Migration In Tripura

Census Data Dissemination Workshop Migration Profile of Tripura

Indraneel Bhowmik

Venue: Tripura University, Agartala

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura






Migration means movement from one place to another. In Economics, migration is movement from one place to another for an economic activity. Theories on Migration in most cases have been regarding developing countries.

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura Migration Rural to Urban 1. Urban- rural income differential 2. Probability of Obtaining an urban job 3. Unemployment in the rural sector





1. 2.

Migration Rural to Rural Lack of opportunities Lack of agricultural land

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura


Major literature on Migration ---– – – – –

Arthur Lewis ( “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”, 1954) Michael Todaro (“ A Model of Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment “, 1969) John Harris & Michael Todaro (Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis”1970) T.W. Schultz (“ Agriculture in an Unstable Economy”, 1945) Gustav Ranis and John Fei ( “ A Theory of Economic Development”1961)

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura


Major literature on Migration ----(contd.) –

– –

–

G. Fields (“ Rural- Urban Migration, Urban Unemployment and Underemployment, and Job Search Activity in LDCs”, 1975) L.Y.L.Yap (“The Attraction of Cities: A Review of the Migration Literature”,1977) A.S. Oberai & H.K. Manmohan Singh (“Migration, Employment and the Urban Labour Market: A Study in the Indian Punjab”1984) Biswajit Banerjee (“ Information flow, expectations and job search: rural-to-urban migration process in India, 1984)

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura




Migrants by place of birth are those who are enumerated at a village/town at the time of census other than their place of birth.




Migrant by place of last residence are those who have changed their place of living during the interim period of census.

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura Total Migrants Persons Male Female Intra-district Inter-district Inter-state Abroad Note:

2001 Census 307.1 90.4 216.7 181.7 76.8 42.3 6.1 J&K

1991 Census 229.8

Variation (%) 32.9

136.2 59.1 27.2 6.9 Excluded

32.6 29.5 54.5 -11.6 In 1991

Migration Profile of Tripura In terms of net migrantsMaharastra- 2.3 million Delhi1.7 million Gujarat0.68 million Haryana0.67 million Punjab0.33 million West Bengal: 0.25million Tripura27970

In terms of net migrantsUttar Pradesh: -2.7million -1.7 million Bihar: Tamil Nadu: -0.37 million Rajasthan -0.26 million -0.21 million Andhra: Assam: -0.15million -704 Mizoram: December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura Reasons _- All India level Work/ Employment………..14.7% Business…………………… 1.2% Education………………….. 3.0%

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura Marriage………………….... 43.8% Moved after birth………….. 6.7% Moved with household….. 21.0% Other………………………. 9.7%

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura



Marriage is the most important cause for migration among females. Work/Employment is the most important reason for migration among males.

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura






Union territories and small states have the highest migration rate- Daman &Diu(44.1%), Dadra & Nagar (32.6%), Chandigarh (21.4%), Delhi(18.7%) Tripura- 1% Least rates for Bihar(-2.7%), UP(-2.0%), Manipur(-1.4%), Nagaland(-1.4%)

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura
 



International Migration 97% of the migrants from the neighbouring countries 3.0 million from Bangladesh, 0.9 million from Pakistan, 0.5 million from Nepal and 0.1 million from Sri Lanka Considerable migration from China

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura


Migration in India- four types – – – –

Rural to Rural: Rural to Urban: Urban to Rural: Urban to Urban:

56.52% 21.74% 6.57% 15.16%

N.B.- Computed from Table D-2, Census of India excluding international and unclassified migrants December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura


Intra state migrants

Rural to Rural: 60.5% Rural to Urban: 17.6% Urban to Rural: 6.5% Urban to Urban: 12.3% Unclassified: 3.1%




Inter state migrants

Rural to Rural: 26.6% Rural to Urban: 37.9% Urban to Rural: 6.3% Urban to Urban: 26.7% Unclassified: 2.6%

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura





Rural to Rural Migration – Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Assam Rural to Urban Migration- Mizoram, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu Urban to Rural Migration- Goa, Kerala, Sikkim, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh Urban to Urban Migration- Tamil Nadu, Goa, Mizoram, Nagaland December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura Tripura









Total Migrants- 961,653 Male- 42%, Female-58% National - 72.69% (M-38.42%,F-61.58%) Within State-90.89% (M-37.48%, F- 62.52%) Within District-84.38%(M-37.03%,F- 62.97%) Other States- 63778 (M-47.83%, F- 52.17%) Other Districts- 99369(M-39.88%, F- 60.12%) International – 27.21% (M-51.59%, F-48.41%) December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura








Maximum number of immigrants fromMizoram(28,292), followed by Assam (17827). No immigrants from Daman &Diu, Lakshadeep, Dadra & Nagar and Pondicherry. International immigrants from Bangladesh, Nepal, Burma, Pakistan etc. December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura






Out migrants from Tripura during 1991-2001: 23,538. In-migrants from other states( 1991-2001): 40,262. In migrants from abroad (1991-2001): 11,246. 5 migrants from Europe. 65509 migrants in Agartala- 32237 males & 33272 females. December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura


Causes of Migration: Causes (in %)

Persons

Male

Female

Work / Employment

5.38

10.76

1.49

Business

0.95

2.05

0.15

Education

0.92

1.55

0.46

Marriage

28.69

2.03

48.00

Moved after birth

0.55

0.79

0.37

Moved with household

23.99

27.36

21.55

Others

39.52

55.46

27.97 December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura


Causes for International migration Causes (in %)

Persons

Male

Female

Work / Employment

3.28

5.52

0.88

Business

0.88

1.53

0.19

Education

0.44

0.70

0.15

Marriage

11.26

0.65

22.53

Moved after birth

0.24

0.46

0.18

Moved with household

44.19

41.94

46.59

Others

39.70

49.35

29.41

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura Others is the most important factor for migration in Tripura.
It includes widespread internal displacement due to insurgency and ethnic unrest.
More than 10000 persons have migrated from Takarjala & Jampuijala.


December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura Several persons in the state who have been forced to migrate due to exogenous factors for more than twice.
Huge migration from areas once used for resettlement of refugees after partition.


December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura




Migration from Mizoram is highest for other causes. Male majority migration from Mizoram and Bangladesh. More migration in the offing- regrouping of villages by the state government.

December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura





More than 30% of the people in the state are considered to be migrants. Marriage is the most important cause for intra state migration. Out migration from the state mostly to West Bengal. Second to Arunachal in terms of migration rate. December 2005

Migration Profile of Tripura

THANK YOU December 2005