious bronchitis in animals

It's rarely seen in humans.

Neisseria spp. & Moraxella catarrhalis Organism

Morphology

Biochemical tests

Diseases

Additional information

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Small, gray/white, translucent, raised with entire edge, usually easily emulsified.

Catalase + Oxidase + Glucose + Lactose – Maltose –

Gonorrhea

Specimen collection for men: urethra Specimen collection for women: endocervix. Needs Chocolate and MTM agar for growth.

Neisseria meningitidis

Colorless to gray, convex, smooth colonies.

Catalase + Oxidase + Glucose + Maltose + Lactose –

Meningitis

Drug of choice for meningitis is penicillin. For meningitis CSF must be collected.

Moraxella catarrhalis

Smooth, opaque, gray to white colonies on chocolate and blood agar.

Catalase + Oxidase + Glucose Maltose Lactose – Nitrate + Nitrite + DNase + Butyrate esterase +

Upper respiratory tract infection, acute otitis media, sinusitis, endocarditis, meningitis, bacterial tracheitis.

It can grow at 3537 degrees Celsius but can grow best at 28 degrees Celsius. It's collected from middle ear effusion, nasopharynx, sinus aspirates, sputum aspirates, or bronchial aspirates. It's commensal of upper respiratory tract.

Neisseria cinera

Small, grayish white, translucent, raised with entire edge and slightly granular. It's been said it resembles gonorrhea.

Catalase + Oxidase + Glucose – Maltose – Lactose -

Recurrent bacterial peritonitis.

It lacks the yellow pigmentation. It also helps differentiate between flavescens. Found in nasopharynx.

Neisseria flavescens

Yellow, convex, smooth colonies.

Catalase + Oxidase + Glucose Maltose Lactose -

Septicemia, necrotizing pneumonia, empyema, and pneumonia.

It can grow at 22 degrees Celsius on both SBA and chocolate agar. Usually found in pharynx.

Neisseria lactamica Small, grayish white (with yellow rings), translucent, slightly butyrous.

Catalase + Oxidase + Glucose + Maltose + Lactose +

Arthritis, septicemia, and bacteraemic pneumonia.

It's been said it can resemble meningitidis only smaller. Found usually in nasopharynx of both infants and small children. It's rarely found in adults. Grows on MTM and ML Agars. It can grow at 37 degrees Celsius.

Neisseria mucosa

Catalase + Oxidase + Glucose + Maltose + Lactose – Sucrose + Fructose +

Children pneumonia and endocarditis.

It can grow on SBA and chocolate agar at 22 degrees Celsius. It's found usually in nasopharynx.

Large, gray to buff yellow, translucent, mucoid, vicious, smooth surface, and entire edge.

Neisseria polysaccharea

Small, gray, translucent, raised colonies.

Catalase + Oxidase + Glucose + Maltose + Lactose –

Unknown

It can grow on an agar at 35 degrees Celsius. Found in nasopharynx of infants and children. Can grow on MTM and MT Agars.

Neisseria sicca

Large, gray white, opaque, deeply wrinkled, dry, irregular, crumb like colonies.

Catalase + Oxidase + Glucose + Maltose + Lactose – Sucrose variable Fructose +

Peritonitis, meningitis, pneumonia, and spondylitis.

Usually found in nasopharynx, saliva, and sputum. Grow on agar at 35 degrees Celsius.

Neisseria subflava

Small, greenish yellow or yellow, smooth surface with entire edge.

Catalase + Oxidase + Glucose + Maltose +

Bacteremia, It's usually found meningitis, in nasopharynx. septicemia, and septic shock.

Neisseria elongata

Large, grayish white with yellow tinge, low convex, claylike colony, difficult to emulsify.

Catalase – Oxidase + Glucose – Maltose – Lactose -

Endocarditis and osteomyelitis

Usually found in nasopharynx. Grows on SBA and Chocolate Agars at 22 degrees Celsius. Also grows on nutrient Agars at 35 degrees Celsius.

Neisseria weaveri

Small, semiopaque, with smooth appearance.

Catalase + Oxidase + Glucose – Maltose – Lactose –

Dog bite infection.

It's usually found in dogs oral microbiota.

Bioterrorism organism Organism

Morphology

Testing

Diseases

Additional information

Bacillus anthracis

Nonhemolytic, ground glass, irregular, and medusa head.

Catalase + Glucose + Mannitol – Arabinose – Xylose – Lecithinase producer Sent to LRN reference laboratory.

Skin anthrax (cutaneous), gastrointestinal anthrax (ingestion), and pulmonary anthrax (inhalation).

Gram positive, aerobic, endospore producer. It can be transmitted by ingestion, inhalation, and cutaneous. Collecting specimen include: lesion fluid, eschars, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. It's sensitive to penicillin. Grows in high salt concentration and low pH. When to check for motility use wet mount technique or motility test medium. India ink on blood can be used to detect anthracis.

Yersinia petis

Nonhemolytic, flattened edges, raised center, mucoid, and fried egg appearance.

Catalase + Oxidase – Urease – Sent to LRN laboratory

bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague.

For growth it needs to sit 48-72 hours before visible growth appears. It also grows on Mac agar.

Francisella tularensis

Tiny, grayish white, opaque, butyrous and smooth colonies on chocolate agar

Catalase + Beta-lactamase + Factor V & X (R) Urease – Oxidase.

Ucleroglandular disease and ulcerative lesion.

Optimal growth needs cysteine. Some Agars that work include: Chocolate, Modified ThayerMartin, cysteine heart, and buffered charcoal yeast extract. It's a slow grower.mit won't grow on Mac agar.

Greenish blue, medium sized, butyrous and smooth colonies on Cysteine Heart Agar.

Brucella species

Small, circular, smooth, convex, nonpigmented, and nonhemolytic.

Catalase + Oxidase + Nitrate reduction Urease +

Undulant fever, goat fever, bang disease, Mediterranean fever, Gibraltar fever, and Malta fever.

B. Melitensis (goat/sheep) B. Suis (swine) B. Canis (dogs) Broken skin, ingestion of infected, & inhalation

Burkholderia species

Pinpoint or small, grey (24 hours) Grey, smooth, translucent (48 hours) for B. Mallei

Catalase + Oxidase + Indole – Polymyxin (R) ADH +

Glander disease and melioidosis

Found in horses, donkeys, and mules. Specimen collection include: blood, bone marrow, sputum, bronchial alveolar lavage, abcesses, urine, and serum. Must be incubated at 35 degrees Celsius in 5% CO2 doe 5 days. Can use MALDI-TOF for confirmation for B. Pseudomallei.

Smooth and creamy (24 hours) Dry/mucoid, smooth, and creamy (48 hours) B. Pseudomallei

Coxiella burnetii

None

PCR assays

Q fever

Seen in cattle, goats, and sheep. Specimen collection include: blood, serum, tissue, and body fluids. Acute phase produce high titers to phase II antigens. Chronic have high titers with phase I antibodies.

Clinical Virology Organism

Structure

Mode of transmission

Disease(s)

Treatment/immuni Vaccinatio ty n

Adenoviridae (Adenovirus)

Naked Double stranded DNA

Aerosols, fomites, oralfecal, and personal contact.

Acute respiratory disease, conjunctivitis, and acute hemorrhagic cystitis.

Require no Oral specific treatment. vaccination Immunity is . given.

Herpes simplex virus 1 & 2

Double stranded DNA

Personal contact, sexually transmitted, and placenta crossing.

Oral herpes (mainly 1 and/or 2) Genital herpes (mainly 2 and/or 1) Neonatal herpes (mainly 2) Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (2 in children and 1 in adults) Ocular herpes (mainly 1)

Oral/genital herpes treated with acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir. Not curable Ocular herpes can be treated with antiviral eye drops.

Unknown.

Epstein-Barr Virus (Lymphocryptovirus)

Double stranded Virus

Infected saliva Infectious mononucleosis

Natural remedy

Unknown

Varicella Zoster Double Virus stranded (Varicellovirus) DNA

Droplet inhalation and direct contact with lesion

Varicella (chickenpox) and Zoster (Shingles)

Acyclovir and valacyclovir to help treat chickenpox and shingles. It's also self treatable

Varivax for chickenpox Zostavax for shingles

Human herpesvirus 6 (Roseolovirus)

Double stranded DNA

Infected saliva, droplet inhalation, and infected individuals

Roseolo infantium, exanthem subitum, and sixth disease.

Cidofovir and Foscarnet for HHV-6.

None

Human herpesvirus 7 (Roseolovirus)

Double stranded DNA

Infected saliva Roseola rash infection

Natural remedy.

None

Human herpesvirus 8 (Rhadinovirus)

Double stranded DNA

HIV/AIDS Kaposi sarcoma related and sexual contact.

Radiation, Chemotherapy, zidovudine, ritonavir, and indinavir.

None

Papillomavirida e

Double stranded DNA

Sexual contact Common wart

Surgery, cryotherapy, and laser.

Gardasil

Variola virus

Double stranded DNA

Droplet, skin Smallpox to skin, infected saliva, infected blood products, and fomites.

None

None

Monkeypox virus

Double stranded DNA

Transmitted by MonkeyPox Gambian Rat

None

None

Reoviridae (Rotavirus)

Double stranded RNA

Oral fecal transmission

Viral Drinking fluids gastroenteritis in help with infants and dehydration. children

RotaTeq a series of 3 doses. Rotarix is also another vaccination .

Colorado Tick Fever Virus (Clotivirus)

Double stranded RNA

Infected animal hosts include: Deer, Squirrels, and rabbits.

Colorado Tick Fever Virus

None

Arenaviridae

Single Stranded DNA

Infected rodents. Also zoonotic infection.

Last fever and None lymphocytic choriomeningitid is virus

Ribavirin is used to treat Lassa fever.

Bunyaviridae

Single Stranded RNA

Arthropod transmission

Rift Valley None fever, lacrosse virus, California encephalitis, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Vaccinatio n are limited.

Caliciviridae

Single Stranded RNA

Foodborne, waterborne, and person to person contamination

Human gastroenteritis

None

None

Coronaviridae

Envelope d, helical, Single Stranded RNA

Animal infection

Middle East respiratory syndrome.

None

None

None

Filoviridae

Single Stranded RNA

Infected monkeys

Ebola virus Zaire None strain, Ebola virus Sudan strain, Ebola virus Reston, and Ebola virus tai forest strain

None

Flaviviridae

Single Stranded RNA

Mosquito transmission

Classic dengue None fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever.

None

Orthomyxovirid Single ae Stranded RNA

Droplet and infected upper epithelial cells in upper respiratory tract.

Influenzavirus A, B, and C

Zanamivir and oseltamivir

TIV (inactivate/ killed) or LAIV3/4 (live attenuated)

Parainfluenza virus

Single Stranded RNA

Laryngotrache PIA-, 2, and 3 o-bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in children.

Aerosolized ribavirin

None

Mumps virus

Envelope d Single Stranded RNA

Droplets

Mumps

Advil or Aleve

MMR

Measles virus

Envelope d Single Stranded RNA

Droplets

Rubeola

None

Edmonston -B strain.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Single Stranded RNA

Droplets or fomites

Croup, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and interstitial pneumonia.

Ribavirin

None

Human Metapneumovir us

Single Stranded RNA

Unknown but it can be transmitted by infected secretions, droplet, aerosol, or fomite vectors

Bronchiolitis

Ribavirin

Retroviridae

Single Stranded RNA

Multiple sex partners, IV drug user, infected blood products, and placenta transmission

HIV/AIDS

Highly Active None Antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Rhaboviridae

Single Stranded RNA

Infected animals

Rabies

None

None

Togaviridae

Single Stranded RNA

Mosquito infected

Encephalitis, None Eastern equine encephalitis, and Western equine encephalitis.

None

Hep A virus

Naked, Single Stranded RNA

Fecal-oral route

Hep A virus

Havrix

Hep B virus

Envelope d, partial, Double Stranded DNA

Sexual contact, Hep B infection, bloodborne, cirrhosis, and infected liver cancer. mucous.

Hep D virus

Defective, single stranded RNA

Sexual contact, Co-infection w/ Supportive care infected Hep B infection. mucous, and IV Drug user.

Self limited

None

Interferon Alfa, Recombiva lamivudine, x HB. adefovir dipivoxil, and entecavir.

None

Hep C virus

Single Stranded RNA

Sexual contact Cirrhosis, hep C and infection, and bloodborne liver cancer.

Ribavirin

None

Hep E virus

Naked, single stranded RNA

Association w/ Hep E infection Caliciviridae, fecal-oral route, and contaminated water.

Self limited

None

Clinical parasitology Organism

Information

Trophozoite

Entamoeba histolytica It causes colitis and hepatic abscesses. It lyses and phagocytes cells. Infected individuals shed pieces intestinal mucosa. Entamoeba coli

Small, central karyosome, fine, evenly distributed peripheral chromatin.

Commonly found in fecally contaminated food and water. In a wet mount trophozoite is sluggish and nondirectional.

Large, eccentric karyosomes, coarse, uneven peripheral chromatin. Entamoeba hartmanii

Cyst

Its known to be nonpathogenic. It also doesn't cause any infection. It can be transmitted cyst form through fecal-oral route. Can be found in Small central contaminated water karyosomes, fine, and food. every distributed peripheral chromatin.

Large, eccentric karyosomes, coarse, uneven peripheral chromatin.

Small central karyosomes, fine, every distributed peripheral chromatin.

Endolimax nana

Its also considered to be nonpathogenic. Its also considered not to cause any disease.

Large, irregular shared karyosome no peripheral chromatin.

Lodamoeba bütschlii

Its not seen commonly like E. coli and E. nana.

Large karyosome, surrounded by achromatic granules, and no peripheral chromatin.

Blastocystis hominis

Large, irregular shared karyosome no peripheral chromatin.

One of the most common intestinal protozoan and prevalence of 50% in developing countries. Causes abdominal pain and diarrhea with no other intestinal pathogen present. Its been possibly linked to colitis and IBS.

Large karyosome, surrounded by achromatic granules, and no peripheral chromatin.

Naegleria fowleri

Found in Texas, florida, Virginia, and California. Found in swimming in brackish or muddy water. Trophozoite can enter in the nasal cavity by inhalation of the water.

Acanthamoeba spp

Its fund in both soil and water organisms. Its been linked to GAE, cutaneous infections, and amebic keratitis.

Balamuthia mandrillaris

Emerging opportunistic pathogen that can cause skin lesions and GAE. Rarely invades the nasal cavity. Treatment includes multiple antimicrobials: fluconazole, clarithomycin, and sulfadiazine. Can find both trophozoite and cyst by tissue biopsy.

Giardia lamblia

Causative agent of gastroenteritis and travelers diarrhea. Main reservoirs are beavers. Cysts can live months in cold water.

Dientamoeba fragilis

Using metronidazole clears the organism. Trophozoite is transmitted by ingesting helminth egg. It also has a coinfection called enterbius vermicularis. Preservation of the infected stool is crucial and important.

Trichomonas vaginalis

Known to be a sexual transmitted disease. A pathogen of the urogenital tract of both men and women. Causes trichomoniasis.

Leishmania spp.

Leishmaniasis is known to be zoonotic infection. Its transmitted by a Sand Fly.

Trypanosoma spp.

This needs either blood or CSF to be infected. Its vector is tsetse fly. Won’t help to differentiate in blood smears.

None

Trypanosoma cruzi

Its also known to be the causative agent for Chagas Disease. Found in rural area in mexico, Central/South america. Transmitted by triatomic bug.

Plasmodium vivax

Considered to be less severe than falciparum. Can use chloroquine for treatment. Long term infection can degrade both liver and spleen. To complete life cycle it takes 48 hours.

Plasmodium malariae

Considered to be less severe than falciparum. Can use chloroquine for treatment. Long term infection can degrade both liver & spleen. Life cycle is known as quartan, & reproduces ever 72 hours

Plasmodium ovale

Considered to be less severe than falciparum. Can use chloroquine for treatment. Long term infection can degrade both liver and spleen. Its not frequently. resembles Vivax.

Plasmodium falciparum

Complication with this illness is blackwater fever. This illness is becoming resistant to chloroquine. Its becoming resistant to other antimicrobials as well. Reproducing cycle is irregular and can be from 36 to 48 hours to complete life cycles.

Babesia microti

Known to be zoonotic intraerythrocytic infection. Usually transmitted by a tick. Non reportable disease to the CDC. Can diagnose with either Wright or Geimsa thin blood smear. Titer of IgG greater than 1:1024 indicates an active infection.

Toxoplasma Gondii

Its an obligate intracellular parasite. It can cause serious complication when infected. Can be transmitted by cat poop, undercook meats, or unwashed fruits/vegetables.

Cystoisopora belli

Is an opportunistic organism. Indistinguishable between cryptosporidium spp. Infection is self limiting. Infected poop requires 24-48 hours outside the body to be infective. Modified acid fast stain is used to detect this organism.

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Known to be both foodborne and waterborne organism. Outbreaks seen in Nepal, Peru, Guatemala, and Haiti. For poop to be infective it needs to be 1-2 weeks outside the body.

Microsporidia spp.

Its an obligate intracellular parasites in both invertebrates and other animals. Linked to complication with HIV patients. Can infect variety of human organs.

Fasciola hepatica

Also called the Sheep liver fluke. Mostly seen in sheep-raising area of the US. In sheep its known to liver damage also known as liver rot.

Fasciolopsis buski

Known to be as the giant intestineal fluke. Seen mostly in China, Vietnam, and India. Dogs and pigs known to be the main reservoir for this parasite.

Paragonimus westermani

It is also called the Lung Fluke. Found in southeast asia, Latin america, and Africa. Sputum is mainly used to detect the parasite.

Schistosoma mansoni

Found mainly in Africa, parts of South america, West Indies, and Puerto Rico. It lives in the mesentery and large intestines.

Schistosoma haematobium

Primarily found in Nile Valley, Middle east, and East Africa. It lives in the veins of the bladder.

Schistosoma japonicum

Found in Japan, China, Phillipines. It lives in the small intestine.

Diphyllobothrium latum

Also been known as the Fish Tapeworm. In the US its seen in the Great Lakes. Life cycle of this parasite is a hybrid of both flukes and tapeworms.

Taenia spp.

It can be found in Beef (saginata) and pork (solium) tapeworm. Both parasites can be identical.

Hymenolepis nana

It is called the Dwarf tapeworm. Can infects mainly in children. Its usually transmitted by fecal-oral route.

Hymenolepis diminuta

Known to be the Rat Tapeworm. Its usually acquired by ingesting flea that is infected with the parasite.

Dipylidium caninum

Its named as the Dog Tapeworm. For children to transmit this parasite is by ingesting the larva of fleas. Some of the eggs group as one.

Enchinococcsis granulosus

Also seen in sheepraising areas globally. When cyst ruptures can liberate large amounts of allergic that can possibly elicit an anaphylactic response.

Ascaris lumbricoides fertile/ infertile

Fertile: Bile Stained shell, bumpy, mammillated. Infertile: Mammillated and Thin Shell.

infertile fertile Enterobius vermicularis

Its often referred as the Pinworm. Commonly seen in children at the ages 510 years old. Risk factors inadequate personal/community hygiene. Parasite can be easily transmitted.

Trichuris trichiura

Commonly in soiltransmitted parasite. Also known as the Whip Worm. Eggs are passed in poop. It requires 14 day incubation in warm, moist soil.

Hookworm

Most common parasite is the hookworm. There are two different types of hookworms which are: Necator americanus (New World) and Ancylostoma duodenale (Old World).

Strongyloides stercoralis

Its named as the Threadworm. It usually inhabits in the small intestine. Endemic include: Southeast Asia, Latin america, and subsaharan Africa.

Trichinella spiralis

It usually infects the muscle tissue. Infection is usually undercooked meats. Its life cycle is usually in the human intestine.

Larva migrans

There are two forms of this parasite which exist in humans which are: Cutaneous (creeping eruption) and visceral. Primarily seen in children ages 1-5 Cutaneous years old.

Wuchereria bancrofti

Causative agent of both Bancroftian filariasis and elephantiasis. Transmitted by mosquito (aedes).

Brugia malayi

Transmission usually is aedes, mansonia, anopheles. Usually found in Korea, Chine, and Philippines.

Loa loa

Known to be as the Eyeworm. Its usually transmitted by chrysops fly breed.

Onchocerca volvulus

Its referred as the River Blindness. Found in Africa, South/Central america. Infection is usually by a black fly bite.

Mansonella ozzardi

Usually transmitted by midges culicoides. Found in blood.

Mansolnella perstans

Usually transmitted by midges culicoides. Found in blood.

Mansonella streptocerca

Usually transmitted by midges culicoides. Found in skin.

Dracunculus medinensis.

Causes serious infections. Found in Middle East, parts of Africa, and India. Its transmitted by guinea worm. Metronidazole is usually the drug of choice.

Medically Significant Fungi Organism

Yeast, Mold, or Both

Malassezia furfur

Yeast

Morphology

Diseases

Culture media Additional and temp information

Dandruff

SBA with olive oil supplement. 5 days require at 30-35 degrees celsius. Sabouraud dextrose is needed.

special nutritional requirements of this organism. Grows poorly at 25 degree celsius. Known to be called the Sun Fungus. Treatment is Topical antifungals.

Black piedra

28-30 degree celsius on sabouraud dextrose.

Its occurs on the hairs of the scalp. Its endemic in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Microscope.

Media: Cream, moist, and smooth.

Piedraia hortae

Mold

Microscopic

Media: Greenishblack, limited, pointed colonies.

Trichosporon spp.

Yeast

white piedra

sabouraud dextrose with olive oil and at 35 degrees celsius.

Its endemic in South america, Africa, and parts of Asia. Mainly found in normal skin biota of both animals and soil.

Tinea nigra

It grows on SGA (sabouraud glucose agar) at 20-40 degrees celsius for 28 days.

It doesn't cause inflammatory response or infect other tissue with itself.

Athletes Foot

Unknown

Infection is contracted by carpet, shower, or other environment. treatment is topical medication.

Microscopic

Media: smooth/wrinkl ed, moist/dry, creamy/velvet.

Hortaea werneckii

Mold

Microscopic

Media: Shiny, moist, yeastlike, brown to greenish-black colonies. Tinea pedis

Mold

microscopic

Epidermophyton floccosum

Yeast

Athletes foot

sabouraud dextrose agar, Slow grower, greenish-black or khaki colored, suede-like surface, raised and center folded.

It produces one size of conidia which is Macroconidia. It resembles that of a beavers tail. Its notorious for developing pleomorphic tufts of sterile hyphae in older cultures.

Dermatophytosis

Grows best at 25 degree celsius. Its usually grown on a potato dextrose agar. fluffy, white, opposite side grows lemon yellow pigment.

Usually found in both cats and dogs. Its found worldwide distribution.

Microscopic

Media: greenish-black or khaki colored, suedelike surface, raised and center folded

Microsporium canis

Mold

microscopic

media: fluffy, white, opposite side grows lemon yellow pigment.

Microsporium gypseum

Mold

microscopic

Mold infections in both human and animals

Optimal growth is 37 degrees celsius. Grows on Sabouraud dextrose agar, Flat, spreading, suede-like, granular, deep cream-fluffy white to pale cinnamon color red surface.

Its soil base infection. It prefers humid and warm temperatures to grow. Grows on dead tissue of animals and humans.

Tinea capitis and tinea corporis infection

Grows best in room temperature. It also grows on sabouraud dextrose agar. Flat, spreading, grayish-black to light tanwhite color, and dense suede-like to downy surface, with mouse fur as texture.

Its slow growing anthropomorph ic dermatophyte. Some isolates form chlamydoconid ium like swelling terminally on hyphae.

Media: Flat, spreading, suede-like, granular, deep cream-fluffy white to pale cinnamon color red surface.

Microsporium audouinii

Mold

Microscopic

media: Flat, spreading, grayish-black to light tanwhite color, and dense suede-like to downy surface, with mouse fur as texture.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Yeast

Nail infection

Sabouraud Mostly seen in dextrose agar: Mice and Flat, Rodents. Cream/white, powdery/gran ular surface.

Nail fungus

Sabouraud dextrose media: Flat/slightly raised, white/cream, suede-like, yellow brown to whine red on reverse.

Microscopic

Media: Flat, cream to white color, powdery to granular surface. Can grow yellow brown to reddish brown on the reverse plate.

Trichophyton rubrum

Mold microconidia

macroconidi a

Known to produce 3/8celled cylindric macroconidia. Its smaller than T. mentagrophyte s. Its also known as a worldwide distribution.

Trichophyton tonsurand

Mold

Tinea capitis in children worldwide

Sabouraud dextrose agar: Suede-like to powdery, flat, raised center or folded, pale buff to yellow-yellow brown- red brownish to deep mahogany

Its been said colonies form rust colored pigment on the reverse side. It usually infects skin, hair, and nails.

Verrucous dermatitidis

Sabouraud dextrose agar: olivaceous black, suedelike surface.

Most commonly seen in tropical and subtropical regions of americas and africa. In US, texas and louisiana.

microscopic

Media: Suedelike to powdery, flat, raised center or folded, pale buff to yellowyellow brownred brownish to deep mahogany.

Chromoblastomyco- Yeast sis

microscopic

media: olivaceous black, suedelike surface.

Sporothrix schenckii Yeast

Blastomyces dermatitidis

sporotricho-sis grows on any media which includes any containing Microscopic cycloheximide . It grows good 37 degrees in a CO2 incubator. Media: moist, Media: moist, glabrous, glabrous, wrinkled and wrinkled and folded surface. folded surface.

Both

Gilchrist disease

Microscopic

Media

Sabouraud dextrose agar: fluffy white, wrinkled/folde d, glabrous, yeast-like.

Its grown in warm, arid area like mexico.

When growing at 22 degrees it can grow colony morphology. It can grow slowly and rapid.

Histoplasma capsulatum

Both

microscopic

Histoplasmosi s, Darling Disease, Spelunkers Disease, and Cave Disease.

Sabouraud dextrose agar: Slow grower at 25 degree celsius, White or buff brown, suede-like to cottony, with pale yellow brown on reverse.

Its high endemicity is Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi river deltas. It lives in soil that contains high levels of nitrogen content.

Valley Fever

Its rapid growth, whitetan-dark gray, alternating one-celled barrel shaped.

Its endemic in San Joaquin Valley, Maricopa/Pima arizona and southwester texas.

Media: White or buff brown, suede-like to cottony, with pale yellow brown on reverse.

Coccidiodes immitis Both

microscopic

Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis

Both

microscopic

Penicillium marneffei

Both

Microscopic

Media: Yellow-pink colonies distinctive red diffusible pigment.

Lutzsplendore Almeida disease, and South America/Brazi lian Blastomycosis

Slow grower in Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25 degree celsius. Colonies: Flat, wrinkled/folde d, glabrous, suede-like or downy texture, white to brown on reverse.

Its a progressive chronic fungal disease that is endemic in Centeral/South america.

Molluscum Contagiosum

Yellow-pink colonies distinctive red diffusible pigment.

Its usually common systemic infection to those that are immunocompromised. When it disseminates to other parts of the body it usually is fatal.

Cunninghamella spp.

Mold

Mucormycosis

Rapid grower forms cottony colonies that are white at first then turn gray as it grows.

This organism can be recovered from Sinuses and other organs when it disseminates. Its found in the environment.

Mucormycosis

Wooly, rapid grower, white then gray brown with age.

Its found in diabetic patients suffering from keto-acidosis. It causes thrombosis and necrosis of tissues.

Mucormycosis

Rapid grower, cottony, dirty white then becomes mousy brown to gray with age.

Its commonly found in the environment. It is an asexual reproduction.

microscopic

Lichtheimia spp.

Mold

microscopic

Mucor spp.

Mold

Microscopic

Rhizopus spp.

Mold

Mucorales

Media: Woolly, colonies that cover the surface. It is white that goes to gray then brown with age. Syncephalastrum spp.

Mold

Rapid grower, Woolly, colonies that cover the surface. It is white that goes to gray then brown with age.

Its also found in ketoacidosis or diabetic patients. This organism is extremely refractory to treatment.

Great toe nail White and onychomycosi become gray s with age.

Its found mainly in soil and decaying vegetation. At times its confused for aspergillus.

Aspergillosis

its second most isolated fungus after candida spp. 90% mortality of those immunocompromised. Infections starts when someone inhales the fungal conidia.

microscopic

media: White and become gray with age. Aspergillus spp.

Mold

microscopic

Rapid grower, white, yellow, brown to black, or shades of green.

Beauveria spp.

Yeast

keratitis

Slow grower, downy, white at first and turns a yellow pinkish color.

Its mainly found in vegetation and in soil. Its uncommonly associate with keratitis.

Dermatomycosis

Colonies are hyaline with moderate growth with age and can show shades of pink, gray, or tan pigment.

Its recovered by nail and skin lesions. Found in the environment worldwide.

Mycotic keratitis

Rapid grower, Mainly hyaline fungus recovered in with various blood cultures. colors with age.

Pulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients

white to cream, and yeastlike.

At times it can resemble Coccidioides immitis.

Chronic fungal sinusitis

flat, granular, velvety to shades of tan.

Ubiquitous in nature. This fungi can be recovered at any location worldwide.

microscopic

Chrysosporium spp.

Mold

microscopic

Media: Fusarium spp.

Mold

microscopic

Geotrichum

Yeast

Microscopic Paecilomyces

Mold

microscopic

Scopulariopsis spp.

Mold

microscopic

Trichoderma spp.

Mold

microscopic

Alternaria spp.

Mold

Microscopic

Onychomycos Moderate is grower, tan to buff conidia colonies.

Its also recovered in the environment worldwide. It implicates pulmonary disease in immunocompr omised patients.

Pulmonary Rapid grower, and skin green, and infections in granular. immunocompr omised patients.

Its a new emerging pathogen in immunocompr omised patient that can cause a range of infection. Found in environment worldwide.

Chronic fungal sinusitis

Most of the times this organism can be confused for bacterial sinusitis. Can be found worldwide on grasses and leaves.

Rapid grower, colonies from shades of gray, brown, to black.

Aurebasidium spp.

Yeast

Peritonitis

Moderate/Rap id, yeast consistency, white/pink, black when organism ages.

Its a rare infection. Its mainly found in contaminated dialysis lines. Also recovered in wet conditions such as shower tiles and water lines.

Central Nervous System Infection.

Moderate/Rap id grower, dirty gray, phaeoid with age.

This infection is mainly identified as IV drug users. Found in environment.

laboratory contaminant

Slow/Moderat e grower, phaeoid, granular velvet to fluffy, olivebrown or black.

It is confined in sinuses. ubiquitous in nature. Its found in any location in the world.

Chronic sinusitis

Rapid grower, phaeoid colony, appears dirty gray to black.

Its found worldwide in grass, leaves, and decaying vegetation.

Microscopic

Chaetomium spp.

Mold

microscopic

Cladosporium spp.

Mold

Microscopic

Curvularia spp.

Mold

microscopic

media

Phoma spp.

Mold

Phoma blight

Moderate grower, gray to brown colonies.

Usually inoculated by secondary to traumatic.

microscopic Pithomyces spp.

Mold

Facial eczema Rapid grower and phaeoid colonies

Usually inoculated by secondary to traumatic.

Hay Fever and Rapid grower, subcutaneous brown to infertions. olivaceousblack, suedelike to floccose.

Implicated subcutaneous infection by traumatic inoculation.

Thrush

Varies

Found normally in mucosa biota, skin, and digestive system.

meningitis, pulmonary disease, and septicemia.

Mucoid colonies

Major cause of opportunistic infections with AIDS. Found in pigeon droppings.

septicemia, Variable endocarditis, meningitis, and peritonitis.

Known have a bright salmon pink color. Also they are nitrate + and urease +.

microscopic Ulocladium spp.

Mold

microscopic

Candida spp.

Yeast

microscopic Cryptococcus spp.

Yeast

microscopic

Rhodotorula spp.

Yeast

microscopic

Enterobacteriaceae Organism

E. coli

K.pneumoniae

K.oxtyca

K.ozaenae

E. cloacae

E. aero-genes

Information

Mainly found in urinary tract and the GI tract. There's an uropathogenic and 5 different diarrheogenic E. coli.

It's the frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection among hospitals. Newborns, elderly, and immunocompromised patients can be on respirator.

Normally isolated from nasal secretions and cerebral abscesses.

Most common isolates. Can be recovered from wounds, urine, blood, and CSF.

Most common isolates. Can be recovered from wounds, urine, blood, and CSF.

Diseases

UTIs, Infantile diarrhea, hemorrhagic diarrhea, Dysentry, & travelers diarrhea.

Blood stream infections, UTIs, and meningitis.

Atrophic rhinitis and nose tissue destructive disease.

Highly associated with the plasmidmediated extended spectrum beta lactamase. It's a contributing factor of anti microbial resistant hospital acquired infections. Rhinoscleroma and ozena.

Bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin/soft tissue infections, UTIs, and endocarditis.

Bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin/soft tissue infections, UTIs, and endocarditis.

Virulence factor

P pilus, pathogenicity islands, shiga toxins, invasin, and LT. A/A H2S+ + -

A/A H2S+/+

A/A H2S+ +

A/A H2S+ -

K/A Gas (+) +

K/A +

Citrate Phenylalanine deaminase

+ -

+ -

+/-

+ -

+ -

H2S Urease Motility

+ -

+ -

+/-

W+/+

+

TSI Indole Methyl Red VoguesProskauer

+

Acid production DNase Nitrate Nitrite Kovacs Oxidase ONPG Organism

+

+

+

+

+

+

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ P. Penneri

+ P. mirabilis

+ P. vulgaris

+ P. Alcalifacens

+ P. stuartii

+ P. rettgeri

Information

Does a swarming effect like p. Mirabilis on nonselective media. It's isolated from diarrhea. It's found in normal intestinal microbiota. It's an opportunistic infection.

Both mirabilis and vulgaris can be isolated by urine, blood, and ear. Known to be the only proteus to produce indole. Can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter.

Nosocomial UTIs, open wounds, upper/lower urinary infections, and acute glomerulonephritis

TSI Indole Methyl Red VoguesProskauer

K/K H2S + -

K/A H2S + + +/-

Nosocomial UTIs, open wounds, upper/lower urinary infections, and acute glomerulonephritis A/A H2S + + + -

Mainly found in feces of children with diarrhea. It's found in gastrointestinal tract. Alcalifacens, stuartii, and rettgeri are documented pathogen in the urinary tract. Wound infections, UTIs, abscesses, indwelling device infections, and gastroenteritis. K/A H2S + + -

Along with rettgeri are difficult to treat with those that are immunocompromised. The reason being is that their resistant to antimicrobial. Mainly found in soil, water, and sewage.

Diseases

Known to have a swarming effect. It's found in water and soil. Urease activity can lead to kidney stones. It's part of normal flora in human gastrointestinal tract. Both mirabilis and vulgaris can be isolated by urine, blood, and ear. Nosocomial UTIs, open wounds, upper/lower urinary infections, and acute glomerulonephritis

Wound infections, UTIs, abscesses, indwelling device infections, and gastroenteritis. K/A H2S + + -

Along with stuartii are difficult to treat with those that are immunocompromised. The reason being is that their resistant to antimicrobial. It's mainly found in water and land environment. Wound infections, UTIs, abscesses, indwelling device infections, and gastroenteritis. K/A H2S + + -

Citrate Phenylalanine + deaminase

+ +

+

+ +

+ +

+ +

H2S Urease Motility

+ + +

+ + +

+

+

+ +

+ +

Acid production DNase Nitrate Nitrite Kovacs Oxidase ONPG Organism

+

+

+

+

+

+

+ -

+/+ -

+ + -

+

+

+ -

M. morganii

S. choleraeuis

S. typhi

S. dysenteriae

S. flexneri

S. Boydii

Information

Haven't been implicated in diarrheal illness. It does play a role as an etiology can agent of diarrheal disease. It's motile but does not swarm.

It has an animal reservoir. It's found mainly in cattle and poultry.

Can infect through food and water. Can produce the shiga toxin. Unhealthy hygiene can infect humans.

Out of the shigella species, it can be treated with antibiotics. It can be transmitted by direct contact or oral-fecal route.

It can be transmitted by direct contact or oral-fecal route. It can survive in feces, soil, food, and water.

Diseases

UTIs and neonatal sepsis

Systemic infections and severe blood poisoning

Not an animal reservoir. Humans are only known to infect other individuals. Seen in tropical and subtropical regions. Can transmit in water too. May harbor in the gallbladder. Typhoid fever

Diarrhea and Dysentery

Dysentery

TSI Indole Methyl Red VoguesProskauer

K/A H2S + + -

K/A H2S + + -

K/A H2S + + -

Bacillary dysentery, colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and renal failure. K/A H2S + -

K/A H2S +/+ -

K/A H2S + -

Citrate Phenylalanine + deaminase

-

-

-

-

-

H2S Urease Motility Acid production

+ + +

+ + +

-

+

+

+ + +

DNase Nitrate Nitrite Kovacs Oxidase ONPG Organism

+ -

+ -

+ -

S. Sonnei

Y. Petis

Information

It can be transmitted by direct contact or oral-fecal route. It can survive in feces, soil, food, and water. It's responsible for 90% of shigellosis.

It's transmitted by infected flea bites and rodents. The best growth temperature is 25-30 degrees Celsius. It's a known bioterrorism.

Diseases

Shigellosis

Black Plague

TSI Indole Methyl Red VoguesProskauer

K/A H2S + -

+ -

+ -

+ -

Y. Y. Pseudoenterocolitica tuberculosis

E. americana

K. ascorbata

It's seen mostly in Europe. Infection can acquire from household pets. Usually ingesting infected swine, beef, chicken, and deli meat. Optimal growth is cold enrichment at 25 degrees Celsius. Acute enteritis

Fatal in animals. Infection is usually selflimited. Found in domestic birds. Appears as a typical looking plague bacillus.

Isolated come from blood cultures or respiratory specimens. It also exhibits resistances to multiple antimicrobials. DNA hybridization helped separate between this species and cedeera.

It's found in respiratory, urine, and blood cultures. Shows small zones of inhibition.

Psdeuotubercles

K/A H2S + -

A/A H2S +/+ -

A/A + -

Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis Uknown + +

Postoperative infection and peritonitis. Unknown + + -

Citrate Phenylalanine deaminase

-

-

-

+ -

+ +

H2S Urease Motility Acid production DNase Nitrate Nitrite Kovacs Oxidase

+

+

+ +

+ +

+ +

+ +

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

ONPG Organism

+ K. Cryocrescens

+/L. adecarboxylata

+ L. grimontii

+ L. richardii

+ M. wisconsensis

+ O. proteus

Information

Shows a larger zone of inhibition than thank K. ascorbata. This organism is known to ferment glucose at 5 degrees. Where k. ascorbata can't ferment glucose at that temperature.

Isolated from blood, urine, sputum, and feces. Also it can be collected in 27 isolates from nonhuman sources. It has the same IMViC reaction as E. Coli. The only difference is its negative for lysine/ornithine decarboxylase.

Shown to produce H2S and a weak reaction on a salmonella anti- sera. Clinical significance is still unknown.

Shown to produce H2S and a weak reaction on a salmonella anti- sera. Clinical significance is still unknown.

It resembles E. coli on enteric media. Can be isolated from feces.

It's a fastidious organism. It's a slow growing organism. It grows at 37 degrees Celsius. It's not found in human specimens.

Diseases

Diarrhea and intestinal infections Unknown + + -

Septicemia

Nosocomial infections

Nosocomial infect

Unknown

Unknown + + -

Unknown + -

Unknown -

Diarrhea and gallbladder infections. Unknown + -

Citrate + Phenylalanine deaminase

-

+ -

-

+ -

-

H2S Urease Motility Acid production DNase Nitrate Nitrite Kovacs Oxidase ONPG

+ +

+ +

+ +

+ +

+

+

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

+

+

-

-

-

-

TSI Indole Methyl Red VoguesProskauer

Unknown -

Organism

P. luminescens

R. aquatilitis

T. ptyseos

T. guamensis

Y. regensburgei

C. freundii

Information

It's natural habitat is in lumen entomopathogenic. It has a two phase with luminescence happening in phase 1. It's pigmentation is usually either pink, red, orange, yellow, or green pigmentation. Those pigmentation can be seen using special medians like trypticase soy and/or egg yolk agar.

It's name was given to a group of water bacteria that's psychrotolerant, being able to grow at 4 degrees Celsius.

It was formerly known as enteric group 90. It's mainly found in the island of Guam. It's isolated from human diarrheal samples.

It was first thought that it was related to hafnia species. With DNA hybridization the two species are 15% related. To differ between the two are by VP reaction. Yokenella hold negative reaction to VP.

It's isolated in diarrheal stool cultures. It's known to be extraintestinal pathogenic role in intestinal disease. It's role in intestinal disease isn't established

Diseases

Severe infections

Wound infections, bacteremia, and septicemia.

Stock cultures are to be kept frozen on sheep blood cells. They die weeks later on a slant agar. It resembles E. agglomerans. To differentiate these two is this organism has a Weak reaction to PAD. Large zones of inhibition of penicillin. Severe sepsis

Unknown

Further studies needed to determine their significance in human disease

TSI Indole Methyl Red VoguesProskauer

Unknown +/-

Unknown + +

Unknown -

Unknown + -

Unknown + -

UTIs, pneumonia, and intraabdominal abscesses. IV drug abusers is associated with endocarditis. K/A H2S + + -

Citrate +/Phenylalanine deaminase

+ +

+

+ -

+ -

+ -

H2S Urease Motility Acid production DNase

+ +

+

+

+ + +

+ +

+ + +

-

-

-

-

-

-

Nitrate Nitrite Kovacs Oxidase ONPG

-

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

+ -

-

+

-

+

+

+