Mini Research Report.docx

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

MINI RESEARCH

LECTURER : ENDANG SULISTIARINY, S.Si, M.Si, Apt

CREATED BY GROUP 4 : ATIQAH ZIKRY AMALIA SARAGIH (4163312002) CUT FADZA SADIDA (4163312006) HENDRI JOHAN TAMBUNAN (4163312011) MEIDY ADELINA (4163312017) SARIHOT S. PADANG (4163312025)

FACULTY of MATHEMATICS and NATURAL SCIENCES BILINGUAL MATHEMATICS EDUCATION 2016 STATE UNIVERSITY of MEDAN

I.

TITTLE “Organisms and Their Environment”

II.

BACKGROUND PROBLEM Environment is a system that greatly affects the growth and development of organisms. That is, in the absence of the environment, an organism can not grow and develop properly. In this case, environmental factors play an important role in the survival of the organism. Broadly speaking, the environmental factors are divided into two, namely the biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factor composed of humans, animals, plants and microorganisms. Whereas abiotic factors such example is soil, water, light, air, temperature, humidity, rainfall, and others. Both biotic and abiotic factors provide a huge influence for an organism. An example is water which is an environmental factor that is essential for living beings. So also with the soil, temperature, light, air, moisture, and others. Everything is an environmental factor that is needed by living things. Therefore, knowledge about environmental factors is needed. So that we can know the environmental factors and their role for life.

III.

OBJECTIVE To knowing about organisms and their environment.

IV.

LITERATURE REVIEW Soil is a thin layer of the earth's crust and its located outermost. Soil is the result

of weathering or host rock erosion (inorganic) are mixed with organic material. Soil containing rock or mineral particles, organic matter (organic compounds and organisms) water and air. The Kind of Soil in Indonesia : No.

Soil Kind Alluvial soil is formed from small material

1

results rivers deposition in the lowlands or valleys.

Picture

Vulcanic soils derived from volcanic ash from eruptions that have undergone a 2

weathering process.

Regosol soil is grained soil and derived from 3

4

volcanic material.

Mediterranean limestone soil formed from limestone were weathered

Litosol soil is a rocky ground. Constituent 5

materials derived from hard rock that has not undergone weathering perfectly. Organosol soil or peat soil formed from the remnants of the marsh plants decay. The

6

color of the soil is black to brown.

Grumusol soil or soil Margalit is formed of 7

fine argillaceous material.

Latosol soil contains a lot of iron and aluminium. This soil already old so that 8

having low fertility

Entisols soil same with andosol soil usually 9

the materials from weathering released by volcanic eruptions such as dust, sand, lava and lapilli.

Humus soil formed from weathering of land plants. Rich in nutrients and minerals and 10

very fertile.

Inseptol formed from sedimentary or 11

metamorphic rocks with brownish and blackish color and mix a bit grayish.

12

13

Laterit has a brick-red color because it contains a lot of iron and aluminum

Latosol soil formed from the weathering of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

Mergel soil formed from limestone, sand 14

and clay and establishment with the help of rain but uneven.

15

16

Oxisol soil that have so much iron and aluminum oxides.

Padas soil have a characteristic that hard almost like rocks

17

18

Sandy soil is weathering of the sandstone

podsol soil have a variety of textures ranging mix of sand to small rocks

Red-yellow podzolic soil is red to yellow as 19

well as mineral and organic content will be very susceptible to leaching by rain water.

Clay is a type of soil that consists of a mixture of aluminum and silicate which has a diameter of not more than 4 micrometers. 20

Clay formed from the weathering of silica process conducted by carbonic acid and some of them produced from geothermal activity.

Vegetation is assemblages of plant species and the ground cover they provide. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. It is broader than the term flora which refers to species composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are encompassed by the term vegetation. The vegetation type is defined by characteristic dominant species, or a common aspect of the assemblage, such as an elevation range or environmental commonality Earth cover is

the expression used by ecologist Frederic Clements that has its closest modern equivalent being vegetation. The expression continues to be used by the Bureau of Land Management. Natural vegetation refers to plant life that extermely growing in naturally and which is controlled by the climatic condiation of that region. Biotic and Abiotic components Definition of Biotic Biotic environment is an environment consisting of all the components of living creatures on the earth's surface. Biotic environmental components, such as plants, animals and humans.

Defenition of Abiotic Abiotic environment is all the inanimate objects in the earth's surface that are useful and influential in the lives of human beings and other living things. examples of abiotic environment, such as soil, water, air, and sunlight.

Biotic Components Biotic component is a component that make up an ecosystem besides abiotic components (lifeless). Biotic component consists of three, namely manufacturers, consumers, and decomposers. 1.

Manufacturers

Manufacturers are living beings who can produce their own food through photosynthesis, thus the producer group occupied plant that have chlorophyll. 2.

Heterotroph / Consument

Components heterotrophic consist of organisms that utilize organic ingredients supplied by other organisms as food. Components heterotrophic also called consumers macro (fagotrof) because the food was eaten smaller. Belonging heterotrophic are humans, animals, fungi, and microbes. 3.

Decomposers

Decomposers are organisms that decompose organic matter derived from dead organisms. Decomposers also called consuments macro (sapotrof) because of the food eaten in larger sizes. Decomposers organisms absorb part of the decomposition and release simple materials that can be reused by the manufacturer. Belonging decomposers are bacteria and fungi. There

are also decomposers called detritivor, the decomposers that feed on the remains of organic materials, for example, is a wood ticks. Decomposition mode there are three, namely: 

Aerobic: oxygen is the electron acceptor / oxidant.



Anaerobic: oxygen is not involved. The organic material is an electron acceptor /

oxidant 

fermentation: anaerobic organic matter is oxidized, but also as an electron acceptor.

these components are in someplace and interact to form a unified ecosystem regularly. For example, in an ecosystem aquarium, this ecosystem consists of fish as a component of heterotrophic, aquatic plants as a component autotrof, plankton floating in the water as a component of decomposers, while including abiotic components are water, sand, rocks, minerals and oxygen dissolved in water ,

Abiotic Components Abiotic components include various components that play a role in the environmental balance. Abiotic components are as follows : 1.

Air

Air is a group of gases that form the atmosphere and surrounds the earth. The air is clean and dry air in the atmosphere containing gas with a permanent composition, which is 21.94% oxygen (O2); 78.09% Nitrogen (N2); 0.032% carbon dioxide (CO2); and other gases (Ne, He, Kr, Xe, H2, CH4, N2O). Aside from that, the air also contains gas that number can change as sulfor dioxide (SO2), water vapor (H2O), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3). Air function is to support the ecosystem of life for all its residents. 2.

Water

Water contains a variety of chemical elements or compounds in varying amounts, for example, sodium, phosphate, calcium, nitrite, ammonium. The number of elements contained in the water depend on the quality of air and water through which the soil. Water can be transformed into the form of vapor, liquid or ice; which depends on the temperature of the surrounding environment. The volume of water that exist on earth reach 1.4 billion cubic kilometers. 3.

Sunlight

The intensity and quality of light affects photosynthesis. Water can absorb light so that the aquatic environment, photosynthesis occurs around the surface of affordable solar light. 4.

Soil

Soil is formed because of the destructive processes (weathering, decay of organic compounds) and synthesis (forming mineral). The main components of the soil is the organic matter, water, minerals, and air. Plants take water and mineral salts in the soil. While humans use the land as residential land, farms, offices, agriculture, mining, industry, and transport activities. 5.

Temperature

Temperature is the degree of heat energy that comes from radiation, particularly those coming from the sun. Temperatures vary every ecosystem depends on latitude (latitude) and elevation (altitude). The nearer the poles, the air temperature was getting cold and dry. Temperature is a limiting factor for life and affect the biodiversity sector in the ecosystem. Generally, the living creature can survive in the environment that has a temperature of 0 °C400 0C. At low temperatures, some types of living creatures will hibernate (inactive), but will be active when the temperature returns to normal. 6.

Mineral

The salt concentration affects the water balance in the organism through osmosis. Some terrestrial organisms adapt to the environment with a high salt content. 7.

Humidity

Humidity is influenced by the intensity, wind, cura rain and sunshine. Humidity affects the growth of plants. Areas that have different levels of moisture will produce an ecosystem that has a different composition. 8.

pH

pH soil is influenced on plants life. Plants will grow well if you have the optimum pH, which ranges from 5.8 to 7.2. The pH value of the soil is influenced by rainfall, use of fertilizers, the activity of plant roots and the decomposition of soil minerals.

Types of interspecies interaction 1. neutralism Neutralism is the interaction between two or more species to one another is not detracted from their association. In neutralism no gainers and losers. Neutralism can occur if the species has different needs. Examples of neutralism is between a cow and a cat, a cow eating grass, while cats eat mice.

2. Competition (Competition) Cmpetition is the interaction between two or more species of each other's way. Competition

can occur because each species has a similar requirement in which each species compete for the necessary things in life, such as the space (place), air, water, food, sunlight, and the couple married. The competition has implications for species that lose will die, knocked out or move to another place. Competition (competition) are classified into two types as follows : • intraspecific competition: Competition is intraspecific competition occur between organisms or individuals who have the same species. Examples Intraspecific competition is a masculine goat with a masculine goat competes to fight in a marriage mate. • interspecific competition: interspecific competition is competition that occurs between individuals of different organisms or species. Examples of interspecific competition is corn and grass, growing in the fields.

3. commentsalism Commentsalism is the interaction or relationship between two or more species in which one party gains and other species are not harmed. Examples komensalisme are ferns and orchids that live attached to the tree.

4. Amensalisme Amensalisme is the interaction between two or more species that result in one party aggrieved parties while others are not affected by their association or simply do nothing (no loss and no gain). In many cases, this interaction is caused by the phenomenon of residues. Alelopati is the phenomenon when an organism that produces a chemical to affect the growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms around it. Chemicals are produced are called by alelokimia. Alelokimia is a form of secondary metabolites that are not needed in the metabolism of the organism residues. Examples Amensalisme is Nerium oleander oleandrin produce toxins that are deadly to humans, algae Hydrodictyon and Scnedesmus produce antibotik that can kill certain bacteria.

5. Parasitism. Parasitism is the interaction or relationship between organisms of different species that only benefit one party while the other is harmed. Parasites obtain food from its host, if the host dies, the parasite will die or find a new host. Based on the location of parasites can be divided into two kinds are as follows: • Internal parasites (endoparasites), such as Trichomonas vaginalis that live in the female genital tract.

• External Parasites (Ectoparasites), for example, plant dodder (Custuta sp) who stays at other plants.

6. Mutualistic Mutualism is the interaction / relationship between two or more species which any party benefit from mutual need mandatory. Lichen Mutualistic example is that a fungus mutualism between the Cyanobacteria, Rhizobium live in legume root nodules, bees with flowers.

7. Protokooperasi Protokooperasi is the interaction or relationship between two or more species which any benefit, but not mandatory.

8. Predation (Predation) Predation is the interaction or relationship prey and predator (predator). Predation is a very close relationship because without prey, predators can not live. Predator prey populations serves as a controller. Examples Predation is becoming predators rat snake, a lion with a deer, a bear with a salmon.

Defenition of Population, Community and Ecosystem. Population level The population is a group of individuals who are in the same time and place. Environment around us there are various populations, such as coconut tree population, the population of pigeons, the population of the grass, earthworm populations, human population, and so forth.

Community level Community is the level of organization of life that is composed of a set of populations that are at the same time and place. Examples of community that we encounter daily example padangrumput community, which consists of alang alang population, the population of the grass, grasshopper population, the population of the earthworm, butterfly populations, and so on.

Ecosystem level In the level of organization of life, the ecosystem is considered as an interaction that occurs between the populations making up the community with the environment, such as sunlight, soil, water, and air. Examples include rice paddy ecosystem ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems, marine aquatic ecosystems, etc.

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID Ecological pyramid is a description of the arrangement between the trophic be prepared based on population density, dry weight, and the ability to save energy at each trophic. Trophic structure can be arranged in the order corresponding relationship between eating and being eaten trophic generally showed the form of a cone or pyramid. This ecological pyramid serves to show the comparison between trophic picture in an ecosystem. On the first level is occupied manufacturers as the basis of the ecological pyramid, the next primary consumers, secondary, tertiary until top consumer.

When an organism autotrophs (producers) are eaten by herbivores (consumers I), the energy stored in the manufacturer (plant) passed to the consumer I (pemakannya) and consumers II will get energy from eating the consumer first, and so on. Each level of the food chain is called the level of the trophy. There are several levels extent trophy in food chain as follows : • Level 1 stage trophy: the organism from the group of producers (primary producers) • Level 2 stage trophy: organisms from the class of herbivores (primary consumers) • Level 3 trophy level: organisms from the class of carnivores (secondary consumers) • Level 4 trophies level: from the class of carnivorous organisms (consumers predator)

Within the food chain, not all the energy can be utilized, but only some are experiencing movement from one organism to another, because in the process of transformation from one organism to another organism that there is some energy is released and can not be used. For example, green plants as manufacturers occupy the first trophy level that only use about 1% of all energy from sunlight falling on the earth's surface through photosynthesis are converted into organic matter. If other organisms eat green plants (primary consumers), then only 10% of the energy comes from green plants utilized by the organism for growth and the rest were relegated in the form of waste heat to the atmosphere. During the state of producers and consumers are still

forming a pyramid, then the natural balance in the ecosystem will be maintained. Various ecological pyramid • Pyramid number is the number of organisms that exist in a region (area) of certain grouped and calculated based on the level of the trophy. • Pyramid of biomass / weight of an estimated weight of organisms representing every level of the trophy with the way each individual is weighed and recorded the amount in an ecosystem. • energy pyramid illustrates the amount of energy stored in the sixth year of organic compounds used as food ingredients

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Biogeochemical is a change or exchange of the essential elements that continues over time between the components of abiotic and biotic components. Biogeochemical cycle function is to sustain life on earth, because the material results of biogeochemical cycle can be used by all components of the ecosystem to obtain homeostasis condition.

There are 6 biogeochemical cycle in the universe. The sixth cycle include water recycling, recycling of phosphorus, sulfur cycle, the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle and the oxygen cycle.

1. Recycling Water Recycled water is endless circulation of water on Earth, where water is able to move from the land into the air, then back to the mainland again through three phases, namely a change in the form of liquid water, solid in the form of ice, and gas in the form of water vapor. Biogeochemical water cycle starts from the evaporation of water that occurs in the Earth's surface. Heat from the sun makes the water turns into water vapor. Because the density of water vapor that is lower than the density of air, water vapor then rises to the upper atmosphere, condensed, and eventually form clouds. Cloud formed and then turn into rain as the influence of hot air and temperature changes. Rainwater falling to the earth's surface, flows to the lowest place, and returned to the ocean. Water that reached the sea and then evaporates back and so on.

2. Recycling Phosphorus Phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that lasts the longest time-consuming.

Phosphorus cycle starts from erosion or weathering of rocks. Phosphorus ions or phosphate ions (PO43-) is used by plants for growth. Plants are eaten by animals and humans and phosphorus in it as a source of energy metabolism in cells. All organisms die and then will become weak so that phosphorus will be released into the soil, carried away by rainwater runoff and sediment piled into phosphors on the ocean floor. These sediments will climb back up to the surface in case of shear motion of the Earth that form new land.

3. Sulfur Cycle In nature, sulfur is only available in the form of inorganic sulfur. Sulfur will be reduced to sulfur dioxide (SO2) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by bacteria desulfibrio and desulfomaculum. Sulfur cycle starts from the process of burning fossil fuels or because of volcanic activity. The process of burning sulfur sulfur gas is then made up into the atmosphere together with water vapor and forms clouds. Sulfur will go down along with rainwater and it is this condition known as acid rain. Acid rain water will enter the soil, and sulfur will be converted into sulfate, a substance that it is important to plant metabolism. Sulfate in nature is only available in the form of inorganic (SO42-). Sulfate is able to move from the natural to the body earth or plants through root uptake.

4. The Nitrogen Cycle Organic compounds such as proteins and nucleic acids as well as inorganic compounds such as nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia are compounds formed by nitrogen. The element nitrogen can exist in nature because of the nitrogen cycle that continues over time through the following pattern: 1. Nitrogen contained in the atmosphere falls to the ground to go with rainwater or because the process of N fixation by some bacteria and algae roots as Rhizobium, Azotobacter bacteria, Clostridium, and green algae. 2. Nitrogen in the soil is then used by manufacturers and plants as raw material protein formation. Such plants are eaten by animals and humans and human nitrogen in it is converted into NH3 (ammonia gas) and NH4 + through amonifikasi process. 3. Nitrosomonas bacteria transform ammonium and ammonia into nitrate through denitrification process and making it back to change as nitrogen in the form of gas to resume its biogeochemical cycle.

5. and 6. Recycling Carbon and Oxygen Carbon and oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle is closely linked to the process of respiration and photosynthesis that takes place among living beings. Plants and producers use carbon dioxide as a raw material in the process of photosynthesis that produces oxygen, while humans, animals, and consumers using oxygen and produces carbon dioxide through respiration or breathing.

V.

RESEARCH METHODS Date

: Monday, October 31th 2016

Time

: 14.00 – 16.00 WIB

Place

: Taman Belakang Biro Rektorat Universitas Negeri Medan

Apparatus

: Termometer, higrometer, pH stick, lux meter, roll meter, kantong plastik, tali rafia, pipette, pinset, beaker glass, label paper, aquades, kapas.

Method

VI.

: Kualitatif Observation

RESULT AND DISCUSSION N0

BIOTIC COMPONENTS

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS

1

Rambutan tree

Sound meter : 62,67 dB

2

Mango tree

pH : 6,4

3

Grass

Humidity land : 2,5

4

Suku mimosa (petai-petaian)

Temperature : 300C – 310C

5

Earthworms

Humidity air : 70%

6

Mosquito

7

Lice ground

8

Ant

From the research above, we can know that the type of soil that is the location of observation is the type of humus soil, which has a fertility so that it fits into the growing media of plants. Existing ground observation location, mushy texture, the surface area of flat ground observation location. Many biotic and abiotic components in the observation locations as

indicated

by

the

table

above.

Types of organisms present observation area affected by several things, such as light intensity,

soil

fertility,

soil

moisture,

temperature

and

soil

pH.

In this experiment, the existing soil in the location of observation is a land that has high fertility, soil moisture in these experiments was measured using a hygrometer, moisture greatly affect the growth processes in plants, soil moisture is low will affect the organisms present in the soil, it will affect the chemical processes of organisms that can remodel nutrients in the soil which is an intake that is essential for growth processes in plants. The research obtained 70% humidity normal, due to the plants that the original habitat of tropical forests as biotic components we found experiment area, the humidity range is 60% -90%. If the

area

is

too

moist,

it

will

cause

more

crop

pests.

Soil pH also affects the growth of plants. The pH range of 0-7 have acidic properties, while the 7-14 has alkaline properties. Effect of soil pH on the growth and development of plants such as determining the process of absorption of nutrients by plants, in general, easily absorbed nutrients between the range of 6-7. If the soil is acidic to be found many elements other than aluminum which will poison plants and bind phosphorus so it can not be absorbed by plants again, while the soil is too alkaline many found the elements sodium (Na) and molybdenum (Mo). At a pH of 5.5 to 7 fungi and bacterial decomposition of organic materials will grow well. Land location observation has a pH of 6.4, which means having a pH that is good because of the range of land to an organism that will help the growth of plants

and

easy

to

absorb

nutrients.

The upper limit temperature is lethal activity of plant cells ranged from 1200F – 1400F, but these values vary according to the type of plant and its growth rate. If the high temperature will result in a lack of water content in the soil so nutrients absorbed by plants is difficult, but if the soil temperature is too low will result in crystallization. Temperatures at the time doing practical work in the area of observation is 30 0C – 31 0C is still a normal temperature. We compare our results with the results of other research groups. GROUP 1 N0

BIOTIC COMPONENTS

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS

1

Mango tree

Sound meter : 60 dB

2

Worm

pH : 6,8

3

Red ant

Humidity land : 1,4

4

Fungi

Temperature : 320C

5

Mosquito

Humidity air : 70%

6

Grasshopper

7

Lice Ground

8

Blood sucker

GROUP 2 N0

BIOTIC COMPONENTS

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS

1

Worm

Sound meter : 60 dB

2

Grasshopper

pH : 6,6

3

Gratus

Humidity land : 1,5

4

Centimede

Temperature : 360C

5

Fungi

Humidity air : 58%

6

Sedgas

7

Mango tree

GROUP 3 N0

BIOTIC COMPONENTS

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS

1

Mosquito

Sound meter : 59,5 dB

2

Small black ants

pH : 6,2

3

Big black ants

Humidity land : 3

4

Cricket

Temperature : 310C

5

Small centipede

Humidity air : 70%

6

Cockroach land

7

Earthworms

8

Braid

The results of another group, the light intensity affect biotic and abiotic components of an environment. It is so visible in group 2 which areas of research to get more light than other groups.

VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. CONCLUSIONS The conclusion of this trial as follows :

VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1)

http://www.bukupedia.net

2)

https://id.wikipedia.org

3)

http://www.artikelsiana.com

4)

http://www.artikelilmu.com

5)

www.ebiologi.com

6)

Wirakusumah, Sambas. 2003. Dasar-Dasar Ekologi Menopang Pengetahuan IlmuIlmu Lingkungan. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia