Moderni Da Postmoderni.pdf

moderni da postmoderni – sociologiuri Teoriebi

moderni – Tanamedrove 

moderni _ Tanamedrove

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,,modernizacia’’ _ cvlilebebis procesi

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modernizmi, Tanamedroveoba, anu modernis epoqa _socialuri sinamdvile, romelSic moderni damkvidrda modernizaciis Sedegad.

moazrovneTa umetesobis azriT, ,,Tanamedroveoba’’ XIX s-is meore naxevarSi daiwyo. xolo damTavrda Tu ara modernis epoqa amis Sesaxeb urTierTsapirispiro mosazrebebi arsebobs.

klasikosebi modernze  karl marqsi (1818-1883) _ modernis mTavar maxasiaTeblad miaCnia kapitalisturi ekonomika da, aqedan gamomdinare, socialuri klasi  maqs veberi (1864-1920) _ modernis ganmapirobeblad Tvlis materialuri qonebis dagrovebisken swrafvas, ramac gansazRvra racionalizmis, rogorc modernis mTavari maxasiaTeblis warmoSoba . rkinis galiis Teoria.  emil diurkemi (1858-1917) _ aqcents akeTebs organuli solidarobis warmoSobaze. viwro specializaciis meSveobiT, adamianis damoukidebel individad Camoyalibebaze da koleqtiuri moralis Sesustebaze, ramac sabolood anomia gamoiwvia.  georg zimeli (1858-1918) _ modernisTvis organulad miiCnevs qalaqur cxovrebas da fulad ekonomikas. aseve aanalizebs fulis gaucxoebas misi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobisgan, kulturis tragedias, individualuri kulturis atrofias da obieqturi kulturis hipertrofias.

modernuli sazogadoebis ZiriTadi niSnebia:         

industrializacia urbanizaciis maRali xarisxi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba konstitucionalizmi liberaluri demokratia individualizmi sekularizmi racionaluri azrovneba 1

modernizacia, rogorc movlena 1.

modernizacia, rogorc dasavluri civilizaciis ganviTarebis konkretuli etapisTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur - kulturul niSanTa erToblioba.

2. modernizacia, rogorc socialur-kulturuli romelic Tanamedrove ganviTarebis ritmma civilizaciebis maxasiaTebladac aqcia.

niSnebis sxva,

erToblioba, aradasavluri

modernis da postmodernis epoqa gidensi _ baumani modernis epoqis maxasiaTeblebi    

efeqturoba prognozireba aqcenti raodenobaze da ara xarisxze kontroli adamianuri teqnologiebis unificirebuli operaciebiT Canacvlebis gziT.

baumans da gidenss postmodernis epoqa warmoudgeniaT modernTan dapirispirebul mocemulobad, romelmac sapirispiro logikiT unda Secvalos modernis logika, Seavsos is sicariele, romelic modernSi ganicada adamianurobam da gadalaxos adamianTa gaucxoeba cxorebis sazrisisagan. xolo, sanam kacobrioba am saazrovno sivrceSi Seva, manmade is modernis epoqaSi ganagrZobs arsebobas

postmodernis Teoretikosebi 

ukiduresi postmodernistuli poziciis gamziarebeli Teoretikosebi miiCneven rom modernis epoqaSi moxda garRveva da modernuli sazogadoeba postmodernuliT Seicvala. (Jan bodriari, Jil deliozi, feliqs gvatari...)

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TeoretikosTa nawilis azriT, marTalia aseTi garRveva moxda da modernuli realoba postmodernuliT Seicvala, magram postmoderni modernis memkvidre da misgan amozrdili mocemulobaa (frederik jeimsoni, ernesto laklau, Santal muffu, nensi frezeri)

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modernizmi da postmodernizmi erTmaneTTan mWidro urTierTobaSi myofi mocemulobebia da ara calkeuli epoqebi (smarti).

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1972 wels sent-luisSi sacxovrebeli mikroraionis _ ,,priut aigous’’ dangreva 80-ianebSi prezident reiganis mier socialuri politikis gatarebaze misi araefeqturobisa da socialuri problematikis gadaWrisadmi skefsisis gamo uaris Tqma

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fredrik jeimsoni 

postmoderni _ gviandeli kapitalizmis kulturul logika. postmodernul realobas axasiaTebs:

1.

zedapiruloba

2. emociebis da afeqtebis Sesusteba, Zlieri modernuli emociebis fragmentacia da axali gvaris emociebis, simZafre-varvaris warmoSoba. 3.

dakarguli istoriuloba _ istoria warsulis Sesaxeb popuria

4. axali teqnologiebi _ industriuli teqnologiis mniSvnelobis Canacvleba informaciul-sakomunikacio teqnologiebiT.

edvard munki _ yvirili. 1893

endi uorholi _Shot Marilyns. 1964

Jan bodriari     

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi batonobs ara industria, aramed masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, garTobisa da codnis industria postmodernSi mizani _ niSnebis mwarmoebeli sistemebiT batonobis miRweva simulakrebi da simulacia _ niSnebi gaxdnen TviTreferentulni da aRarafers gamoxataven sakuTari Tavis garda realobis zerealobiT Canacvleba _ masobrivi iinformaciis saSualebebi 3

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arsebobs Tu ara vaSli empiriaSi, saerTod aRar aqvs azri. vaSli arsebobs maSin, Tu arsebobs misi cifruli gamosaxuleba... ,,Cven vcxovrobT simulaciebis tyveobaSi, romlebic qmnian spiraliseburi, wriul sistemas, dasawyisisa da dasasrulis gareSe’’. bodriaris postmoderni masebis STanmTqavi ,,Savi xvrelia’’.

termin ,,postmodernis’’ genealogia 

gamoTqma ,,postmoderni’’ pirvelad rudolf panvicTan gvxvdeba _ 1917 wels gamocemul wignSi ,,evropuli kulturis krizisi’’.

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meored _1934 weli _ espaneli literaturaTmcodne federiko de oni. postmodernsimo _ literaturis gardamavali safexuri modernsimosa da ultramodernsimos Soris.

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mesamed termini gamoyenebuliiyo ukve britaneli istorikosis da filosofosis, arnold toinbis mier 1947 wels

toinbi wignSi _ ,,istoriuli wvdoma’’ postmoderns evropuli kulturis ganviTarebis garkveul fazad miiCnevda. man pirvelma Semoitana termini ,,postmodernuli’’ anglo-saqsonur sivrceSi 

toinbi postmodernis epoqis sawyis wertilad 1875 wels miiCnevs, roca dasavleTis erovnuli saxelmwifoebi viwro nacionaluri politikidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa globalur aspeqtSi gadavidnen.

umberto eko ,,vardis saxelis’’ prologSi wers, rom Tu ase gagrZelda postmodernuli kategoriebi homerosTanac moiZebneba. 

Jan fransua liotarma Caatara evropeli klasikosebis mokvleva da mivida daskvnamde, rom yvelaze axlos postmodernul kategoriasTan aristotele idga _ adamiani, romelic Tanamedrove postmodernamde da modernamde aTaswleulebiT adre cxovrobda.

moderni da postmoderni xelovnebasa da azrovnebaSi 

unda aRiniSnos, rom vsaubrobT ara postmodernis arsze, aramed imaze, rac yvelaze xSirad aris gagebuli rogorc postmoderni

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bodriarma dasavluri civilizaciis mTeli istoria dayo oTx ZiriTad etapad imis mixedviT, Tu rogor mxatvrul saxeebs awarmoebdnen isini.

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I epoqa _ mxatvruli saxe asaxavs siRrmiseul realobas 

hieronomius bosxis suraTi _ Tivis gadatana, romelSic umaRlesi RvTiuri realobis fonze adamianTa yofis umniSvneloba aris naCvenebi. 1500-1515 w.

II epoqa _ mxatvruli saxe asaxiCrebs realobas _ Semoaqvs alternatiuli realobis SesaZlebloba. 

xelovneba ukve aRar miemarTeba mxolod RmerTs, rogorc erTaderT mniSvnelovanebas samyaroSi. am etapze xelovnebaSi gamoxatuli WeSmariteba SeiZleba iyos rogorc RmerTi, ise maRali humanisturi ideebi, sazogadoebriv-empiriuli realoba an avtoris piradi pozicia, ganwyoba. realisturi xelovnebis etapi

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literaturaSi am saazrovno sivrcis warmomadgenlia onore de balzaki, emil zola...…

Jak lui davidi ,,napoleonis gadasvla sent _ bernanis uReltexilze’’ 1802 w. 5

III epoqa _mxatvruli saxe niRbavs siRrmiseuli realobis arsebobas. mxatvruli saxe ar asaxavs realobas, aramed aris mxolod misi warnomadgeneli, romlis miRmac unda aRiqmebodes is, risi niSanic aris mxatvruli saxe.

klasikuri

avangardi

xelovani orientirebulia

Sinagani problema CaxSulia da

Sinagani realobis Ziebaze da

xdeba ara misi gadaWris gzebis

gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebic am

Zebna, aramed cinikuri poziciis

realobis Ziebis Sesabamisad

dakaveba misadmi, sakuTari Tavisa da

ixveweba.

sakuTari problemis dacinva.

modernuli xelonebis nimuSia magaliTad frida kalos, modilianis ferweruli tiloebi, edvard munkis yvirili, mark Sagalis, anri matisis da kazimir maleviCis naxatebi. marsel diuSanis redimeidebi

frida kalo _ ,,ocneba’’

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marsel diuSami _kibeze Camavali qali

anri matisi _ arabuli yavaxana

modernul xelovnebas mainc axasiaTebs fonad raRac realobis arseboba, romelsac ar asaxavs, magram gulisxmobs. SeiZleba es realoba iyos ara platoniseuli ideaTa empiriuli, aramed warmosaxviTi. modernizmis metaforaa aCrdilebi, romelsac gamoqvabulis kedelze mijaWvuli adamianebi xedaven. aaCrdilebs garkveuli mimarTeba mainc aqvT arsTan _ arian misi aCrdilebi (postmodernSi ki es aCrdilebi ubralod aCrdilebi arian da ara raimes Crdilebi).

IV epoqa _ postmoderni _ mxatvrul saxes aranairi kavSiri ar aqvs realobasTan _ is sakuTari Tavis wminda simulaciaa.  postmodernul xelovnebas 2 mTavari niSani axasiaTebs: 1. kulturis momxmarebelTa ricxvi da produqtis raodenoba maStaburia da amis gamo, Tavadve ganapirobebs sakuTari Tavis Tvisebrivad Secvlas. 2. elitaruli da masobrivi, anu dabali da maRali kultura faqtobrivad Tanxvdebian erTmaneTs. 

1969 wels gamoqveynda, lesli fileris cnobili werili _ ,,gadalaxeT sazRvrebi, amoavseT Txrilebi’’ (niSandoblivia, rom es werili daibeWda ara romelime literaturul JurnalSi, aramed fleiboiSi). filerma werilSi asaxa misi Tanamedrove literaturuli viTareba, rogorc sazRvrebis moSla 7

elitarul da masobriv kulturas Soris da maTi Serwyma. man magaliTad moiyvana avtorebi _ jon barti, Leonard koeni, boris viani da daaskvna, rom joisis da manis epoqa gaTavda _ modernuli literatura warsuls Cabarda.

postmoderni arqiteqturaSi 

Carl jenski _ ,,postmoderni cdilobs gadailaxos es elitaruloba ara gamartivebiT, aramed arqiteqturuli enis ganvrcobiT bevri sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT _ adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis, tradiciebis, quCis slengis aTvisebiT.’’

1965 wels, berlinSi, romis mwarmoebeli sawarmos administraciuli Senobis proeqti sul iolad gadakeTda Tanamedrove xelovnebis muzeumis proeqtad. postmodernSi ar arsebobs sazrisi da sulerTi xdeba yvelaferi. azrs kargavs arsebuli empiriac ki. asli win uswrebs realobas. asli amkvidrebs realobas, magram asls aRar gaaCnia originali. amitomac, xSirad axali ambebis reportaJi aZlevs stimuls socialuri movlenebis ganviTarebas da im faqtebis moxdenasac, rasac asaxavda reportaJi, magram rac moxda misi moqmedebiT da ara asaxvamde. is, rac wesiT amsaxveli unda iyos, ganmsazRvreli xdeba. amis kargi magaliTebi moiZeveba qarTul sivrceSi _ televizia ,,imedis’’ modelirebuli qronika Tu ,,rusTavi2’’-is mier vardebis revoluciis stimulireba. socialuri movlenebi viTardeba ara RmerTis, bunebis kanonzomierebis mixedviT, aramed adamianis mier konstruirebuli modelebis mixedviT.

postmodernizmi da masobrivi kultura postmodernizmi iseTi kulturaa, romelsac absoluti ar aqvs. pluralizmi axasiaTebs 

mas Sexedulebebis

esTetikur sferoSi relativizmi anadgurebs avtoris diqtats, avtoris totalitarizms, nebismier ideologias.avtori, mwerali, xelovani postmodernul kulturaSi aRar laparakobs yvelas saxeliT, aRar aris xalxis maswavlebeli, winamZRvari. postmodernuli kultura iziarebs vitgenSteiniseul mosazrebas, rom ” WeSmariteba ubralod sityvaa, romelic aRniSnavs, imas rasac aRniSnavs leqsikonis mixedviT.WeSmariteba sityvaa, romelsac arsi ar aqvs, anu uaryofilia WeSmaritebis istoriuloba da is sityvaa, romelic teqstis erTerTi elementia,anu istoriis nacvlad teqsti gvaqvs.istoria ki teqstis wakiTxvis istoriaa”.

INALCO-s seminarma kriteriumi: 1.

daadgina

„masobrivi

kulturis“

xuTi

misi warmateba industriuli xasiaTisaa (da Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia misi usasrulod reproducireba; erTgvarad es aris „aslebis kultura“);

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2. misi gavrceleba xdeba mas-mediis meSveobiT (mas-mediis yvela saxeoba SeiZleba monawileobdes da xSirad monawileobs kidec misi warmoebis procesSi); 3. is advilad xelmisawvdomia da mas srulebiT ar aferxebs arc sazRvrebi, arc klasebi, arc erebi; 4. misi Sinaarsi da warmodgenis forma metad Wrelia. mas aqvs Tavisi ritualebi, miTebi, varskvlavebi. anu is srulebiT ar aris erTsaxovani da martivi, rogorc mas xSirad axasiaTeben; 5. masobrivi kultura mimarTulia keTildReobisken, siamovnebisken, sixarulisken, raRac azriT. da swored amitom ixarjeba masze uamravi saxsrebi, is komerciul terminebSi iazreba kidec. erik masem masobrivi kultura gansazRvra rogorc „kulturul obieqtTa (da masTan masobrivi kulturia viTardeba ZiriTadad mdidar industriul qveynebSi masobrivi xelovnebisTvis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel elements warmoadgens marginaluri jgufebis, marginaluri adamianebis yofa da cxovreba (gansakuTrebiT literaturisaTvis); amasTan, masobrivi kulturis marginalizmi socialuri kriticizmis saxes atarebs. „gariyulTa“, socialuri fskeris warmomadgenelTa samyaro, damnaSaveoba, xelisuflebis korufcia da a. S. didaqtikuri xasiaTisaa, rac ucxoa modernizmisTvis,

postmodernis kritika 

iurgen habermasi - postmoderni daumTavrebeli modernia.

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daniel beli - postmodernistul epoqas aigivebs postindustriuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebasTan da miiCnevs, rom postindustriuli sazogadoeba sawarmoo urTierTobebis ganviTarebis iseTi stadiaa, rodesac qreba yvela istoriuli socialur-ekonomikuri winaaRmdegoba teqnikis ganviTarebis Sedegad

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niu eiJdci- is rac, dRes xdeba modernia.amaze postmodernis dasaxelebac metyvelebs, romelic modernis gviandel fazaze miuTiTebs.

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Jan bodriari _ moderns ”scenis epoqas” uwodebs, romlis dagvirgvinebasac televizia warmoadgens.

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umberto eko- postmodernistuli xedvis niSnebi yvela epoqas axasiaTebs sulieri krizisis periodSi. swored am dros xdeba individualuri subieqtis gamwireba, ris Sedegadac ikargeba tradiciis damcavi pirovnuli stili.

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gotfrid bemi _ SeiZleba iolad gavideT fons sityva ,,postmodernis’’ gareSec, radgan is axali, rac mis farglebSi iqmneba, ar scdeba modernis SesaZleblobebs’’.

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