Dynamics Of Tribal Rehabilitation In Tripura
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Dynamics of Tribal Rehabilitation in Tripura
Indraneel Bhowmik & Prof. Aparajita Mukherjee
The Discourse
Introduction Rehabilitation- what, why & how Natural Rubber- Profile NR based rehabilitation Observations Critical evaluations Conclusions Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
2
Tripura- the land & the people
Second smallest in size but second largest in population in the NER 60 percent land under forest cover & mostly hilly Ethnic mix- 31% ST, 17% SC Population growth- mostly during partition & the 1971 War Predominance of Jhum cultivators- migratory Bangla speaking majority- settled cultivation
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
3
Rehabilitation ………..of the poor landless shifting cultivators as they lived in abject poverty deprived of any human development facilities ……….by providing them a settled life with viable economic opportunity to enjoy the fruits of development and avail the education and health facilities
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
4
Rehabilitation process…….some measures •The first attempts at rehabilitation -1930-31. -70,400 acres (11264 ha)- Kalyanpur Reserve in the Khowai subdivision •First Five Year Plan- special emphasis to the tribal welfare programmes----- Colonisation of the jhumiaspilot project at Belonia sub-division in 1953. TTADC in January 1982; Sixth Schedule- 1985; & STDCL in 1979 Tribal Sub Plan- proportionate budget provision by each development department of the state government 37 point development package HIMSWKANG in 2003 Special Area Based Development Projects Rehabilitation programmes for jhum cultivators- agriculture, forest, plantation, etc Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
5
Progress in Rehabilitation Projects Considerable decline from in the last two decades- 55049 households in 1987 (Tribal Welfare Department) ……………….. 28628 households in 2005 (State Forest Department) Success of the rehabilitation schemes undertaken by Tribal Welfare Department TRP & PGP Department Autonomous District Council Tripura Rehabilitation Plantation Corporation (TRPC) Forest Department Agricultural Department Tripura Forest Development Plantation Corporation (TFDPC) Rubber plantation has been exceptionally successful Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
6
Natural Rubber
Wide usage– 50000 articles Supply limited to geo-physical conditions Highly traded commodity India’s unique position- major consumer as well as major producer Expansion in traditional zone –saturation Tripura- leader among the non-traditional areas
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
7
Natural Rubber in Tripura
Introduced as part of afforestation in 1963 Rubber Board office in 1969 2nd largest domestic producer, 36000 ha State led expansion 1992- World Bank Project 2005- Tripura Rubber Mission NLRSB- potential of 100000 ha Target- 85000 ha by 2030 Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
8
Economics of Natural Rubber
Long Economic life Labour intensiveHighly Profitable-
Indicators
Results
IRR
19%
NPV
Rs.149680
BC Ratio
2.07
Payback period
10.42 years
Inter-linkage of the domestic price with the international price The optimum land size - semi-medium (2 ha to 4 ha) Small farms subsist only with household labour
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
9
Rubber based Rehabilitation
encompass land occupancy rights around 1 hectare for a family ( head of the family is called beneficiary) entitled to the subsidy provided by Rubber Board given technical support and training number of beneficiaries clubbed together as a unit to enjoy the economies of scale the rubber tree has a long gestation period –seven years the beneficiary is employed as labourer in his own field adopt intercropping like banana and pineapple income accrues after maturity at the sale of latex agencies as marketing associates- ensured market processing as part of society formed by the beneficiaries Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
10
Extent of Rehabilitation of shifting cultivators through Rubber Plantation Agency
Till 31/03/2006 Area
2006-07
Beneficiary Area
2007-08 Beneficiary Target
TFDPC
2915
2413
247
247
160
TRPC
3964
4367
545
578
600
TTAADC
1521
NA
0
0
300
Block Plantation by Rubber Board
3047
2651
204
204
150
Total:
11447
9431
996
1029
1210
Source- TRPC
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
11
Average earning of TRPC beneficiaries against supply of latex & scrap
Year
Area Number of Production tapped (ha) Beneficiaries (MT)
Average Income per beneficiary (Rs./pa)
2003-04
921
1335
917
20,250/-
2004-05
1044
1396
1036
25,989/-
2005-06
1182
1514
1585
33,458/-
2006-07
1264
1564
1828
60,758/-
Source- TRPC
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
12
Observations Achievements Macro Revenue Employment Value Addition Environment Micro Income Flow Employment Surplus
Hurdles Macro Managerial Inefficiency Insurgency Industrial Backwardness Micro Low Productivity Less Efficient Indifferent attitude for education & health
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
13
Critical evaluation
Lack of attitude for savingConcerned for the short term; Conspicuous Consumption Appointments of wage labourers for tapping- effecting yield Booming rubber sector- greater interest AAGR of NR Price -11.79% between 1999-2005 Craze for tilla land - large scale leasing by Capitalist farmersPossibility of land owners turning out to be tappers
Vulnerable to vagaries in the international market
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
14
Social Impact of Rubber based Tribal Rehabilitation in Tripura
Transition from wage earner to rent seeker Underutilization of labour Stagnation or rather maintenance of status quo even after availing facilities Underutilization of resources
NEED- Increasing Social Awareness & Consciousness Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
15
Thank You
Your comments & suggestions are welcome at [email protected]
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
16
Indraneel Bhowmik & Prof. Aparajita Mukherjee
The Discourse
Introduction Rehabilitation- what, why & how Natural Rubber- Profile NR based rehabilitation Observations Critical evaluations Conclusions Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
2
Tripura- the land & the people
Second smallest in size but second largest in population in the NER 60 percent land under forest cover & mostly hilly Ethnic mix- 31% ST, 17% SC Population growth- mostly during partition & the 1971 War Predominance of Jhum cultivators- migratory Bangla speaking majority- settled cultivation
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
3
Rehabilitation ………..of the poor landless shifting cultivators as they lived in abject poverty deprived of any human development facilities ……….by providing them a settled life with viable economic opportunity to enjoy the fruits of development and avail the education and health facilities
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
4
Rehabilitation process…….some measures •The first attempts at rehabilitation -1930-31. -70,400 acres (11264 ha)- Kalyanpur Reserve in the Khowai subdivision •First Five Year Plan- special emphasis to the tribal welfare programmes----- Colonisation of the jhumiaspilot project at Belonia sub-division in 1953. TTADC in January 1982; Sixth Schedule- 1985; & STDCL in 1979 Tribal Sub Plan- proportionate budget provision by each development department of the state government 37 point development package HIMSWKANG in 2003 Special Area Based Development Projects Rehabilitation programmes for jhum cultivators- agriculture, forest, plantation, etc Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
5
Progress in Rehabilitation Projects Considerable decline from in the last two decades- 55049 households in 1987 (Tribal Welfare Department) ……………….. 28628 households in 2005 (State Forest Department) Success of the rehabilitation schemes undertaken by Tribal Welfare Department TRP & PGP Department Autonomous District Council Tripura Rehabilitation Plantation Corporation (TRPC) Forest Department Agricultural Department Tripura Forest Development Plantation Corporation (TFDPC) Rubber plantation has been exceptionally successful Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
6
Natural Rubber
Wide usage– 50000 articles Supply limited to geo-physical conditions Highly traded commodity India’s unique position- major consumer as well as major producer Expansion in traditional zone –saturation Tripura- leader among the non-traditional areas
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
7
Natural Rubber in Tripura
Introduced as part of afforestation in 1963 Rubber Board office in 1969 2nd largest domestic producer, 36000 ha State led expansion 1992- World Bank Project 2005- Tripura Rubber Mission NLRSB- potential of 100000 ha Target- 85000 ha by 2030 Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
8
Economics of Natural Rubber
Long Economic life Labour intensiveHighly Profitable-
Indicators
Results
IRR
19%
NPV
Rs.149680
BC Ratio
2.07
Payback period
10.42 years
Inter-linkage of the domestic price with the international price The optimum land size - semi-medium (2 ha to 4 ha) Small farms subsist only with household labour
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
9
Rubber based Rehabilitation
encompass land occupancy rights around 1 hectare for a family ( head of the family is called beneficiary) entitled to the subsidy provided by Rubber Board given technical support and training number of beneficiaries clubbed together as a unit to enjoy the economies of scale the rubber tree has a long gestation period –seven years the beneficiary is employed as labourer in his own field adopt intercropping like banana and pineapple income accrues after maturity at the sale of latex agencies as marketing associates- ensured market processing as part of society formed by the beneficiaries Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
10
Extent of Rehabilitation of shifting cultivators through Rubber Plantation Agency
Till 31/03/2006 Area
2006-07
Beneficiary Area
2007-08 Beneficiary Target
TFDPC
2915
2413
247
247
160
TRPC
3964
4367
545
578
600
TTAADC
1521
NA
0
0
300
Block Plantation by Rubber Board
3047
2651
204
204
150
Total:
11447
9431
996
1029
1210
Source- TRPC
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
11
Average earning of TRPC beneficiaries against supply of latex & scrap
Year
Area Number of Production tapped (ha) Beneficiaries (MT)
Average Income per beneficiary (Rs./pa)
2003-04
921
1335
917
20,250/-
2004-05
1044
1396
1036
25,989/-
2005-06
1182
1514
1585
33,458/-
2006-07
1264
1564
1828
60,758/-
Source- TRPC
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
12
Observations Achievements Macro Revenue Employment Value Addition Environment Micro Income Flow Employment Surplus
Hurdles Macro Managerial Inefficiency Insurgency Industrial Backwardness Micro Low Productivity Less Efficient Indifferent attitude for education & health
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
13
Critical evaluation
Lack of attitude for savingConcerned for the short term; Conspicuous Consumption Appointments of wage labourers for tapping- effecting yield Booming rubber sector- greater interest AAGR of NR Price -11.79% between 1999-2005 Craze for tilla land - large scale leasing by Capitalist farmersPossibility of land owners turning out to be tappers
Vulnerable to vagaries in the international market
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
14
Social Impact of Rubber based Tribal Rehabilitation in Tripura
Transition from wage earner to rent seeker Underutilization of labour Stagnation or rather maintenance of status quo even after availing facilities Underutilization of resources
NEED- Increasing Social Awareness & Consciousness Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
15
Thank You
Your comments & suggestions are welcome at [email protected]
Presentation at the 8th session of the ICSP organised by VBU, Santiniketan, 2008
16
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