Lecture 3 - Land Admin Response 2004

Land Administration 451-418/607 Lecture 3 - 2005 LAND ADMINISTRATION RESPONSE Ian Williamson

Objectives 1. Acknowledging the dynamic humankind to land relationship, understand the cadastral and land administration response over the centuries 2. To understand what constitutes a land administration system and why we need it. 3. To understand the role that land administration and land management plays in the operation of a country 2

We think spatially. Spatial concepts map directly on to the cortex as topologically correct mappings. Hunter-gatherer societies use topologically correct mappings to communicate spatial information.

Relationship between the rate of change of orientation and direction preferences in the primary visual cortex of the cat. Red lines indicate iso-orientation lines along which orientation preference does not change. Dark blue marks regions where orientation preference changes rapidly. The strongest changes are found at the so-called orientation centres from which iso-orientation lines radiate out in a pinwheel-like fashion. Light blue denotes direction fracture lines across which direction preference shows 180ƒ reversals. Image size: 2.7 × 2.1 mm2 of cortex. See Kisvrday et al., Visual Cortex 636-647. 3

Rosie Fleming - Ngapa Jukurrpa This painting depicts a water Dreaming. The rain (ngapa) story belongs to Nampijinpa and Nangala women and Jampijinpa and Jangala men. The Ngapa Jukurrpa travelled from east to Mikanji west of Yuendumu. The straight lines represents the ngawarra (flood waters) running through the landscape. The small bar shapes signify mangkurdu (clouds). The small circles are mulju (water soakages).

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Artist: Malya Teamay Title: Uluru Tjukurpa This painting depicts the Tjukurpa at Uluru, the Law and stories of ancestors. Uluru is a place of powerful Tjukurpa, the main public elements of which are depicted in this painting. The painting is the Aboriginal interpretation of a “map” of Uluru. A similar but smaller painting was painted by Malya for the front cover of the book of the Plan of Management for the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park produced by Parks Australia. 5

…….AND SO DO WE SOMETIMES. TOPOLOGICALLY CORRECT DIAGRAMS ARE EASILY UNDERSTOOD BY HUMANS 6

The earliest map? 6200 BC Ankara, Turkey excavation of Çatalhöyük site in Anatolia

BUT, urbanisation and the start of civil society meant that there was a need for spatial information which was less ‘relative’ and more ‘geographic’; less symbolic and more quantitative. 7

Who owns what, where is it and how much tax should they pay?

Topologically correct depictions were inadequate for the purposes of government. Consistent scale and consistent orientation appear by 8,500 years ago to meet the needs of government . 8

An ancient property title? In the centre of this 4,500 year old oriented and (apparently) to scale map, a plot of land is specified as 354 iku (12 hectares) and the owner is named as Azala.

Clay Tablet map from Ga-Sur, 2,500 B.C. Redrawing with interpretation 7.6 x 6.8 cm

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Mesopotamian City Plan, Nippur 1500 B.C., showing part of the defensive city wall and planned repairs. This shows internal property boundaries precisely, and to scale (in units of twelve cubits – six meters). There is emphasis on public structures such as temples, canals, store houses and a park. (Clay tablet 18 x 21 cm)

Property ownership, taxation, defence and facilities management appear to be the main purposes of these artefacts – all government concerns.

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A modern perspective

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Spatial information is the bedrock of good decision making and good governance Overarching Policy Issues / Initiatives •shelter •food •water •energy

•public safety •environment •sustainable development

Land Management

Land Information Systems

•agriculture •environment protection •conservation •biodiversity •catchment management •utilisation

• spatial / textual record of land interests • survey • valuation • mapping • planning

Land Administration •security of tenure / interests •underpin land market •underpin land management

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The land business of government Who owns it? Where is it? How can we improve it? What is it worth? What can be done with it?

Who can use it?

What’s on it? What are its boundaries? 2 13

In serving the community... Land dealings Private Property Sales 2002/03

$35 billion Revenue raising $3.9 billion 2003/04

Private Property Market 2002/03

$650 billion

Sustainable Development Projects in excess of $1 billion 2004/08

Property Development: $4.2 billion 2003/04 (invested in new housing alone)

Maximising Economic, Social, and Conservation Value of Land

Infrastructure Development $2.9 billion 2004/05 Spatial Information Infrastructure $91 million 2003/04 and $220+ million p.a. in return (2001)

After DSE, 2004

Primary Industries worth $8 billion 2003/04

Public Purpose Use of Land $1 billion 2002

… spatial information is a key

United Nations-FIG Bathurst Declaration on Sustainable Development Presented in Melbourne, 1999

Good information

Better policy

Better land administration

Sustainable development

http://www.fig.net/figtree/pub/figpub/pub21/figpub21.htm

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The cadastral parcel and ownership rights

Source: Land Administration (Peter Dale and John McLaughlin)

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Dynamic humankind to land relationship

Reference: Ting et al, 1998

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Accepting the dynamic humankind to land relationship, what has been the land administration response over the centuries?

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THE LAND ADMINISTRATION RESPONSE TO THE CHANGING HUMANKIND TO LAND RELATIONSHIP

Reference: Ting and Williamson, 1998 19

Economic driver for land administration in rural areas Titled Land

More security to farmers

More security to lender

More demand for investments

More supply of long-term credit

More Investment

More demand for variable input

More supply of shortterm credit

More variable input use

Higher output

Source: Feder 1986

Higher land price

Higher income

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Land administration definitions The processes of regulating land and property development and the use and conservation of land, the gathering of revenues from the land through sales, leasing and taxation, and the resolving of conflicts concerning the ownership and use of land (Dale and McLaughlin, 1999) 21

Land administration definitions • Land administration is the process of determining, recording and disseminating information about the tenure, value and use of land when implementing land management policies (UNECE, 1996). • It is considered to include land registration, cadastral surveying and mapping, fiscal, legal and multi-purpose cadastres and parcel based land information systems, and in many systems information supporting land use planning and valuation/land taxation systems. 22

Land administration definitions • Those public sector activities required to support the alienation, use, valuation, and transfer of land (Dale and McLaughlin, 1999) • The functions involved in implementing land management policies.

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Land Administration Arrangements (Enemark, Williamson and Wallace, 2004)

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The definition of cadastre • A cadastre is the core or basis of a land administration system and is defined as a parcel based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). • It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, and ownership or control of those interests, and often the value of the parcel and its improvements (FIG, 1995). 25

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Land Management • "the management of all aspects of land including the formation of land policies" (Dale & McLaughlin 1988)

• "the process of managing the use and development of land resources in a sustainable way." (Bill Robertson, 1998)

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Managing land consists of … • Monitoring and information gathering • Planning and testing models to develop alternative actions • Policy making • Implementing policy including legal reform • Further monitoring and review of policy effectiveness 28

Land management arrangements (Dale and McLaughlin, 1988)

Country Background Land Policy

Land Administration Arrangements

Resource Management

Land Management

Land Information Management

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Placing land Administration in context COUNTRY

Geography Economy

Development Policy

History Law

Land Tenure Arrangements

Government Land Law

Market-Place Considerations

Land Policy Land Administration Arrangements Public Lands

Land Settlement

Land Survey

Private Lands

Land Registration

Source: Land Administration (Peter Dale and John McLaughlin)

Land Valuation and Assessment

Land Use Control and Management

Infrastructure Utilities

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Land policy framework National Development Strategies

Land Policies

Land Titling and Registration

Land Market

National Development

Source: Land Administration (Peter Dale and John McLughlin)

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Ownership, value and use Legal profession Ministry for Justice

(Landownership)

(Land Values)

(Land Use)

Ministry for Finance

Ministry for Planning, Development and Environment

Banks and Financial Institutions

Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry

Source: Land Administration (Peter Dale and John McLaughlin)

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But what is a land market?

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Evolution of Land Markets Wallace and Williamson, 2004

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Complex Commodities market Trading trusts

Marine rights

Trade waste discharges

Carbon credits

Land information

Land permits

Resource rights

Water rights

Utilities

Property trusts

Corporate investment vehicles

Options

Insurance products

Unit trusts

Futures

Development vehicles

Planning rights

Under Construction

Complex Commodities

Mortgage backed certificates

Time shares

Securities

Own

Lease Sharecrop

Land

Basic Opportunities

Basic Rights Commodities

Spatial Commodity

Wallace and Williamson, 2004

What is the spatial dimension of land administration?

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Humankind to land relationship and Land Administration Changing Humankind-land Relationship Sustainable Development Strategies Land Administration Systems

Technology

Spatial Business Systems Spatial Data Infrastructures 37

Re-engineering land administration systems • Managing land in developed countries continues to be problematic with historic tenures and agricultural practices eg Australia • Managing land in developing countries is a particular problem where rapid population growth causes increasing pressure on rural areas, forests and indigenous peoples, while at the same time causing massive migration to the cities 38

Impact of Global Drivers on re-engineering Land Administration Systems Global Drivers of Change Globalisation

Urbanisation

Sustainable Development

Technology Micro-economic reform

Social System

Benchmarking and Feedback

Existing Land Administration System Vision for human-kind to land relation- ship Strategic planning

Conceptual Land Administration System

Implementation

Operational Land Administration System

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Exam Question Describe the land administration response to the changing humankind to land relationship over the last 200 years in western societies

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