Computers And Early History

History of Computers

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

In the Beginning Do you know?

•Computing began with things like:

Bones

Finger Counting

1900 to 1800 BC The Babylonian's sexagesimal system, which first appeared around 1900 to 1800 BC, is credited as being the first known place-value number system using base sixty. NOTE: The Sumerians uses a sexagecimal (base 60) number system. Most clocks are based on the sexagecimal system. The Babylonians inherited sexagecimal numbers from the Sumerians. They divided a circle into 360 degrees since they believed the Sun rotated around the Earth in about 360 days.

1000 BC to 500 BC The Invention of the Abacus ❂

The first actual calculating mechanism known to us is the abacus, which is thought to have been invented by the Babylonians sometime between 1,000 BC and 500 BC, although some observers are of the opinion that it was actually invented by the Chinese .

1500 AD Leonardo da Vinci's Mechanical Calculator

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It appears that the first mechanical calculator may have been conceived by Leonardo da Vinci almost one hundred and fifty years earlier than Pascal's machine.

Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)  Wilhelm

Schickard (1592-1635), of Tuebingen, Germany), made a "Calculating Clock1623". This mechanical machine was capable of adding and subtracting up to 6 digit numbers, and

1600 AD John Napier and Napier's Bones 

 Napier also invented the logarithms, which greatly assisted in arithmetic

In the early 1600s, a Scottish mathematician named John Napier, the Laird of Merchiston, invented a tool called Napier's Bones, wherein multiplication tables were inscribed on strips of wood or bone.

Napier's Bones/rods ❂

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Napier's bones, also called Napier's rods, are numbered rods which can be used to perform multiplication of any number by a number 2-9. By placing "bones" corresponding to the multiplier on the left side and the bones corresponding to the digits of the multiplicand next to it to the right, and product can be read off simply by adding pairs of numbers (with appropriate carries as needed) in the row determined by the multiplier.

1621 AD Slide Rule ❂

In 1621, an English mathematician and clergyman called William Oughtred used Napier's logarithms as the basis for the slide rule.

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This was first built in England in 1632 and still in use in the 1960's by the NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which landed men on the moon.

1625 AD Arithmetic Machine ❂

The German astronomer and mathematician Wilhelm Schickard wrote a letter to his friend Johannes Kepler about fifteen years before Pascal started developing his Arithmetic Machine.

1625 AD Arithmetic Machine ❂

He wrote that he had built a machine that "...immediately computes the given numbers automatically; adds, subtracts, multiplies, and divides". Unfortunately, no original copies of Schickard's machine exist, but working models have been constructed from his notes.

1640 AD Blaise Pascal's Arithmetic Machine ❂

In 1640, Pascal started developing a device to help his father add sums of money. The first operating model, the Arithmetic Machine, was introduced in 1642, and Pascal created fifty more devices over the next ten years.

Pascal's Arithmetic Machine ❂

Blaise Pascal is being credited as the inventor of the first operational calculating machine the Arithmetic Machine

Sir Samuel Morland (1625-1695) ❂

Sir Samuel Morland of England, produces a non decimal adding machine, suitable for use with English money. Instead of a carry mechanism

1670 AD Gottfried von Leibniz's Step Reckoner ❂

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In 1670s, a German Baron named Gottfried von Leibniz (sometimes von Leibnitz) took mechanical calculation a step beyond his predecessors. He developed Pascal's ideas and introduced the Step Reckoner, a device which, as well as performing additions and subtractions, could multiply, divide, and evaluate square roots by series of stepped additions.

1670 AD Gottfried von Leibniz's Step Reckoner ❂

Leibniz also strongly advocated the use of the binary number system, which is fundamental to the operation of modern computers.

1786 J. H. Mueller, ❂

1786 J. H. Mueller, of the Hessian army, conceives the idea of what came to be called a "difference engine". That's a special purpose calculator for tabulating values of a polynomial, given the differences between certain values so that the polynomial is uniquely specified;.

J. H. Mueller

Difference Engine ❂

It's useful for any function that can be approximated by a polynomial over suitable intervals. Mueller's attempt to raise funds fails and the project is forgotten

1800 AD Jacquard's Punched Cards ❂

In the early 1800s, a French silk weaver named Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented a way of automatically controlling the warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a string of cards.

1820 Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar ❂

Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar of France, makes his "Arithmometer", the first massproduced calculator.

1822 AD Babbage's Difference Engine ❂

Charles Babbage built a machine called the Difference Engine that automatically calculate mathematical tables, such as logarithmic and trigonometric functions.

Analytical Engine ❂

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Babbage conceived the idea of another, more sophisticated machine called an Analytical Engine. It was intended to use loops of Jacquard’s Punched Cards to control an automatic calculator. This machine was also intended to employ several features subsequently used in modern computers, including sequential control, branching, and looping.

Augusta Ada Lovelace ❂

Working with Babbage was Augusta Ada Lovelace, the daughter of the English poet Lord Byron. Ada, who was a splendid mathematician and one of the few people who fully understood Babbage's vision, created a program for the Analytical Engine. • ADA is now credited as being the first computer programmer and, in 1979, a modern programming language was named ADA in her honor.

1890 AD Hollerith's Tabulating Machines ❂

An American inventor named Herman Hollerith, made use of the idea of Jacquard’s Punched Card to represent the census data, and to then read and collate this data using an automatic machine.

History o f Com pu ti ngSu mma ry 3000 B.C., abacus: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division ❂ 1642, Pascaline; addition (invented by Blaise Pascal at age 18) ❂ 1694, Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz; extended the Pascaline to include multiplication ❂

Summary ❂

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1820, the arithometer by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar; addition, subtraction, multiplication, division 1832, analytical engine by Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace; steam powered general purpose computing machine 1889, Tabulating Machine Company (now, IBM) by Herman Hollerith; general purpose computing -- tallied the U.S. Census in 6 weeks (as opposed to 7-10 years).

Evolution ❂

1824- Interna tiona l B usin es s Mach in es (IBM corporation) formed after more mergers involving the Computing - Tabulating Recording Company

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1906 - Electronic Tube (or Electronic Valve) developed by

Lee De Forest in America. Before this it would have been impossible

Evolution ❂

1910 Charles Watson Sr. Father of International Business Machines

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1911 Merger of companies, including Herman Hollerith's Tabulating Machine Company, to Computing - Tabulating - Recording Company - which became IBM in 1924.

Co mput er H ist ory - 19 00 19 40 ❂

For more information, pls go to this site: • http://www.computerhope.com/history/190 040.htm

The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present

Evolution ❂

1935 - International Business Machines introduces the "IBM 601", a punch card machine with an arithmetic unit based on relays and capable of doing a multiplication in 1 second. The machine becomes important both in scientific and

Evolution ❂

1938 - Konrad Zuse (1910-1995) of Berlin, with some assistance from Helmut Schreyer, completes a prototype mechanical binary programmable calculator, the first binary calculator it is based on Boolean Algebra (see 1848). Originally called the "V1" but retroactively renamed "Z1" after the war. It works with floating

Evolution ❂

1940 - At Bell Labs, Samuel Williams and Stibitz complete a calculator which can operate on complex numbers, and give it the imaginative name of the "Complex Number Calculator"; it is later known as the "Model I Relay Calculator". It uses telephone switching parts for logic: 450 relays and 10 crossbar switches

Evolution ❂

1941 - Atanasoff and Berry complete a special-purpose calculator for solving systems of simultaneous linear equations, later called the "ABC" ("Atanasoff-Berry

Evolution ❂

1943- Computers between 1943 and 1959 (or thereabouts - some say this era did not start until UNIVAC-1 in 1951) usually regarded as 'first generation' and are based on valves and wire circuits. The are characterised by the use of punched cards and vacuum valves. All programming was done in machine code. A

Evolution ❂

1942-3- Williams and Stibitz complete the "Relay Interpolator", later called the "Model II Relay Calculator". This is a programmable calculator; again, the program and data are read from

Evolution ❂

1943- The earliest Programmable Electronic Computer first ran (in Britain), it contained 2400 Vacuum tubes for logic, and was called the Colossus. It was built, by Dr Thomas Flowers at The Post Office Research Laboratories in

Evolution ❂

1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC computer, first electronic computer is unveiled at Univ. of Pennsylvania

Evolution ❂

1948- SSEM, (Small Scale Experimental Machine) or 'Baby' was built at Manchester University (UK), It ran it's first program on this date. Based on ideas from Jon von Neumann (a Hungarian Mathematician) about stored program computers, it was the first computer to store both it's programs and data in RAM, as modern computers so.

Evolution ❂

By 1948 the 'Baby' had grown, and acquired a magnetic drum for more perminant storage, and it became the Manchester Mark I. The Ferranti Mark I

Evolution ❂

1949- Wilkes and a team at Cambridge University build a stored program computer EDSAC. It used paper tape I/O, and was the first storedprogram

Evolution ❂

1949- EDVAC (electronic discrete variable computer) First computer to use Magnetic Tape. This was a breakthrough as previous computers had to be reprogrammed by re-wiring them whereas EDVAC could have new programs loaded off of the tape. Proposed by John von Neumann, it was completed in 1952 at the Institute for Advance Study, Princeton, USA

Evolution ❂

1951- Whirlwind, the first real-time computer was built for the US Air Defence System.

UNIVAC 1 ❂

1951 - UNIVAC-1. The first commercially sucessful electronic computer, UNIVAC I, was also the first general purpose computer designed to handle both numeric and textual information. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, whose corporation subsequently passed to Remington Rand. The implementation of this machine marked the real beginning of the computer era. Remington Rand

Evolution ❂

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1952 - EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) completed at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA (by Von Neumann and others). 1953- Magnetic Core Memory developed. 1957- First Dot Matrix printer marketed by IBM. 1958- The integrated circuit invented by Jack

Evolution 1959- Computers built between 1959 and 1964 are often regarded as 'Second Generation' computers, based on transistors and printed circuits - resulting in much smaller computers. ❂ More powerful, the second generation of computers could handle 1960- Tandy Corporation founded interpreters such as FORTRAN (for science) by Charles Tandy. or COBOL (for business), that accepting English❂

Integrated Circuit ❂

1970’s – Integrated circuits and silicon chips lead to smaller microprocessor

PDP 8 ❂

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), series PDP 8.

PDP 8I ❂

DEC's first calculator with integrated circuits was not cheap. The CPU on its own (in the middle of the picture) without periphery costed 27000$ at that time.

MAINFRAME Computer Simulations and Surgery: the Genesis

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