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Island Lýðveldið Ísland Tigduda n Island

Tamennaγt: Reykjavik Imezdaγ: 276 000 (1998) Tutlayt tunṣibt: tislandit Taggayin yugten: Islandiyen (98 %) Taggayin tidersiyin (minoritaires): kra n trebbuyaε timecṭuḥin n iminigen Anagraw asertan: tigduda tadukklant Imagraden imendawiyen (tutlayt): Ula d yiwen umagrad ulac-it deg Tmendawt n 1944 Isaḍufen isnilsanen: Asaḍuf γef isensuyen d imukan usečči (1985) ; Asaḍuf γef temsulta (1996); Asaḍuf γef yismawen n yimdanen (1996); Asaḍuf γef temkarḍiwin (1997); Asaḍuf γef radyutinezwit (radiodiffusion) (2000); Asaḍuf γef iberraniyen (2002); Aslagen (règlement) γef iberraniyen (2003); Asaḍuf γef igatuyen n usenkid (contrats d'assurance) (2004); Asaḍuf γef uselkem (exécution) n izarafen (jugements) (2005).

1 Tafesna tarakalit (situation géographique) Tigduda n Island d tigzirt n ugafa n ugaraw Aṭlanṭi (océan Atlantique) i dyezgan gar n Gruland d Ecosse. D yiwet n tmurt tigzirit n 102 800 km² , tannuda (équivalant) n tjumma n Kuba, krad (03) tikwal tijumma n Belgique (30 527 km²), Wis-semmus (ciquième) n Franṣa (544 000 km²) neγ wis-kuz n umendi (province) n Lqaεa-Tamaynut (402 000 km²) di Kanada.

2 Isefka isnilsanen n imezdaγ (Données démolinguistiques) Tamurt-a tamecṭuḥt tla ala 276 000 imezdaγ, i yettmeslayen akk yiwet n tutlayt tajirmanit n Ugafa ( tawsit taskandinabit) : Tislandit iwumi gan isem islanka. Island d yiwet deg tmura timsariyin (homogènes) n umaḍal acku imezdaγ-is ssawalen yiwet n tutlayt s 98%. Ulac tidersa (minorités) deg tmurt-a, maca seg mraw (10) neγ mraw d semmus (15) iseggasen akka γer deffir, kra n iminigiyen seg Spanya, seg Purtugal, maca abeεda seg Filipin, seg Ṭayland, seg Vietnam, seg Sri Lanka d Lhend, usan-d ad zedγen deg Island. Tidersa-yi timinigiyin urεad ur ftint, ur tgensisent (représentent) ala 2% deg imezdaγ islandiyen.

2.1 Tislandit

Tutlayt tislandit teqqim d tamaẓlayt (particulière) γef waṭas n teγẓinin (raisons). Tislandit d yiwet n tutlayt taskundinabit am tdanwat, tasuyidwat, tanurvijit d tfiruyit, maca ma yella krad-nni n « tutlayin timenzawiyin » (continentales) (tadanwit, tasuyidwat d tnurvijit) qqiment d tutlayin yettwagzayen deg ugara-nsent, tislandit xaṭi. Ula d yiwen n umsawal n krad n tutlayin-a ur igezzu ur yeqqar tislandit, maca islandi, ma nefka-yas cwiṭ n tγuri d yidles, ifehhem yeqqar akk tutlayin tiskundinabiyin nniḍen, ula d tafiruyit, tutlat i ttmeslayen deg tigzirt n Feroe. Dacu kan, tislandit γur-s ugar n uẓar γer tfiruyit d kra n tmeslayin tinurvijiyin n umalu n Nurvij wala d tdanwat d tsuyidwat. Anzi-a (ressemblabce) nezmer ad t-id-negzu imi tutlayin-a yakk frurint-d seg yiwen uẓar, maca tislandit teḥrez yakk lexṣayeṣ-is timenzayin (principales) akken i llant seg timidi (lqern) tis XII neγ XIII. Γer Udanwa, Asuyidwa neγ Anurviji, tutlayt tislandit tettaban-asen-d yeğğa-tt wakud s waṭas, ur tezmir ad tt-ttwigzu alma seld (deffir) n kra n welmad. Deg Island, agrud menwala yezmer ad diγer aḍris yuran deg timidi tis XII, war ma ssuqlen-as-t-id, d amedya d i yellan d awezγi γer wid nniḍen: Asuyidwa, ula γer Ufransis, Alalman, Aspenyuli..atg, izemren ad yeγren aḍris aqbur s tutlayt-is. Tislandit d tutlayt taskandinabit am tdanwat, tanurvijit d tsuyidwat : Islandais

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Seg tutlayin tiskundinabiyin, d tislandit i yemgaraden s waṭas, sumek i d-teṭṭafar deffir-s tsuyidwat. Idanwaten, Inurvijiyen d Isuyidwaten ttemyegzayen deg ugara-sen s war ugur. Maca ula d yiwen seg imsawalen-a ur igezzu tislandit, dacu kan islandimesli (islandophon) igezzu s tefses krad n tutlayin-a. Tislandit tettwassen d tutlayt taluγant (difficile), d tamerkantit deg umawal (ireṭṭalen iberraniyen ur tt-ḥuzan ara s waṭas), teččur s wawalen imaynuten idiganen (locaux), tajerrumt-is d tasemlalt (complexe) (krad n tewsitin n tjerrumt d kuz n tsuraf), agemmay-is d alaṭini rnan-as-d isekkilen nniḍen (am [æ], [ö], [ð] et [þ]), lmenṭeq-is yemgarad d win n tutlayin tiskandinabiyin nniḍen, atg. S umata, tislandit n imira teqqim meḥsub d tultlayt-nni tagafat (nordique) i ttmeslayen i Vigingen imezwura (Send aseggas 1000), mačči am tutlayin nniḍen tiskandinabiyin. Deg unamek-a, tutlayta d « asalay (musée) asnilsan amiddur » n tidet i yisnislsiyen. Deg umezruy-is, amawal islandi yugem-d amḍan meqqren n wawalen. Γas kra n wawalen rnanasen-d inumak imaynuten, maca inumak n tuget n wawalen yettwasseqdacen di tudert n yal ass qqimen d wid d wid ara ass-a : höfuð («aqerruy»), auga («tiṭ»), himinn («igenni»), haf («illel»), þú («kečč»), kýr («tafunast»), gras («leḥcic»), móðir («tayemmat»), faðir («ababat»), ganga («ddu»), atg. D tidet, tislandit yettwaḥettem fell-as lḥal ad tesnulfu aṭas n wawalen imaynuten i wakken ad

terr i yiḥewwiğen n umawal atrar. S umata, awalen-a imaynuten ttwakksen-d seg wawalen neγ seg umur (partie) n kra n wawalen i yellan yakan. Di taggara, tislandit tugem-d daγen seg tutlayin nniḍen, abeεda seg tutlayin tiskandinabiyin d teglizit , seg kra n iseggasen akka. Dacu kan, Island d tamurt deg wanda meḥsub ulac yakk tantiliwin (dialectes), d ayen ur yugiten ara deg umaḍal ad tafeḍ tamurt tahrawant, imezdaγ-is mcuyyaren yakk, ur tettwagzem ara γef temnaḍin anda yal tamnaḍt tesεa tantala-ynes. 2.2 Iminigiyen d iberraniyen Seg iberraniyen i izedγen Island, ma tekkseḍ iserdasen imarikaniyen, taggayin i yugten gan-ten iγermanen (citoyens) n tmura-yi : Puluny (17,9 %), Danmark (8,4 %), Yuguslavi n zik (6,3 %), Filippin (6,1 %), Lalman (5,1 %), Iwanken-Yeddukklen (4,8 %), Ṭayland (4,6 %), Litwani (4 %), Purtugal (3,4 %) d Tgelda-Yeddukklen (3,2 %).

3 Isefka imazrayen Tigzirt tislandit di tazwara ufan-tt-id Irlandiyen deg timidi wis VIII, maca tettwasexdem u tettwasteεmer s Ivikingen inurvijiyen deg 874. Tamnaḍt n Reykjavik bih bih teεmer, u Igziriyen (insulaires) sbedden-d tamurt tamaynut, i yekfan s lebni deg leğwayeh n 930, imi meḥsub yakk akal ittumeyyalen yettwahres (yettwasteεmer). Amni (parlement), win isemman Althing, yennulfad deg 970 i wakken ad islugen (réglementer) ayen yuγalen d « tagelda tamenzut n umaḍal », i ilan azal n 20 000 imezdaγ. Akken tuget seg imnekcamen-a imenza usan-d yakk seg unẓul-amalu n Nurvij (Vestfold, Agder, Trøndelag), wiyeḍnin γas ula d nutni d Ivikingen unagen γer tigzirin tibriṭaniyin, d tantala-yi n tutlayt tagafat taqburt, i yuγalen d tislandit, i ittwaḥettmen d tutlayt i yesseqdacen medden. Deg iba (absence) n kra n tgelda, amni islandi yessuffuγ-d isaḍufen s tislandit u yesseqdac-itt daγen deg teγdemt (justice). Awanek (état) yessaweḍ ad yeṭṭef azal n krad n twinas (300) iseggasen, yessaweḍ ad yehres meḥsub yakk Gruland s Irik Azggaγ deg 984, yiwen Uviking ilan iẓuran islandiyen, i ireṣṣan tihras (colonies) deg iri (côte) asammar, deg izuγar anda yezmer yiwen ad yessimγer tifunasin. Deg mraw iseggasen imenza, 80% n imadaγen yellan ttwakksent i wakken ad d-uγalent d amkan n tkessawt neγ d asγar i wezγal, d asγar i lebni neγ d lefḥem n wesγar. Islandiyen suddsen iman-nsen deg yiwet n tmetti ifazen s waṭas, gan yiwet n tsekla d timgerrezt, asmi fernen ad arun s isekkilen ilaṭiniyen i d-tewwi tmsgida takatulikit seg useggas 1000. D tidet, Island teqqim ar assa musnawet s isagaten-is (sagas) n timida tis X d tis XI, tullizin s tesrit (récit en prose) yuran s tutlayt-nni n imiren-nni. Amyaru Snorri Sturlusson (1179-1241) i d amyaru yakk yettwassnen ugar. Yura-d abeεda Heimskringla, yiwet n tullizt yesmucuhen γef tedyanin n igelliden n Nurvij, d Edda (isefra imasaden (héroïques)). Yerna, timεayin d tmucuha i dyesmucuhen γef wid i d-yuγalen, γef tteryalat d iwaγezniwen sεant aṭas n wazal deg yidles islandi. Tefruri-d seg tutlayt tagafat taqburt, tettwaεzel imi s-d-zzin waman, tislandit ur tnerni ara s waṭas am umedya n tnurvijit, tin γef wacu i d-εeddan waṭas n isniflen isnilsanen (changements linguistiques). 3.1 Aγmar (domination) adanwa

Sinakkin, deg 1262, Island tuγal sselḥawent Inurvijiyen, maca nezmer ad d-nini tesεa cwiṭ n tedsimant. Islandiyen γilen belli agellid ibeεden, win n Nurvij, ur yelli ara d amaεur, wad asen-dyefk ugar n tedsimant. Maca tasehrest-a tanurvijit, i yeqqimen almi d aseggas n 1397, tella d yiwet n tallit n tenhawt (décadence) i Island, almi d asmi tagelda tanurvijit teγli s ddaw n tnaya (souveraineté) n tesmert (couronne) tadanwat deg useggas n 1397, di lawan-nni n Tiddukla n Kalmar. Γas akken frurint-d deg yiwen uẓar, tanurvijit d tislandit uγalent yal ta iman-is. S tiddukla n Kalmar, Nurvij tegla-d s wayen tesεa deg ugafa n Aṭlanṭik : Island, tigzirin n Feroe d Gruland. Tiddukla n Kalmar d askar n yiwet n tgelda s usddukel n Danmark, n Suyid d Nurvij, krad n tmura-yi (deg-sent Island) ad ttwiḥekment s ugellid adanwa. Tagellidt Margerit I teqher Danmark, Nurvij d Suyid, u deg 1397, di Kalmar, tesres mmi-s n gma-s Irik n Purimani d agellid n Tiddukla. Wa ur ibeddu ara leḥkem s timmad-is almi d aseggas n 1412, imi yesserfa Isuyidwaten, dγa ffγen-as-d tamadaγt deg 1434. Tiddukla d Suyid tekfa deg 1521-1523, imi Gustav Eriksson yessuffeγ Idanwaten, dγa yerra iman-is d Agellid n Suyid. Maca tiddukla d Nurvij tkemmel almi d 1814. Deg tallit-a, gar n 1402 d 1404, aṭṭan n tterka taberkant tenγa azal n snat deg tis-krad (2/3) n imezdaγ islandiyen. Dγa deg umezruy, islandiyen ur sliken ara seg waṭas n tiksrar tigmawiyin (catastrophes naturelles). S teγzi n mraw n tmida, Island werğin tezri (tεedda) 70 000 imezdaγ. 3.2 Tuṭṭfa deg tutlayt tislandit S teγzi n tallit-a yakk, seg 1397 d 1814, Islandiyen sseqdacen tutlayt-nsen deg tudert n yal ass, rnu-yas taywalt (communication) d Danmark tella s drus maḍi. Ma yella deg timawit tella tettwasseqdac, tislandit teğğa amkan i tdanwat deg usemres n tira. Daγen s teγzi n Tallit Talemmast (Moyen Âge) i d-tennulfa tsekla i yeddren almi d ass-a. Mačči kan d tasekla « tamusnawt » am wungalen n tgelda d iserdasen, maca daγen d isnulfuyen i d-yuγen aẓar seg tira taklasikit n inmezrayen d tmeddurin n llawliya n tallit-nni, tid yellan di tazwara s tlaṭinit, maca rran-ten-d Islandiyen γer tutlayt-nsen. Tira-yi d tazeddgant d agerruj, gan-as isem n « isagaten ». Γef aya, llan kra qqaren-d belli Island d « asalay (musée) n teqburin tiskandinabiyin ». ur ntettu ara belli tasekla-yi yakk tura s tislandit, s tutlayt i yeqqimen akken tella zik-nni, aya yella-d cil (malgré) Idanwaten i inudan s kra yellan d abrid amek ara ḥettmen tadanwat. Deg 1530, Idanwaten skecmen-d neγ ḥettmen-d tasreḍt (ddin) talutirit (luthérienne) deg tigzirt, ayen i d-yesbanayen aγmar ameqqran n tutlayt tadanwat. Islandiyen εerḍen s tidet ad nnaγen mgal tasreḍt tadanwat, maca di taggara bran-as i tesreḍt takatulikit war ma ğğan tutlayt-nsen. Mgal akk n wayen nettraju, tislandit teqqim d tin d tin, nezmer ad d-nini ur tumis ara yakk s tutlayt tadanwat, aεzal-is arakali (géographique) d wansay aseklan (tradition littéraire) iğehden d nutni, war asurdu (sans doute) i d asegger (garantie) n « tezdeg » n talγa-s, yerna arraw-is rẓan aṭas aqerruy-nsen deg uγawas (plan) n umawal. Maca aya yeεna kan tira n tutlayt d tjerrumt, ma d ayen icudden γer ususru (lmenṭeq) anagraw (système) yenveddal s waṭas γef wasmi yella deg tallit-nni n tutlayt tagafat yedduklen. Sinakkin, Idanwaten ḥettmen-d yiwen unagraw amzenzi (système commercial) i isruḥen i Yislandiyen tadsimant-nsen tadamsant (autonomie économique). Deg tmidi tis XVIII, Island tuγal d tasγit (victime) n waṭṭanen, n uṭerḍeq s tmes n idurar, n llaẓ d tezγent tadamsant (crise économique) meqqren i d-tesker « Tkebbanit tadanwat n Island », i yeṭṭfen imiren-nni tanezzut (commerce) s ddaw ifassen-is. Γef iεewwiqen i s-d-ihettem Danmark, Island meḥsub tegzem yakk assaγen-is idamsanen (relations économiques) d tigzirin tibriṭaniyin d Iwanken ijirmaniyen.

Deg 1814, Tiddukla yellan gar Danmark d Nurvij tebḍa, u sin Iwanken-a uγalen d ilelliyen. Aẓayer asertan (statut politique) n Island yenbeddal, yuγal yerra-d amni islandi, Althing, dacu kan amni-a yessaweḍ ala γer wenqad abruyan (contrôle partiel) γef tiẓraf-is n baylik (finances publiques). Tadsimant tasertant tagenna (autonomie politique interne) ur tt-id-yewwi ara almi d aseggas n 1904 ; dγa « tettwakemmel » s yiwen usaḍuf n Tiddukla d Danmark deg 1918, agellid n Danmark yeḥrez azwel-is (titre) n ugellid n Island. Almi d tallit-a, ulac yakk iγerbazen anda isselmaden s tislandit, maca γas akken-nni arrac yakk ssnen ad arun ad γren s tutlayt-a. Ala tadanwat i yettwasγarayen, tislandit teqqim kan d ayla n wexxam ; imawlan yakk sselmaden i warraw-nsen taγuri d tira s tislandit. Aγerbaz amenzu ur yettwaḥettem ara almi d 1913. Ayen yessebhaten, tamurt-a d tin i d-yessekren aṭas n imyura d wawal, am Jonas Hallgrimsson (1807-1845), Jon Thoroddsen (1819-1868), Johan Sigurjonson (1880-1919), Steinn Steinarr (1908-1958), Gunnar Gunnarsson (1889-1974) d umeqqran imeqqranen Halldór Laxness, win i dyewwin arraz n Nobel deg 1955. Laxness ibeddel ilugan (règles) n tira, yessemres awalen n yal ass, yesnulfa-d awalen d imaynuten, yesseqdec ula d awalen iberraniyen. Yura ugar n kuz n tmerwin (40) n yidlisen (ammud n tullizin d isefra, ungalen, ticeqqufin n umezgun, atg.) yerna yettwasuqel γer wazal n krad n tmerwin (30) n tutlayin. 3.3 Anekcum n Lalman d Iwanken-Yedduklen Deg ussan n Umgaru Amaḍlan wis-sin, Danmark, s timmad-is yettwaẓdem s igen (armée) alalmani, yeğğa Island teγli deg 1940. Inaziyen n Reich Wis-krad slemden i wegdud tasekla tislandit. Ttwalin-tt am akken ula d nutni ttayalen deg-s, dγa qqaren-d dakken tettekka deg yidles ameqqran ajirmani. Asaḍen (héros) ijirmaniyen am Siegfried ittnaγen mgal waγzen ttawin-ten d cciεa. Aγbel, ad d-naf belli aṭas n yisaḍen-a irumantikiyen i nγil d « ijirmaniyen » γur-sen aẓar deg unsay islandi ; ula d Richard Wagner, deg isefra-s imasaḍen i mucaεen yugem-d tahregt-is (inspiration) seg tullizin n tsekla tislandit. Umbeεd tamurt iḍḍur-itt unekcum nniḍen d amaynut : win n Imarikaniyen. Dγa, deg useggas n 1940, imi tella Island tettwazdeγ ala s 126000 n yimdanen, 50 000 iserdasen imarikaniyen rsen-d sufella n tigzirt i wakken ad nnaγen mgal afuden n Hitler. Tihawt (présence) yugten n yigen amarikani d ayen ara ibeddlen udem n tmurt, dγa d ayen idemmren aṭas n yimdanen ad ğğen tuddar-nsen wad d-ṣubben γer temdint d tuddar yellan deg yiri n yillel, aṭas deg-sen qesden Reykjavik, tamennaγt, snernayen deg tdamsa akken i tt-id-ḥettmen iqnucen (intérêt) n IwankenYedduklen. Rnu-yas, Island tella ur tesεi ara taγsert n tiliẓri (station de télévision), dγa tisin n tiliẓri tamarikanit ibeddel yakk tanummi tasnilsant n imezdaγ n tigzirt. Deg kra n iseggasen, taγsert n tiliẓri tamarikanit tuzen-d seg Island yiwet n tugna ixuṣṣen nezzeh : kran n « boys » (imarikaniyen) yettwaḥettem fell-asen ad inigen γer yiwet n tmurt tebεed tessewḥac, imezdaγ-is ttmeslayen yiwet n « tantala » taskandinabit n Tallit Talemmast ur yettwagzayen ara. Deg « unekcum amarikani », taglizit teṭṭef amḍiq n tdanwat deg usemres unṣib, maca « iserwen » (autochtone) kemmlen tameslayt n « tantala »-nsen. Asaḍuf n Tiddukla n 1918 yuγal d asentel n wallus (aεiwed) n tmuγli seld (deffir) 25 iseggasen, nnan dakken asaḍuf-a yezmer ad yettwikkes ma yella yequdder kra n tewtilin (conditions). Asaḍuf yeqqar-d yessefk ad ilin krad deg kuz n imuren n tefranin i d-yettwasenfalin ad qeblen s waya.

Amni islandi yessuddes-d deg 1944 tifranin n uciwer γef uzarug (indépendance). Tuttra i d-fkan i Yislandiyen tezzi γef usentel-a : « Althing d netta ara yeddmen taγtest (décison) ad d-yini belli asaḍuf n Tiddukla n Danmark d Island n 1918 dayen tettwakkes. » Amnar-a (seuil) εeddan-as s waṭas : IH yewwi 98,6% deg imesla yettwasenfalin. Island tuγal ar uzarug-is unṣib, ass n 17 yunyu 1944, imi agmuḍ (résultat) n tefranin ur d-yeğği ula d cwiṭ akka n usurdu γef temsalt-a. Aγmar amarikani yekfa, tigduda tamaynut n Island ur teγtis (décide) ara di tmendawt ad tili tislandit d tutlayt tunṣibt. Di tilawt, Islandiyen urεad ur heyyan ara iman-nsen i wakken ad sqedcen tislandit i yiswiyen unṣiben (fins officielles), acku tutlayt werğin tettwasemres i waya. Di taggara n wemgaru, d anemgal n wayen ireggmen, Iwanken-Yedduklen ur yejbid ara igen-is seg Island. Yerna, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) amarikani iḥettem-d tihawt (présence) i lebda n izaduren iserdasen (bases militaires) deg wakal n tmurt. Zdat n wurfan n Islandiyen, ufan-d yiwen n umtawa (accord) deg 1946 : yessuref i Yimarikaniyen ad neqden (contrôler) anafag (aéroport) n Keflavik azal n sdis (06) iseggasen d wezgen. Deg 1951, Iwanken-Yedduklen ssawḍen win-d urag (ttesriḥ) sγur Island i wakken kra n trebbuyaε ad reṣṣint deg wakal-is, s ddaw n tecḍaḍt n OTAN. Dacu kan, areṣṣi-ya n tirebbuyaε timarikaniyin , werğin yettwagzem seg 1941, yella d asentel i yebḍan ugar n tsuta (génération) n Yislandiyen. Aceyyeε amenzu n tedwilt n tiliẓri s tislandit yella-d deg useggas n 1966. Akken tella teswiεt ass-a, nezmer ad negzu belli Islandiyen meḥsub ssawalen yakk taglizit d… tdanwat. Deg umtawa yettwastenyan deg 1994 d Wachington, ur d-yegri tura deg umḍan n iserdasen-nni n Wemgaru Amaḍlan wis-2 ala azadur n Kelfavik d kra n 2800 n iserdasen imarikaniyen, wid i wumi fkan, deg ukatar (cadre) n OTAN, tuγḍaṭ (mission) n usḥirbeb γef tigzirt. Yessefk ad d-nesmekti belli Island ur tesεi ara igen, ala 200 iεessasen n yiriyen i yesḥirbiben γef waman-is. Tihawt tamarikanit, i ineγsen, yettban-d dakken tuget seg imezdaγ qeblen yes-s. D ayen yessebhaten imi tutlayt tamecṭuḥt tislandit tessaweḍ ad teṭṭef zdat n tezrirt (influence) tamarikanit, d ayen ur nelli γer tutlayin nniḍen am tnurvijit, tasuyidwat d tdanwat. Mačči kan akka imi deg yakk isura iberraniyen yessefk ad tili s ddaw-as tsuqqilt s tira tislandit. Maca llan kra n ikabbaren n tama tazelmaḍt, am Tiseγt (alliance) n weγref, mazal-iten ar tura ssuturen tuzzma n uzadur n Keflavik d wejbad n Island seg OTAN.

4 Tasertit tasnilsant « s ummumi » (volontariste) Deg uzarug n 1944, Islandiyen ufan-d iman-nsen i tikkelt tamenzut d ilelliyen ad sqedcen tutlaytnsen deg yiswiyen unṣiben. Maca d tamsalt n waṭas iseggasen. Yessefk-asen ad sbedden tismal (commissions) n umawal ara yerren tislandit d tatrart, tin yeqqimen d tin n Tallit Talemmast, ma ulac yakk deg wayen icudden γer tiγula tussnanin d tikinikin (domaines scientifiques et techniques). 4.1 Tangalt (code) tasnilsant Anbaḍen islandiyen yemgaraden hettmen i yiγerbazen asselmed n wawalen imaynuten i yineγmasen ad ten-sqedcen. Yessefk ad nẓer beli deg Island, Isnilsiyen n wanbaḍ xeddmen s waṭas i wakken ad d-snulfun awalen islandiyen wad rewlen i yireṭṭalen seg tdanwat d teglizit. Iswi n tesmilt (commission) n tutlayt tislandit iban am yiṭij : tarewla γef wawalen igliziyen d usislandi (islandisation) n umawal, ama deg uγerbaz, deg inukan (luzinat) neγ deg tγamsa.

Tamsalt-a tella yakan seg tmidi tis XVIII. D tidet, yiwen n « usaḍuf asnilsan » yeffeγ-d di tallit-nni yegdel (interdire) asekcem n wawalen iberraniyen, amedya deg adeg ad sqedcen awalen itiknikiyen d ussnanen igraγlanen (internationnaux) –γas akken aẓar-nsen d igrigiyen neγ d ilaṭinyen-, isnilsiyen n tallit-nni suffuγen-d awal seg wawalen islandiyen, dγa ttaddamen-d awalen i yettun medden neγ seg iẓuran iqburen n tutlayt. Akka tasmilt n umawal i d-tessumer (proposer) awal n simi yellan yesεa anamek n « wassaγ » (lien) neγ « imceyyeε », tura yuγal γer medden yakk d « tilifun ». I wakken ad d-ssilγen (former) awal ara yesεun anamek n uselkim (ordinateur), sdukklen völva (« tagezzant » s unamek-is ufrir (positif)) d uzwir t- (i d-yesmektayen asiḍen (leḥsab), dγa yennulfa-d wawal tölva (« aselkim »). Tislandit tesseqdac sími i « tilifun », símbréf i «faks», hugbúnaður i «aseγẓan» (logiciel), vélbúnaður i «arrum» (matériel) (hardware), atg. Assa, anagraw yettεassan γef tezdeg tasnilsant iqeddec s yiwet n tγara, almi ula d taγamsa tettraju s tteqlaq awalen imaynuten yal tikkelt mi ara d-ffγen, akka meqqar ur ten-tettarra ara tmara ad sqedcen awalen n teglizit. Γer kra n iγbula (sources), aya yuγal amzun d « tasreḍt » deg uγref islandi. Dγa, deg tmurt-a, isnilsiyen ḥesben-ten am « imusnawen » yesḥirbibeb γef tezdeg n tutlayt, mačči am iqeddacen « ur yesεin nnfeε », ṭṭfen kan amḍiq-nsen qqimen. Taẓengart-a (attitude) n uḥraz nezmer ad tt-id-negzu s umezruy aγezzfan amaẓlay (particulier) n Yislandiyen, acku tettwaqqen γer twennaṭ-nsen tuḍεift. Seld mraw iseggasen imenza n umezruynsen, win yettuγaḍen cwiṭ, Islandiyen εerḍen ad seggmen addad-nsen, maca isniflen (changements) meḥsub zgan tettin γer tkesrar (catstrophes). Dγa anbaḍen idanwaten, i iḥekmen Island seld 1397, zgan ttafen-d iεewwiqen d uγanzi sγur imezdaγ idiganen (locaux) mi ara εerḍen ad d-afen tirezma (solutions) i yiγeblan n igziriyen. Later n tkesrar izrin mazal-it ara assa yettband s talγa n imukan iburen neγ yerγan, n tebḥirin tiqburin i ttun medden neg d timnaḍin d tihrawanin mmeččent yakk. Deg tirmitin-a (expériences) yakk, Islandiyen ssawḍen ad gzun ma yella bγan ad selken si nger, yessefk ur ttbeddilen ula d kra, d wa kan i d abrid yufraren. Akka igan daγen d tutlayt-nsen : d assinsay (traditionnalisme). Tamurt-a, i yella zik d tamurt tigellilt yakk di Turuft (Europe), tuγal ass-a deg tmura timerkantiyin n umaḍal, ma ulac yakk deg ayen icudden γer lγella γef yal amezdaγ. Deg unamek-a, Island d tamacahut timgerrezt n tesmurest (réussite). 4.2 Ismawen n yimdanen Iberraniyen i d-yusan ad zedγen deg Island zemren ad behten seg lewεara n yismawen s tislandit. Sakken kan, deg unsay aqcic amenzu ara d-ilalen yessefk ad s-fken isem n jeddi-s seg yemma-s ; aqcic wis-sin isem n jeddi-s seg baba-s. Anagraw yettak anzi daγen ula γer teqcicicin s yismawen n setti-tsen. Arrac nniḍen i d-yernan ttakken-asen ismawen n εemmi-tsen, xwali-tsen, εemti-tsen d xwalti-tsen, wid neγ tid iwumi imawlan ran ad asen-rren tajmilt. Asaḍuf islandi assa yessuref ula d aseqdec n ibabismawen (patronymes) d imaswawen (matronymes), dacu kan aneggaru-a ur t-sseqdacen ara s waṭas, meḥsub ala tiyemmatin timburin (célibataires) i yettakken azarisem-nsent (prénom) i warraw-nsent. Di yal tikkelt (azal n 90%), imdanen ttwaεqalen s uzarisem, umbeεd ad it-d-yeḍfer ubabisem-nsen : isem n baba-s, ad asrnun adfis (suffixe) –son ma d aqcic, neγ isem n yemma-s ad as-rnun afdis –dóttir ma d taqcict. Amedya : Gunnar Snorri Helgason d Anna Björg Helgadóttir anamek-nsen «Gunnar Snorri mmi-s (-son) n Helgi» d «Anna Björg yelli-s (-dóttir) n Helgi». Sugnet (imaginez) zeεma Bjarni d Björk terna-d γur-sen teqcict fkan-as isem n Sigríður. Imi ismawen yessefk ad d-ddun yid-sen imqimen

iwṣilen (am deg teqbaylit : jeddi, baba, jidda, yemma..) Bjarni ad yuγal d Bjarna, Björk d Bjarkar. Ihi taqcict tezmer ad teddem isem n «Sigríður Bjarnadóttir» neγ «Sigríður Bjarkardóttir», εla ḥasab n wakken ifernen Bjarni d Björk. Deg umedya i d-iteddun, ababat n Óskar Eiríksson isem-is Eiríkur Haraldsson ; isem n Óskar (Eiríksson) yeskan-d belli isem n ubabat d Eiríkur. Ma d tameṭṭut n Óskar, Helga Bjarnadóttir, isem n baba-s d Bjarni Ólafsson. Γas ulamma d tercel (tezweğ), Helga ur tettbeddil ara isem. Tura, ad nkennit (supposer) belli Óskar d Helga sεan-d kuz (04) n warraw, ismawen-sen akken i dlulen d wi-ya : Sigríður, Gyða Björk, Daði d Bjarni. Krad imenza zemren ad sεun ababisem n babatsen (Óskar), wis kuz d win n yemma-s (Helga). Tawacult-a tislandit n sdis (06) n yimdanen ad sqedcen semmus (05) n ibabismen yemgaraden : (A) ababat Óskar Eiríksson; (B) tayemmat Helga Bjarnadóttir; d warrac-nsent (1) Sigríður Óskarsdóttir, (2) Gyða Björk Óskarsdóttir (3) Daði Óskarsson et (4) Bjarni Helguson. Ma nessiwzel awal, deg Island yessefk ad teεnuḍ isem akemmali (Óskar Eiríksson) neγ azarisem kan (Óskar). Deg usages (annuaire) n tilifun, imeltaγ (abonnées) ttwassettfen s ugemmay εla ḥsab n izarismawen-nsen mačči εla ḥsab n ismawen-nwen n twacult. Ababisem islandi ur ifettu ara deg tsuta γer tayeḍnin. Tikwal, kra n yismawen n twacult ur yettwaqqan ara γur-sen wefdis -son («mmi-s n») ou -dottir («yelli-s n»), maca ismawen sumata d ismawen n iberraniyen. Almi d 1996, iberraniyen yettwaḥettem fell-asen ad d-knun i usenti (législation) islandi deg usemmi n warraw-nsen asmi ara bγun ad sen-d-tettunefk tiγγermi (citoyenté) tislandit, γas ad ten-terr tmara « ad d-snulfun » ababat ulac yakk deg-s ad yesεun isem islandi n tidet, am Hallgrimsson, Thoroddsen, Sigurjonson, atg. Deg taluft-a, Asqamu n yismawen n yimdanen yezmer ad yeddem taγtest (décision) iwakken ad yessqirreb isem n twacult γer tutlayt tislandit. Akala (processus) n wayen icudden γer yismawen n yimdanen yettwassegza-d deg Usaḍuf γef yismawen n yimdanen n 1996. Amagrad 5 n usaḍuf-a yeqqar-d yessefk useqdec n idfisen islandiyen d ubabisem, ismawen ur ilaq ara ad mgirden d temṣukt (structure) tasnilsant n tislandit, akken yessefk daγen ad ttwarun akken i t-id-nnan ilugan islandiyen. Deg tseddart (paragraphe) tis-3 n umagrad 8 yeqqar-d belli isem n twacult ilaq ad yili deg-s isem n ubabat neγ n tyemmat s umqim-nsen awṣil, d ufdis –son (« mmi-s n ») ma yella d argaz neγ – dottir (« yelli-s n ») ma d tameṭṭut. Drusit tmura anda asenti-nsent yessegzay-d akka tamsalt n yismawen n yimdanen, maca aya γer Island yezwar kra yellan imi d taluft n tumast (identité) d yidles. 4.3 Amni d teγdemt Deg amni, iskasiyen (débats) ḍerrun-d ala s tislandit, isaḍufen ttwuran ala s tutlayt-a. Maca aṭas n isaḍufen n tallit-nni n weγmar adanwa zemren ad ttwarun s tdanwat. Imi yakk imazunen (parlementaires) ssnen tutlayt taγelnawt, aya ur yelli ara d aγbel. Deg tγedmin, ala tislandit i yettusemmḥen, maca iberraniyen d iminigen zemren ad d-awin imsuqel ma yella tettuḥettem teswiεt. Drusit maḍi iḍrisen izerfanen (juridiques) i d-ittmeslayen γef

tutlayin deg taγult (domaine) n teγdemt. Asaḍuf γef uselkam n izarafanen (exécution des jugements) n 1995 d yiwen seg drus n isaḍufen i d-iheddren γef temsalt-a. Amagrad 17 yessuref i yineḥbas ad ten-d-sfehmen s tutlayt i yessnen, ad asen-d-fken agzul (résumé) γef ilugan ara dyeγlin fell-as deg ussan n lḥebs-is, izerfan d tmira-ynes, iẓubaẓ (possibilité) n twuri (travail) d leqrayat i yezmer ad yeḍfer, aslagan (règlement) n tkurmut (lḥebs)…atg, akken daγen ilan azref ad mmeslayen d ibugaṭuten-nsen. Amagras 36 yessegzay-d belli tameslayt tezmer ad tettwiḥettem s tutlayt i igezzu uεessas n tkurmut neγ imsuqel ad yetterğem tameslayt-nni. Akka daγen i tella taluft deg umagrad 37 ula deg tebratin, tid yessefken ad ttwarunt s tutlayt i ifehhem uεessas neγ terğman ad d-yessuqqel izen-nni. 4.4 Tadbelt (administration) Tadbelt n baylik tessemras ala tislandit deg lecγal-is. D nettat kan i yellan sufella n yixxamen n baylik d igalisen (panneaux) i d-yemmalen ismawen n imukan. Sumata, inedbalen yessefk fell-asen ad issinen tislandit. Imsulta (policiers) yessefk-asen, akken i d-yenna Usaḍuf γef temsulta n 1996, ad sεun tamusni yelhan deg tislandit, d kra n yiwet n tutlayt taskandinabit (s ufran : tadanwat, tasuyidwat neγ tanurvijit) d teglizit neγ talalmanit (s ufran). Akken ẓerb n tutlayt yuγal d ugur ameqqran i yiminigen ibγan tamezduγt deg Island, anbaḍ yesker-d deg 1994, deg Reykjavik, Alemmas n talγut d yidles (Centre d’information et de culture) i demma n iberraniyen. Alemmas-a yennulfa-d i wakken ad asen-d-ig imezla (services) i yiminigen i d-yettasen ad zedγen deg Island, ad d-yefk i yiberanniyen tilγa (informations) i yesrin (yuḥwağen) am : tilγa γef urag n tmezduγt, tazmert, imezla imettiyen, isenkiden (assurances), akeččum γer uγerbaz, atg. Alemmas n taγult d yidles γur-s umuγ (liste) γezzifen n imsuqal n waṭas n tutlayin. Yessegza-d deg yiwet n weγmis akken iwata d acu-tt tuγḍaṭ-is (mission) s ṣa (07) n tutlayin : taglizit, taspenyulit, tapulunit, tarusit, tavyiṭnamit, tagalugt d taṭaylandit. 4.5 Amaḍal n usinen (éducation) Deg uswir ayemmat (maternel) almi d tasdawit, anagraw aγurbiz (sustème scolaire) d win yellan baṭṭel, u gar n 13 d 15 iseggasen, ilmeẓyen zemren ad d-heyyin iman-nsen γer tudert tasdrit (vie professionnelle) s twuri deg tγiwanin deg ussan imuras-nsen (vacances). Deg uγerbaz amenzu, tutlayt n uselmed d tislandit, maca, tadanwat d teglizit d tid yettwaḥettmen am tutlayin tunṣibin. Dacu kan, taglizit tettwaḥettem seg 1946, d analkam usrid (conséquence directe) n unekcum amarikani. Seg 1993, aγlif n Usinen, n Tussna d Yidles (ministère de l’Education, de la Science et de la Culture) yessuddes-d tineγra n umager (classes d’accueil) i warraw n iminigen. Iheyya-d daγen yiwen n wahil umzig (programme spécial) i uselmed n tislandit i warrac i ilan tutlayt tayemmat mačči d tislandit. Tisennawiyin (lycées) qeddcent yakk s tislandit, maca aselmed n umawal ussnan d utiknikan yuγal s tussda. Yerna, di taggara n tsennawit, yiwen ukayad unṣib (examen officiel) yettwaḥettem γef yakk inelmaden, u tasmurest deg ukayad-a d tawtilt (condition) yessefken i wakken ad d-yawi yiwen agerdas (diplôme) n taggara n leqraya. Seg tama-s, aγlif n Usinen, n Tussna d Yidles

yettḥettim daγen tutlayt taberranit tis-krad i yisennawiyen, deg tnummi d talalmanit neγ d tefransist. Tura, tastit n tesmsirin (supplément de cours) d tin i d-yernan ilmend n uslemd i mmuzgen (spécialisé) n warraw n iminigen, simmal ttugten deg iγerbazen islandiyen. Deg taggara n ulmad-nsen asennawi, tuget n Islandiyen ttafen-d iman-nsen d ikradilsanen (trilingues) : ttmeslayen tislandit, taglizit d tdanwat. Deg krad n tesdawiyin n tmurt – Tasdawtit n Island (Háskóli Íslands), Tasddawit deg Akureyri (Háskólinn á Akureyri) d Weγsur (établissement) asddawi n usinen (Kennaraháskóli Íslands) —, aselmed yella meḥsub ala s tislandit, maca idlisen d iwfusen (manuels) tuget deg-sen s teglizit neγ s kra n tutlayt deg tutlayin nniḍen tiskandinabiyin, abeεda s tdanwat neγ s tsuyidwat. Tamennaγt Reykjavik tla daγen yiwen wuγsur atiknikan d iγsuren n tfellaḥt d uẓawan, d kra n iγerbazen n usileγ (formation) n iselmaden. Akk asdawi, i wumi yehwa, yezmer ad d-yawi taggazt (bourse) i wakken ad iγer deg berra : azal n tis-kuz (1/4) n isdawiyen tgen taγuri-nsen di berra. Dacu kan, ayen yessebhaten, ulac yakk tarewla n wallaγen : meḥsub yakk-nsen ttuγalen-d γer tmurt mi ara kfun almud-nsen isdawiyen. Tella yiwet n tγawsa nniḍen i d-yessakayen tismin n tmura : Island d nettat yakk yezwaren timura n umaḍal deg timesγiwt (achat) n yidlisen γef yal amezdaγ. Di taggara, Asaḍuf γef temkarḍiwin (1997) yeqqar-d belli iswi d’asnerni n tutlayt tislandit, d asebγes n usinen ameγlal (éducation permanente) akk d usniref (favorisation) n weqnuc n tγuri ». 4.6 Taγamsa Seg tama n tγamsa, nezmer ad nessiḍen krad iyalasen (quotidiens) (nezmer ad d-nadder win i musnwawen s waṭas Morgunblaðið), tiwinas (centaines) n iwalanen (périodiques), kra n imaṭṭafen n tiliẓriyat d waṭas n tiγsar (stations) n radyu i d-yettaznen s tislandit. Islandiyen banen d imeγriyen (lecteurs) imeqqranen, acku nessiḍen azal n 900 iwalanen i wegdud yesεan 270 000 n imezdaγ (seddu ula d igerdan). Dacu kan yessefk ad d-nini belli tuget deg-sent (azal n 700) ur dteffγen ara ala abrid neγ kuz iberdan deg useggas. Deg uγrud (total), nessiḍen 55 teffγen-d yal aggur, 8 yal ddurt, 3 d iyalasen. Iγmisen, i yettεawan Uwanek s war ceḥḥa, yessefk fell-asen ad d-knun i tsertit tasnilsant n usislandi n umawal. Akka, akk iγmisen ssizrigen-d tabrat n n telγut tasnilsant akk d ummuγ n wawalen itiknikiyen imaynuten i d-tesnulfa taggara-yi Tesmilt n tutlayt tislandit. Ummuγ n wawalen imaynuten tettwasizrig s uwalan (périodiquement) deg yakk iγmisen. Tigzirt tessiqsiḥ assaγ-a amaẓlay d tutlayt d wakal n lejdud. Akk iγmisen ttağğan, deg wezmam-nsen n wass, aṭas n tigejda i yiḍrisen yuran γef cfawat n yimdanen yemmuten. Ssuffuγen-d asegzawal n iẓuran n twaculin tislandiyin, u tura atan yettili-d yiwen n uddun (recensement) i wakken ad d-afen 40 000 ar 50 000 n Imarikaniyen i isεan iẓuran islandiyen. Almi d 1966-1967 sumek anbaḍ yessaweḍ ad d-yesker tiliẓri taγelnawt tislandit, d ayen i iḥettmen i Yiwanken-Yedduklen ad sneγsen deg wemḍan n tedwilin i d-ttaznen seg umaṭṭaf-is aserdas. Di tazwara, amaṭṭaf amenzu islandi tettazen-d ala sdis (06) deg ddurt, iḥebbes di tazwara n waggur n yulyu, ur d-yettuγal ara alma uγalen warrac γer uγerbaz deg ḥertadem (lexrif). Maca aṭas n imaṭṭafen i d-yernan seg imir-nni, assa llant waṭas n tiγsar n temnaḍin.

Asaḍuf γef radyutinezwit (radiodiffusion) n 17 di mayu 2000 iḥettem-d aṭas n tlufa γef wayen icudden γer tutlayt tislandit. Sumata, iqeddacen, abeεda ineγmasen d imsidren (animateurs) n tiliẓri yessefk fell-asen ad gen ussisen (efforts) i wakken « ad snernin deg idles wad gen afud i tutlayt tislandit ». mačči kan tuget n wahil yessefk ad yili i ufares (production) islandi sumek ad dyas win n Turuft, maca ula d imesli n berra i weḥriq (voix hors-champs) d iddaw-izwal (sous-titres) yessefk ad ilin s tislandit. Amagrad 8 yessegza-d akken i wata asentel-a : Amagrad 8 : Imesla n berra i weḥriq d iddaw-izwal s tislandit 1) Afares n tedwilin yettwaxedmen s tutlayin tiberraniyin yessefk dima ad d-twiḍefrent s imesla n berra i weḥriq neγ ma ulac yakk s iddaw-izwal s tislandit. Maca annect-a ur yeεni ara imeslayen n tezlatin tiberraniyin, n tugniwin n isallen i d-yettasen si berra neγ tidwilin n temsal n imira i d-yettmeslayen γef iseḍruyen (évènements) akken i ḍran di tilawt. 2) Deg temsalt yecban ta, amsider (animateur) n tiliẓri yessefk fell-as, yal tikkelt mi ara yezmer, ad d-yexdem agzul i yiseḍruyen. Akk usissen yessefk ad ttwixdmen iwakken ad ssnekden (s’assurer) belli imesla n berra i weḥriq d iddaw-izwal dima s tislandit tazeddgant. 4.7 tudert tadamsant Ma d tudert tadsimant, yakk-is tettili s tislandit deg tlufa tigensanin (intérieures), ama d lekwaγeḍ, d ccikan, d ulγuten yuran s ufus neγ yakk uggizen imzenziyen (imprimés commerciaux). Ula d adellel amzenzi yettwaxdam sumata s tislandit, maca ismawen n tkebbaniyin meḥsub zgan ttwuran s teglizit, neγ tikwal s tdanwat.