Female Migration In Tripura

Migration Profile of Tripura ----- With Special Emphasis on Women

Indraneel Bhowmik

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

What is migration?








Migration means movement from one place to another. In Economics, migration is movement from one place to another for an economic activity. Theories on Migration in most cases have been regarding developing countries.

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Census Definition of Migration


Migrants by place of birth are those who are enumerated at a village/town at the time of census other than their place of birth.




Migrant by place of last residence are those who have changed their place of living during the interim period of census.

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Migration Statistics- India(

By

Birth) Total Migrants

2001 Census

1991 Census

Variation (%)

Persons

307.1

229.8

32.9

Male

90.4

Female

216.7

Intra-district

181.7

136.2

32.6

Inter-district

76.8

59.1

29.5

Inter-state

42.3

27.2

54.5

Abroad

6.1

6.9

-11.6

Note:

J&K

Excluded

In 1991

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Migration Statistics- India ( By last residence) Total migrants by last residence …….. 314.5 million Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration

June 2006

(29.68%M &70.32%F) less than 1 year ………….... 8.8 million 1 to 4 years ……………….. 47.2 million 5 to 9 years ……………….. 42.1 million 10 to 19 years …………….. 69.4 million 20 years and above ….…. 101.0 million not stated ……………….…. 45.6 million Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Causes for Migration- India Causes (in %)

Persons Work / Employment 9.51 Business 0.90 Education 1.06 Marriage 49.64 Moved after birth 5.02 Moved with household 13.68 Others 20.19 June 2006

Male 28.09 2.55 2.55 2.33 9.94 19.39 35.15

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Female 1.66 0.20 0.44 69.61 2.94 11.27 13.87

Observations: India











Marriage is the most important cause for migration among females. Work/Employment is the 2nd most important reason for migration among males after Others. Work/Employment is most prominent reason for inmigration of males to industrial states like Maharastra, Gujarat. Union territories and small states have the highest migration rate- Daman &Diu(44.1%), Dadra & Nagar (32.6%), Chandigarh (21.4%), Delhi(18.7%).

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Observations: India









Least rates for Bihar(-2.7%), UP(-2.0%), Manipur(-1.4%), Nagaland(-1.4%). Tripura- 1%. 97% of the migrants from the neighbouring countries. 3.0 million from Bangladesh, 0.9 million from Pakistan, 0.5 million from Nepal and 0.1 million from Sri Lanka. Considerable migration from China.

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Historical Background











People from the Chakla Roshanabad prior to independence of India Partition – huge Bengali speaking population Indo- Pak War 1971: Inflow from the present Bangladesh Settlement also in hilly tracts Change in the demographic profile Population- 31,99,203 Male: 1642225(51.33%) & Female: 1556978(48.67%)

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Migrants by Birth: Tripura Persons 939052

Male 394292

Female 544760

Intra-district 476680

171800

304880

Inter-district 99669

39727

59942

Inter-state

30060

32830

152705

147108

Total

62890

International 299813

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

District- Migrants: West-478635: South-215148: Dhalai- 63210: North-182059 Migrants Distribution

North 19% Dhalai 7% South 23%

June 2006

West 51%

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Female Migrants in Tripura

District Migrants Female Dhalai 63210 34971 North 182059 103071 South 215148 129562 West 478635 277156 June 2006

Female Migrants along with total migrants 600000 400000 200000

Series1

0

Series2 Dhalai North South West

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

population

Migration Profile of Tripura









29.35% of the population are migrants. 34.99% of the women are migrants. 76.11% of the migrants live in Rural Areas. 26.94% of the rural population are migrants. Intra-district and inter-district migration greater for women. 33.06% of the female living in villages are migrants.

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Rural Urban Divide total rural Tripura 544760 Dhalai 34971 North 78988 South 129562 West 277156 June 2006

urban 426515 30329 88737 115338 192111

118245 4642 14334 14224 118245

urban rural Tripura 21.71 78.29 Dhalai 13.27 86.73 North 18.15 81.85 South 10.98 89.02 West 42.66 57.34

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Migration by last residence: Tripura









Total Migrants- 961,653 Male- 403929 (42%), Female-557724(58%) National - 72.69% (M-38.42%,F-61.58%) Within State-90.89% (M-37.48%, F- 62.52%) Within District-84.38%(M-37.03%,F- 62.97%) Other States- 63778 (M-47.83%, F- 52.17%) Other Districts- 99369(M-39.88%, F- 60.12%) International – 27.21% (M-51.59%, F-48.41%)

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Migration statistics- Tripura Total migrants by last residence …….. 961653 Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration

June 2006

less than 1 year ………………..25257 1 to 4 years …………………….134134 5 to 9 years ………………………85562 10 years and above ….……..507301 not stated ……………………….209349

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Migration Profile of Tripura






Exodus from erstwhile East Pakistan. Maximum number of immigrants fromMizoram(28,292), followed by Assam (17827). No immigrants from Daman &Diu, Lakshadeep, Dadra & Nagar and Pondicherry.

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Migration Profile of Tripura











More than 30% of the people in the state are considered to be migrants. Marriage is the most important cause for intra state migration. Out migration from the state mostly to West Bengal. Second to Arunachal in terms of migration rate among NE states.

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Causes of Migration: Overall Causes (in %) Work / Employment Business Education Marriage Moved after birth Moved with household Others

June 2006

Persons 5.38 0.95 0.92 28.69 0.55 23.99 39.52

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Male 10.76 2.05 1.55 2.03 0.79 27.36 55.46

Female 1.49 0.15 0.46 48.00 0.37 21.55 27.97

Migration Profile of Tripura














Others is the most important factor for migration in Tripura. It includes widespread internal displacement due to insurgency and ethnic unrest. More than 10000 persons have migrated from Takarjala & Jampuijala. Several persons in the state who have been forced to migrate due to exogenous factors for more than twice. Huge migration from areas once used for resettlement of refugees after partition.

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Migration Profile of Tripura •

•

•

•

Inter state migration with Assam mostly for marriage and in the North District. Migration from Mizoram is highest for other causes and concentrated in the North District. Out migration rate from Dhalai as part of inter district migration is highest. Lack of industrial sector factor for low migration for work/employment for both inter-state and intra-state sections.

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Causes for Migration: International Causes (in %) Work / Employment Business Education Marriage Moved after birth Moved with household Others June 2006

Persons 3.28 0.88 0.44 11.26 0.24 44.19 39.70

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Male 5.52 1.53 0.70 0.65 0.46 41.94 49.35

Female 0.88 0.19 0.15 22.53 0.18 46.59 29.41

Migration Profile of Tripura International migration maximum due to socio-political factors.
Marriage between the two sides of the border is not very frequent.
99.69% of the international migrants from Bangladesh.
Male majority migration from Bangladesh.
International immigrants also from Nepal, Burma, Pakistan, the African and American continent.
2006 5 migrants from Europe including 4 women. June


Changing Scenario Between 1991-2001 Causes (in %) Work / Employment

Persons Male

10.23 Business 1.20 Education 2.78 Marriage 37.83 Moved after birth 0.71 Moved with household 24.96 Others 22.28 June 2006

22.70 2.96 5.25 3.05 1.05 28.42 36.55

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Female

3.19 0.20 1.38 57.44 0.52 16.03 14.24

Migration Profile of Tripura










Out migrants from Tripura during 1991-2001: 23,538. 15.8% migration to other states for work/employment. In-migrants from other states( 1991-2001): 40,262. In migrants from abroad (1991-2001): 11,246. 65509 migrants in Agartala- 32237 males & 33272 females.

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Changing Scenario Between 1991-2001








Migration for education is on the rise for all. More migration in the offingregrouping of villages by the state government. Marriage assumes more than 50% of the cause for female migration.

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Changing Scenario Between 1991-2001








Female migration rate for work/employment,business, education more than double. Female migration as dependent on the decline. Indication for ……………..Women Empowerment…...

June 2006

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Major literature on Migration ---












June 2006

Arthur Lewis ( “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”, 1954) Michael Todaro (“ A Model of Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment “, 1969) John Harris & Michael Todaro (Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis”1970) T.W. Schultz (“ Agriculture in an Unstable Economy”, 1945) Gustav Ranis and John Fei ( “ A Theory of Economic Development”1961)

Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala

Major literature on Migration











June 2006

G. Fields (“ Rural- Urban Migration, Urban Unemployment and Underemployment, and Job Search Activity in LDCs”, 1975) L.Y.L.Yap (“The Attraction of Cities: A Review of the Migration Literature”,1977) A.S. Oberai & H.K. Manmohan Singh (“Migration, Employment and the Urban Labour Market: A Study in the Indian Punjab”1984) Biswajit Banerjee (“ Information flow, expectations and job search: rural-to-urban migration process in India, 1984) Presentation at IGNOU Seminar, Agartala